Technical Drawing

In the traditional methodology of CAD system teaching, one starts with acquirement of technical drawing principles and design of technical schemes and drawings based on manual drawing. Only consequently students learn to draw the schemes and technical drawings in some of the CAD systems. An alternative possibility to teach CAD/CAE systems could be to start immediately with machine element draughts and modelling and to the technical drawing teaching to pay attention only marginally, in a reduced time allocation. A key question related to this, by the authors proposed way of teaching CAD/CAE systems, is whether the reduction of the technical drawing teaching will not have a negative impact on the students` achievements. The answer to this question should be found out from a pedagogical experiment which the authors are going to carry out and a methodology of which is presented in the paper.

En este articulo se analiza el uso del juego Blokify para introducir al alumnado en las competencias que relacionan las figuras tridimensionales con su representacion bidimensional mediante las vistas normalizadas y la perspectiva. Estos contenidos se estudian en asignaturas de dibujo a partir de secundaria y Bachillerato. Blokify es un juego gratuito para tabletas digitales que permite modelar figuras tridimensionales de forma similar al popular video juego Minecraft: “bloque a bloque”. Las figuras modeladas con Blokify se pueden imprimir en 3D de manera casi directa. Existen informes internacionales que valoran la potencialidad de los videojuegos como recurso educativo y las Tabletas Digitales y la Impresion 3D como tecnologias con repercusion en la ensenanza. En este articulo se detalla la experiencia realizada en el curso 2013-2014 con grupos de Educacion Primaria (3o y 5o) y un grupo de 4o ESO. La actividad se llevo a cabo en el centro concertado Colegio Nuryana de San Cristoba...

Il saggio si occupa di questioni metodologiche pertinenti alla filologia del disegno geometrico storico, in specie dell'edizione dei trattati di Piero della Francesca (De prospectiva pingendi) e, quale esempio d'edizione di un'opera manoscritta a testimonianza plurima, offre il testo grafico critico dei due disegni presenti nei mss. della Descriptio urbis Romae di Leon Battista Alberti.

La digitalización de este artículo se enmarca dentro del proyecto "Estudio y análisis para el desarrollo de una red de conocimiento sobre estudios fílmicos a través de plataformas web 2.0", financiado por el Plan Nacional de I+D+i del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España (código HAR2010-18648), con el apoyo de

Apart from constituting an indispensable part of the process of developing technical creativity, technical drawing and graphic communication are also an important component of general technology education. Computer-aided design (CAD), which has been used in the industry for almost six decades, is still developing. During the past thirty years, CAD has gradually entered not only secondary and higher education, but also general technology (technical) education in some parts of the world. As a result, a number of various studies that problematize the use of CAD programs in teaching have been conducted. However, the former practices adopted in the Croatian system of general and compulsory education did not include the application of these contents in teaching. The compulsory education system in Croatia is currently undergoing some changes which could result in making the acquisition of students’ digital competences compulsory and introducing CAD in general education. This paper analyses...

The Draw an Engineer Test (DAET) is a common measure of students' perceptions of engineers. The coding systems currently used for K-12 research are general rubrics or checklists to capture the images presented in the drawing, which leave out some of the richness of students' perceptions, currently only captured with an accompanying student interview. The purpose of this study is to build a reliable coding system, which first establishes an inventory of pictorial elements irrespective of their potential relationship with engineering and second captures aspects of students' engineering perceptions inductively (from the ground up) while at the same time incorporating categories from previous research. The coding system will be used to help researchers understand how young students' perceptions of engineering, engineers, and the work of engineers evolve and are impacted by interventions. The longterm goal of this project is to create a standalone measure that can be broadly applied to diverse populations, and to create a large multi-institution student database, with both K-12 and university populations represented. This database would provide a rich dataset for better understanding common misconceptions about engineering and thus enabling the development of methods to address them.

Recent development of built heritage digitisation has not included required interest on scientific control tool. Without such information, such efforts can be useless for later reuse of digital models. Paradata were developed with this purpose but discussion about its content remained limited. This paper aims to provide a first specific set for digital three-dimensional models of built heritage based on other experiences and previous fieldwork. It includes works developed with photogrammetry, 3D scanning and at a lesser extent manual CAD reconstruction. Thanks to these series of paradata it would be possible not only to document the scientific process behind the digitisation of heritage, but also to provide data for further research.

