Abnormal Psychology

Abnormal Psychology, thirteenth Edition has been commended for about four decades similar to a famous and believed assets for understudies considering brain research. Known for its far reaching inclusion of momentum research, hypothesis and treatment, Kring's Abnormal Psychology has for quite some time been lauded for its methodology and inclusion of bleeding edge research and hypothesis which are key to the order.

I JUST CAN'T RESIST THE OPPORTUNITY TO CONFER HUMILITY TO IDIOTS - BECAUSE WE ALL ARE. AND EXCUSE ME - THE SOONER WE ALL ADMIT IT - THE SOONER THIS WORLD WILL CHANGE AND BECOME WAY MORE JOYOUS. IT'S LIKE THIS UNCONDITIONAL LOVE WILL NOT INVADE THE PERSONA OF HUMANS - HOWEVER, BEING AN IDIOT WILL HAVE AN EVEN BETTER RESULT. WE ARE AN ENTERTAINMENT SPECIE, WHICH MEANS - OUR JOB IS TO BE EVER MORE CREATIVE AND TO SURPRISE GOD - IDIOTS CAN DO THAT - LOVING IDIOTS CAN NOT  -  WHICH INCLUDES HAVING MORE ORGASMS, BECAUSE THEY ARE GOOD FOR YOU AND EVERYBODY AROUND YOU.

Anormal Psikoloji kitabı, ruhsal bozukluklar alanında çalışan tüm profesyoneller, psikiyatristler, klinik psikologlar, psikologlar, psikolojik danışmanlar, hekimler, sosyal hizmet uzmanları, psikiyatri hemşireleri ve bu alanlarda öğrenci yetiştiren akademisyenler ile eğitim alan öğrenciler için temel bir başvuru kitabıdır.
2013 yılının Mayısı ayında yayımlanan DSM-5 ölçütlerine göre ruhsal bozukluklarla ilgili sunulan bilgilerin güncellemesinin de yapıldığı bu kitap, tüm dünyada pek çok üniversitenin psikiyatri ve psikoloji bölümlerinde ders kitabı olarak okutulmaktadır.
Kitabın her bölümünde, ilk olarak ruhsal bozukluklarla ilgili vakalar sunulmakta, daha sonra bozuklukların klinik tanıları yapılmakta ve DSM-IV-TR’den farklı olan DSM-5’te yapılan değişikliklere yer verilmektedir. Ayrıca, DSM-5’teki tanı ölçütleri, bozuklukların etiyolojisi ve epidemiyolojisi, bozukluklar üzerinde kalıtımın ve çevrenin etkileri, biyolojik ve sosyal ve kültürel etkiler, en güncel araştırmalardan elde edilen verilerle harmanlanarak sunulmaktadır. Ruhsal bozuklukların tedavisinde etkili olacak terapi yaklaşımları ve ilaçla yapılan tedaviler hakkında da bilgiler veren kitap, sahip olduğu zengin içeriği ile eşsiz bir kaynaktır.
Anormal Psikoloji kitabının; profesyoneller ve öğrenciler için önemli bir rehber olacağına, yardıma ihtiyaç duyan insanların sorunlarının çözümüne, ruhsal bozuklukların tanı ve tedavisinde önemli katkılar sağlayacağına inanıyoruz.

Aim: Early-onset schizophrenia (onset before adulthood) is a rare and severe form of the disorder that shows phenotypic and neurobiological continuity with adult-onset schizophrenia. Here, we provide a synthesis of keynote findings in this enriched population to understand better the neurobiology and pathophysiology of early-onset schizophrenia. Methods: A synthetic and integrative approach is applied to review studies stemming from epidemiology, phenomenology, cognition, genetics and neuroimaging data. We provide conclusions and future directions of research on early-onset schizophrenia. Results: Childhood and adolescentonset schizophrenia is associated with severe clinical course, greater rates of premorbid abnormalities, poor psychosocial functioning and increased severity of brain abnormalities. Early-onset cases show similar neurobiological correlates and phenotypic deficits to adult-onset schizophrenia, but show worse longterm psychopathological outcome. Emerging technological advances have provided important insights into the genomic architecture of earlyonset schizophrenia, suggesting that some genetic variations may occur more frequently and at a higher rate in young-onset than adult-onset cases. Conclusions: Clinical, cognitive, genetic and imaging data suggest increased severity in early-onset schizophrenia. Studying youngeronset cases can provide useful insights into the neurobiological mechanisms of schizophrenia and the complexity of gene-environment interactions leading to the emergence of this debilitating disorder.

Few consistent predictive factors for eating disorder have been identified across studies. In the current five year prospective study, the objective was to examine whether (1) personality disorder and child sexual abuse predict the course of severity of eating disorder symptoms after inpatient treatment and (2) how the predictors interact. A total of 74 patients with long standing eating disorder and mean age of 30 years were assessed at the beginning and end of inpatient therapy and at one-, two-and five-year follow-up. Mixed model was used to examine the predictors. Avoidant personality disorder and child sexual abuse interacted in predicting high levels of eating disorder over a long-term course. These results suggest that eating disorder, avoidant personality disorder and sequelae after child sexual abuse are potential targets for treatment that need further investigation.

