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2025, International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research
Steel fly ash silos are critical components of industrial plants, particularly in the cement and power generation industries, where fly ash is stored for further use or disposal. Due to their height, large mass, and storage capacity, these structures are subjected to various forces, with seismic conditions being one of the most significant considerations for their stability. This paper explores the impact of seismic conditions on steel fly ash silos, focusing on design considerations and guidelines as per IS 1893:2024, which provides the criteria for seismic design of structures in India.
Structures used for storing bulk solids are called bins, bunkers, silos, or tanks. There is no generally accepted definition for these terms, shallow structures containing coal, crushed stone, gravel, and similar materials are called bins or bunkers and tall structures containing materials such as grain, cement and wheat are usually called silos. Elevated silos generally consist of a conical roof, a cylindrical shell and a conical hopper and they could be elevated and supported by frames or reinforced concrete columns. Circular silos (both steel and reinforced concrete) are used to store material in various industries like cement plants (clinkers), power plants( raw coal), oil and gas industry( sulfur pellets) etc.Elevated steel and reinforced concrete circular silo for storage show performance in earthquake reinforced concrete silo stability increases by using shear wall but loss of steel silo in earthquake stability increases using steel panel on opposite side Displacement of structure decreases in case of shear wall panel and stiffness increases.
Silos are the commonly used storage structures in production industries such as cement factories, power plant structures etc. When a Silo is used in the Thermal power plant structures it should be capable of storing ashes with high temperature. When compared to the Steel Silos, performances of RC Silos are better due to its easy construction and maintenance. In this thesis design and analysis of Fly ash and Bed ash Silo for thermal power plant structures was carried out with the sequence of preparation of plan, calculation of loads & load combinations, analysis using STAAD PRO and design as per Indian Standards. The height and diameter of two Silos are different and they are connected by a staircase.
IRJET, 2021
A wide variety of industries use RCC Silos to store bulk solids in quantities ranging from a few tones to hundreds and thousands of tones. The word silo encompasses all types in the storage system of particulate solids, which may otherwise be called a bucket, hopper, grain tank or bunker. In cement factories, silos are very demanding. Therefore RCC silos are commonly used for the storage of granular materials, which are suitable for the construction of permanent bulk storage systems, such as dry granular filling systems. In this project, we are designing the RCC silo situated in all seismic zones with the help of structural software Staad Pro. The design concept include, providing all dimensions of structural component based on trial and error method. The Analysis of silo, using Equivalent lateral force method and study the performance of structure located in all seismic regions in term of Comparison of different models of concrete silo for earthquake such as nodal displacement, stress and vertical or horizontal pressure on walls etc. The Presentation of the results is in tabular and graphical look. This method is carried out for volume of 180 m3. All the designs have been based on the recommendations of I.S 1893-2016 and I.S 456-2000 codes, Based on these designs, max lateral displacements obtained for the critical load case/combination for each model at different heights, the Zone V Node Displacements are 9.357 mm at 36mts height of the silo which is more compared with other seismic zones. The Maximum Absolute stresses of silo at different zones are represented as 1.67 N/mm2 in Zone V is maximum compared with other 3 zones. The Maximum Shear stresses of silo at different zones are represented as 0.841 N/mm2 in Zone V is maximum. The concrete design is done with reference to the aspects of IS 456-2000, the area of steel required for different elements in all the models were presented.
IRJET, 2021
Structures used for storing bulk solids are called bins, bunkers, silos, or tanks. There is no generally accepted definition for these terms, shallow structures containing coal, crushed stone, gravel, and similar materials are called bins or bunkers and tall structures containing materials such as grain, cement and wheat are usually called silos. Elevated silos generally consist of a conical roof, a cylindrical shell and a conical hopper and they could be elevated and supported by frames or reinforced concrete columns. Circular silos (both steel and reinforced concrete) are used to store material in various industries like cement plants (clinkers), power plants(raw coal), oil and gas industry (sulfur pellets) etc. Elevated steel and reinforced concrete circular silo for storage show performance in earthquake reinforced concrete silo stability increases by using shear wall but loss of steel silo in earthquake stability increases using steel panel on opposite side Displacement of structure decreases in case of shear wall panel and stiffness increases. In the present study the load calculations, load combinations, load assignment, earthquake parameters, and analysis have been represented, and the results from this analysis are represented and compared the result outputs of all the models are displayed, max absolute stresses and max shear stresses developed in each model are represented via contour diagrams, tables, and graphs, the values of minimum required as for beams and columns are mentioned. The Maximum absolute stresses is more for Base Model D7-H30 as 1.57N/mm 2 compared with D3-H30 as 1.55 N/mm 2 & D5-H30 as 1.53 N/mm 2 .