No desenvolvimento da sociedade capitalista, nomeadamente durante a Primeira Revolução Industrial, a sistematização do Desenho auxiliou o aperfeiçoamento da representação gráfica de forma que o desenho de um projeto pudesse ser construído, produzido e/ou fabricado. O aprimoramento das técnicas industriais apoiadas em igual aperfeiçoamento do Desenho possibilitou a expansão da sociedade capitalista, esta caracterizada pela hegemonia dos países centrais na definição e disseminação da sua cultura material. No estágio atual de desenvolvimento, a sofisticação da produção demarca o cenário global e o Desenho tem na computação gráfica a tradução da sua evolução, quando as distâncias entre as sociedades de espaços geográficos diferenciados são evidenciadas e identificadas especialmente pelo acesso aos bens de consumo. Neste artigo, examinamos o desenvolvimento do capitalismo à luz da reflexão de Immanuel Wallerstein (1990, 2001, 2004), ao relacionarmos a evolução do Desenho Técnico e a organização da divisão do trabalho industrial a partir da organização proposta por Márcio Pochmann (2001), com o objetivo de conhecer os fatores que condicionam o diferente lugar do Desenho Técnico na Educação de países como Portugal e Brasil, que ocupam a semiperiferia do Modern World-System. Como estratégia metodológica, adotamos o método histórico e técnicas de pesquisa documental. Os resultados confirmam o Desenho enquanto conhecimento relevante no desenvolvimento da produção capitalista.

Jean-Christophe Norman «tire» dans l'espace en s'exposant au public. Ses traversées urbaines prennent à la lettre ce qu'englobe le mot anglais pour «dessiner». «To draw» implique le désir qui induit le fait de tirer une ligne, son attrait et son attraction. Le geste de Jean-Christophe Norman ressemble à la main qui tire en lançant une ficelle. Ce faisant, l'artiste poursuit un double mouvement, tendant, à l'instar d'un Fred Sandback, le fil (rouge). Si on considère sa ligne à la craie par terre comme tendue, elle relève d'un effet spatial.

The design and fabrication are the important elements in translating the idea to a product.This paper presents the capability of 3D solid model in assissting the fabrication process in development and improvement a real product (innovation). The objectives of this project are to design the jig and fixture to remove pin in the piston using pro engineer software (Pro/E), second is to fabricate the jig and fixture using machining process and finally is to improve the method when assembly and removing the pin piston by using the jig compare to conventional method by analyze the effect on the piston parts, the piston pin, connecting rod and piston block. The result shows that the application of jig and fixture have the reduced damage on piston pin, connecting rod and piston head surfaces. These jigs and fixture are used at main assembly line to assemble the engine components. The experiments also conducted on the locator pins (custom made jig) between mild steel and aluminum. It is found...

While drawing a mould for a new design, draftspeople often consult previous projects, searching for something similar. This way they can use solutions already developed in the past, thus reducing the time required to design a new mould. However, current systems do not make this an easy task. We developed a new approach for contentbased retrieval that supports automatic indexation of technical drawing databases and later recovering information by using structural descriptions of mould designs. In this paper, we describe a prototype that is able to retrieve technical mould drawings by content. The prototype allows searching for drawings using sketches, a digitized drawing or a combination of both. Queries can be refined by sketching on a digitized drawing or on one of the results interactively. Preliminary usability tests revealed that users were generally pleased with the concept of using sketches as the main query mechanism.

The presence of cartoons, comics, and graphic narrative has an at least
centennial history that can be dated as far back as Le Corbusier’s  childhood. However, the introduction of comics in the design studio is not a recent development1. Only in the late 1960s and 1970s, the comics medium was embraced by architects who located themselves outside the mainstream and considered the traditional tools not suited to the representation of a new architecture that defied the constraints of ‘architecture-as-object’.

Although this effervescence passed, comics never left the architectural
scene and the last fifteen years have witnessed a blossoming of
‘archicomics’ as a trend.This chapter looks at several works produced by architects and students in order to discuss and illustrate some uses of the comics medium as a tool to visualize and explain, to develop stories and discourses, and start morphogenetic processes that lead to novel architectural form, or even rethink architectural space.

Vocational students need some skills that will be used when students finish their studies at school. One of the expected skills is the ability to draw using the AutoCAD program. Where the final ability is expected of the students will be able to create engineering drawings in the form of 2-D models. The purpose of the training program is to develop and improve the technical drawing skills of the XII class students in using the AutoCAD program. Therefore, the students of class XII SMK have the ability to draw machine components and other engineering drawings in 2-D format. The method used in this training program through pre-test instrument, AutoCAD module, discussion, display through slide how to make machine image in 2-D formats and practice how to make the engineering drawing then evaluated with post-test. The result of this program is the improvement of the ability of grade XII students in drawing machine components and other engineering drawings in 2-D format.

