Spatial Econometrics (Economics)

Este trabajo pretende investigar como se comporta un modelo de crecimiento del empleo en un territorio geograficamente cerrado considerando tanto su vertiente espacial, y el efecto de rebosamiento espacial de la variable endogena de empleo, como su vertiente temporal considerando el comportamiento de las variables empleo y recursos en diferentes ejercicios economicos sucesivos. Esto ultimo permite incorporar el efecto de relacion temporal entre las variables permitiendo derivar otros indicadores temporales que segun el modelo faciliten una explicacion del comportamiento del empleo en el tiempo. Para evaluar el modelo se ha tomado como piloto una subcomarca de acentuado caracter rural de Palencia, y se ha utilizado la modelacion SUR Espacial.

A key assumption of European policy makers is that the introduction of migration
restrictions reduces the volume of irregular migration. Our analysis addresses this
assumption by looking at the spike of irregular migration on the Aegean in 2015-2016
through a stylized model. Our stylized model does not pretend to fully capture the
decision-making process of either people in need of international protection or of people
considering to act as smugglers. We have abstracted from many aspects which are known
to be relevant.
Our model does allow us to examine the impact of restrictive migration policies. While policy
makers and much of the academic literature assume that restrictive policies reduce the flow
of migrants, our analysis shows that the restrictive measures which migrants and smugglers
expect considerably increase the flow before the introduction of restrictive policy measures,
while resulting in a reduction only after their enforcement. In other words, restrictive
migration policies have ambiguous effects. On the one hand they result in spikes (perceived
in 2015-2016 as a migration crisis), while on the other hand restrictive migration policies may
contribute to a lower aggregate volume of migration in the long run.
This means that the peaking number of asylum seekers in Europe in 2015-2016 (resulting
in the perceived migration crisis) were an unintended effect of restrictive European
migration policies. If people in need of international protection would not have had
reason to expect restrictive policy measures any moment, the peak of people crossing the
Aegean would, according to our stylized model, have been at 70.000 people in the spring
of 2016, instead of the 212.168 people who actually crossed in October 2015. This is an
unintended effect of restrictive policy; this effect has been a key ingredient of the
perceived migration crisis in 2015-2016.
According to our stylized model, if people in need of international protection would not
have had reason to expect restrictive policies, the total number of people crossing the
Aegean over the period 2015-2020 may have been up to 20 percent higher. However, this
possibly larger number of people would have arrived more gradually, which would have
been more manageable in terms of reception of asylum seekers, asylum procedures, and
security checks.
And finally, according to our model, financially supporting hosting countries for providing
humanitarian and socio-economical aid to refugees has reduced the number of people
who were willing to pay a smuggler in order to travel to Europe. In other words, the effects of providing funding for refugees in Turkey has had unambiguous, positive effects on
reducing the volume of irregular migration towards Europe and deaths at the borders.

Ülkelerin toplumsal ve ekonomik gelişmelerinde genç nüfus önemli bir yere sahiptir. Sosyal ve ekonomik politikalarda avantaj olarak görülen genç nüfusun eğitim, istihdam ve yetiştirmede olması ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeylerine ve ekonomilerine olumlu etki sağlarken eğitim, öğretim ve yetiştirme dışında kalan gençler sosyal ve ekonomik açıdan ülkelere maliyet oluşturmaktadır. Türkiye 2020 yılı verilerine göre OECD ülkeleri arasında kadın, erkek ve toplam oranda en yüksek NEET ("Not in Education, Employment or Training", "Ne Eğitimde Ne İstihdamda Ne De Yetiştirmede") oranına sahip ülke konumundadır. NEET konusu Türkiye için özel önem gerektiren bir konu hâline gelmiştir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada Türkiye'de 15-24 yaş aralığındaki istihdam, eğitim ve yetiştirmede olmayan genç oranlarının bölgesel düzeydeki etkileşimlerini incelemek amacıyla mekansal analiz yapılmıştır. NEET oranını etkilediği düşünülen değişkenler modele dahil edilmiş ve çıkan sonuçlara göre mekansal etkinin mekansal hata teriminden kaynaklandığı yani bir bölgedeki NEET oranları ile komşu bölgedeki NEET oranları arasında doğrudan bir ilişki olmadığını ancak mekansal ilişkilerden kaynaklanan bağımlılığın mevcut olduğunu göstermiştir.

