Solid Waste Management

The impact of waste accumulation can be highly drastic for many communities in developing countries. In Egypt, the issue gets more challenging as there are no clearly-defined strategies for an efficient management of solid waste, which inflicts serious environmental risks on Egyptian communities and drains a considerable portion of the local economy. This study aims to improve solid waste management in Egypt by exploring the options by which solid waste can be sustainably managed, and reviewing international models of sustainable management systems. Eventually, a strategy is formulated for the sustainable management of solid waste on the local scale of Egypt.

The impact of waste accumulation can be highly drastic for many communities in developing countries. In Egypt, the issue gets more challenging as there are no clearly-defined strategies for an efficient management of solid waste, which inflicts serious environmental risks on Egyptian communities and drains a considerable portion of the local economy. This study aims to improve solid waste management in Egypt by exploring the options by which solid waste can be sustainably managed, and reviewing international models of sustainable management systems. Eventually, a strategy is formulated for the sustainable management of solid waste on the local scale of Egypt.

Texas Department of Transportation 0-6723: Development of Rapid, Cement-Based Repair Materials for Transportation Structures The state of Texas has been plagued by various durability-related issues in recent years, including deterioration from alkali-silica reaction, delayed ettringite formation, corrosion of reinforcing steel, volume changes (plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, thermal effects, etc.), and spalling of continuously reinforced concrete pavements. These durability-related issues, coupled with other factors that contribute to reductions in service life (e.g., service loads and defects), have resulted in the need to repair concrete structures and to do so in a timely, efficient fashion, with minimal disruption to the traveling public. Thus, the need for rapid, cement-based repair materials has emerged, especially in highly congested urban areas. The goals of this research project, funded by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), were to evaluate a range of rapid repair materials and to provide recommendations on the most efficient, economical, and durable repair materials and methodologies.

Waste-recycling and the household economy: the case of the Pune waste-pickers response to the changing 'rules of the game'. Globalization can also lead to new opportunities for those who work in the informal economy... However, a collaborative effort on the part of grassroots organizations of those who work in the informal economy with sympathetic representatives of non-governmental, research, government, private sector, and international development organizations is needed to enable the most vulnerable segments of society to seize these opportunities (Carr and Chen 2001) p.3)

The objective of this research was to analyze the factors present in occupational accidents occurred at work among Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) workers. Garbage, and rubbish from household waste were considered as MSW. The study was based on a total of 11,935 accidents occurring and reported in the MSW sector during the period 2009-2012 in Andalusia (Spain), as well as a survey of 572 workers in the above mentioned sector conducted in 2009. All the variables included in the accident reports were analyzed and the possible existence of statistically significant differences between the percentages of each variable category and the severity of the accident were determined. In addition, the results of the accidents reported were compared with the results of the survey for certain variables. Unskilled (Risk Ratio= 7.6) male workers (Risk Ratio= 1.4), aged 25 or below (Risk Ratio= 3.0), with experience of less than one year (Risk Ratio= 12.1), were the ones most susceptible to suffering an accident. In addition, accidents for male workers over 55, occurred in companies with 10 to 24 employees, during the initial hours of the work shift, and caused by loss of control, had the highest probability of being severe or fatal. If the companies considered these risk factors during the design of preventive measures the accident rate in the MSW sector could be reduced.

The "Life Cycle Assessment" (LCA) is a process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with a product, process or activity by identifying and quantifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment, and to assess the impact of those energy and materials used and releases to the environment. The assessment includes the entire life cycle of the product, process or activity, encompassing: extracting and processing raw materials; manufacturing, transportation and distribution; use, re-use, maintenance; recycling and final disposal. The LCA orients the assessment of environmental impact of a product system to the areas of ecosystem, human health and resources used. In the light of the obligations imposed by the European Union on its member states regarding the minimisation of environmental impact of the fuel industry, the LCA method helps to meet these requirements and is a useful tool to fulfil such obligations. It covers the whole life cycle of a fuel, from the raw material extraction, through the fuel production and use, to the procedures of management of the fuels that do not meet the applicable standard requirements. The life cycle assessment (LCA) method has been described as one of the methods that make it possible to estimate the environmental impact of the process of manufacturing biogas as a fuel intended for internal combustion (IC) engines. Individual stages of the LCA process as well as the assessment preparation principles and requirements are governed by the ISO 14000 series of standards (from 14040 to 14049) and the corresponding Polish equivalents.

The impact of waste accumulation can be highly drastic for many communities in developing countries. In Egypt, the issue gets more challenging as there are no clearly-defined strategies for an efficient management of solid waste, which inflicts serious environmental risks on Egyptian communities and drains a considerable portion of the local economy. This study aims to improve solid waste management in Egypt by exploring the options by which solid waste can be sustainably managed, and reviewing international models of sustainable management systems. Eventually, a strategy is formulated for the sustainable management of solid waste on the local scale of Egypt.