Abstract–Today there is a great amount of information in the form of engineering projects. The difficulty in retrieving visual information contained in engineering projects in various contexts in which engineering designs are used as inputs in decision making is an area of major concern. Current methods of retrieval do not satisfy the demand for the rapid and precise location of information contained in large sets of drawings. This is because the projects are retrieved through the utilization of codes and keywords that only partially ...

This paper examines ‘mechanical drawing’ in relation to the public culture of ‘industrial enlightenment’ around 1800 in which printed representations alongside exhibitions and lectures created a ‘meaning for machines’ that aimed to unite science, technical know-how and commerce. Technical illustrations often used drawing machine technology in a self-reflexive way and many mechanical engineers concerned themselves with technologies of representation on paper, using and inventing drawing machines to manage the literature of professional presentation. Through considering the interaction between procedures for making and using drawing equipment, I argue that these toy-like devices contributed just as much as bridges or gargantuan steam powered machines did to the self-fashioning of engineers and engineering at this date.

Mesleki Teknik Çizim, tasarım ve üretim sürecinde kullanılan görsel iletişim yöntemlerinden biridir. Sürecin sağlıklı işlemesi, olası tasarım senaryolarının oluşturulması, üretimde maliyetin düşürülmesi, yerel dokümantasyon ağının oluşturulması gibi birçok nedenden dolayı süreç açısından önem teşkil etmektedir. 2016-2017 Eğitim Öğretim Yılı baz alındığında; onbeşi devlet, onaltısı vakıf olmak üzere toplam otuzbir üniversitede, farklı fakülte ve yüksekokula bağlı birimler olarak verilen Moda Eğitimi; Moda Tasarımı, Moda ve Tekstil Tasarımı, Tekstil ve Moda Tasarımı ve Moda Giyim Tasarımı adları altında yürütülmektedir. Bu çalışmada ulusal ölçekte devlet ve vakıf üniversitelerindeki lisans programları incelenmiş, mesleki teknik çizim dersinin müfredatlarında yer alıp almadığı araştırılmış ve yurtdışı örnekleriyle kıyaslamalar yapılmıştır. İnceleme sonucu, söz konusu otuzbir bölümden ancak onaltısında mesleki teknik çizim dersinin ayrı bir ders olarak müfredatta yer aldığı tespit edilmiş ve eğitimde yeterli önem gösterilmediği kanısına varılmıştır. Yurtdışında 3-boyutlu tasarımın artık lisans derslerinde yer aldığı göz önünde bulundurularak konuya dikkat çekilmiş, eleştiri ve öneriler sunulmuştur.

Professional Technical Drawing has been the most commonly adopted visual communication technique in the field of fashion design and manufacture due to several reasons, such as multiple design scenarios and possible sketch updates/corrections, manufacture cost reductions, and formation of local documentation networks. During 2016-2017 Education Year, Fashion Design Curriculum is offered at a total of thirty-one Turkish Universities, under slightly different programme names, such as Fashion Design, Fashion and Textile Design, Textile and Fashion Design and Fashion and Garment Design. Sixteen of these institutions are state-owned, and the remaining fifteen are private institutions. In this study, curriculums adopted by these thirty-one departments have been compared with special attention given to Technical Drawing. It has been observed that only sixteen of these departments have enforced a specific class and the rest does not consider Technical Drawing as a part of their fashion design curriculum. On the other hand, when foreign institutions are included in the comparison, we have realized that due to newly emerging 3-D technologies, many foreign institutions are updating their programme by adding corresponding 3-D technical drawing classes to their curriculum.

Teknik çizim tasarımcı ile üretici ve müşteri arasında bir görsel iletişim ve bilgi aktarımı sağlar. Ülkemizde giyim sektörü için, elde ya da bilgisayar destekli tasarım (CAD) yardımı ile hazırlanan teknik çizimlerde standart değer sağlayan bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu tez çalışması bu ihtiyaçtan yola çıkarak hazır giyim endüstrisine yönelik; tasarımcı-modelist arası dil birliği oluşturma, olası iletişim sorununu en aza indirgeme ve bunlardan kaynaklanan hataların üretim sürecine taşınmasını önlemek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Çalışma ile yetişkin kadın giyiminde 36 beden için hazırlanmış silüet, teknik beden şablonu (baz), üst grup, alt grup, iç giyimi ve dış giyim için teknik çizimler üzerinde örnek şablonlar oluşturularak standardizasyon önerileri sunulmuştur. Sonuçta öngörülen standart kurallar çerçevesinde örnek bir teknik föy; numune üretimi için ihtiyaç duyulacak; renk, kumaş, aksesuar bilgileri gibi gerekli tüm detaylar eklenerek, üretim süreci kapsamında öncelikli olarak modeliste iletilmek üzere, hazır hale getirilmiştir.

