Theoretical astrophysics

We show how the introduction of a rank two antisymmetric tensor within the construction of the spacetime contortion sets the geometric framework in which gravitation and electromagnetism can be formulated synthetically through a unique action of Hilbert type in four dimensions. In particular, free Maxwell's equations are recovered as a consequence of the field equations in the limit of metrically flat spacetime.

This paper delves into the intriguing intersection between the Ricci low and the Schwarzschild metric, focusing primarily on applying these concepts to time-dependent metrics for spherical bodies, such as stars. By exploring the dynamic nature of the Schwarzschild metric through the lens of Ricci low, we aim to provide insights into the evolving geometry of space-time surrounding massive objects. Our study seeks to enhance the understanding of how massive bodies, like stars, in luence the fabric of space-time over time, potentially impacting theories of gravity and cosmology.

This framework is intended to guide the modeling of a conscious, interactive quantum field, drawing on intuitive perception, natural geometry, and particle behavior. It functions as a tool to visualize how perception affects spatial resonance and how geometry creates or influences particle distribution, wave behavior, and dimensional layering. Core Components of the Model 1. **Anchor Nodes**-Representing dense particles or mass points that hold structure. These define stability in the field and form the root of geometric resonance patterns. 2. **Flow Currents**-Adaptive energy lines that represent electron-like or photon-like behavior. These respond to perception and environmental geometry, curving dynamically. 3. **Splits**-Conscious perception events that create new divergence points in the wave function. 4. **Vortex Points**-Formed where chords intersect, guiding matter organization and dimensional layering. 5. **Dimensional Angles**-Angles of observation that determine what part of the framework becomes visible or interactive.

We develop a new method to measure neutron star parameters and derive constraints on the equation of state of dense matter by fitting the frequencies of simultaneous Quasi Periodic Oscillation modes observed in the X-ray flux of accreting neutron stars in low mass X-ray binaries. To this aim we calculate the fundamental frequencies of geodesic motion around rotating neutron stars based on an accurate general-relativistic approximation for their external spacetime. Once the fundamental frequencies are related to the observed frequencies through a QPO model, they can be fit to the data to obtain estimates of the three parameters describing the spacetime, namely the neutron star mass, angular momentum and quadrupole moment. From these parameters we derive information on the neutron star structure and equation of state. We present a proof of principle of our method applied to pairs of kHz QPO frequencies observed from three systems (4U1608-52, 4U0614+09 and 4U1728-34). We identify the kHz QPOs with the azimuthal and the periastron precession frequencies of matter orbiting the neutron star, and via our Bayesian inference technique we derive constraints on the neutrons stars' masses and radii. This method is applicable to other geodesic-frequency-based QPO models.

The present paper is intended to build on top of existing research in r-process lanthanide production and heating rates in binary neutron star mergers (Lippuner and Roberts, 2015; Meyer et al., 1998). The r-process is thought to be responsible for the nucleosynthesis of all heavy elements in the universe. It occurs in neutron-rich environments like core-collapse supernovae and neutron star mergers. In neutron star mergers, the radioactive decay of r-process elements powers an electromagnetic transient called kilonova. The hypothesis in this paper is to introduce a possible adjustment factor for current r-process simulations and related kilo-nova heating models, which mainly use nuclear reaction networks (e.g. Lippuner and Roberts, 2017) with well-known cross-section values for all relevant atomic and particle interactions. These values are mostly published from experimental setups in laboratory conditions. As we will see, the presence of ultra-strong magnetic fields like those produced in binary neutron star mergers introduces a variety of changes to known nuclear and atomic processes (Shinkevich and Studenikin, 2019; Reiss, 1983; Arteaga et al., 2011; Ciolfi, 2020; Duncan, 2011). For example, it can make the r-process more efficient (Kondratyev, 2021). The cross-section of a given particle-nucleus interaction depend on many factors like the geometric setup, the energy of incident particles, and the spin of incident particles with respect to target nuclei, to name a few. In this paper we will only discuss changes in the geometric cross-section of neutron absorption interactions and estimate the overall effect on the total energy release for the kilonova emission. We will leave the rest of the cross-section components as topics for further discussion.

We propose a cosmological model in which the universe is described as a 4-sphere: a non-Euclidean, inwardly expanding spacetime geometry.  In this framework, past states of the universe are represented by concentric shells surrounding the present, like nested Matryoshka dolls with increasing internal volume.  Time flows radially inward from the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) toward the present, resolving the horizon problem geometrically and reframing redshift as a consequence of temporal (radial) curvature rather than accelerating expansion.  The model suggests that entanglement arises from global geometric constraints, not nonlocal signaling, and that inertial frames comoving with the CMB may be physically privileged.  While the model is presented conceptually, it invites further mathematical development and may offer insights into dark energy, the Hubble tension, and the structure of spacetime itself.