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Introduction: In order to achieve sustainable development in mining, waste management is an essential requirement. The current study aimed to examine industrial solid waste produced in Golgohar Mining and Industrial Company, which is a well-known iron ore extraction and processing complex. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in two phases from March, 2016 through March, 2017. In the first phase, the data related to the production process and quantity/quality of produced wastes were collected through conducting field observations, interviewing production, environmental experts in Golgohar Mining and Industrial Company, and examining the gleaned evidence. In the second phase, the XRF was used to examine the composition of processing tailings following the ISO 9516-1: 2003. Results: In total, 16, 19, and 17 types of industrial wastes were respectively identified in the extraction sector, the magnetite processing plant, and the polycom proces...

Public participation in waste management is considered a sustainable approach to waste management as such it should be embraced. In municipalities of developing countries like Ghana, public outcry over the wrong location of waste dumpsites and poor public interest in waste management has called for this study to understand how public participation contributes to efficiency in solid waste management. For those living close to waste dump sites, conditions including odour and smoke pollution are believed to be avoidable when the public participates in decision making on the location of waste dump sites. This study investigated challenges facing Nkanfoa community regarding their involvement in waste management decision making. A mixed method approach was used to gain an in-depth understanding of the challenges associated with public participation in solid waste management. The findings showed that the community members feel their concerns are not factored into the decision making process of the assembly as such a lack of trust between them and the municipal assembly. Also, there is the perception that political office holders interfere in public meetings and are not accountable to citizens hence the public apathy towards collective waste management decision making and their unwillingness to pay for waste services. The study concludes that for community participation in waste management to be effective, there should be online platforms for verification of the extent to which assemblies engage the public in collective decision making and this should be one criteria for allocating more common funds to district assemblies that perform well on this indicator.

Highlights  Study of kinetics of soybean transesterification using methanol and cement kiln dust as a heterogeneous catalyst  Cement kiln dust characterization  Selection of best kinetic model and studying different mass transfer resistances during reaction in order to insure that the reaction is only kinetically controlled

The solid waste management is a challenge faced by society today. There are several factors that impact this issue, among them, the increase in the amount of waste generated and the lack of companies interested in the same procedures for reuse. This paper details the main forms of disposal and the consumption of cement packaging post-consumer currently used in Vitória; describes the process of reverse logistics in these packages studied on cement plant; and study feasible alternatives to the environmentally sound disposal of waste. For this purpose it was made a data survey on construction works, an evaluation on a single factory that practices the reverse logistics of sacks of cement in Espírito Santo state and a survey of possible alternatives for proper disposal of containers returned in the state. It was found that there are various ways of disposing of construction waste, as available land in the town hall, grounding and collection of post-consumer packaging. The practice of re...

The Kumbh Mela is held in Prayagraj (formerly Allahabad), a city located in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Prayagraj is situated at the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and Saraswati rivers, which provides a sacred and picturesque backdrop to the festival. The surrounding area is flat and fertile, with vast expanses of agricultural land and small villages. The city of Prayagraj is steeped in history and culture, with several ancient temples, monuments, and landmarks that are of great significance to Hindus. One of the most sacred sites in Hinduism is the Triveni Sangam, which is the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and Saraswati rivers. The Kumbh Mela grounds are a vast area of over 3,200 acres that is specially designated for the festival. The grounds are equipped with modern amenities, including temporary shelters, toilets, and medical facilities, to accommodate the millions of pilgrims who attend the festival. During the Kumbh Mela, the city's infrastructure is augmented with additional facilities, including roads, bridges, and public transportation systems, to ensure the smooth movement of people and goods. It is considered one of the largest human gatherings in the world, attracting millions of devotees, sadhus, and tourists. The festival holds immense cultural, spiritual, and historical significance, and is believed to be a time when the gods and goddesses of the Hindu pantheon descend to earth, and devotees can attain spiritual liberation by bathing in the sacred rivers.

Increasing amounts of waste, both solid and liquid, are being generated as a result of the rapid rate of urbanisation. This in turn presents greater difficulties for disposal. The problem is more acute in developing countries, such as India, where the pace of economic growth as well as urbanisation is faster. Various concepts have been developed over theyears to provide the basis for improving the solid waste conditions in developing cities. Among them, integrated Solid Waste Management (SWM) provides a framework which has been very successful in various industrialised countries. However, urban governments in developing countries are constrained by limited finances and inadequate services which prevent them from tackling the problem effectively. In addition, their SWM planning is hampered by a lack of data while information at all levels, if available, is generally unreliable, scattered and unorganised. As a result, planning of SWM is a difficult task. Bien que la GID englobe déjà toute une gamme de parties prenantes, la contribution de l'État est un impératif. Elle ne doit pas nécessairement prendre une forme financière: il faut, par exemple, que le gouvernement s'engage formellement en faveur d'une approche de GID et reconnaisse la contribution, en matière de recyclage, des réseaux informels existants. Qui plus est, la promotion du recyclage peut passer par des campagnes auprès des consommateurs, encourageant les citoyens à coopérer à la séparation des déchets. On pourrait obtenir un paiement plus réaliste pour les services de collecte et de traitement des déchets, en échange de la garantie qu'ils soient effectivement fournis. Enfin, la GID exige un suivi régulier et correct des activités de mise au rebut