Human Development and its regional disparity is an area of topical interest. In this paper, we consider space as an instrumental variable in understanding this disparity and explore spatial interdependence in human development across districts of West Bengal using alternate indicators of human development. This study uses both the standard United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) technique and an alternative methodology to construct a sub-national human development index. Spatial interdependence is measured using Moran's I coefficient and Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) cluster maps. Spatial regression is used to evaluate the spatial association between the Human Development Index as the dependent variable and a few independent variables. A high degree of clustering in all three dimensions of human development is observed among the southern districts of West Bengal. The pattern of cluster maps indicates the presence of both the growth pole process and the metropole-periphery process in the state. Spatial regression results indicate that the share of socially backward class population and urbanization rate are important variables affecting regional human development patterns. The findings of this study suggest policies targeted to promote social inclusion and urbanization linked with better access to economic opportunities in the lagging areas can help reduce regional imbalances.

Policy evaluation studies, which intend to assess the effect of an intervention, face some statistical challenges: in real-world settings treatments are not randomly assigned and the analysis might be further complicated by the presence of interference between units. Researchers have started to develop novel methods that allow to manage spillover mechanisms in observational studies; recent works focus primarily on binary treatments. However, many policy evaluation studies deal with more complex interventions. For instance, in political science, evaluating the impact of policies implemented by administrative entities often implies a multivariate approach, as a policy towards a specific issue operates at many different levels and can be defined along a number of dimensions. In this work, we extend the statistical framework about causal inference under network interference in observational studies, allowing for a multi-valued individual treatment and an interference structure shaped by a weighted network. The estimation strategy is based on a joint multiple generalized propensity score and allows one to estimate direct effects, controlling for both individual and network covariates. We follow the proposed methodology to analyze the impact of the national immigration policy on the crime rate. We define a multi-valued characterization of political attitudes towards migrants and we assume that the extent to which each country can be influenced by another country is modeled by an appropriate indicator, summarizing their cultural and geographical proximity. Results suggest that implementing a highly restrictive immigration policy leads to an increase of the crime rate and the estimated effects is larger if we take into account interference from other countries.

We describe the recent trends that characterize the location of bank branches, automated teller machines (ATM) and point of sales terminals (POS) in Mexico, and evaluate whether bank infrastructure has expanded to previously uncovered regions. Further, we analyze the relationship ...

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With the development of global economy and rapid process of urbanization, migration has become one of the key forces in population redistribution and has important implications for socio-economic development in a region. As we all know, population migration flows between different regions are related to not only the origin- and destination-specific characteristics, but also to the migration flows to and from neighborhoods. Intuitively, changes in the characteristics of a single region will impact both inflows and outflows to and from other regions. In order to explore the spatial interaction mechanism driving the increasing population migration in China since the open door policy, this paper builds the spatial OD model of interprovincial migration flows based on the sixth national population census data and related social-economic data. The findings are as follows: (1) Migration flows show significant autocorrelation effects among origin and destination regions, which means that the...

We use multi-unit multi-bid common value auction models with private information to draw empirical implications on how bidding behavior in bond auctions is affected by secondary market price volatility, implications that we test using individual bidding data for 88 bond auctions held between 2003 and 2007 by the Spanish Treasury. The main novelty of the paper is that we analyze the effect of volatility in bidders heterogeneous behavior within an auction. We provide evidence that, as the theoretical models predict, the heterogeneity of bidders' bid shading increases with volatility, and that, on average across auctions, bid shading and bidders' profit also increase with volatility.