Despite its theoretical importance, personal goal motivation has rarely been examined in clinical depression. Here we investigate whether clinically depressed persons (n = 23) differ from never-depressed persons (n = 26) on number of freely generated approach and avoidance goals, appraisals of these goals, and reasons why these goals would and would not be achieved. Participants listed approach and avoidance goals separately and generated explanations for why they would (pro) and would not (con) achieve their most important approach and avoidance goals, before rating the importance, likelihood and perceived control of goal outcomes. Counter to hypothesis, depressed persons did not differ from neverdepressed controls on number of approach or avoidance goals, or on the perceived importance of these goals. However, compared to never-depressed controls, depressed individuals gave lower likelihood judgements for desirable approach goal outcomes, tended to give higher likelihood judgements for undesirable to-be-avoided goal outcomes, and gave lower ratings of their control over goal outcomes. Furthermore, although controls generated significantly more pro than con reasons for goal achievement, depressed participants did not. These results suggest that depressed persons do not lack valued goals but are more pessimistic about their likelihood, controllability and reasons for successful goal attainment. Personal goals systems and depression 3 Although goal dysregulation has been implicated in affective disorders (Johnson, Carver, & Fulford, 2010) and goal pursuit is considered to be central to human motivation (Klinger, 1977), goal-based perspectives on depression have received little attention. Goals provide meaning, purpose, and direction in life, as well as a framework for interpreting life experience (Schmuck & Sheldon, 2001). It remains unclear whether depression is characterized by a general deficit in goal motivation, or by a profile of decreased approach motivation and increased avoidance motivation. It is also unclear whether depression biases Means (SDs) for Number of Goals and Goal Ratings by Group and Condition Number of goals Importance Likelihood Control Group App Avd App Avd App Avd App Avd Control 6.5 (1.9) 4.8 (1.6) 5.8 (0.9) 5.9 (0.7) 5.5 (0.7) 3.4 (0.9) 5.7 (0.8) 5.3 (0.7) Depressed 6.8 (2.5) 5.7 (2.1) 5.9 (0.7) 5.8 (1.1) 4.9 (1.1) 4.0 (1.4) 4.7 (1.2) 4.5 (1.0) Note. App = approach goals, Avd = avoidance goals. Personal goals systems and depression 22 Table 2 Means (SDs) for Number of Reasons by Group and Goal Condition Approach goals Avoidance goals Group Pro Con Pro Con Control 4.5 (1.5) 3.7 (1.9) 4.5 (1.6) 3.7 (1.3) Depressed 4.3 (1.6) 4.2 (1.8) 3.8 (1.8) 4.0 (1.8)

Bipolar disorder has been conceptualized as an outcome of dysregulation in the behavioral activation system (BAS), a brain system that regulates goal-directed activity. On the basis of the BAS model, the authors hypothesized that life events involving goal attainment would promote manic symptoms in bipolar individuals. The authors followed 43 bipolar I individuals monthly with standardized symptom severity assessments (the Modified Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Rating Scale). Life events were assessed using the Goal Attainment and Positivity scales of the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule. As hypothesized, manic symptoms increased in the 2 months following goal-attainment events, but depressed symptoms were not changed following goal-attainment events. These results are congruent with a series of recent polarity-specific findings. Bipolar disorder exacts a devastating toll from affected individuals. Most strikingly, this disorder leads to suicide in almost one out of every five diagnosed individuals (Isometsa, 1993). With adequate blood serum levels of lithium, one third of bipolar individuals relapse within 3 years (Keller et al., 1992), but in naturalistic studies with varied levels of patient compliance, two thirds of patients relapse within 2 years (Silverstone, McPherson, Hunt, & Romans, 1998). Given these high rates of relapse and the sustained unemployment rates following each episode of mania (Harrow, Goldberg, Grossman, & Meltzer, 1990), it is not surprising that bipolar disorder has been ranked as the sixth leading cause of disability among both physical and psychiatric disorders worldwide (Murray & Lopez, 1996). Fiscal costs for adult Americans with the disorder were estimated in 1991 at $45 billion (Wyatt & Henter, 1995). Although the modal course is severe, bipolar individuals experience substantial heterogeneity in symptom expression. For instance, as many as 25% of bipolar I individuals will never experience a depressive episode (Goodwin & Jamison, 1990). Further,