This paper proposes a novel hypothesis that gravity is not a singular attractive force, but a net effect of two opposing gravitational components: an attractive force (Gravipress) and a weaker, often suppressed repulsive force (Entropull). This dual-force framework is used to explain temperature zoning in space, suggesting that thermal regions correspond to domains where one gravitational component dominates. The boundaries of these temperature zones are hypothesized to be gravitational phase interfaces. The theory aims to provide an integrated explanation for cosmic thermal structure, entropy flow, and anomalous gravitational behavior such as cosmic acceleration.

This hypothesis proposes that black hole bounces generate inflating branes that seed new universes and project gravitational imprints into ours as dark halo–like structures. Curvature-driven effects from quantum vacuum pressure and scalar field inflation offer geometric origins for dark halos, cosmogenesis, and the evolution of dark energy—from its early emergence to late-time quintessence. The model is conceptually supported by features observed in NFW profiles and N-body simulations, despite arising from a completely different mechanism than dark matter.

The recent discovery of a fifth planet bound to 55 Cancri (Fischer et. al 2007) motivated us to investigate if this exo-planetary system fits some form of the Titius-Bode (TB) law. We found that a simple exponential TB relation reproduces very well the five observed major semi-axis, provided we assign the orbital n = 6 to the largest a. This

The search for a unified physical theory remains one of the greatest challenges in modern physics.
General Relativity describes gravity as the curvature of spacetime, while Quantum Mechanics governs particle behavior through wavefunctions—yet these frameworks remain incompatible at extreme scales. Spacetime Compacity Theory (SCT) proposes a unifying principle in which all
fundamental forces arise from variations in spacetime compacity, rather than mass-induced curvature or force-mediated interactions.
Compacity is a measure of the amount of space occupied by an object, substance, or system. It quantifies how tightly packed or dense the constituents of a given entity are and describes the ability of a structure to contain, hold, or store information and energy. In Spacetime Compacity
Theory (SCT), compacity refers to the intrinsic density variations of spacetime itself, which govern the behavior of matter, energy, and fundamental forces. Unlike traditional density, which applies to physical substances, spacetime compacity is a structural property of the so-called vacuum, dynamically evolving to produce gravitational, electromagnetic, and quantum effects. SCT redefines gravity, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics as emergent effects of a dynamically evolving spacetime density field. It challenges the concept of dark matter, offering a natural explanation for galaxy rotation curves, gravitational lensing, and cosmic structure formation without invoking exotic particles. Additionally, it proposes that wave-particle duality, quantum fluctuations, and entanglement emerge from localized compacity oscillations in spacetime itself. This work develops SCT through both conceptual exploration and rigorous mathematical formulation, deriving compacity-modified Schrödinger equations and extending Maxwell’s equations to incorporate SC variations. Experimental predictions include gravitational wave distortions, speed of light variations in high-density regions, and deviations in nuclear decay rates under compacity shifts. Once validated, SCT offers a pathway to unifying the fundamental forces of nature, redefining gravity, and suggesting technological advancements in gravity-based propulsion, energy extraction, and spacetime engineering

Since the 1920s, the formulas of mass and gravitation have worked perfectly with high accuracy. However, the basic principle of these two phenomena remains unknown. What is the origin of mass? How can spacetime be curved by mass? What is the mechanism by which spacetime creates gravitation? . . . The solution to these enigmas lies in general relativity. A thorough examination of the Einstein Field Equations highlights some minor inconsistencies concerning the sign and the meaning of tensors. Solving these inconsistencies fully explains the curvature of spacetime, mass, and gravitation, without modifying the mathematics of general relativity. Moreover, this explanation shows that mass and gravitation are two similar phenomena that can be unified in a common 4D Higgs compatible theory. Applications to astrophysics are also very important: black holes, dark matter, dark energy. . .

I'll start out with my view of the two postulates of Special Relativity, and how they might apply to the theory. I'd say I accept the first postulate, if it is defined as Galileo's original principle of relativity. The second postulate is most often defined as the invariance of the velocity of light, which means that the propagation of an electromagnetic wave exists independently of the source. There is (alleged) proof, though I maintain quite a degree of skepticism. I also admit it is possibly the truth though. I'll speak more regarding my skepticism of this later on.

This theory proposes a new model for the origin of the universe, based on the existence of an ultra-dense and ultra-cold structure called the Primordial Sphere. Unlike the traditional Big Bang singularity, this theory suggests that this sphere formed from an exotic state of matter, composed of elementary particles that are either unknown or not yet fully understood.

Prologue:
The cosmos unfolds not through mysterious forces and inaccessible dimensions, but through the relentless dance and orchestra of entropy.

Abstract:
In this work, we advance the Theory of Entropicity (ToE) based on earlier submissions
by proposing an entropy-driven modification to General Relativity (GR). We introduce the
Generalized Entropic Expansion Equation (GEEE) and demonstrate how it naturally
describes both the deceleration and acceleration of the universe without invoking dark
energy. By leveraging entropy and thermodynamic principles, we show that the cosmo-
logical constant can be replaced by a dynamically evolving entropy-driven term, emerging
from the universe’s expansion. Furthermore, we derive modified Friedmann equations from
the GEEE, revealing that cosmic acceleration arises as a natural thermodynamic conse-
quence, rather than requiring exotic energy components. This framework challenges the
conventional narrative, presenting entropy as the primary driver of cosmic evolution
and offering a profound resolution to the conceptual difficulties surrounding dark energy.