Fashion technical drawing provides visual communication and conveys information between designers, manufacturers and customers. Survey on national printed and online resources has shown that fashion design industry lacks a standard technical drawing reference for both by hand and computer aided design (CAD) approaches. In this thesis, creating a common language between fashion designer and modeler has been aimed; in order to reduce possible communication errors in between, and to eliminate propagation of those errors into production line of a garment factory. Silhouette, technical body template (base), tops, bottoms, underwear and outwear of a size 36 adult female has been considered and technical drawings of all garments are included with their standardized sample templates. Lastly, necessary information for prototyping; such as, color, fabric, accessory details have been added on a technical specification sheet for a specific example, ready to be conveyed to the modeler in the manufacturing process.

Ao meu filho Luiz Víctor, que nasceu no início deste mestrado, com a esperança de que no futuro sua formação seja beneficiada com sabedoria pelos esforços desprendidos nesta etapa. V A Deus por tudo, sempre. Aos meus pais, Alcebíades e Luíza, pelo apoio, exemplo e amor durante toda minha vida. Ao meu noivo, Hiran, cuja dedicação, compreensão e carinho foram permanentes inspirações para que este trabalho chegasse ao final. A Luiz Víctor, pela alegria e inspiração. À minha Tia Afrane que me acolheu com tanta amizade durante minhas estadas em São Paulo. À minha Tia Elbeni pela revisão ortográfica e gramatical, e principalmente pela dedicação. À Mércia e Márcia por me permitirem ter paz para trabalhar, enquanto cuidavam do meu filhão. Ao Prof. Dr. Cheng Liang-Yee, cuja distância geográfica não foi empecilho para a inestimável orientação, apoio e constante incentivo dispensados durante todo o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. À Prof a . (tia) Ana Magda, pelos ensinamentos, correções e observações (as vezes contundentes!) e, por sua amizade. Aos colegas do Lab-CAD, pela cuidadosa atenção recebida em minhas temporadas na USP, em especial a André Wakamatsu, pela ajuda nos cálculos. À POLI -UPE pela oportunidade, apoio financeiro e incentivo que recebi em particular dos Profs. Armando Carneiro, Carlos Magno, Mário Jorge e Sérgio Dias. Às secretárias do mestrado Ednaura e Marilza. Aos alunos Juliana e Lucídio, pela colaboração com a pesquisa de campo. Aos colegas do CEFET-PE pelo estímulo e compreensão nos momentos em que precisei me ausentar. À CAPES pelo apoio financeiro. À todos os professores da minha vida acadêmica que contribuíram com o sucesso alcançado hoje. Aos responsáveis pelas respostas dos questionários, pela valiosa contribuição à pesquisa científica no país. Àqueles que, através de suas publicações, foram as fontes de pesquisa e enriquecimento deste trabalho. Aos meus colegas de mestrado, pelo incentivo, cuja amizade conquistada ficará em minha memória para sempre.

Ao meu filho Luiz Víctor, que nasceu no início deste mestrado, com a esperança de que no futuro sua formação seja beneficiada com sabedoria pelos esforços desprendidos nesta etapa. V A Deus por tudo, sempre. Aos meus pais, Alcebíades e Luíza, pelo apoio, exemplo e amor durante toda minha vida. Ao meu noivo, Hiran, cuja dedicação, compreensão e carinho foram permanentes inspirações para que este trabalho chegasse ao final. A Luiz Víctor, pela alegria e inspiração. À minha Tia Afrane que me acolheu com tanta amizade durante minhas estadas em São Paulo. À minha Tia Elbeni pela revisão ortográfica e gramatical, e principalmente pela dedicação. À Mércia e Márcia por me permitirem ter paz para trabalhar, enquanto cuidavam do meu filhão. Ao Prof. Dr. Cheng Liang-Yee, cuja distância geográfica não foi empecilho para a inestimável orientação, apoio e constante incentivo dispensados durante todo o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. À Prof a. (tia) Ana Magda, pelos ensinamentos, correções e observações (as vezes contundentes!) e, por sua amizade. Aos colegas do Lab-CAD, pela cuidadosa atenção recebida em minhas temporadas na USP, em especial a André Wakamatsu, pela ajuda nos cálculos. À POLI-UPE pela oportunidade, apoio financeiro e incentivo que recebi em particular dos Profs. Armando Carneiro, Carlos Magno, Mário Jorge e Sérgio Dias. Às secretárias do mestrado Ednaura e Marilza. Aos alunos Juliana e Lucídio, pela colaboração com a pesquisa de campo. Aos colegas do CEFET-PE pelo estímulo e compreensão nos momentos em que precisei me ausentar. À CAPES pelo apoio financeiro. À todos os professores da minha vida acadêmica que contribuíram com o sucesso alcançado hoje. Aos responsáveis pelas respostas dos questionários, pela valiosa contribuição à pesquisa científica no país. Àqueles que, através de suas publicações, foram as fontes de pesquisa e enriquecimento deste trabalho. Aos meus colegas de mestrado, pelo incentivo, cuja amizade conquistada ficará em minha memória para sempre.