Two studies compared comprehension of televised stories by 7-to 12-year-01d boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and nonreferred comparison boys. Boys watched one show with toys present and one with toys absent. Visual attention was continuously recorded, and recall was tested after each show. Across studies, visual attention was high with toys absent but decreased sharply with toys present for boys with ADHD. Groups showed similar levels of cued recall of discrete units of information regardless of differences in attention. When recall tasks and television story structure required knowledge of relations among events, the reduced attention of boys with ADHD interfered with recall. Although visual attention of comparison boys also decreased to some extent with toys present, there was no such decrement in recall. Implications of the difficulties children with ADHD have in integrated story comprehension are discussed. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood behavior problems; prevalence estimates are as high as 10% of the school-age population (Barkley, 1990). These children are likely to experience reading problems and other academic difficulties (O'Neill & Douglas, 1991; Semrud-Clikeman et al., 1992). Thus, knowledge of the cognitive processing capabilities of children with ADHD is critical to understanding and stimulating the academic performance of these children. Much research on the cognitive processing of children with ADHD has focused on elucidating the specific nature of the attention deficit experienced by these children (e.g., Douglas, 1983; Halperin et al., 1990; Whalen, 1989). Given that attentional problems are core symptoms of ADHD, this emphasis is logical. However, the focus on isolating the specific attention deficits of children with ADHD has led to attempts to obtain "pure" measures of sustained or selective attention. As such, laboratory procedures

In a cross-validated mediational model, the authors examined characteristics of memories formed in response to rape and other intense unpleasant and pleasant experiences. Data were responses to a mailed survey of women medical center and university employees. Measurement models of memory and symptom factors and a structural model with pathways among cognitive appraisal, emotional valence, memory characteristics, and health outcomes were developed in Sample 1 (N = 1,307 ) and confirmed in Sample 2 (N = 2,142). Rape had substantial direct effects on 2 memory factors (Clarity and Affect) and indirect effects through the construal of victimization. Rape was associated with memories described as more emotionally intense but less clear and coherent and less often thought of or talked about. Most effects on physical symptoms were nonsignificant. Implications of findings for neurohormonal and multiple representation models of emotional memory and to cognitive avoidance are discussed.

The frequency of self-aggressive behavior emitted by partial social isolate and socialized rhesus monkeys was compared under baseline living conditions and a continuous reinforcement-extinction schedule of lever pressing. It was found that under baseline conditions, male isolates showed higher levels of selfaggressive behavior than did the female isolates. Further, frustration produced by extinction of the lever-pressing response produced a significant but transitory intensification of self-aggressive behavior. A theoretical interpretation of this relationship is briefly discussed.

Most introduction to psychology textbooks include a chapter or section on Abnormal Psychology. Typically, this will be framed as a sub-discipline of psychology that focuses on the study and treatment of human behaviors that have been deemed abnormal through clinical research and practices. At the very basis of abnormal psychology is thus the assumption that some patterns of thoughts and behaviors are more socially acceptable, even desirable, than others. This is certainly not a new notion, as throughout human history and across all cultures there have been customs and norms distinguishing behaviors that are appropriate from those that are not. What makes this unique in the context of abnormal psychology, however, is the way such distinctions are determined almost exclusively on the basis of...

We present proposed changes to the dissociative disorders section of the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and review the concept of pathological and nonpathological dissociation, including empirical findings on the relations between trauma and dissociative phenomenology and between dissociation and hypnosis. The most important proposals include the creation of two new diagnostic entities, brief reactive dissociative disorder and transient dissociative disturbance, and the readoption of the criterion of amnesia for a multiple personality disorder diagnosis. We conclude that further work on dissociative processes will provide an important link between clinical and experimental approaches to human cognition, emotion, and personality.

Perfectionists have shown increased negative affect after failure compared to nonperfectionists. However, little is known about how perfectionists react to repeated failure. This study investigated the effects of two forms of perfectionism—self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism—on 100 university students’ reactions to repeated failure (versus repeated success) examining three negative emotions: anxiety, depression, and anger. Results showed that socially prescribed perfectionism predicted increased anxiety, depression, and anger after initial failure and further increased anger after repeated failure. In contrast, self-oriented perfectionism predicted increased anxiety, but only after repeated failure. The findings suggest that both self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism are vulnerability factors predisposing individuals to react with increased negative affect after repeated failure.

The reliability and validity of traditional taxonomies are limited by arbitrary boundaries between psychopathology and normality, often unclear boundaries between disorders, frequent disorder co-occurrence, heterogeneity within disorders, and diagnostic instability. These taxonomies went beyond evidence available on the structure of psychopathology and were shaped by a variety of other considerations, which may explain the aforementioned shortcomings. The Hierarchical Taxonomy Of Psychopathology (HiTOP) model has emerged as a research effort to address these problems. It constructs psychopathological syndromes and their components/subtypes based on the observed covariation of symptoms, grouping related symptoms together and thus reducing heterogeneity. It also combines co-occurring syndromes into spectra, thereby mapping out comorbidity. Moreover, it characterizes these phenomena dimensionally, which addresses boundary problems and diagnostic instability. Here, we review the develop...