We propose a novel hypothesis suggesting that photons, in regions of extreme gravitational curvature, experience an undetected form of inertial drag, termed hyper-inertial drag. This effect may subtly alter photon trajectories beyond the predictions of general relativity, introducing a previously unknown interaction between light and spacetime curvature. The implications of this hypothesis include a potential alternative explanation for dark matter effects, new avenues in quantum gravity research, and the development of theoretical models for innovative space propulsion. We outline a framework for testing this hypothesis through mathematical modeling, computational simulations, and observational astrophysics.

Helmas Theory proposes that space and time are not fundamental entities but projections of deeper, meta-geometrical structures known as Helmas—formless, generative sources that emit dimensions rather than existing within them. Our perceptual faculties, shaped by the constraints of our biological and cognitive evolution, limit us to experiencing only the emissions of the Space Helma and the Time Helma, leaving us blind to the broader reality governed by other, yet-unseen Helmas. This theory challenges the conventional framework of physics and philosophy by suggesting that what we call the "physical world" is merely a fragment of a vastly more intricate and multi-layered system, one whose underlying architecture remains beyond the reach of current human perception.

The observed accelerated expansion of the universe and tensions within the ΛCDM model motivate exploring explanations beyond a cosmological constant. We present a novel cosmological model, based on the Meltdown-Limited Recursion (MLR) framework, that connects dark energy to fundamental limits on information processing, drawing inspiration from the holographic principle. We propose that the universe has a finite information-processing capacity, and that as the complexity of cosmic structure, quantified by a function bits(z) related to the halo mass fraction, approaches a critical threshold, Cmax, "meltdown" events occur. These events, analogous to phase transitions in a 3D Ising system on a holographic boundary, modify the spacetime geometry and manifest as a time-varying dark energy. We implement this with a modified Friedmann equation. Using a combination of DESI Year 1 BAO and RSD, Pantheon+ supernovae, Planck 2018 CMB, and DES Y3 weak lensing data, we constrain the model parameters and find strong Bayesian evidence in favor of the MLR model over ΛCDM (Δlog(Z) ≈ +6.2). The best-fit parameters are physically plausible, and the model predicts a lower S8 = 0.765 ± 0.015, potentially resolving the S8 tension. This work suggests a deep connection between cosmology, quantum information, and the nature of spacetime.

We study the effects of oblateness up to J 4 of the primaries and power-law density profile (PDP) on the linear stability of libration location of an infinitesimal mass within the framework of restricted three body problem (R3BP), by using a more realistic model in which a disc with PDP is rotating around the common center of the system mass with perturbed mean motion. The existence and stability of triangular equilibrium points have been explored. It has been shown that triangular equilibrium points are stable for 0 < µ < µ c and unstable for µ c ≤ µ ≤ 1/2, where µ c denotes the critical mass parameter. We find that, the oblateness up to J 2 of the primaries and the radiation reduces the stability range while the oblateness up to J 4 of the primaries increases the size of stability both in the context where PDP is considered and ignored. The PDP has an effect of about ≈ 0.01 reduction on the application of µ c to Earth-Moon and Jupiter-Moons systems. We find that the comprehensive effects of the perturbations have a stabilizing proclivity. However, the oblateness up to J 2 of the primaries and the radiation of the primaries have tendency for instability, while coefficients up to J 4 of the primaries have stability predisposition. In the limiting case c = 0, and also by setting appropriate parameter(s) to zero, our results are in excellent agreement with the ones obtained previously. Libration points play a very important role in space mission and as a consequence, our results have a practical application

According to general relativity, the cosmological redshift may be caused by other mechanisms than the source moving away from the observer. It can occur on a global scale, similar to the gravitational redshift near massive stars. In principle, these are differences in the time-dependent global metric field between the source in the past and the observer in the present. In this paper we attempt a new interpretation of the simple solution of Einstein's equations within a fully conformal metric for the case of a time-independent energymomentum tensor. The scaling factor here acts identically on all four space-time coordinates and the speed of light is independent of the conformal time. The fully conformal metric is interpreted here as a universal geometric background which is scale invariant and acts universally on all objects, including gauges and clocks, regardless of their dimensions and internal interactions. The associated scale invariant exponential expansion is thus only relative and all observers at different times are completely equal. The model introduces the concept of the appearent age of the universe, which is the limiting consequence of time dilation into the past, and corresponds to the present value of the age of the universe H-1 according to the standard model. This appearent age is the same for all observers, and the Hubble constant is thus a true universal constant, invariant to time translations. The motivation of this work was to test the possibility of the above cosmological redshift mechanism in confrontation with astrophysical data. Probably the most important consequence is the generalized formulation and interpretation of the Hubble-Lemaître law z(r) = (e Hr/c-1), which shows good agreement with astrophysical data even for the most distant supernovae. Confronting the conformal metric model with some astrophysical data shows an interesting agreement with the observed spatial distribution of astrophysical sources such as γ-ray bursts and quasars. On a cosmological scale, the above fully conformal metric naturally determines the global energy density, spatial flatness, and solves the horizon problem and Olbers' paradox in infinite spacetime.