This study aimed at finding out the effects of computer-aided instruction on junior secondary students' achievement and retention in basic science in Ado local government area of Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study utilized a nonrandomized pretest post-test quasi-experimental design. The population for this study consisted of all JS II students in secondary schools in Ado Local Government Area. The sample for this study was made up of 120 JS II basic science students drawn from four sampled junior secondary schools. Multi-stage sampling procedures was used in selecting sample for this study.. Thirty students were selected from each school taken cognizance of equal representation of samples in the target population. Basic science Achievement and Retention Test (BSART) developed by the researcher was the instrument for data collection. The Basic Science Achievement and Retention Test (BSART) was used to test students' achievement and retention in basic science. The instrument, BSART was validated by 2 specialists in science education at the Bamidele Olumilua University, Ikere-Ekiti and the general criticisms and suggestions were used for improving the instrument. The data collected from the two groups were analyzed using Kuder Richardson's (KR21) formula to establish the reliability coefficient of the instrument. This instrument gave a reliability coefficient (r) of 0.78. The data collected from Basic Science Achievement and Retention Test were presented and analyzed using the ANCOVA to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings of this research, it was concluded that computer-aided instruction in basic science enhances achievement and retention of the junior secondary students. On the basis of findings from this study, it was recommended among others that: Computer literacy programme should be provided for both students and teachers for full integration of ICT resources in Science Education Programme. Government, Non-Governmental Organization and Parents Teacher Associations should fund development of CAI packages in the schools, equip the schools with necessary ICT facilities and train manpower to produce software for science education in Nigerian

Technical drawing is a fairly important skill for a mechanical engineering graduate in the industrial world.  This  activity  aims  to  improve  the  knowledge  and  skills  of  students  at  SMKN  1 Waringinkurung in Autocad-based technical  drawing for daily work  assignments.  This activity was carried out on24-26July 2024 at SMKN 1 Waringinkurung, Serang Regency. The implementation method is with direct practice techniques. The success of this activity can be seen from the increase in the  competence  of  grade  12  students  of  SMKN  1  Waringinkurung  during  learning.  In  addition, students also appear to be increasingly proficient and understand Autocad-based drawing techniques.
Keywords:Autocad; Technical Drawing; Learning

Graph matching methods are often proposed to solve the symbols recognition problems. Finding an exact matching between two graphs using graph isomorphism techniques remains unresolved and known to be NP-complete. In our proposed technique, first, raster image of each graphic symbol is vectorized and quadrilaterals are constructed by searching and selecting vectors having opposite direction and minimum distance between their extremities. We use quadrilaterals and their neighbouring relations to construct a labelled graph. To deal with the presence of noise and distortion, our approach is based on inexact graph matching where each vertex of one graph can be associated to zero, one or more vertices of the other graph. It uses a greedy incomplete search algorithm to find the best mapping between the vertices of the two graphs and compute a similarity score. The strength of this approach is maximum structural representation which is invariant to distortion and affine transformations.

En este articulo se analiza el uso del juego Blokify para introducir al alumnado en las competencias que relacionan las figuras tridimensionales con su representacion bidimensional mediante las vistas normalizadas y la perspectiva. Estos contenidos se estudian en asignaturas de dibujo a partir de secundaria y Bachillerato. Blokify es un juego gratuito para tabletas digitales que permite modelar figuras tridimensionales de forma similar al popular video juego Minecraft: “bloque a bloque”. Las figuras modeladas con Blokify se pueden imprimir en 3D de manera casi directa. Existen informes internacionales que valoran la potencialidad de los videojuegos como recurso educativo y las Tabletas Digitales y la Impresion 3D como tecnologias con repercusion en la ensenanza. En este articulo se detalla la experiencia realizada en el curso 2013-2014 con grupos de Educacion Primaria (3o y 5o) y un grupo de 4o ESO. La actividad se llevo a cabo en el centro concertado Colegio Nuryana de San Cristoba...