The results of the study show that the management of household solid waste is insufficient. It was found that 12% of households only subscribe to private pre-collection operators, 38% contract their waste to informal structures, and 50% evacuate their waste themselves. Sorting or any other separate waste treatment is not applied, and landfills do not conform to norms of sustainable management. The main consequence is the proliferation of anarchic deposits of solid household waste. However, 95% of households surveyed are aware that household solid waste can have impacts on health and the environment. It was also found that solid waste collection and pre-collection activities are significant sources of revenue but need to be structured. The results also show that the attitude of households towards waste management varies according to the status of the habitat.

In our daily lives, plastic has always played a significant role. Sugarcane molasses is a byproduct of sugar production, and a potential raw material to develop biodegradable plastic which neither causes deforestation nor affects food supply. To address this issue, molasses-based plastic was cross-linked with a succinic acid cross-linker chemical, and locally available sisal fiber was used as reinforcement to improve the plastic's properties and reduce water absorption. The sisal fiber was manually extracted with a sharp knife and alkaline treated with an 8% NaOH solution before being utilized as a reinforcement. Additionally, acid hydrolysis methods were used to pre-treat crude raw cane molasses. After treating the molasses, the lactic acid was recovered and purified by adding cultured yogurt lactic acid to the treated molasses, and then the lactic acid was converted to PLA utilizing direct solution polymerization and condensation techniques in this experiential work. Using the solvent casting process, four (4) bioplastic film samples were made after each extraction and treatment of raw materials. Using a digital microbalance to establish the initial weight of a dry sample and immersing the film sections in distilled water, the swelling experiment was carried out to identify the best cross-linker concentration, crosslinking duration, and crosslinking temperature. According to the findings, water absorption of non-crosslink plastics decreased from 96% to 70% after adding 5% SFR and from 96% to 45.14% after optimum crosslinking with 10%SuA. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of the two (10% SuA and 5% SFR) further reduced the water absorption of the plastic film from 96% to 41.43% at a cross-linker temperature and time of 110°C and 30 minutes. In addition, the biodegradability of the plastic films was investigated, and the findings confirmed that all of the plastic films were biodegradable after 40 days of burial in natural soil. For plastic samples of (neat PLA, 5% SFR-PLA, 10% SUA-PLA, and 5%SFR/10%SUA-PLA), the degradation in 40 days was 97%, 85.26%, 64.26%, and 71.2%, respectively. As a result, SuA cross-linked plastic films were shown to be more water-resistant and have a slower degradation rate than other plastic films.

Increasing amounts of waste, both solid and liquid, are being generated as a result of the rapid rate of urbanisation. This in turn presents greater difficulties for disposal. The problem is more acute in developing countries, such as India, where the pace of economic growth as well as urbanisation is faster. Various concepts have been developed over theyears to provide the basis for improving the solid waste conditions in developing cities. Among them, integrated Solid Waste Management (SWM) provides a framework which has been very successful in various industrialised countries. However, urban governments in developing countries are constrained by limited finances and inadequate services which prevent them from tackling the problem effectively. In addition, their SWM planning is hampered by a lack of data while information at all levels, if available, is generally unreliable, scattered and unorganised. As a result, planning of SWM is a difficult task. Bien que la GID englobe déjà toute une gamme de parties prenantes, la contribution de l'État est un impératif. Elle ne doit pas nécessairement prendre une forme financière: il faut, par exemple, que le gouvernement s'engage formellement en faveur d'une approche de GID et reconnaisse la contribution, en matière de recyclage, des réseaux informels existants. Qui plus est, la promotion du recyclage peut passer par des campagnes auprès des consommateurs, encourageant les citoyens à coopérer à la séparation des déchets. On pourrait obtenir un paiement plus réaliste pour les services de collecte et de traitement des déchets, en échange de la garantie qu'ils soient effectivement fournis. Enfin, la GID exige un suivi régulier et correct des activités de mise au rebut

Open dumping is the most common method of solid waste disposal in many developing countries including Sri Lankan urban areas. Appropriate landfill site selection is important to minimize negative impacts associated with open dump sites. Landfill siting is an extremely difficult task to accomplish due to strong public opposition and regulations. Developing countries do not have a systematic process for landfill site selection and hence unsuccessful landfill siting leading to environmental degradation is typically the result especially in the developing world. Data were collected from Kandy district, Sri Lanka. Both GIS analysis and semi quantitative risk assessment were used and eight map layers such as surface water bodies, distance from transportation routes and urban areas, land use/land cover, soil, rainfall, population density, elevation were utilized. ArcGIS 9.3 software and its extensions were used as the GIS tool since it is able to perform suitability analysis using Multi Cr...