This thesis explores the challenges posed by singularities and the zero paradox in quantum mechanics, a novel approach called Finite Volume Integration (FVI), which integrates over curvature-constrained finite domains to eliminate singularities. This work aims to provide a more coherent framework for understanding the geometric and physical properties of space, ultimately leading to new insights in quantum gravity and related fields.

A Few reasons behind this work:
Zero has long been regarded as a cornerstone of mathematics and physics, representing absence, null states, and the foundation of coordinate systems. However, the assumption that zero is a fundamental feature of physical reality has gone largely unchallenged. This paper argues that zero is not an intrinsic physical property but an emergent artifact of mathematical idealization. Through Finite Volume Integration (FVI), it's demonstrated that singularities, infinities, and quantum indeterminacy are consequences of assuming zero as a real physical entity.

Historically, the number system has been built upon zero as a reference point, yet its necessity has never been questioned. If zero is not a fundamental construct, then all numbers may instead be emergent variations of a single underlying finite structure, blurring the distinction between finite and infinite quantities. This idea naturally extends to quantum uncertainty and the Pauli exclusion principle, both of which rely on the assumption that states can be defined in an infinitely divisible space. By removing zero as a fundamental quantity,  proposed that uncertainty emerges not from probabilistic wavefunction collapse, but from the intrinsic finite volume constraints of space itself.

Applying this perspective, FVI reformulates physics by:

Eliminating singularities in general relativity (removing the need for renormalization in quantum field theory).

Redefining quantum mechanics in terms of finite-volume constraints rather than abstract probability distributions.

Reconstructing the number system from first principles, where zero is no longer an absolute reference but a limit of physical structures.


If zero is not a true feature of reality but an approximation, then the entire mathematical framework underpinning physics must be reconsidered. This challenges the very nature of spacetime, wavefunction behavior, and even classical mathematical logic. We conclude that zero is a construct of human abstraction, not an immutable truth of the universe, and its removal provides a deeper, more physically consistent foundation for science.

===============================================================================
                              SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT
===============================================================================

TITLE:    General Resonance Theory – The Universal Derivation of Physical
          Constants from the Embedded Light Frequency

AUTHOR:    Stylianos Touloumidis 
DATE:      2025-03-19 
METHOD:    Resonance analysis, logarithmic exponents, numerical collisions

===============================================================================
SUMMARY
===============================================================================

This work formulates a new, coherent structural theory of the universe in which
all observable phenomena are understood as expressions of harmonic frequency
modulations. At its center lies the hypothesis that the universe is not an
expanding structure, but a standing resonance field in which the speed of light
**C** represents the fundamental modulation frequency.

The central equation is:

        E_res = ∑ (Z_i / A_i) · (C / λ_i)

Where:
        E_res  = Total system resonance [Hz] 
        Z_i    = Atomic number of component i 
        A_i    = Mass number of component i 
        λ_i    = Resonance wavelength of component i [m] 
        C      = Speed of light = 299,792,458 m/s 

This structural formula describes all energy states as frequency relations
between order structure (Z/A), spatial folding (λ), and embedded light
modulation (C). **C is not separate**, but fully embedded in each frequency.

An alternative expression via resonance exponents yields:

        γ = log(X) / log(C)

where γ denotes the resonance order of a physical quantity **X** with respect
to **C**. This formula has been successfully applied to the Hubble constant,
fine-structure constant, CMB temperature, the proton-electron mass ratio, and **G**.

Key results include:

    – The Hubble constant is a harmonic side modulation of C (γ ≈ –2.08) 
    – The CMB frequency is a mirror frequency of the light structure (γ ≈ –0.291) 
    – The Planck length arises from standing ΔE collisions in the c–proton field 
    – Gravitation is not a field, but a stationary difference frequency (f = 0 Hz) 

From this it follows:

    ✅ There are no fundamental particles, only structured frequency nodes 
    ✅ Space, time, and energy are not independent – they are harmonic wave states 
    ✅ Gravity is not a force, but a stationary ΔE_res field between nodes 

The theory is fully reproducible, uses no free constants, and replaces the concept
of spacetime curvature with **standing grid modulations**. It leads to a quantitative
unification of all classical quantities and postulates a universal resonance lattice
as the foundational structure of the cosmos.

===============================================================================
CONCLUSION
===============================================================================

The General Resonance Theory provides a deterministic, scalable, and experimentally
verifiable description of reality in which the speed of light **C** is not a limit
value, but the **fundamental frequency of space**.