A modo de preámbulo, consideramos importante mencionar que el presente ensayo pretende entrelazar los conceptos mirada y seducción desde distintas ópticas. Se plantean someramente algunas ideas desde la filosofía hasta el psicoanálisis. Se inicia con una "mirada" a las construcciones literarias de creadores de gran importancia, tales como Jean Braudrillard y Georges Bataille, en quienes se estudia la idea del ojo perverso, de la mirada y el deseo, subjetividad que nos atrapa. Se ambiciona articular con teorizaciones psicoanalíticas de lo inconsciente, abundando en investigaciones freudianas y de otros teóricos del psicoanálisis para analizar e interpretar sus "seductoras" aportaciones.

The revolutionary concepts of wear plates, the specialist hard facing materials came into existence in 1980's.To date wearplates are being used almost worldwide , replacing the traditional wear resistances lining materials .DuraweldMetsys Private Limited is one of the few wearplate manufacturers in India. For the forward motion of wearplatesin special purpose machine which is basically designed for welding purpose hydraulic actuator is used. The main purpose of actuator is to give positive push to the heavy wear plate. Till date the whole working is operated manually. To perform the operation fully automatic and in easier way we are planning to use the chain drive mechanism instead of hydraulic actuator for the sliding of heavy wear plates. Chain drive mechanism is the easier way to transmit power. Pin like arrangement will be provided on the links of the chain to give the push to the wear plate. Thus the sheet will easily slide on the fixture. Thus use of chain drive mechanism ...

En una audaz hipótesis doble intentamos entender la sexualidad actual, primero en la pornografía entre incesto y anonimato, inspirados en los bellos textos de D.H. Lawrence y Henry Miller. Segundo, en el pasaje de la paranoia legendaria a la transexualidad sectaria actual, anunciado por el nazismo y el caso Schreber. Nos faltaría un tercer plano que es el de paranoia y crimen para profundizar la veta del odio, la locura y el dolor en el terror actual. Además nos faltaría un cuarto plano que sería el de la sexualidad supuestamente normal, una panoplia demasiado extensa y qué sólo se puede saber caso a caso. Sólo hemos partido de ciertas líneas destacadas de las tendencias de la sexualidad actual, Freud las hubiera situado dentro de la moral sexual cultural y sus variantes. Siendo la sexualidad un tema imposible para el ser humano que nos implica a todos, esperamos que nuestras ideas maduren y no creemos en nada completo al respecto ni imparcial.No queremos que nos pase como a Rimbaud, que creía que con ardiente paciencia entraremos en las espléndidas ciudades, que no existen, son en cierto modo invisibles, como las de Italo Calvino. El capital las arrasa y las levanta, ya no como un velo sino como una franja de Gaza, ay del dolor actual.

During the direct design or reverse engineering process of products and machinery, various geometric and manufacturing information is generated according to the phases or stages of development applied during a project in different subjects. Much of this information is not used or lost and students face various problems when generating manufacturing drawings. This article discusses the importance of manufacturing drawings during the direct design process and its implications for engineering education. To generate the design information, the concept of manufacturing primitive and a classification of the manufacturing drawings that follow the stages of direct design are applied. It is using a case study to show the process of generating and documenting the information. The importance of transmitting knowledge to the student is necessary for their academic and professional training. Using tools that are actually used in industrial practice within their processes. Improving the results o...

This publication is an English translation of the first chapter of the book “Spatial Constructions in Pictorial Art” by the astonishing scientist Boris Viktorovich Rauschenbach, who, being a mathematician and physicist, got interested in the planar fine art of Ancient Egypt. Rauschenbach came to the conclusion that the main task of the ancient Egyptian artist was to convey precisely the objective form of the depicted object, and not how he saw it, that is, the subjective form. To do this, the artist, when creating paintings and reliefs, used shifts, rotations of planes, different scales, symbology and other techniques that would seem strange to a modern artist but recognizable to us as a distinctive feature of ancient Egyptian art. All these techniques are still used today - not  by artists alone, but rather by engineers and architects or those working with schemes and technical drawings. Following this idea, Rauschenbach calls the ancient Egyptian planar fine art “artistic schematics.”