Solid waste generation is increasing due to the rise in worldwide population, which causes major environmental harm. This paper examined zero-waste initiative and how it affects student environmental literacy and achievement. The study used percentage, mean, simple linear regression analysis, and MANOVA. The researcher employed a quantitative methods research design supported by a qualitative data to investigate participant-suggested interventions, environmental literacy, environmental achievement scores, and student involvement in program implementation. Respondents were chosen by stratified sampling. In response to qualitative component, it was accomplished via purposive sampling. The study found that students regularly engaged in the zero-waste program's implementation. Additionally, driving students' support was their realization of the program's importance. Furthermore, the findings revealed a generally average degree of environmental literacy achievement. Further, the survey revealed that Lambayong National High School's students support the zero-waste initiative, therefore displaying environmental literacy in solid waste management both inside and outside of the institution. Thus, it is advised to guarantee the sustainability of the initiative by means of better organization, enhanced LGU support, and promotion of cooperation between the institution and the society in waste management projects.

Different types of lignocellulosic materials (carnauba leaves, macauba shell and pine nut shell) and native cellulose have been studied for the production of total reducing sugars (TRS) through microwave-assisted acid-catalyzed hydrolysis in ionic liquids (ILs). Four reaction media have been assessed: two deep eutectic solvents (DES), choline chloride-oxalic acid (ChCl/ox) and choline chloride-urea (ChCl/urea), and two conventional ionic liquids, tetraethylammonium chloride (TEAC) and tetraethylammonium bromide (TEAB). Five acids (H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, H3PO4 and p-toluensulfonic acid) have been evaluated in varying concentrations (5-30%) and time intervals (0-60 min), at different temperatures (100-140ºC). Significant TRS production yields (as high as 83.7% in ChCl/ox for carnauba leaves) have been attained for both DES in combination with HNO3 10%, at 120ºC for 30 min, with the additional advantage of low furfural and HMF by-products generation.

FR : L’émergence, depuis près d’une décennie, d’enjeux écologiques associés à la réduction des déchets, entraîne la mise en place de politiques locales incitatives par les collectivités en responsabilité de la collecte et du traitement des déchets ménagers. Ces politiques visent à écologiser la gestion des déchets des ménages, par l’usage d’instruments d’action publique de diverses natures : informationnels, tarifaires et techniques. L’étude sociologique, par entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès des habitants, de la mise en place d’une telle politique dans un territoire rural et précaire permet de mettre en lumière une réception contestée de la part de la population. Les résistances sont de natures multiples : tout d’abord, le service public des déchets n’est pas perçu comme un acteur dont les injonctions au changement de comportement au quotidien sont légitimes, car sa probité est remise en cause dans le même temps par l’organisation et l’efficacité de l’industrie du recyclage. Ensuite, la tarification incitative est largement perçue comme une facture supplémentaire injuste, car ce financement ne comporte pas de logique redistributive. Enfin, la mise en place de l’apport volontaire de tous les flux de déchets est largement vécue comme le retrait d’un des derniers services de proximité en zone rurale. Bien que l’on puisse croire que ce sentiment de rejet se focalise contre l’écologisation de l’action publique des déchets, il est bien plus orienté en fait vers la réorganisation de la collectivité territoriale étudiée, démontrant la centralité des questions de communication et de fiscalité du service public dans les réponses politiques à la crise écologique.


EN: The emergence, over the past decade or so, of ecological issues associated with waste reduction has led to the implementation of local incentive policies by local authorities responsible for the collection and treatment of household waste. These policies are aimed at greening household waste management, using public action instruments of various kinds: informational, pricing and technical. A sociological study, based on semi-directive interviews with residents, of the implementation of such a policy in a rural and precarious area, sheds light on a contested reception on the part of the population. Resistance is multi-faceted: first, the public waste service is not perceived as a legitimate actor to formulate injunctions to change everyday behavior, as its probity is called into question at the same time as the organization and efficiency of the recycling industry. Secondly, incentive-based invoicing is widely perceived as an unfair additional bill, as this type of financing lacks a redistributive logic. Finally, the introduction of voluntary drop-off for all waste streams is widely perceived as the withdrawal of one of the last local services in rural areas. While one might think that this feeling of rejection is focused against the greening of public action on waste, it is much more oriented towards the reorganization of the local authority studied, demonstrating the centrality of issues of communication and taxation of public service in political responses to the ecological crisis.