Монографія присвячена життю і творчості видатного американського астрофізика, уродженця України, Отто Людвіговича Струве. Розповідь автора охоплює всі сфери наукового генія останнього представника знаменитої астрономічної династії Струве - новатора зоряної спектроскопії, який стояв біля витоків радіоастрономії, заслуженого лауреата всіх престижних премій в галузі астрономії, віце-президента, а потім президента Міжнародного астрономічного союзу. Всі періоди його бурхливого життя в цій книзі доповнені документальним матеріалом: фрагментами з листування вченого, спогадами про нього, які не були опубліковані. Подано повну бібліографію праць вченого (понад 1000 робіт). / The monograph is dedicated to the life and work of an outstanding American astrophysicist, native of Ukraine, Otto Struve. The author’s narrative covers all areas of the scientific genius of the last representative of the famous astronomical dynasty Struve - an innovator in stellar spectroscopy, who stood at the origins of radio astronomy, honored winner of all prestigious awards in the field of astronomy, vice president, and then president of the International Astronomical Union. All periods of his turbulent life in this book are supplemented by documentary material: fragments from the scientist’s correspondence, memoirs about him that were not published. A complete bibliography of the scientist’s works is given (more than 1000 works).

We propose a novel framework in which spacetime itself is fundamentally entangled, characterized by a dynamic field Ψ(x µ). This geometric entanglement modifies gravitational interactions, providing a unified explanation for dark matter, dark energy, and quantum gravitational phenomena. The theory predicts measurable deviations from general relativity and quantum mechanics, including corrections to gravitational wave signals, cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies, and quantum decoherence rates. Through numerical simulations, we demonstrate that Ψ naturally explains galactic rotation curves, neutron star mass limits, and small-scale structure formation, while remaining consistent with Solar System tests and cosmological observations. We also propose experimental validation strategies using gravitational wave detectors, collider experiments, and quantum information systems. Our framework bridges the gap between general relativity and quantum mechanics, offering a testable pathway to quantum gravity and a deeper understanding of the universe's fundamental structure.

The accelerated expansion of the universe remains an open problem in cosmology. The ΛCDM model attributes this acceleration to dark energy, modeled as a cosmological constant (Λ), but the physical nature of dark energy is unknown. This paper introduces the Cosmic Quantum Intelligence Field (CQIF), a phase-locked epoch-segmented framework for cosmic acceleration, which provides an alternative to ΛCDM, Quintessence, and Early Dark Energy (EDE). CQIF modifies the standard expansion equations by incorporating self-regulating quantum resonances that reset at epoch boundaries, preventing parameter divergence and instability. Bayesian model selection shows that CQIF statistically outperforms standard cosmological models in explaining large-scale structure growth and cosmic expansion trends. The results suggest that cosmic acceleration may be driven by structured wave interactions rather than an unexplained energy component.

Статья посвящена исследованию жизни и творчества украинского ученого-астрофизика Прасковьи Георгиевны Пархоменко. Автором проанализирована научная деятельность П.Г. Пархоменко, посвященная изучению солнечной атмосферы, теоретическим аспектам физики Солнца, исследованию малых планет, наблюдению солнечных и лунных затмений (рассмотрены публикации астронома в ведущих астрономических отечественных и зарубежных изданиях). Основные вехи научной биографии П.Г. Пархоменко реконструированы на фоне становления и развития Харьковской астрономической обсерватории в 20—30-е годы ХХ ст. В статье детально рассмотрены события, связанные с увольнением П.Г. Пархоменко из Харьковской астрономической обсерватории и защитой ее диссертационной работы, повлиявшие на ритм и тематику научной работы астронома. Публикация основана на документах государственных и ведомственных архивов, а также устноисторических материалах, посвященных научной работе П.Г. Пархоменко в Симеизской астрономической обсерватории, собранных автором статьи в рамках данного исследования. Использованные архивные документы впервые вводятся в научный оборот. The article is dedicated to the study of the life and works of the Ukrainian astrophysicist Praskovia Georgievna Parkhomenko. The author analyzed the scientific activities of P.G. Parkhomenko which was devoted to the researching of the Solar atmosphere, the theoretical aspects of the physics of the Sun, the survey of the Minor Planets and the observation of solar and lunar eclipses (the astronomer’s publications in the leading astronomical domestic and foreign publications are considered, mainly in “Russian Astronomical Journal”, “Astronomische Nachrichten”, “Zeit.wissen. Photophysik und Photochemie”). P.G. Parkhomenko participated in a solar-eclipse expedition of 1914 in Genichesk, and she conducted observations of the total Solar eclipse of 1936, known as the “Great Soviet Eclipse”. Parkhomenko cooperated with famous astronomers, such as Otto Struve, Boris Gerasimovich, Vasily Fesenkov, Nikolay Evdokimov, and Nikolay Barabashov in different periods of her scientific biography. She discovered two Minor Planets:“1129 Neujmina” and “1166 Sakuntala” at the Simeiz Astronomical Observatory.