Research has not resolved whether depression is associated with a distinct information-processing bias, whether the content of the information-processing bias in depression is specific to themes of loss and sadness, or whether biases are consistent across the tasks most commonly used to assess attention and memory processing. In the present study, participants diagnosed with major depression, social phobia, or no Axis I disorder, completed several information-processing tasks assessing attention and memory for sad, socially threatening, physically threatening, and positive stimuli. As predicted, depressed participants exhibited specific biases for stimuli connoting sadness; social phobic participants did not evidence such specificity for threat stimuli. It is important to note that the different measures of bias in memory and attention were not systematically intercorrelated. Implications for the study of cognitive bias in depression, and for cognitive theory more broadly, are discussed.

A hierarchical biometric model is presented of the origins of comorbidity among substance dependence, antisocial behavior, and a disinhibited personality style. The model posits a spectrum of personality and psychopathology, united by an externalizing factor linked to each phenotype within the spectrum, as well as specific factors that account for distinctions among phenotypes within the spectrum. This model fit self-report and mother-report data from 1,048 male and female 17-year-old twins. The variance of the externalizing factor was mostly genetic, but both genetic and environmental factors accounted for distinctions among phenotypes within the spectrum. These results reconcile evidence for general and specific causal factors within the externalizing spectrum and offer the externalizing factor as a novel target for future research.

This study examined the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology and aggressive behavior among a sample of male Vietnam veterans (N = 1,328). Results indicated that the hyperarousal PTSD symptom cluster evidenced the strongest positive association with aggression at the bivariate level when compared with the other PTSD symptom clusters. When the PTSD symptom clusters were examined together as predictors, hyperarousal symptoms evidenced a significant positive relationship with aggression, and avoidance/numbing symptoms were negatively associated with aggression. Examination of potential mediators indicated that hyperarousal symptoms were directly associated with aggression and indirectly related to aggression via alcohol problems. Reexperiencing symptoms were associated with aggression only indirectly and through their positive association with physiological reactivity and negative association with alcohol problems. Study results highlight the complexity of the relationship between PTSD symptoms and aggression, and suggest possible mechanisms explaining this association.

Now-a-days Anxiety, Depression, Stress and Suicide has become one of the most common causes of the death. The purpose of this study is to explore Why Anxiety, Depression, Stress and after that Commit Suicide in India. Now-a-days suicidal gesture, attempted suicide & well successful suicide cases are seen in the society often on. This study attempts to provide a theoretical work/information regarding Why Anxiety, Depression, Stress and after that Commit Suicide? and why people try to end their lives? Mental health issues affect many people across the country. While there's a 25 times greater risk of suicide, even during the recovery process, the American Association of Suicidology reports that treatment for depression is effective 60 to80 percent of time. These types of challenges are not new and have been around for a long time.

In previous studies, we have established that anxiety states are characterized by an attentional bias that favors the processing of threatening stimuli. In the present study we extend this finding to ambiguous stimuli, specifically, homophones with spellings that correspond to either a threatening or a neutral meaning. As predicted, clinically anxious subjects used the threatening spellings relatively more than did controls, whereas recovered subjects were intermediate in this respect. Threatening words were associated with greater skin conductance responses than were neutral words, but the groups did not differ in their electrodermal reactions to homophones. We take these findings as evidence that, although the different meanings of ambiguous stimuli may be processed in parallel by all subjects, an interpretive bias operates such that anxiety-prone individuals tend to become preferentially aware of the more threatening meaning of such events.

Encouraging further research on the dimensional assessment of personality disorders (PDs), Section III of the DSM-5 introduced a hybrid model for the assessment of six PDs employing self-reports on 25 maladaptive personality traits (“DSM-5 personality traits”). Following suggestions that multidimensional perfectionism is an important characteristic across various personality disorders (Ayearst, Flett, & Hewitt, 2012), the present study investigated how personal (self-oriented) and interpersonal (other-oriented and socially prescribed) aspects of perfectionism predicted the DSM-5 personality traits in a sample of 311 university students. Multiple regressions (controlling for the overlap between the different forms of perfectionism) showed that socially prescribed perfectionism positively predicted the traits defining schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive PD; other-oriented perfectionism positively predicted the traits defining narcissistic PD; and both socially prescribed and other-oriented perfectionism positively predicted the traits defining antisocial PD. In contrast, self-oriented perfectionism positively predicted only one of the four traits defining obsessive-compulsive PD (rigid perfectionism). Showing that multidimensional perfectionism predicted all DSM-5 traits defining the personality disorders of Section III, the findings suggest that future DSM-5 updates may profit from including interpersonal aspects of perfectionism as a diagnostic criterion.

Gender differences in anxiety were examined in a large sample of adolescents that included 1,079 who had never met criteria for any disorder, 95 who had recovered from an anxiety disorder, and 47 who had a current anxiety disorder. Participants were examined on a wide array of psychosocial measures. There was a preponderance of females among current and recovered anxiety disorder cases, but not among those who had never experienced an anxiety disorder. The female preponderance emerges early in life, and retrospective data indicate that at age 6, females are already twice as likely to have experienced an anxiety disorder than are males. Psychosocial variables that were correlated with both anxiety and gender were identified. Statistically controlling for these variables did not eliminate the gender differences in prevalence or anxiety symptom means.