Este trabalho ira identificar, com base na literatura, a avaliacao de riscos a que os trabalhadores da coleta de residuos solidos domiciliares da cidade de Natal/RN estao submetidos. Serao apresentadas as atividades exercidas, bem como os riscos das mesmas. Sao inumeros os perigos a que os coletores estao expostos, por isso torna-se muito importante avalia-los. Alem do mais, esta pesquisa propoe formas de evitar tais riscos, ou ate elimina-los, e sera desenvolvida por meio de revisao bibliografica, a fim de encontrar embasamento teorico, para fundamentacao deste projeto. Assim, sera apresentado um plano de intervencao com o apoio do poder publico, alem de uma proposta de coleta modernizada utilizada em grandes cidades ao redor do mundo, a fim de melhorar a qualidade de vida profissional de tais trabalhadores, alem de trazer beneficios tambem para toda a populacao. Alem do mais, foram observados os riscos mais incidentes de acordo com a realidade local, para que possam ser combatidos...

The potential long term environmental impacts of a landfill on groundwater quality depend on its liner material properties. In case synthetic liner materials are damaged during the construction or operation, many of the original chemical and biological constituents are removed by filtration and the adsorptive action of natural liner materials such as natural zeolite, perlite and bentonite minerals. Before leachate treatment, reduction of these constituents is important not only to leachate percolation, but also treatment cost and efficiency. In this study, the pollutant removal efficiency from the leachate was investigated for natural natural zeolite, expanded perlite and bentonite. Experimental studies was performed in boxes made of glass and with 1:10 sloping. Leachate quantity was determined and pH, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrate (NO 3 -N), ammonium-nitrogen (NH 4 -N), phosphate (PO 4 ), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and organic matter in leachate samples were measured and the measurement was compared with control process (System 4). The results showed that natural zeolite was effective in removing NO 3 , NH 4 , PO 4 , COD and organic matter with removal efficiencies of 91.20, 95.6, 95.5, 83.4 and 87.8%, respectively. Expanded perlite has high efficiency removing of NO 3 , PO 4 and COD 83.2, 91.0 and 62.5%, respectively, but it was unsuccessful in reducing NH 4 (1.5%).

Over more than a year now, the COVID pandemic had caused global emergency and raised social and economic concerns. The pandemic had shown tremendous impacts on the regular waste management sector that made a serious health and environmental issues. Due to lockdown or other restrictive measures, essential and routine management of Municipal waste played a key role in mitigating infectious disease transmission during COVID-19 pandemic. For urgent public health attention in India during countrywide lockdown, a guideline for the handling of medical waste and waste generated in infected households was published (CPCB the Government of India, 2020). The current study evaluates the effectively of prevailing municipal solid waste (MSW) management practices during COVID pandemic with the emphasis on MSW collection, segregation, treatment, disposal facilities, related to health and environmental awareness in West Bengal, India. As there was limited literature on MSW management during pandemic situation, this present article examines various aspects of MSW management during COVID-19 outbreak in several municipal areas of West Bengal. This paper used data and information from 390 individual from different sections of the society to assess a summary situation on waste collection, treatment activities during the lockdowns. A well-structured questionnaire on MSW collection, segregation, treatment, disposal facilities, related health and environmental awareness had designed and validated through the construct validity and tested for confirmation of sampling adequacy and made reliable. During COVID-19 outbreak waste generation, collection and treatment of waste irrespective of wastes generated from healthcare facilities and residential premises were on the knife-edge as there was a possibility of presence of any potential source of infection in every stage of solid waste management. With the slight fall of waste generation, Food waste and

This paper assessed the solid waste management (SWM) service cost estimate system for major Indonesian cities and develop standards for major SWM service costs, which consist of: collection, transfer and treatment, transportation, landfill management costs. This paper also presents the results of economic assessments that compare the options available for SWM in major Indonesian cities. The options compared are: collection and transport efficiency (CTE), communal waste treatment (CWT), and a centralized composting and recycling facility (CRF). An expenses-benefit calculation is used for the economic assessment. The results of our study show that composting at a centralized plant is the most economically feasible option under the current conditions prevailing in Indonesia.

The Ludhiana city has been selected for identification of suitable sites for solid waste dumping/landfilling in the present study using CARTOSAT-I, IRS LISS-IV satellite data for the year 2008-09. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) based methodology was applied in order to identify and select potential suitable sites. The various parameters for the selection of suitable sites such as distance from built-up, forests/plantations, water bodies (river, canals and ponds), transportation along with wasteland, geology and ground water depth were examined. The respective thematic, buffer and classified maps were prepared. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model was incorporated in a GIS environment to obtain the weightages of different criteria and then they were overlaid according to their priority. The site suitability map for solid waste dumping/landfilling was prepared by considering proximity to the religious and recreational places, lithology, rivers and drains. Five suitable sit...