The math behind Mars influence on human behavior, stock market crashes and terror attacks. Since 2019, I have been promoting the thesis that Mars influences human behavior. I have put together data showing a 100% correlation between the Gaza rocket attacks/stock market crashes and the configuration of the planet Mars relative to the Earth and the lunar nodes. This is statistical evidence that there is a link between the physics involved at the astrophysical level, the meteorological outcome, and its effect on the biological processes of terrestrial organisms, which manifest certain behaviors. Here are the two links which gives compelling evidence of Mars influence
https://www.academia.edu/124394993/_Gaza_Only_Gaza_rocket_stats_ https://www.academia.edu/123648970/A_100_statistical_correlation_

The purpose of this paper was to show that while its mathematically untenable to surmise Mars  as having a significant gravitational pull upon Earth’s axial tilt at such a great distance as it travels behind the sun, one can still postulate that the reduction of the Earth/Mars gravitational force as Mars orbits behind the sun could still cause Earth’s axial tilt to shift back towards the sun, such that it could cause an increase in temperatures relative to the mean. A good analogy is imagining Mars engaging in a tug of war against planets and masses closer to the sun, with all the parties involved trying to pull Earth closer their sphere of influence. Mars, when it travels in front of the sun it fights against the gravitational force of Venus, Mercury and the Sun all trying to pull earth towards them. But when Mars orbits behnd the sun further away from Earth, its grip slowly wanes, allowing Venus, Mercury and the sun to establish a stronger gravitational force upon earth’s tilt without Mars being a factor. The result is that the earth’s axial tilts shifts back towards the sun. Even with a weaker gravitational force at such a distance from Earth, one can say that Mars is still a factor.

This work seeks to examine whether there is a natural way for the formalism of special relativity to embrace massless objects which move at the speed of light, by asking if the spacetime coordinates of such objects can be transformed from one inertial reference frame to another. The result of using matter waves as the embodiment of wave-particle duality in an attempt to include only the guiding principle of quantum mechanics in the derivation of the Lorentz transformation equations is presented. This allows one to incorporate the comoving velocity of an object into the transformation equations in a natural way. We call the resulting transformation equations the general forms of the Einstein-Lorentz transformations (GLT). The general forms of the Einstein-Lorentz transformations (GLT) are found to reduce to the usual forms of the Lorentz transformation equations in our spacetime, revealing that the velocity of an arbitrary object in our spacetime is equal to c, the speed of light. We find as a result of the general reformulation that mass is an apparent quantity, i.e., one that is represented by an indeterminate mathematical expression. A method for dealing with such indeterminate quantities will be presented in a subsequent work.

If we consider the “Fifth force” as an external force of the classical newtonian gravitational field introduced in the Theory of General Relativity, we will find with the geodesic equation the modified time metric tensor and so obtain the new modified Einstein’s  field equations.
  We unify the "Fifth Force" with the "Gravitational Force" applying the Theory of General Relativity. The result is that probably the "new modified Einstein's field equations" will not present any kind of singularity, with the presence of the anti-gravity effect of the "Fifth Force" in the nucleus of every astrophysical object; no existence of black holes? Peculiar phenomenology on stars and galaxies nucleus, the expansion or not of the universe can be fairly treated with the new modified Einstein's field equations.
  It is well known that General Theory of Relativity is a geometric theory of gravitation and the curvature of space-time is related to the energy and momentum. This relation is specified by Einstein’s equations. The experimental tests are numerous and, therefore, it is impossible to question its validity but this does not prevent us from proposing new ideas.      In this work, we want to introduce the Fifth Force, not considering the universal gravitational constant. In this way we obtain modified field equations. The aim of the paper is to observe that, if we introduce this fifth force, the principle of the equivalence is violated and, probably, there are never singularities in the metric when we solve the field equations.
  Maybe the Schwarzschild radius for a symmetrical static spherical star doesn’t compare: to be proved with “computational mathematics”.

(M33) und etwa 115 Zwerggalaxien. Etwa 95% der Gesamtmasse befinden sich in der Milchstraße und der Andromeda-Galaxie. Letztere ist das am weitesten entfernte Objekt, dass mit dem bloßen Auge erblickt werden kann; die Entfernung beträgt ca. 2,5 Millionen Lichtjahre. Die Lokale Gruppe hat einen Durchmesser von etwa 5 bis 8 Millionen Lichtjahren und gehört in die Kategorie der Galaxienhaufen.

We analyse cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy clusters to study the X-ray scaling relations between total masses and observable quantities such as X-ray luminosity, gas mass, X-ray temperature, and Y X . Three sets of simulations are performed with an improved version of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics GADGET-3 code. These consider the following: non-radiative gas, star formation and stellar feedback, and the addition of feedback by active galactic nuclei (AGN). We select clusters with M 500 > 10 14 M E(z) -1 , mimicking the typical selection of Sunyaev-Zeldovich samples. This permits to have a mass range large enough to enable robust fitting of the relations even at z ∼ 2. The results of the analysis show a general agreement with observations. The values of the slope of the mass-gas mass and masstemperature relations at z = 2 are 10 per cent lower with respect to z = 0 due to the applied mass selection, in the former case, and to the effect of early merger in the latter. We investigate the impact of the slope variation on the study of the evolution of the normalization. We conclude that cosmological studies through scaling relations should be limited to the redshift range z = 0-1, where we find that the slope, the scatter, and the covariance matrix of the relations are stable. The scaling between mass and Y X is confirmed to be the most robust relation, being almost independent of the gas physics. At higher redshifts, the scaling relations are sensitive to the inclusion of AGNs which influences low-mass systems. The detailed study of these objects will be crucial to evaluate the AGN effect on the ICM.