En este trabajo se estudia el crecimiento y desarrollo en los municipios del estado de Sonora. El método estadístico de componentes principales ayuda a estimar un índice de desarrollo socioeconómico municipal (iDsem), el cual muestra la concentración del desarrollo en la entidad; así mismo, se utiliza un modelo econométrico y se identifican los factores que incentivan el desarrollo de la población en los municipios del estado. Además se aplica la metodología de Mankiw, Romer y Weill (1992), que primero consideran el modelo de Solow (1956) y luego incluyen el capital humano. Se encontró que no hay una tendencia de que los municipios pobres crezcan más rápido que los municipios ricos, lo que significa que no existe un proceso de convergencia en los municipios de Sonora.

En este estudio se analizan los factores que determinan el desempeño económico de los estados de México. Estos factores se relacionan con la producción inventiva, el capital humano y el capital industrial. El periodo de análisis comprende entre 1997 y 2016 desde una perspectiva regional, con la finalidad de ilustrar la existencia de un efecto espacial positivo, es decir, la existencia de una complementariedad entre los estados. Entre los hallazgos, se tiene un efecto positivo y significativo de la educación, la capacidad inventiva y el capital industrial sobre el desempeño económico del territorio nacional. Asimismo, la vecindad entre los estados impacta de forma positiva y significativa en el desempeño de la economía mexicana.

TEZ11033Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2016.Kaynakça (s. 99-102) var.viii, 103 s. : tablo ; 29 cm.Ölçüm, deneysel araştırmalar için temel bir işlemdir. Çoğu konuda yapılan çalışmaların sonuçları, sayısal büyüklüklerle ifade edilen ölçümler yardımı ile elde edilir. Yapılan araştırma yöntemini anlayabilmek için ölçümler yapılır, ancak yapılan ölçümler bazen bir miktar hata içerebilmektedir. Değişkenlerdeki ölçüm hataları sebebiyle parametre tahminleri yanlı ve tutarsız olabilmektedir. Değişkenlerin ölçüm hatalı olması, yanlış fonksiyonel biçimlendirme, gerekli değişkenin ihmal edilmesi, gereksiz değişkenin modelde yer alması gibi durumlar bazı sapmalara neden olabilir. Bu sapma veya tutarsız olma durumlarında, ölçüm hataları ile başa çıkabilmek için bazı alternatif kestirim yöntemleri önerilmiştir. Bu çalışmada değişkenlerin ölçüm hatalı olması durumunda neler yapılabileceğini inceleyeceğiz. Dolayısıyla ölçüm hatalarını en aza indirebilecek teknikler ile regresyo...

This research was originally commissioned under the New Horizons programme. The New Horizons programme assists Communities and Local Government's horizon-scanning capabilities by seeking proposals from outside researchers to explore issues beyond the scope of our main research programmes. It encourages new and innovative approaches to issues and research, and probes the margins between orthodox and unconventional research methods. In addition, the programme looks forward with a view to identifying potential new challenges facing the Department over the next decade. Although this research was commissioned by Communities and Local Government, the findings and recommendations in this report are those of the author and DO NOT necessarily represent the views of Communities and Local Government.

Dentro de los estudios de mercado y potencial económico de un individuo, empresa y jurisdicciones geográfica se hace importante la utilización de Software apropiado para el análisis espacial, como es el OpenGeoda. Para el caso de Panamá, se utilizó una base de datos del producto Interno Bruto de Panamá (PIB) provincial, extrayéndose algunos mapas ilustrativos de las variables de producción y del mercado de trabajo en Panamá. De igual forma, se trabajó con una matriz inversa y se pudo ilustrar y calcular el índice de Moran. El software nos permitió trabajar modelos de econometría espacial que se pueden apreciar desde un mínimo cuadrado ordinario hasta modelos dinámicos en un análisis espacial y regional en Panamá