The inefficient collection of solid wastes is a global phenomenon that has received attention in recent years for the ever-increasing annual waste generation records. However, indicators to the effective application of the amassing routs are missing. Hence, the generally accepted source-sorting model was explored to identify the determinants that will enhance source separation of wastes at the workplace. This paper presents a foremost report on the indicators to an effective operation of solid wastes source segregation. A quantitatively examined data was collected in sixty-six working days during a monitoring and evaluation process of twenty sets of twin-dustbins that were located at the study area. The generated solid wastes were commonly sorted (65%) in comparison with the mixed collection. Most of the wastes were separated on the third month (80%) of education compared to the first (54%) and second months (61%). Wednesday displayed the working day with the utmost sorted wastes (7...

21st century businesses operate faster and with more complexity and uncertainty than ever before, and therefore industrial accidents and diseases become more prolific, bringing a serious and costly burden to all countries. For the majority of the world’s workforce, a working environment does not meet the minimum standards and guiding principle predetermined by the international bureaus. This has called for occupational safety and health to be implemented and enforced. Different laws and regulations have been introduced by most of the developed countries meant for the prevention of industrial accidents and occupational diseases and the statistics of occupational accidents is being kept updated. Differences of behavioral patterns in organizations are attributed to beliefs, norms and values amongst employees from different parts of the world. Therefore, the health and safety of employees becomes a vital aspect of the work of human resource management teams. This study compared the perc...

The problem of solid waste management has become a debilitating factor towards sustainable development in Nigeria. The study therefore was carried out to evaluate the chains of problems militating against solid waste management in Nigeria with particular stress on Enugu State. The study adopted survey research method. Data collected through questionnaire were analyzed and hypotheses tested using Z-test statistical measure. The scientific investigation revealed among other things that resources normally voted by Government year by year to manage solid waste is always very meager. There is no environmental education at all as was observed during the field investigation. Furthermore, some of the waste management staff were poorly trained and no plan in the future to give them further training or to improve already acquired skill. Based on the findings, some of the major recommendations are that solid waste management should be provided with a separate head in the budget for the purpose of adequate revenue allocation, implementation and monitoring. The participation of the local communities in solid waste management should be encouraged. Environmental education should be intensified by both the state and local government. Also primary, secondary and tertiary schools curricula should inculcate detailed topics on solid waste management.

Os debates socioambientais ganham projeção internacional na contemporaneidade a partir da constatação das limitações do modelo técnico -científico-informacional, que desconsidera o respeito à diversidade cultural, à sustentabilidade e à justiça social. Entretanto, o debate ambiental tem suas raízes a partir da segunda metade do sec. XX. Até a década 70, a problemática ambiental esteve vinculada à questão demográfica, ou seja, o crescimento demográfico era interpretado como responsável pelo atual grau de degradação do planeta, discurso este que serviu para escamotear as contradições do modelo econômico. A partir desta mesma década, o impacto dos processos produtivos e tecnológicos assume centralidade no âmbito do discurso ambientalista, apontando a necessidade de mudanças que orientassem na diminuição da poluição. A partir da década de 90, a explicação da problemática ambiental passava a orientar as práticas de consumo . Independente dessas matrizes discursivas em torno da questão ambiental, o que é notório registar diz respeito à

A study was conducted to assess the reuse, recycle, and recoverable potential of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Generation rate, waste type, and physicochemical analysis of MSW were evaluated. Results of MSW analysis indicated that the total amount of MSW generation rate per day at Haramaya University (HU) is estimated to be 2608.56 kg/day. The per capita solid waste generation rate is estimated to be 0.134 kg/cap/day. The three waste categories that contributed the greatest proportion of the total sorted waste at all sources are compostable organic matter (57.31%), papers (16.26%), and fines (10.98%) respectively. These three waste categories accounted for approximately 84.55% of the total waste sorted. The remaining 15.45% of the sorted waste were plastic material (5.82%), miscellaneous (4.45%), cardboards (2.37%), metals (1.30%), glass (0.87%), and textiles (0.63%). The particle size distribution of compostable organic matter is 42.76% (greater than 50 mm), 53.2% (between 10-50 mm)...

The National Policy for Solid Waste (NPSW), passed in 2010, established a system of shared responsibility for waste management in Brazil, including Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). This law requires the collection and disposal of technological waste through the implementation of Reverse Logistics Systems (RLS). In this study we discuss the main challenges and prospects in implementing WEEE reverse logistics in Brazil. The research was conducted through document analysis and interviews with different players, who are participants in the process of establishing a sector agreement. The findings suggest that the shared responsibility model proposed by the NPSW is not comprehensive enough to deal with the complexity of the Brazilian WEEE reverse chain. Based on this research we were able to propose a broader model covering the interrelationships among all the agents that interfere directly, indirectly, locally and abroad with the implementation of reverse logistics ch...