Major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and panic disorder (PD), constitute common mental disorders that may have chronic and disabling courses. Cognitive and behavioral theories posit that lack of engagement in certain strategies (goal persistence, self-mastery, positive reappraisal) increases vulnerability toward these disorders. Further, scar effect theories assert that experiencing more of these disorders may diminish engagement in such strategies within individuals across time. However, dynamic longitudinal associations between cognitive-behavioral strategies (CBS) and disorder counts across adulthood are not well understood. Using bivariate latent difference score models, this study aimed to test the dynamic trajectories between disorder counts and each CBS across 18 years. Participants were 3,294 community-dwelling adults ages 45.62 years (SD ϭ 11.41, range ϭ 20-74; 54.61% female) who took part in 3 waves of measurement spaced 9 years apart. Self-mastery, disorder counts, and their change were not significantly related. However, higher within-subject increase in goal persistence (but not self-mastery or positive reappraisal) led to greater future decline in disorder counts, but not vice versa. Last, within individuals, greater prior levels of goal persistence and positive reappraisal predicted larger subsequent reduction in disorder counts, and vice versa. The reciprocal, bidirectional associations between specific CBS (goal persistence, positive reappraisal) and disorder counts support both vulnerability and scar models of depression and anxiety. Treatments for MDD, GAD, and PD should attempt to enhance perseverance and optimism. Theoretical and clinical implications are further discussed. General Scientific Summary Greater within-subject increased goal persistence (but not positive reappraisal or self-mastery) led to larger future declines in disorder counts. However, within-subject change in disorder counts did not substantially influence future change in each cognitive or behavioral strategy. Further, higher initial levels of goal persistence and positive reappraisal (but not self-mastery) predicted subsequent larger decrease (or smaller increase) in disorder counts, and vice versa.

Relapsed alcoholic individuals frequently report that negative emotional states trigger their return to drinking. A parametric laboratory study was conducted to assess the separate and combined effects of exposure to alcohol-related stimuli and induced negative moods in abstinent alcoholic persons. The authors also sought to determine if reactivity to alcohol cues or reactivity to negative mood induction predicted relapse soon after treatment. Men with alcoholism (N = 50) undergoing inpatient treatment participated in a guided imagery procedure designed to induce negative moods and were then exposed to either their favorite alcoholic beverage or to spring water. Results indicated that both alcoholic beverage presentation and negative affect imagery led to increased subjective reporting of desire to drink. These effects were additive but not multiplicative (i.e., the interaction of mood state with beverage type was not significant). Reported urge to drink during the trial that combined negative mood imagery with alcoholic beverage exposure predicted time to relapse after inpatient discharge.

Recent work suggests that we are better at interpreting the movements of others who move like us, and that individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) move in a quantifiably different way from typical individuals. Therefore, "social impairments" exhibited by individuals with ASD may, at least in part, represent a failure by typical individuals to infer the correct mental states from the movements of those with ASD. To examine this possibility, individuals with ASD and typical adults manually directed 2 triangles to generate animations depicting mental state interactions. Kinematic analysis of the generated animations demonstrated that the participants with ASD moved atypically, specifically with increased jerk compared to the typical participants. In confirmation of our primary hypothesis, typical individuals were better able to identify the mental state portrayed in the animations produced by typical, relative to autistic, individuals. The participants with ASD did no...

as a measure of fear-related automatic associations. Sixty-seven students with snake or spider fears completed 4 IAT tasks in which they classified pictures of snakes and spiders along with descriptive words indicating valence, fear, danger, or disgust. Results indicated that all 4 tasks discriminated between fear groups in terms of their implicit associations, and fear-specific effects were significant even after controlling for the impact of valence evaluation. Findings are discussed in terms of applications of the IAT methodology to examine cognitive processing and schemata in anxiety and potential uses for assessing anxiety disorders.

Although descriptive and etiological approaches to psychopathology have made notable advances, they seem to have reached a plateau. After reviewing the six approaches to etiology that now preempt the field-ecological, developmental, learning, genetic, internal environment, and neurophysiological models-a second-order model, vulnerability, is proposed as the common denominator, and methods for finding markers of vulnerability are suggested in the hope of revitalizing the field. It is assumed that exogenous and/or endogenous challengers elicit a crisis in all humans, but depending on the intensity of the elicited stress and the threshold for tolerating it, that is, one's vulnerability, the crisis will either be contained homeostatically or lead to an episode of disorder. Vulnerability and episode stand in a trait-state relation, and markers for each must be provided to distinguish between them.