Many studies, provided by diverse authors and institutions, demonstrate that, at a territorial level, development is directly related to the level of education and R&D. Territories with higher development levels are, generally, those that have a higher level of education and R&D. The relationship between the acquisition of knowledge and institutional education is therefore decisive. In this area, the role of universities is fundamental. The retention of university graduates is one of the main ways that the cities and the regions can adopt to retain those endowed with higher propensity to innovation, enterprise spirit and management capacity. Given that higher education institutions, in general, and universities, in particular, are obviously crucial in the process of knowledge increase, it becomes important to analyse how can these institutions act as ways of spatial diffusion of knowledge given that their graduates may migrate to other regions of the country (or for another country). The alleged increased probability of this migration to occur when the university is located in a small or medium sized town makes that analysis also interesting from the viewpoint of the development role that this kind of cities can perform, not only in the adjacent rural areas, but also across all the urban areas of the territory. The focus of our work consists in this analysis, which complements a theoretical approach with an empirical part based upon the results that can be observed for the influence of one university located in a small/medium sized town (the University of Évora) in the spatial diffusion of knowledge through its graduates

Regarding the EU policies of territorial cohesion is common to assume that, having the same been successful (in Portugal), regional disparities decreased. The purpose of this article is to assess the veracity of this allegation, for that considering the values of employment and unemployment rates by municipalities, determined in the last two censuses held in Portugal, i.e. 2001 and 2011. In doing so, spatial econometric techniques are used, namely local indicators of spatial association and spatial clusters, in order to better understand the eventual process of spatial convergence that may have occurred in Portugal in that period. The results point towards a spatial convergence of employment rates (both in total and by genres) and also of female unemployment rates but a spatial divergence of male unemployment rates.

R&D investments are seen has having an enormous potential impact on the competitive position of regions and perhaps on regional convergence (or divergence) too. The aim of the paper is to study both the localization of R&D investments and regional income distribution among the NUTs 3 regions of Portugal to conclude if these variables are related or not. We intend to answer questions like if geography influences the pattern of R&D investments and inequality, and if these ones reveal the presence of spatial correlation. Furthermore, we evaluate convergence or divergence in income growth and if it is related with R&D investments. After a brief introduction we evaluate the inequalities among regions using information about per capita GDP and per capita R&D investment. It follows the convergence analysis and conclusions. To study the spatial convergence (approximation) of per capita income (GDPpc) and R&D investments in the regions of Portugal, we use a standard methodology of spatial ec...

Our research aims to address the problem of inequality in income distribution from a different perspective than the usual. We intend to verify if geography influences the pattern of inequality, that is, if the standard of living varies from region to region and if, in the process of growth, spatial units in Portugal have been converging in terms of most relevant variables, such as income. We search the answers to these questions by introducing the treatment of convergence between smaller territorial units, the municipalities as individuals. We intend to evaluate convergence or divergence in income growth and test empirically the theoretical hypothesis that β-convergence, although necessary, is not a sufficient condition for σ-convergence. To study convergence, we use information about GDP and wages for NUTS III regions, and wages for municipalities. We observe spatial dependence between municipalities, so we estimate spatial econometric models to test convergence. With regard to conditional convergence between municipalities, the model most appropriate is the one which includes in the explanatory variables the weight of primary sector employment, leading us to conclude that this variable distinguishes the "steady state" of the small economies. Variables like the activity rate and percentage of active population with higher education also reveal highly significant on the growth of wages, reflecting the different contexts of the labor market at regional level.

In order to study the volatility spillovers / the transfer of volatilities from spot and futures markets for the period 1st January 2001 to 30th November 2005 with high frequency data i.e., one minute intervals, we have used GARCH models to compute volatilities and VAR models for the returns of different markets and for the volatilities. It is evident that, these VAR models for the volatilities can exhibit the nature of the change in volatility. In a heat wave, the conditional variance of the returns in spot (futures) market depends only upon the past shocks in the given market. For meteor showers, the impact of shocks on spot (futures) markets are transferred from other i.e., futures (spot) markets. With the VAR (1)-GARCH (1,1) analysis, we found that both series are I(1) and that a bi-directional relationship exists between the spot and future market return series. Empirically it is evident that both heat waves and meteor showers exist in Indian spot and futures markets.