We propose a novel method to constrain turbulence and bulk motions in massive galaxies, galaxy groups, and clusters, exploring both simulations and observations. As emerged in the recent picture of top-down multiphase condensation, hot gaseous halos are tightly linked to all other phases in terms of cospatiality and thermodynamics. While hot halos (∼10 7 K) are perturbed by subsonic turbulence, warm (∼10 4 K) ionized and neutral filaments condense out of the turbulent eddies. The peaks condense into cold molecular clouds (<100 K) raining in the core via chaotic cold accretion (CCA). We show that all phases are tightly linked in terms of the ensemble (wideaperture) velocity dispersion along the line of sight. The correlation arises in complementary long-term AGN feedback simulations and high-resolution CCA runs, and is corroborated by the combined Hitomi and new Integral Field Unit measurements in the Perseus cluster. The ensemble multiphase gas distributions (from the UV to the radio band) are characterized by substantial spectral line broadening (σ v,los ≈100-200 km s 1 -) with a mild line shift. On the other hand, pencil-beam detections (as H I absorption against the AGN backlight) sample the small-scale clouds displaying smaller broadening and significant line shifts of up to several 100 km s 1 -(for those falling toward the AGN), with increased scatter due to the turbulence intermittency. We present new ensemble σ v,los of the warm Hα+[N II] gas in 72 observed cluster/group cores: the constraints are consistent with the simulations and can be used as robust proxies for the turbulent velocities, in particular for the challenging hot plasma (otherwise requiring extremely long X-ray exposures). Finally, we show that the physically motivated criterion C≡t cool /t eddy ≈1 best traces the condensation extent region and the presence of multiphase gas in observed clusters and groups. The ensemble method can be applied to many available spectroscopic data sets and can substantially advance our understanding of multiphase halos in light of the next-generation multiwavelength missions.

While general relativity provides an accurate description of spacetime and gravitational forces and effects, it does not provide a mechanism for gravity itself. By explaining the mechanism of gravitational force as a resistance of massive and high energy objects to the observed accelerating expansion of the universe, we simplify and provide a model that does not rely on unobserved particles or other hypothetical factors while staying in agreement with general relativity.

This work integrates Einstein-Cartan (EC) theory into the Quantum Intrinsic
Wormhole (QIW) framework using Discrete Differential Geometry, particularly
Regge Calculus. By embedding spin-torsion interactions directly into the metric
field, this model naturally unifies quantum mechanics and general relativity. The
framework explains dark matter and dark energy through topological effects, predicts
natural wormhole formation without exotic matter, and provides a consistent
mechanism for cosmic inflation. This unified model resolves divergences without
renormalization, advancing toward a comprehensive Theory of Everything (TOE).

A screened charge by a Yukawa potential implies that the corresponding electric field is assimptotically zero far away from a small radius scaling. Considering a screened charge, we have a modified metric of type Yukawa-Reissner-Nordström spacetime, that assimptotically decays from a Reissner-Nordström spacetime to a Schwarzschild spacetime. This implies that the singularity is screened by distance reducing from two singularities to one single singularity for a suitable distance. We consider the tetrad fields associated to the Yukawa-Reissner-Nordström spacetime and show that a linear motion in the proper time lead to suitable estimatives to the Yukawa screening parameter associated to a Schwarzschild radius.

A screened charge by a Yukawa potential implies that the corresponding electric field is assimptotically zero far away from a small radius scaling. Considering a screened charge, we have a modified metric of type Yukawa-Reissner-Nordstr\&quot;om spacetime, that assimptotically decays from a Reissner-Nordstr\&quot;om spacetime to a Schwarzschild spacetime. This implies that the singularity is screened by distance reducing from two singularities to one single singularity for a suitable distance. We consider the tetrad fields associated to the Yukawa-Reissner-Nordstr\&quot;om spacetime and show that a linear motion in the proper time lead to suitable estimatives to the Yukawa screening parameter associated to a Schwarzschild radius.

In spite of all, as we have established, space is truly a phenomenon and a perspective of our future to make it adjustable co-traveller throughout time travels and a fast devellopment of space technology. Of course, if during that rapid devellopment we do not allow space to become "weapons" that we use against each others

The answer to the question, what physical meaning should be attributed to the so-called boost-rotation symmetric exact solutions to the field equations of general relativity, is provided within the general interpretation scheme for the "theories of relativity", based on group theoretical arguments, and set forth by Erich Kretschmann already in the year 1917.

We investigate Kerr-Newman black holes in which a rotating charged ring-shaped singularity induces a region which contains closed timelike curves (CTCs). Contrary to popular belief, it turns out that the time orientation of the CTC is opposite to the direction in which the singularity or the ergosphere rotates. In this sense, CTCs "counter-rotate" against the rotating black hole. We have similar results for all spacetimes sufficiently familiar to us in which rotation induces CTCs. This motivates our conjecture that perhaps this counter-rotation is not an accidental oddity particular to Kerr-Newman spacetimes, but instead there may be a general and intuitively comprehensible reason for this.