Childhood trauma may confer risk for adult psychopathology by altering emotional and physiological responses to subsequent stressors. Few studies have distinguished effects of childhood trauma from effects of current Axis I psychopathology on adult psychophysiological reactivity. The authors exposed 90 psychiatrically healthy police cadets to startling sounds under increasing threat of shock while assessing their eyeblink electromyogram (EMG), skin conductance (SC), and heart rate responses. When compared with those who did not endorse early trauma (n ϭ 65), cadets reporting childhood trauma (n ϭ 25) reported less positive emotion and showed greater SC responses across all threat levels. They also showed threat-dependent elevations in reported negative emotions and EMG responses. Results suggest that childhood trauma may lead to long-lasting alterations in emotional and psychophysiological reactivity even in the absence of current Axis I psychopathology.

The preponderance of social networking sites such as Facebook, Youtube and others, have altered the way in which people interact socially in the real world. In fact, much more can be said about the impact of these modern technologies on the basic structure of human personality: the id, ego, and super-ego. The paper proposes a psychosological theory that modifies Sigmund Freud's (1923) basic relationships and interactions of the id, ego and super-ego in his Psychoanalytic Theory. It is claimed that an individual's engagement with virtual reality (social networking) portends a segregation of the super-ego from the id and ego. In a virtual world, social interactions are not constrained by societal norms and standards (super-ego) so that the tendency is for the id (instincts and drives) to merge with the ego (what is real) and they become indistinguishable. The sociological implications of this theory are also explored in this paper.

The substantial health burden associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) is a product of both its high prevalence and the significant risk of relapse, recurrence, and chronicity. Establishing recurrence vulnerability factors (VFs) could improve the long-term management of MDD by identifying the need for further intervention in seemingly recovered patients. We present a model of sensitization in depression vulnerability, with an emphasis on the integration of behavioral and neural systems accounts. Evidence suggests that VFs fall into 2 categories: dysphoric attention and dysphoric elaboration. Dysphoric attention is driven by fixation on negative life events, and is characterized behaviorally by reduced executive control, and neurally by elevated activity in the brain's salience network. Dysphoric elaboration is driven by rumination that promotes overgeneral self-and contextual appraisals, and is characterized behaviorally by dysfunctional attitudes, and neurally by elevated connectivity within normally distinct prefrontal brain networks. Although few prospective VF studies exist from which to catalogue a definitive neurobehavioral account, extant data support the value of the proposed 2-factor model. Measuring the continued presence of these 2 VFs during recovery may more accurately identify remitted patients who would benefit from targeted prophylactic intervention.

Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often exhibit deficits in emotional experience and expression, which suggests that certain individuals with PTSD may be alexithymic. In this study, in a sample of 105 individuals with PTSD, clinical correlates of alexithymia included reexperiencing, hyperarousal, numbing, dissociative symptoms, and retrospectively reported experiences of childhood emotional neglect. In a subsample of 26 individuals with PTSD related to a motor vehicle accident, functional neural responses to trauma-script imagery were associated with severity of alexithymia, including increased right posterior-insula and ventral posterior-cingulate activation and decreased bilateral ventral anterior-cingulate, ventromedial prefrontal, anterior-insula, and right inferior frontal cortex activation. Clinical and theoretical implications and future research directions are discussed.

Although the psychosocial difficulties associated with adolescent depression are relatively well known, the extent to which these problems are specific to depression has received little attention. The authors examined the specificity to depression of a wide range of psychosocial variables in the following 3 groups of adolescents: depressed cases (n = 48), nonaffective disorder cases (n = 92), and never mentally ill participants (n = 1,079). The authors found 3 of the 44 variables assessed in this study to be strongly specific to depression, and only the depressed participants exhibited more problematic functioning than did the never mentally ill controls. Three variables are as follows: selfconsciousness, self-esteem, and a reduction in activities because of physical illness or injury. Eight variables were more strongly associated with depression than with nonaffective disorder, and 8 variables characterized both depressed and nonaffective disorder adolescents. Implications of these findings for psychosocial theories of depression are discussed.

Research on worry during the past 15 years has revealed a remarkable amount of knowledge about this pervasive human phenomenon. Worry involves a predominance of verbal thought activity, functions as a type of cognitive avoidance, and inhibits emotional processing. Worry also produces not only anxious experience but depressive affect as well. Recent evidence suggests that the very private experience of worry is developmentally connected to enmeshed childhood relationships with the primary caregiver and is currently associated with significant interpersonal problems, especially those involving tendency to be overly nurturing to others. At the physiological level, worry is characterized peripherally by parasympathetic deficiency and autonomic rigidity and centrally by left-frontal activation.

Many of the major neuropsychiatric illnesses, including schizophrenia, have a typical age of onset in late adolescence.
Late adolescence may reflect a critical period in brain development making it particularly vulnerable for the onset of psychopathology. Neuroimaging studies that focus on this age range may provide unique insights into the onset and course of psychosis. In this review, we examine the evidence from 2 unique longitudinal cohorts that span the ages from early childhood through young adulthood; a study of childhood-onset schizophrenia where patients and siblings are followed from ages 6 through to their early twenties, and an ultra-high risk study where subjects (mean age of 19 years) are studied before and after the onset of psychosis. From the available evidence, we make an argument that subtle, regionally specific, and genetically influenced alterations during developmental age windows influence the course of psychosis and the resultant brain phenotype. The importance of examining trajectories of development and the need for future combined approaches,
using multimodal imaging together with molecular studies
is discussed.