En este trabajo interpreto una de las fases de la recuperacion de residuos, en el marco de ciertos procesos estructurales, como una via para entender la conformacion de sensibilidades. La colonizacion de lo domestico abarca practicas de clasificacion y acopio de materiales reciclables en los hogares de los recuperadores que pueden diferenciarse en terminos de espacios, tiempos, cuidados y semejanzas. Estas practicas cobran sentido en el marco de la preocupacion por lo ambiental plasmada en documentos de organismos internacionales; un tipo de gestion municipal predominante vinculada a los residuos solidos urbanos y, la desregulacion del mercado de trabajo, que incremento formas subproletarias de insercion laboral. Las complejas articulaciones de esto con las practicas cotidianas del acopio en los hogares generan condiciones de posibilidad para una sensibilidad de los desechables, esto es, formas de percibir y sentir el mundo que naturaliza vivir para los residuos.

Municipal solid waste management is one of the most serious and most neglected areas of urban development which create environmental hazards confronting municipalities. Qualitative analysis of municipal solid waste in India identified barriers or incentives for recycling, resulted in the development factors. The PSIR framework with sensitive analysis is approach towards the focus on sustainable development. Necessary and beneficial relationship drawn among development factors revealed the collaborative web model for sustainable municipal solid waste management. The functionality of other factors in collaborative relationship greatly influences the success of sustainable municipal solid waste management in developing countries as India.

Municipal solid waste management is one of the most serious and most neglected areas of urban development which create environmental hazards confronting municipalities. Qualitative analysis of municipal solid waste in India identified barriers or incentives for recycling, resulted in the development factors. The PSIR framework with sensitive analysis is approach towards the focus on sustainable development. Necessary and beneficial relationship drawn among development factors revealed the collaborative web model for sustainable municipal solid waste management. The functionality of other factors in collaborative relationship greatly influences the success of sustainable municipal solid waste management in developing countries as India.

Privatization of urban services focuses often on the involvement of foreign enterprises. This contribution deals with micro-privatization, the partial transfer of government responsibility for solid waste collection to micro-enterprises. It tries to shed light on whether the current private sector participation (PSP) of micro-enterprises in solid waste collection service is the best way to capture the expected advantages of private sector involvement. The article examines the relations of the micro-enterprises with beneficiaries and the public sector by focusing on the contract procedure, the tariff-setting process, the cost recovery mechanism and institutionalizing of market principles for micro-enterprises. The research was carried out using secondary and primary data sources. Primary data were collected through the interviewing of public sector officials at different levels, focus group discussions with community groups and micro-enterprises, and observation. A survey was conduct...

The explosion of plastic waste generation, approaching 400 million tons per year, has created a worldwide environmental crisis that conventional waste management systems cannot handle. This problem can be solved through gasification, which converts nonrecyclable plastics to syngas with potential applications in electricity generation and synthetic fuel production. This study investigates whether syngas production from plastic waste by gasification is environmentally and economically feasible. Environmental impacts were assessed through a life cycle assessment framework using a life cycle impact assessment approach, ReCiPe 2016, with 10 midpoint/endpoint categories. Midpoint results of the baseline scenario with grid-mix electricity revealed climate change (GWP) of 775 kg CO 2 equivalent and fossil depletion potential (FDP) of 311 kg oil equivalent per ton of plastic waste. Meanwhile, a solar scenario showed GWP as 435 kg CO 2 equivalent and FDP as 166 kg oil equivalent per ton of plastic waste. Switching to solar energy cut GWP 44% and FDP 47%, respectively. However, the tradeoffs were higher human toxicity potential (HTP) and marine ecotoxicity potential (METP) due to upstream material extraction of renewable systems, respectively. Among environmental performance drivers, electricity inputs and operating materials were identified through sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. Syngas production from a plant of 50 tons per day can yield electricity sales revenue of USD 4.79 million, excluding USD 4.05 million in operational expenditures. Financial indicators like a 2.06-year payback period, USD 5.32 million net present value over a 20-year project life, and 38.2% internal rate of return indicate the profitability of the system. An external cost analysis showed emissions-related costs of USD 26.43 per ton of plastic waste processed, dominated by CO 2 and NO x emissions. Despite these costs, the avoided impacts of less landfilling/incineration and electricity generation support gasification. Gasification should be promoted as a subsidy and incentive by policymakers for wider adoption and integration into municipal waste management systems. Findings show it can be adapted to global sustainability goals and circular economy principles while delivering strong economic returns. The study findings also contribute to several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), for instance, SDG 7 by promoting clean energy technologies, SDG 12 by implementing circular economy, and SDG 13 by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

Pakistan's economy is transitioning from crisis to stability, necessitating the alignment of public service sectors like Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management with the country's economic conditions. By leveraging discrete mathematics and logical frameworks, this study identifies the potential of the waste sector to reduce public expenditure and contribute to economic sustainability. The proposed Wasteism Hierarchy Approach (WHA) offers policy guidelines across waste hierarchy levels to aid decision-making for municipalities, waste management companies, and local governments. Key considerations include the interplay of waste collection modes, fleet management, infrastructure, and catchment areas. Additionally, a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) framework ranks and prioritizes feasible MSW treatment and disposal options. This research highlights the integration of the waste sector into the circular economy and its potential to address climate change, promote regenerative agriculture, and support local economic sustainability.