"Drilling Machines: Fundamentals and Advanced Techniques" offers a comprehensive exploration of drilling technology, presenting its historical evolution, machine types, and contemporary applications. The initial chapters delve into the fundamental aspects of drilling, tracing the technology from its early beginnings to modern automated systems. Detailed classifications of drilling machines are provided, including portable, sensitive, upright, radial, gang, multiple spindle, automatic, and deep hole drilling machines, with emphasis on their configurations and operational capabilities. The book further explores various drilling operations such as reaming, boring, counterboring, countersinking, spot facing, tapping, lapping, and trepanning. It highlights the significance of workholding devices and fixtures, precision and tolerance in drilling processes, and different types of drill bits, including high-speed steel, carbide-tipped, and diamond bits. In the sections dedicated to machine operations mastery, the book discusses essential equipment, advanced operational techniques, and the impact of automation and CNC drilling on efficiency and precision. Additionally, it addresses the applications of drilling machines across various industries, underscoring their versatility. Safety precautions, maintenance routines, and troubleshooting guidelines are provided to ensure safe and efficient machine operation. The book concludes with an outlook on emerging trends and technological innovations in the field of drilling technology. This resource is tailored for students, engineers, and professionals in the machining and manufacturing industries, offering a detailed and professional perspective on the complexities and advancements in drilling technology. We would also like to express our gratitude to our fellow classmates and the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Somali National University for fostering an environment conducive to collaborative learning and academic exploration. Special thanks go to our families for their enduring encouragement and support throughout our academic endeavors. Lastly, we acknowledge the contributions of each other, Abdifatah Mohamud Nadir and Ahmed Mohamed Ali, in the creation of this book. Our combined efforts and dedication have culminated in a comprehensive resource that we hope will benefit students, engineers, and professionals in the field of machining and manufacturing.

This paper reports on studies conducted at the University of Newcastle (Pollock 2006, Day 2006) that examined performance of participants on a range of spatial cognition tasks considered important to designers. It also provides evidence that helps validate a new psychometric test developed to measure spatial concepts represented in technical drawings. Participants were university students divided into a skilled group and an unskilled group based on whether or not they had prior technical drawing experience. The skilled group did consistently better on spatial ability tasks with differences in performance shown to be statistically significant. Tasks requiring advanced spatial skills associated with coordinate systems were found to be difficult. Other tasks requiring spatial reasoning to identify threedimensional properties from two-dimensional drawings produced better results than expected. The paper concludes with an overview of implications for designers and technical drawing 2 courses. Results also provide confidence in the psychometric instrument as a reliable measure of spatial ability appropriate to designers.

Despite the availability of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems, paper-based sketching is still widely used during conceptual design due to its efficiency in externalizing form solutions. The main reason attributed to this is that the user-interface of most CAD systems follows the WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointing device) paradigm which does not support freehand form sketching as input on normal paper. Yet CAD systems still offer advantages for early form design such as threedimensional (3D) model visualization. Thus designers would greatly benefit if the advantages of manual sketching are combined with those of CAD. However, due to various factors, such as the idiosyncratic style of sketching, computer processing of handmade sketches becomes difficult. At the same time, although drawing standards are available for detail design, standards for early form sketching are unavailable. To address the above issues, this paper reports ongoing research aimed at providing a drawing standard to seamlessly link early form sketching on paper with 3D modelling technology. The paper provides an overall picture of the state-of-the-art approaches to early form sketching. A drawing standard has been developed to address the identified deficiencies of current approaches. The developed standard specifies what is required both for the process of drawing and the representation of form in the resulting drawing, i.e. the early form sketch. Besides from providing 3D models directly from paper sketches, such a standard has been found useful for collaborative design. Evaluation results indicate what aspects of the proposed drawing standard require improvements.

Recently, 3D measurement systems have developed more and more in various fields. With the help of 3D measuring systems, the measurement time in design, manufacture, assembly and production is substantially reduced. In this paper, it is proposed to redesign two pieces of a helical pump (driver and driven screws) based on numerical models obtained by scanning. These models are obtained based on the processing of point clouds resulting from the 3D scanning of the respective pieces. After completing the actual scanning process, the numerical models were measured using specific software to determine the dimensional characteristics and their modeling was performed in a computer-aided design program. Subsequently, the inspection was performed by overlapping the scanned model and the CAD model of each piece, in order to be able to compare the analytical models with the real pieces. This comparison allows to appreciate the degree to which the analytical model obtained by redesign corresponds...