Silos are the stack-like structures that are more commonly used for bulk storage of grain, coal, cement, carbon black, woodchips, food products and sawdust. As the density, flow and friction properties of stored material vary, the loads applied on silo structure and associated load carrying system also vary. In this paper reinforced concrete silo supported with shear walls and supported on only columns are considered with same dimensions. These two silos are modeled using Finite Element Method package software SAP 2000.These are molded for the soil type II situated in the zone II when silo is empty, partially filled and fully filled with storage material. These models are analysed for load combination 1.5(DL+IL) according to IS 1893 (Part-I) : 2002 and then response of reinforced concrete silo with shear wall and without shear walls has been determined in terms of Lateral displacement. The results reveal the effect of stored material on non-linear seismic behavior of Reinforced Concrete Silo.
2022
Abstract: Concrete, is one of the key construction materials having good compressive &, flexural strengths and durable properties among others. With comparative low cost made from some of the most widely available elements, it has found wide usage. It is mouldable, adaptable and relatively fire resistant. The fact that it is an engineered material which satisfy almost any reasonable set of performance specifications, more than any other material currently available has made it immensely popular construction material. In fact, every year more than 1 m3 of concrete is produced per person worldwide.As our project title suggests, the objective of our project is to find out the strength parameters, in specific, the compressive and flexural strengths.
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 2019
A large quantity of waste materials such as fly ash, silica fume, rice ash husk, and ferrochrome ash etc. are produced as a result of rapid industrialization. Ferrochrome ash is derived from the ferro-alloy industry and fly-ash is developed in thermal power plants as substitute products that can be used as a mineral admixtureinconcrete. The present study considers concrete's structural behavior using different percentage of fly ash and ferrochrome ash as a partial replacement of cement. Experiments were performed tosubstitute cement with 10% fly ash, 20%, 30% and 3% ferrochrome ash. Beam specimens are prepared by following standard procedures. It can be inferred from the study that the sample with 30% fly ash and 3% ferrochrome ash as partial replacement of cement gives maximum load carrying capacity among all the beam specimens. Further, it is observed that the beam specimen with fly ash and ferrochrome ash gives more ductility than of conventional concrete. Hence 30% fly ash a...
This paper focuses on investigating the flexural behaviour of Fly ash reinforced concrete beams with steel fibers 40% of cement was replaced with fly ash. Experimental investigation included testing of three reinforced fly ash concrete beams with steel fibers and three beams without steel fibers. Compressive strength of fly ash concrete with steel fibers were also found out. Data presented include load-deflection characteristics, cracking behavior, ductility and strain characteristics of reinforced fly ash concrete beams with steel fibers. There was 34.6% increase in load carrying capacity with the addition of fibers in the beam.
Now a day's concrete pavements are gaining popularity for its own good paving properties, as such consumption of cement is increased drastically. As cement demand increases, production also increases. Every ton of production of cement releases approximately 7% carbon dioxide to environment. In many industries, including power plants, coal is used as fuel. This generates tonnes of coal ash, which is very difficult to dispose off, which in turn causes pollution. Thus the production of cement and electricity contributes huge amount of carbon dioxide emissions and coal ash causing environmental pollution. The present study aims at developing a concrete by replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Up to 50% Fly Ash by mass. The fresh and hardened properties of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete (HVFAC) with 50% replacement of cement and Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete (OPCC) are studied. The study discloses that high volume of Fly Ash in concrete reduces the water demand and improves the workability. Study also reveals that OPCC and HVFAC exhibit similar hardened properties. Comparison of flexural response of beams made with OPCC and HVFAC with different percentage of reinforcement are also studied. It is observed that HVFAC beams have shown notable improvement in the deflection, cracking behaviour and load carrying capacity.
iaeme
Fly ash has emerged as novel engineering materials which lead to global sustainable development and lowest possible environmental impact with considerable promise as binders in the manufacture of concrete. In this paper, the results of laboratory investigation conducted on the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beam with high volume of low calcium (class F) fly ash are presented. Experimental investigation included testing of nine reinforced concrete beams with and without fly ash. Portland cement was replaced with 50% fly ash and Conplast SP430 was used as superplastisizer for the casting of beams. Data presented include the load-deflection characteristics, cracking behavior, ductility indices, moment- curvature and end rotations of the reinforced concrete beams with and without fly ash when tested at 28 days, 56 days and 75 days. The investigation revealed that there is a significant improvement in flexural strength of reinforced fly ash concrete beams beyond 28 days.