Global kestirim, bütün bir yatak için rezerv ve ortalama tenorun hesaplandığı çalışmaları kapsar. Bu aşamada veri sayısı ve kalitesi genellikle yetersiz olduğundan kestirimlerin güvenilirliğini değerlendirmek gerekir. Bu amaçla güven aralıkları esas alınmış ve global kestirimde güven aralıklarının oluşturulmasına ilişkin yeni bir yaklaşım önerilmiştir. Yaklaşım, temel olarak bootstrap yöntemine dayanmakta, bunun yanında uzaklığa bağlı ilişkiyi dikkate almaktadır. Uzaklığa bağlı ilişki, bootstrap içine veri dönüşümü ile dahil edilmektedir. Yaklaşım, Beypazarı trona yatağı U4 damarına uygulanmış ve bu damarın ortalama kalınlığının % 95 olasılıkla 1.15 m ve 4.86 m sınırları arasında yer aldığı belirlenmiştir.

Global kestirim, bütün bir yatak için rezerv ve ortalama tenorun hesaplandığı çalışmaları kapsar. Bu aşamada veri sayısı ve kalitesi genellikle yetersiz olduğundan kestirimlerin güvenilirliğini değerlendirmek gerekir. Bu amaçla güven aralıkları esas alınmış ve global kestirimde güven aralıklarının oluşturulmasına ilişkin yeni bir yaklaşım önerilmiştir. Yaklaşım, temel olarak bootstrap yöntemine dayanmakta, bunun yanında uzaklığa bağlı ilişkiyi dikkate almaktadır. Uzaklığa bağlı ilişki, bootstrap içine veri dönüşümü ile dahil edilmektedir. Yaklaşım, Beypazarı trona yatağı U4 damarına uygulanmış ve bu damarın ortalama kalınlığının % 95 olasılıkla 1.15 m ve 4.86 m sınırları arasında yer aldığı belirlenmiştir.

The present article considers Bayesian unit root test for autoregressive model involving structural break in variance. The posterior odds ratio for testing of unit root hypothesis against the alternative of break in variance has been derived under appropriate prior assumptions for the parameters. The theoretical results are applied to export data of selected ASEAN countries.

Resumen La aceleración de los procesos de globalización y la multiplicación de acuerdos de integración modifican las ventajas microeconómicas de localización, y con ello el mapa económico de los países. Entonces, por la profundidad de los shocks espaciales diferenciados, los temas regionales han adquirido renovado protagonismo. Las circunstancias actuales exigen que el espacio sea explícitamente incorporado en el análisis. En ese marco espacial se generan reacciones que se manifiestan, entre otras, en la pretendida conformación de regiones como posibilidad estratégica de respuesta a los desafíos. Sobre estos aspectos se centra el trabajo, ensayando un ejercicio académico de regionalización.

Se presentan aqui los principales elementos de un modelo matematicoinformatico de evolucion urbana aplicado al Gran Mendoza como caso de estudio y sobre datos censales demograficos y catastrales entre los anos 1990-91 y 2001. Mediante dicho modelo se busca evaluar el crecimiento urbano y su reacomodamiento espacio-temporal utilizando para ello tecnicas de representacion GIS (Sistemas de Informacion Geografica) en modo raster, en una grilla de 64x 86 elementos de 350x 350 m2. Las regiones urbanas, en tanto tomadas como ecosistemas humanos de alta densidad, tienden a presentar ciertas relaciones estadisticas viriales y una ocupacion territorial altamente estructurada, lo que en cierta extension las asemeja a una red elastoplastica, es decir a una especie de sustrato virtual seudo-cristalico. De esta forma y basandose en una analogia con el estado solido de la materia y su modelo de bandas asociado, es posible tratar la evolucion espacio- temporal urbana en situacion cuasi estacionaria...

Shapovalova, A., Prokopova, O., Kuzmenko, O., Saienko, V., & Lazebnyk, L. (2023). Taxation and economic growth in transition economies. Review of Economics and Finance, 21(1), 776-782.
The purpose of the study is to identify the impact of taxation on economic growth in transition economies. Research methodology based on K-Means Clustering and Panel Regression Analysis. The study's results identified significant features and positive changes in taxation in transition economies. It was revealed that there is a direct correlation between Tax Revenue and GDP growth. The obtained results have scientific and practical significance as they can be used in the tax policy and its components' justification as tools of economic development in transition economies.