The recent increased productivity of researchers in the area of depression has been accompanied by a greater reliance on student samples A number of these investigations, however, have incidentally reported significant correlations between measures of depression and several other forms of psychopathology The present study was designed to examine explicitly the relationship between self-reported depression and a number of self-report measures of other forms of maladaptive functioning in a subclimcal population. Seven questionnaires completed by 443 undergraduate students yielded 17 different pathology scales. All of the scales were found to be significantly mtercorrelated Furthermore, a factor analysis yielded a two-factor solution with the first factor, composed of all but three scales, accounting for 50% of the total variance Chi-square analyses revealed that only 5%-10% of the subjects were cross classified as high on one measure and low on another These results are discussed with reference to the ability of self-report measures to differentiate discrete forms of psychopathology in both subclimcal and psychiatric populations Finally, the present results underscore the need for caution in extrapolating findings from studies with students scoring high on the Beck Depression Inventory

Even though eating disorder have become a common issue, looking at the historical records we could understand that it has been around for quite some time. The earliest historical record about eating disorder dates to the Hellenistic and medieval times. But back then it was more of a spiritual purification done by denying the physical needs rather than a disorder. Thus, it was focused on spiritual purity explained by holiness instead of drive for thinness. The first incidents of self-starvation were recorded during the times there were teachings about purity through self-starvation in Gnostic philosophy and Christianity which promoted similar concepts such as holiness of souls, material world, etc. The influence of these teachings was great to the extent that a roman girl died of self-starvation following these principles. (Pamela K. Keel, 2017) During the times of medieval period, especially 13th-16th centuries this situation became more common. There is a chance of collecting various evidences of extreme practice of such rituals. There was more feminine approach to these rituals and was often seen among the female nuns. One of the significant examples of self-starvation as a Christian ritual is the case of Saint Catherina from Siena. It is said that, she has given up her food for a long time and toward the end of her life she refused to consume anything other than the consecrated Host (sacramental bread) given to her as part of the daily Eucharist. She died at the age of 33 due to many complications of health. Few other notable cases of this period are Marie of Oignies, Wilgefortis of Portugal, Columba of Rieti, There se Neumann. (Pamela K. Keel, 2017) These fasting habits seen in women of religious community was later k referred to as "holy anorexia" or "anorexia mirabilis". But these cases of self-starvation were not always portrayed as acts of holiness itself. Most of these cases were ascribed to demonic act and was often these women were believed to be suspicious. When moving forward to the Renaissance period self-starvation was a mix of both spiritual and material beliefs. With time, restriction of food intake moved away from religious ideologies and more towards body image. The feminine beauty started to be portrayed deeply connected with the figure and the ideal lady appearance switched from rounded figure to a slim and slender appearance. Even aesthetics such as arts and literature began promoting this image. Soon this slender appearance became an upper-class statement and measurement of prosperity and efficiency. (Pamela K. Keel, 2017)

This groundbreaking core textbook offers a comprehensive overview of different approaches to the assessment and treatment of psychological disorders. The book retains important diagnostic perspectives, including the DSM-5, ICD-10, ICD-11 and PDM, but also widens the scope of coverage beyond mainstream psychiatric models to include psychological, biological, historical, sociocultural and therapeutic approaches. Contemporary and well-balanced, this book provides an even-handed and holistic foundation, allowing students to develop a strong critical mindset while retaining a robust research-driven orientation.This book is ideal for undergraduate and postgraduates students on abnormal psychology, psychopathology, mental health or clinical psychology modules.
Read more online at http://www.macmillanihe.com/t/9781137547170/ Ebook 9781137547170 $59.99 Paperback 9781137547163 $67.99

The pharmaceutical industry, especially the sale of psychiatric drugs, is one of the most profitable businesses in the world. Because of its large profits, these companies find themselves in a position to invest enormous amounts of resources into the sale and marketing of their products. At times, their intense marketing tactics exert an economic influence on the research and practice of psychiatry that threatens to have a deleterious effect on the credibility and validity of psychiatric interventions. The loss of credibility and validity in psychiatric science may undermine public trust in psychiatry’s ability to meet the medical and psychological needs of patients with mental disorders. By investigating the conflicts of interest in the research of psychiatric medications and exploring the recent past in which the efficacy of antidepressants has been called into question, the logic of this analysis leads us to caution psychiatric consumers about the efficacy and safety of atypical
antipsychotic medications, especially when used for psychiatric treatment of vulnerable populations such as children and the
elderly. These cautions extend also to the decision of the DSM-5 task force to consider the inclusion of pediatric bipolar disorder, attenuated psychotic symptoms syndrome (also known as psychotic risk syndrome), and temper dysregulation disorder for the forthcoming fith edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The investigation into conflicts of interest between the pharmaceutical industry and medical research in psychiatry leads us to the tentative conclusion that the DSM-5 task force should place a moratorium on consideration of any new diagnostic category that would promote the prescription of antipsychotic medications to children or other vulnerable populations, such as the elderly.