ÖSSZEFOGLALÓ. Bemutatjuk, hogy a GeoGebra dinamikus geometriai szoftverrel hogyan lehet ábrázolni egy 4-dimenziós konvex politópot a 3-dimenziós euklideszi térben centrális vetületként, majd összegezzük a szerzőnek a témakörrel kapcsolatos oktatási tapasztalatait. ABSTRACT. We demonstrate how one can visualize a 4-dimensional convex polytope with GeoGebra, represented by its central projection in the 3-dimensional Euclidean space. Then we sum up the educational experiences of the author in this subject.

Vannak olyan, csak szabályos sokszöglapok által határolt konvex nemuniform poliéderek, melyek nem modellezhetők euklidészi típusú szerkesztéssel (a körzővel és vonalzóval történő síkbeli szerkesztés 3-dimenziós analogonjával). Dinamikus geometriai módszerek alkalmazásával azonban tetszőleges pontossággal modellezhetők ezek a poliéderek: minden ilyen poliéderhez megszerkeszthető egy olyan paraméteres, számítógépes poliédermodell, amely egy egyparaméteres poliédercsalád modellje, és egy bizonyos paraméterérték esetén az adott, szabályos sokszöglapokkal határolt poliéderrel egyezik meg, valamint a paraméterérték a szükséges pontossággal beállítható úgy, hogy a hozzá tartozó virtuális modell tetszőleges előírt mértékben közelítse a kívánt poliédert.

Technical drawing is the act and discipline of composing drawings that visually communicate how something functions or is constructed. It is essential for expressing ideas in architectural and civil engineering (CE) education. In architectural education, technical drawing is used for communicating the all aspects of a shape/design and detail drawings whereas in CE education it is used for capturing all the geometric features of a product/component with an end goal of conveying all the required information that will allow a manufacturer to produce that component. In both educations, technical drawing course aims to improve the drawing and presentation techniques by gaining skills on 2 and 3 dimensional perception and to teach students how to communicate on a common ground within the framework of certain drawing techniques. In technical drawing course, students learn how to use a visual language (symbols, perspectives, units of measurement, notation systems, visual styles, and page layout) to ensure that the drawing is unambiguous and relatively easy to understand. However, teaching and learning strategies can have different implications for technical drawing course in the architectural and CE education. Besides, learning levels, cognitive development and spatial visualization skills of students can affect academic success in technical drawing course along with those teaching and learning strategies. In this context, the study aims to present the challenges in technical drawing course in architectural and CE education depending on those variables. Also, discussion of improvement techniques and methods that can be applied to technical drawing course from the learning and teaching point of view constitutes another aim of the study.

surgido infinidad de recursos y herramientas destinadas a mejorar los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Uno de los modelos pedagógicos que aprovechan estos recursos es el de la "Flipped Classroom" o clase invertida, que consiste, a grandes rasgos, en que los estudiantes acceden a los contenidos teóricos fuera del horario lectivo y a su ritmo, dejando el tiempo de clase libre para hacer ejercicios y resolver las dudas que surjan al respecto. Pero, ¿qué caracteriza a la "Flipped Classroom"? ¿Basta con que los alumnos estudien la materia en casa y hagan lo que eran las tareas en clase para conseguir una clase invertida? ¿Se trata de una metodología que se emplea porque está de moda, o tiene algún fundamento psicológico que lo sustente? ¿Puede aplicarse en todas las materias y en todos los temas? En el presente trabajo se utiliza este modelo para la docencia del bloque de Expresión Gráfica de Tecnología de 4º de ESO, dedicado al diseño asistido por ordenador. Previamente se habrá analizado, de modo genérico, la metodología de la "Flipped Classroom", estableciendo los elementos que la definen, indicando las consideraciones que habría que tener en cuenta si se quiere implementar y justificando su uso para este caso concreto. Una vez hecho esto se elaborará la guía didáctica que desarrolla los contenidos del bloque y secuencia sus sesiones y ejercicios, siguiendo los parámetros de la clase invertida. Se trata, en resumen, de conseguir una integración entre contenidos, conocimientos y tecnología, o lo que es lo mismo, de lograr una educación adaptada al siglo XXI.

Summary.—Sequential strategies of tablet digitized drawings by 6–7-yr.-old children (N = 203) of average and below average handwriting ability were analyzed. A Beery Visual Motor Integration (BVMI) and a Bender-Gestalt (BG) pattern, each composed of two tangential shapes, were predefined into area sectors for automatic analysis and adaptive mapping of the drawings. Girls more often began on the left side and used more strokes than boys. The below average handwriting group showed more directional diversity and idiosyncratic strategies.