La evidencia para Colombia muestra que en los municipios todavía persisten profundas diferencias en los niveles y en la distribución espacial de los índices de calidad de vida. Este artículo explora los factores de mayor incidencia en la explicación de estas diferencias a la luz de los planteamientos de la Nueva Geografía Económica (NEG). Haciendo especial énfasis en las regiones con mayor presencia de población afrodescendiente, el estudio utiliza la información del Censo de población del año 2005, disponible para 1059 municipios, y mediante técnicas univariantes y multivariantes de econometría espacial identifica la presencia de clusters de alta y baja calidad de vida. Los resultados muestran que la distancia, la tasa de urbanización y el grado de concentración de la población afrocolombiana contribuyen a explicar las diferencias espaciales en las condiciones de calidad de vida. Las estimaciones de los modelos econométricos sugieren que la urbanización, como proxy del tamaño de los mercados, se relaciona positivamente con un índice de calidad de vida (ICV) y que la concentración de población afrodescendiente y la distancia a los principales mercados presentan una relación negativa y estadísticamente significativa con el ICV.

This article focuses on identifying the factors that determine FDI inflows at the sub-national level (i.e. provinces/cities) in Vietnam. Based on a longitudinal dataset for the period 2008-2013 of 63 provinces/cities, we examine the impact on FDI of conventional factors (market size, human resources and infrastructures) as well as emerging factors (institutions and policies, domestic and foreign agglomeration) that are suggested by theories in economics and international business. Statistical results show that market size, infrastructure, labour quality, institutions and policies, and agglomeration are major determinants of FDI inflows at the subnational level in Vietnam. Implications for policy makers and future research are also discussed.

This paper presents brief results of the analysis of educational potential dynamics and its relation with development of regional labour markets. The educational potential is described by the structure of the economically active population with different levels of education. The aim of the research was to study the impact of the educational potential of the economically active population on the development of regional markets in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Authors used for research the Eurostat data for

The purpose of this study was to understand how market design affects market performance through its impact on investment incentives. For this purpose, we model capacity choices by two ex ante identical firms which compete in the product market. We analyse a number of different market design elements, including (i) two commonly used auction formats, the uniform-price and discriminatory auctions, (ii) price caps and (iii) bid duration. We find that although the discriminatory auction tends to lower prices, this does not imply that investment incentives at the margin are poorer; indeed, aggregate capacity is the same under both auction formats.

Se presentan aqui los principales elementos de un modelo matematicoinformatico de evolucion urbana aplicado al Gran Mendoza como caso de estudio y sobre datos censales demograficos y catastrales entre los anos 1990-91 y 2001. Mediante dicho modelo se busca evaluar el crecimiento urbano y su reacomodamiento espacio-temporal utilizando para ello tecnicas de representacion GIS (Sistemas de Informacion Geografica) en modo raster, en una grilla de 64x 86 elementos de 350x 350 m2. Las regiones urbanas, en tanto tomadas como ecosistemas humanos de alta densidad, tienden a presentar ciertas relaciones estadisticas viriales y una ocupacion territorial altamente estructurada, lo que en cierta extension las asemeja a una red elastoplastica, es decir a una especie de sustrato virtual seudo-cristalico. De esta forma y basandose en una analogia con el estado solido de la materia y su modelo de bandas asociado, es posible tratar la evolucion espacio- temporal urbana en situacion cuasi estacionaria...

The geography of innovation traditionally concentrates on localised knowledge spillovers, yet neglects collaboration networks as a means to access knowledge outside the region. Using publication and patent data for 1316 regions in the EU27 plus Norway and ...

Calismada 2007-2013 donemleri arasi AB-27 ulkeleri icin gelir yakinsamasinin mekansal ekonometrik modeller yardimiyla tahmin edilmesi amaclanmaktadir. Kesit veri analizinde mekan etkisi bulunamamistir. Panel veri analizinde mekansal iliski bulunmustur ve sonuclar bu ulkeler icin yakinsamanin varligina isaret etmektedir.