Natural Hazards, 2014
Silos are commonly used industrial structures to store dry/granular materials like cement or wheat. A typical silo consists of a vertical steel tank supported by a braced steel frame which rests on concrete support. Due to unloading purposes, the tank is generally located at an elevated position. This makes the structure vulnerable to axial loads in columns due to excessive overturning moments generated at the base of the structure. During the October 23, 2011 Van earthquake in Turkey, many silos collapsed either due to column buckling or foundation problems. In this paper, the field observations regarding the seismic performance of silos after the Van earthquake are first summarized. Then, the seismic performances of two steel-elevated silos located in the earthquake region are studied. One of the silos survived the earthquake by some minor damages in the form of buckling (at bottom horizontal brace) and spalling of concrete support, while the other silo remained undamaged. Nonlinear dynamic time history analyses are performed to evaluate the seismic performances of both silos. As the input ground motion, the recorded ground motion from a temporary aftershock station (about 2 km away from the silos) in the second earthquake is used. Analyses indicate that design and construction quality of elevated silos determine the seismic performance. Finally, recommendations are given to improve the seismic performance of new constructions.
Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Sustainable concrete construction has encouraged the utilization of industrial wastes (fly ash, silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag, metakaolin, etc.) as a composite cementitious material due to its high pozzolanic activity. Among them, fly ash (FA) concrete is gaining high popularity in the construction industry due to its several benefits to the concrete structures with increased structural performance. In order to estimate the seismic performance of FA concrete buildings, a probabilistic study needs to be performed for its mechanical parameters at various performance limit states. Weibull, normal, log-normal and gamma distribution probability distribution models are considered for three goodness-of-fit tests such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS), Chi-square (CS) and log-likelihood (LK) tests. Among them, the lognormal distribution is found to be the closest distribution in describing the variations in the mechanical properties of FA concrete as compared to other distributions. It was observed that 20% to 40% partial replacement of FA with cement gives an improved performance to the structures with enhanced structural safety at economical cost.
For the seismic design of flat-bottom grain silos containing grain-like material, the Eurocode 8 suggests that the horizontal actions on the walls of the silo are evaluated under the hypotheses of (1) stiff behavior of the silo and its contents and (2) the effective mass which pushes on the walls corresponds to the whole content of the silo except the base cone with an inclination equal to the internal friction angle of the grain. This design approach seems to be over-conservative for squat silos. In a previous research work, the authors developed an analytical study, which allows for substantial reductions in the seismic actions for silos characterized by squat geometrical configuration. The analyses are developed by means of plain dynamic equilibrium considerations and by simulating the earthquake ground motion with constant vertical and horizontal accelerations and lead to the subdivision of the ensiled material into three different portions. The findings indicate that, in the ca...
IRJET, 2022
Shells with various shapes are being studied. B. Elliptical hemispherical, conical, and cylindrical shells. These structures usually fail by spasming with external pressure. Cylindrical steel silos are large, slender structures used to store materials such as cement, grain, flyash, soot, and coal sawdust. They are specialized structures, subject to a variety of unconventional loading conditions ranging from tons to hundreds to thousands of tons, leading to unusual failure modes. The main purpose of this work is to extend our current knowledge of silo strength and buckling/collapse. In particular, referring to the construction of steel silos on individual supports, it is to provide practical and valuable design assistance for the design and construction of future silos, and to develop new ones. Investigative aspects for further investigation. In this work, steel silo structures were considered according to literature data and different shear wall curvatures were applied. The method applied in this work is Response Spectrum Analysis, a robust dynamic analysis tool in STAAD.Pro. The current study compares the lateral analysis of steel silo structures with different model types and provides the best compared to specific structure types and literaturebased structures.