A Critical Introduction to Psychology is the first scholarly book, in which fifteen critical psychologists analyze chapters from popular Introduction to Psychology textbooks. In their critiques of mainstream (Euro-American) psychology, the authors of this edited volume also envision a pluriversal, transdisciplinary psychology, which is inclusive of critical voices from all over the world.

Home / Giới tính / Dấu hiệu đau bụng khi mang thai, đau bụng dưới khi mang thai có nguy hiểm Dấu hiệu đau bụng khi mang thai, đau bụng dưới khi mang thai có nguy hiểm  January 18, 2016  Giới tính, Phụ nữ mang thai, Sống khỏe  46 Views Nguyên nhân gây đau bụng khi mang thai, bụng dưới khi mang thai gây ra những nguy hiểm gì? Khi mang thai cơ thể sẽ có nhiều thay đổi bất ngờ khiến chị em không khỏi lo lắng. Một trong số đó là xảy ra hiện tượng đau vùng bụng dưới kèm theo các dấu hiệu khác. Tuy vậy, đau bụng là triệu chứng phổ biến của nhiều căn bệnh khác nhau từ nặng đến nhẹ, có thể liên quan hoặc không liên quan đến thai kỳ. Dưới đây, Mẹo vặt cuộc sống sẽ giúp bạn liệt kê và phân loại những nguyên nhân gây đau bụng khi mang thai nhé! Đa số các mẹ bầu khi cảm thấy lâm râm đau bụng trong tháng đầu của thai kỳ thường lo sợ đây là dấu hiệu nguy hiểm, cảnh báo nguy cơ sảy thai cao. Tuy nhiên, hiện tượng đau bụng ở tháng đầu của thai kỳ không đáng lo ngại, nhưng nếu các cơn đau bụng xuất hiện dai dẳng và bị đau dữ dội trong suốt thời kỳ mang thai thì bạn nên đến gặp bác sĩ ngay vì có thể gây nguy hiểm đến tính mạng của hai mẹ con. 1/ Những trường hợp đau bụng khi mang thai không gây nguy hiểm – Thai đang làm tổ: Theo các chuyên gia, vào tháng đầu tiên mẹ bầu thường thấy đau bụng râm ran do phôi đang làm tổ. Những tuần đầu, mẹ bầu sẽ cảm thấy căng tức vùng bụng dưới khi phôi tìm cách bám vào thành tử cung. Các cơn đau chỉ kéo dài khoảng 2-3 ngày đến khi phôi làm tổ xong, lúc đó cảm giác đau sẽ có xu hướng giảm dần. – Đầy bụng, khó tiêu: Khi mang thai, sự giãn nở của tử cung làm gia tăng áp lực cản trở hoạt động của dạ dày và các bộ phận khác gây nên chứng đầy bụng, khó tiêu. Ngoài ra, sự thay đổi nội tiết tố trong cơ thể khi mang thai cũng ảnh hưởng đến quá trình tiêu hóa. Do vậy, mẹ bầu rất dễ bị đầy bụng, khó tiêu. – Táo bón: Táo bón là dấu hiệu thường gặp của nhiều mẹ bầu trong suốt thời kỳ mang thai. Theo thống kê có khoảng 2/3 mẹ bầu gặp phải tình trạng này. Quá trình mang thai cơ thể mẹ bầu sẽ tiết ra loại hormone định hình giới tính thai, đồng thời hormone này sẽ thả lỏng các cơ và giúp thai nhi phát triển. Tuy nhiên, hormone này lại gây ức chế hệ tiêu hóa và tử cung đang giãn nở tạo áp lực lên dạ dày gây đau bụng âm ỉ. Món ngon: Cháo bí ngô converted by Web2PDFConvert.com

Social proximity typically helps individuals meet their belongingness needs, but several forms of psychopathology, including borderline and avoidant personality disorders (BPD & APD, respectively) are characterized by social difficulties. This experience-sampling study is one of the first to directly investigate the affective reactions of individuals with BPD and APD (compared to healthy controls [HC]) to social proximity in daily life. We examined both person-level and day-level reactions. At the person level, the rate of social proximity across the diary period was associated with diminished feelings of rejection, isolation, shame, and dissociation in the HC group. In contrast, it was not associated with any affective reaction in the BPD group, and was associated with decreased rejection and isolation on the one hand, but also with increased anxiety in the APD group. At the day level, we used multi-level regression to examine affective reactions when in social proximity. The HC group showed a consistent benefit when in social proximity. In contrast, both PD groups exhibited mixed affective reactions to social proximity; specifically, benefits (increased positive affect, decreased rejection, isolation, and dissociation) were interspersed with costs (increased shame for both PD groups; increased anger for BPD; increased anxiety for APD). The mixed reactions found in both PDs may contribute to the disturbed relationships of individuals with these disorders.