La pobreza es un problema en la medida en que los bajos ingresos crean complicaciones para quienes no son pobres y esto puede constituirse en verdadera tragedia. De ello nace la preocupación por parte de los gobiernos de turno por gestionar una inversión social saludable, equitativa y visionaria que disminuya la pobreza y equipare los niveles de vida. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar la incidencia de la Inversión Social (Educación, Salud, Trabajo, Vivienda y Bienestar Social) en la pobreza, utilizando como indicador el Índice de Sen en Ecuador en un periodo de 10 años, a través de un modelo econométrico lineal con Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios. Al establecer la incidencia de los sectoriales de la inversión social (Educación, Salud, Bienestar Social, Desarrollo Urbano y Vivienda, Trabajo) en el Índice de Sen, cumpliendo con un modelo óptimo la mayoría de los sectoriales, a excepción del Bienestar Social, tienen incidencia en el Índice de Sen del Ecuador.

Spatial homogeneity is a strong assumption in the hedonic housing price context; if not analyzed conveniently it can be a potential source of specification errors. Spatial heterogeneity occurs when a territorial segmentation exists in the housing market and, therefore, either the hedonic prices associated with different attributes or the characteristics of the houses are not constant over space. The evidence of recognition of housing sub-markets and the argument that caution should be exercised when interpreting the results of standard hedonic models has been identified early in the literature. Despite the argument that housing sub-markets should be adopted as a working framework, some ambiguity remains about how to deal with this issue. The early empirical works on sub-markets tended to be segmented into two major perspectives: those studies that adopt a supply side determinant focusing on the structural characteristics of dwellings and on neighbourhood characteristics; and those that focus on demand side determinants, such as, on household incomes or other demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. In this case the existence of distinct subgroups of demand is reflected on the territorial segmentation of the hedonic price vector. Thus, the objective of this communication is to present several approaches to define housing sub-markets. The analysis is applied to the urban area of Aveiro-Ílhavo in Portugal where demand and supply side views of defining housing sub-markets will be compared.

This multidisciplinary study adopts an econometric analysis for investigating how different characteristics determine the choice of the language used in the signs of a shopping street in two selected minority language cities. We use a dataset containing about 200 observations collected in the main shopping streets of the cities of Donostia (Spain) and Ljouwert (The Netherlands). The results corroborate the important assumption that linguistic landscape, multilingualism and the choice of the language (even in a street sign) is an individual and a social preference. Understanding linguistic preferences' structures is preliminary to the target and design of proper linguistic and social policies.

Given the relevance of tourism to the Portuguese regional economies, the main aim of this paper is to study whether the investments made in related-tourism facilities contributed to the regional growth of all the Portuguese regions included in the NUTS II Norte and Alentejo, with special emphasis on the NUTS III Alto-Trás-os-Montes and Alentejo Central. These two regions have different usage patterns of the infrastructure and different levels of tourism development. A panel data approach was used to assess the contribution of several related tourism variables to the growth of GDP per capita of those regions.

We develop a model of multi-candidate electoral competition in a multi-dimensional policy space with strategic voters. We show that when the distribution of voter ideal points is log-concave, there exist pure-strategy subgame perfect equilibria in weakly undominated strategies in which platforms are located in the minmax set. Analytical and numerical results suggest that the size of the minmax set is relatively "small" under reasonable assumptions.

La econometría espacial es una rama econométrica relativamente joven pero con un gran crecimiento en las últimas décadas. La complejidad del análisis espacial ha sido uno de las principales obstáculos para la aplicación en estudios empíricos. El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir a la difusión de las herramientas espaciales desarrolladas. Concretamente, el documento realiza una concisa revisión de los aspectos teóricos que involucran el tratamiento espacial. Asimismo, se presenta una aplicación empírica de las técnicas abordadas. Usando el programa estadístico R, se analizan los determinantes de la fecundidad en la Argentina.