2008
This paper proposes an innovative methodology for the seismic design of flat-bottom silos containing granular, grain-like material. In the general issues concerning the actions provoked by earthquake ground motion on the walls of flat-bottom grain silos, the assessment of the horizontal actions seems to be of particular interest. Up to date, the horizontal actions due to the seismic event are usually evaluated under the hypotheses (i) of stiff behavior of the silo and its contents and (ii) that the grain mass corresponding to the whole content of the silo except the base cone with an inclination equal to the internal friction angle of the grain is balanced by the horizontal actions provided by the walls (supposing that the seismic force coming from the base cone is balanced by friction and does not push against the walls). The analyses reported here, which are developed by simulating the earthquake ground motion with constant vertical and horizontal accelerations, lead to the subdiv...
The elevated cylindrical storage silos are lifeline structures and strategically very important, since they have vital use in industries. Silos are special structures subjected to many different unconventional loading conditions, which result in unusual failure modes. In addition silos are cantilever structures with the material stacked up very high vertically. The earthquake response of silo structures for the storage of bulk solids differs for elevated silos and silos supported directly on the ground. The walls of different type of silos are subject to earthquake loads from the stored mass, and these may substantially exceed the pressures from filling and discharge. The assessment of horizontal action of ensiled material due to seismic vent seems to be particular interest. This paper is concerned with the earthquake response of these structures, which has received little attention to date. A cylindrical silo wall and bulk solid is modeled by three dimensional finite solid l elements. The interaction effect between the silo wall and bulk solid is taking account by using the nonlinear approach proposed by Duncan and Chang. A then interface layer proposed by Desia is applied to describe the phenomena taking place on the surface between the granular material and silo wall. Coulomb's friction low was used for modeling of wall friction. An incremental iterative finite element technique is applied for dynamic analysis of wheat silos using SAP2000 structural software package. In this research seven reinforced concrete silo models with different height to diameter ratios were studied and analyzed in time history by using earthquake acceleration 0.5g applied to silos models. The resulting finite element silo pressures as the silo is full with and without earthquake excitation are compared with theoretical filling and discharging pressure. The result obtained revealed that the elevated silos response is highly influenced by the earthquake characteristics and is depending on the height to diameter ratio. Also the findings indicate that the squat silo (large diameter and height) are more resistance to the earthquake and more economical. The seismic responses of the elevated wheat silo such as top displacement, normal forces, shearing forces and bending moments in silo support have been assessed for earthquake records.
IRJET, 2020
This research work provides an idea of effect of shape of silos on seismic behavior on reinforced cement concrete (RCC) rectangular silo as well as circular silo. IS: 4995 (Part-I): 1974 used for calculation of the loading on silo as per Janssen's theory and IS: 4995 (Part-II): 1974 used for design criteria of silo. Equivalent static Method of analysis is use for analysis the rectangular and circular silos. The rectangular silo and circular silo model and analysis is carried out in STAAD Pro. Base shear, Base Moment and displacement are obtained for rectangular and circular silos. Also Base shear, moments in X, Y and XY direction, are obtained for circular and rectangular silos. It is observed that comparatively more base shear and moments developed in rectangular silos than circular silos in different seismic Zones.
The objective of this work is to study the behaviour of fly ash content with Steelfibres in concrete. In this work we focussed on the experimental results of M-30 grade of concrete with Hooked end steel fibres (HESF) ofvolumefractions,1%, 2% & 3% increment on absolute weight of concrete with aspect ratio (l/d) 80 and also cement is partially replaced with 10%, 20%, 30% of fly ash. Results obtained from compressive strength and flexural strength tests have been analyzed and comparedwith a control specimenfor 7 days and 28days are expressed graphically.
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2015
An experimental investigation was conducted to study both mechanical properties and the flexural strength of full-scale reinforced concrete beams constructed with both high-volume fly ash concrete—concrete with 70% of the cement replaced with fly ash—and conventional concrete (CC). The beams were tested under a simply supported four-point loading condition. The experimental cracking, yielding, and ultimate moments as well as deflection on ultimate load of the beams were compared with both the ACI 318-11 and Eurocode 2-05 provisions. Furthermore, the experimental flexural strengths of the beams were compared with both the modified compression field theory method and a flexural test database of CC specimens. Results of this study showed that the high-volume fly ash concrete beams had comparable flexural strength compared with the CC beams.
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2015
The seismic behavior of flat-bottom silos containing grain-like material still presents strong uncertainties and current design codes tend to provide too conservative formulations for the estimation of the seismic actions.
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