A qualitative analysis of a scalar–tensor cosmological model, with an exponential potential for the scalar field, is performed. The phase diagram for the flat case is constructed. It is shown that solutions with an initial and final inflationary behavior appear. We discuss the possible existence of realistic scenarios and we generalize the results, adding ordinary matter to the scalar–tensor model.

If we consider the “Fifth force” as an external force of the classical newtonian gravitational field introduced in the Theory of General Relativity, we will find the modified time metric tensor and so obtain the new modified Einstein’s  field equations.
  We unify the "Fifth Force" with the "Gravitational Force" applying the Theory of General Relativity. The result is that probably the "new modified Einstein's field equations" will not present any kind of singularity, with the presence of the anti-gravity effect of the "Fifth Force" in the nucleus of every astrophysical object; no existence of black holes? Peculiar phenomenology on stars and galaxies nucleus, the expansion or not of the universe can be fairly treated with the new modified Einstein's field equations.
  It is well known that General Theory of Relativity is a geometric theory of gravitation and the curvature of space-time is related to the energy and momentum. This relation is specified by Einstein’s equations. The experimental tests are numerous and, therefore, it is impossible to question its validity but this does not prevent us from proposing new ideas.      In this work, we want to introduce the Fifth Force, not considering the universal gravitational constant. In this way we obtain modified field equations. The aim of the paper is to observe that, if we introduce this fifth force, the principle of the equivalence is violated and, probably, there are never singularities in the metric when we solve the field equations.
  Maybe the Schwarzschild radius for a symmetrical static spherical star doesn’t compare: to be proved with “computational mathematics”.

Power is a fundamental aspect of human interaction, shaping societies, relationships, and organizations.
This paper explores the dynamics of power, proposing that power is the currency of trust, which is backed
by human emotions. It further distinguishes between ethical power, grounded in trust and emotional
intelligence, and unethical power, which relies on coercion and manipulation. Through historical
examples, philosophical alignment, and theoretical analysis, the study highlights the critical role of trust
and emotions in sustaining power, emphasizing the need for ethical approaches in leadership and
influence.

Purpose This study seeks to demonstrate the existence of a feedback loop controlling myopia by comparing the prediction of a feedback model to the actual progression of corrected myopia. In addition to theoretical results, confirming clinical data are presented. Methods The refraction of 13 continuously corrected myopic eyes was collected over a period of time ranging from 4 to 9 years from the time of their first correction. Refractive data was collected in an optometry office from myopic young subjects from the general population in Boston. Subjects were myopes, ages 2 to 22 at the time of first correction selected randomly from a larger population. All individuals were fully corrected with lenses; new lenses were prescribed every time that their myopia increased by 0.25 diopters or more. Subjects wore their spectacle lenses during the followed period. Results Subjects exhibit a linear time course of myopia progression when corrected with lenses. The observed rate of myopia increase is 0.2 to 1.0 diopters/year, with a mean correlation coefficient r =-0.971, p<0.005. Conclusions This report establishes that feedback control theory applies to the clinical phenomenon of progressive myopia. Continuous correction of myopia results in a linear progression that increases myopia. The Laplace transformation of temporal refractive data to the s-domain simplifies the study of myopia and emmetropia. The feedback transfer function predicts that continuous correction of myopia results in a linear progression because continuous correction opens the feedback loop. This prediction is confirmed with all subjects.

We have collected the parameter of 38 neutron stars (NSs) in binary systems with spin periods and measured masses. By adopting the Boot-strap method, we reproduced the procedure of mass calculated for each system separately, to determine the truly mass distribution of the NS that obtained from observation. We also applied the Monte-Carlo simulation and introduce the characteristic spin period 20 ms, in order to distinguish between millisecond pulsars (MSPs) and less recycled pulsars. The mass distributions of MSPs and the less recycled pulsars could be fitted by a Gaussian function as 1.45±0.42 M⊙ and 1.31±0.17 M⊙ (with 1σ) respectively. As such, the MSP masses are heavier than those in less recycled systems by factor of ~ 0.13M⊙, since the accretion effect during the recycling process.

Under the two initial 1‐D one parameter velocity distribution forms (one is normal, the other is exponential), the z direction scale height evolution of normal neutron stars in the Galaxy is studied by numerical simulation. We do statistics for the cases at different time segments, also do statistics for the cumulative cases made of each time segment. The results show in the cumulative cases the evolution curves of the scale heights are smoother than in the each time segment, i.e., the cumulation improve the signal‐to‐noise ratio. Certainly the evolution cases are different at different Galactic disk locations, which also have very large difference from the average cases in the whole disk. In the initial stages of z evolution of normal neutron stars, after the beginning transient states, the cumulative scale heights increase linearly with time, and the cumulative scale height increasing rates have linear relationship with the initial velocity distribution parameters, which have larg...