Given the relevance of tourism to the Portuguese regional economies, the main aim of this paper is to study whether the investments made in related-tourism facilities contributed to the regional growth of all the Portuguese regions included in the NUTS II Norte and Alentejo, with special emphasis on the NUTS III Alto-Trás-os-Montes and Alentejo Central. These two regions have different usage patterns of the infrastructure and different levels of tourism development. A panel data approach was used to assess the contribution of several related tourism variables to the growth of GDP per capita of those regions.

This paper explores ethical issues raised by quadratic voting. We compare quadratic voting to majority voting from two ethical perspectives: the perspective of utilitarianism and that of democratic theory. From a utilitarian standpoint, the comparison is ambiguous: if voter preferences are independent of wealth, then quadratic voting outperforms majority voting, but if voter preferences are polarized by wealth, then majority voting may be superior. From the standpoint of democratic theory, we argue that assessments in terms of efficiency are too narrow. Voting institutions and political institutions more generally face a legitimacy requirement. We argue that in the presence of inequalities of wealth, any vote buying mechanism, including quadratic voting, will have a difficult time meeting this requirement.

The relation between the amount of medals won at the Olympic games and various welfare indicators has been established for the games of Barcelona and Seoul using a Bayesian method of Poisson regression. It was found that medals won correlate strongly with income as well as with more general welfare indicators and that the elasticity with respect to the size of the population is surprisingly smaller than unity.

Voters in elections under plurality rule face relatively straightforward incentives when it comes to voting. Voters in PR systems face more complex incentives as electoral outcomes don't translate as directly into policy outcomes as in plurality rule elections. A common approach is to assume electoral outcomes translate into policy as a vote-weighted average of all party platforms. Most of the world's legislatures are majoritarian institutions and elections in PR systems are generally followed by a process of coalition formation. I demonstrate that existing results are not robust to the introduction of minimal forms of majoritarianism. Voters' incentive to engage in strategic voting are shown to depend on considerations about the coalitions that may form after the election. In line with the empirical findings in the literature, the voters' equilibrium strategies are shaped by policy balancing and the post-electoral coalition bargaining situation, including considerations about who will be appointed the formateur.

In this chapter, we outline the basic mechanisms in endogenous growth theory that identify knowledge creation and diffusion as the core driver of economic growth. Then we discuss how new economic geography, urban economics, organizational science, and entrepreneurship theory have regionalized the mechanisms involved. Knowledge creation, however, has been dubbed a proximate cause of growth, and the quest for fundamental causes has continued. We then discuss this recent development in macroeconomic growth theory and argue that the new institutional approach to growth opens up a lot of new avenues for further research. Once again, the importance of cities, organizations, and entrepreneurship is being ignored in macro growth theory. Yet economic geography, urban economics, organizational science, and entrepreneurship theory have a lot to contribute to growth theory by both empirically and theoretically developing our understanding of local institutions and linking these to regional economic development and growth.

This paper explores the ability of pivotal-voter models to explain voter behavior in small-scale elections using data from Texas liquor referenda. The findings provide little support for the view that pivotal-voter models are a reasonable theory for understanding small-scale elections. Interestingly, this is not because they cannot explain the levels of turnout in our data, but rather because they cannot explain the size of the winning margins. The logic of pivotal-voter models implies that elections must be expected to be close even if there is a significant difference between the sizes of the groups or the intensity of their preferences. With even a relatively small number of eligible voters, elections that are expected to be close ex ante must end up being close ex post. However, in the data, winning margins are often significant.

Se analiza la desigualdad inter e intraurbana derivada del comportamiento de la concentración y la dispersión del desarrollo en las ciudades, tomando como referencia el caso de Oaxaca, México, entre 2000 y 2015. Se utiliza el concepto de simetría territorial, el cual permitió detectar que las ciudades analizadas se comportan como un sistema disperso de lugares centrales que manifiestan una baja interacción, existiendo la concentración del ingreso entre y al interior de las mismas, lo que da origen a sus desigualdades inter e intraurbanas. Con este tipo de análisis se pretenden deducir estrategias que permitan el diseño de políticas públicas orientadas a lograr la igualdad de las poblaciones humanas.