The current study sets out to ascertain the residents of Kabankalan City's degree of solid waste management knowledge, practices, and implementation. This further established the relationship between their knowledge, practices, and degree of solid waste management program implementation. The researcher-made questionnaire was used to assess solid waste management practices and program implementation, while a modified version of the questionnaire from the study by Trondillo, et al. (2018) was utilized to assess knowledge levels. For the study, 365 residents of Kabankalan City were chosen at random. The primary analysis employed in this inquiry was the Pearson r correlation. According to the findings, locals have a fundamental grasp of and a modest level of practice with solid waste management. The city's solid waste management program was only partially implemented. Last but not least, the amount of knowledge and implementation was substantially correlated with the residents&#...

One of the greatest challenges facing developing countries is the unhealthy disposal of solid waste which resulted from human activities of development and survival. Awareness and attitude of people in the community appear to be crucial. The problem of waste management has arisen recently in developing countries where there is little history of the implementation of formal and informal community environmental education awareness program. Community participation significantly reduces the cost of waste collection. Information communication technology (ICT) significantly assists the acquisition and amalgamation of knowledge, offering developing countries unprecedented opportunities to enhance educational systems. To gauge the effectiveness of raising awareness regarding domestic solid waste management (SWM) within the society using computer aided tools (CAL), the present research was carried out. The study was conducted to find knowledge of college students with respect to Solid waste management by using developed communication methods. Sample study was conducted with 50 students. Preliminary data was collected by using questionnaire, before and after employing CAL tool and analyzed by using't test'. Development of effective knowledge regarding SWM using multimedia package is guiding factor in this project. The findings suggest that CAL tool developed by investigator were effective in raising knowledge of students regarding SWM.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. v Millions of tons of solid waste are generated every year. To achieve environmental sustainability, extensive and comprehensive solid waste management programs incorporating integrated solid waste management approaches are needed. Along with issues of sustainability, cost escalation and environmental impacts are factors that must be addressed. These issues can be addressed through different methods such as the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the field of solid waste management. While environmental and economic solid waste management improvements are necessary, the improved sustainability of the entire system is the highest priority. The goal of this book is to estimate the recyclable material generation and composition of solid waste to define hot spots in solid waste generation in pilot areas and to assess solid waste management systems. Targets of interest are based on environmental and economic analyses using the cluster analysis, a method which combines the LCA and AHP approaches. To achieve these objectives, all waste generation sources from the pilot areas were divided into six sources. Observations on the domestic waste composition and the source collected recyclable materials were performed to facilitate the characterization process. LCA and AHP were used to establish the most favorable economic scenarios. Results from these two approaches were combined using the cluster analysis method to achieve the optimal solution yielding lower environmental impact and higher economic benefit. Conclusions show that combined LCA-AHP is capable of a 75 % reduction in harmful environmental impact points and a 40 % increase in economic production per month. The proposed approach could serve as a basis for the formulation of general solid waste management guidelines toward a sustainable environment.

Solid waste management (SWM) is defined as the control of waste generation, storage, collection, transfer, transport, processing and disposal of solid wastes (SW) consistent with the best practice of public health, economics and financial, engineering, administrative and legal, and environmental considerations. This study is to look at pollution caused by waste and the management of solid waste in a few states in Malaysia. Based on the previous study, two methods were used in the study is qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative method is with researchers using observation methods, referring to primary sources and conducting interviews. Meanwhile, quantitative methods are used to analyze data using descriptive statistics. Pollution that can occur from waste is water pollution, air pollution, and human health can also be affected. The management of solid waste by an authority in a state was scheduled and systematically. The authorities in a state has charged managing solid waste at RM3 for private house and RM6 for shop or organization. In fact, to improve the management of this waste the authorities also introduced Akta Jalan, Parit dan Bangunan, an effort to curb this waste. This is the way used by the authorities in managing solid waste in a state. The authorities in a state and the authorities in other state are the same parties managing their own solid waste, but there are differences in management systems conducted by both parties such as the way of waste collection scheduling, introduction to the Act and management status. All the steps that authorities take are a great way to deal with waste in a state. This study has also highlighted several ways in managing solid waste that can be done by the authorities such as 3R practice that can reduce waste, privatization that can help in financial, awareness of community and increasing waste management fees that can improve

The previous studies on urban land use conflicts indicated that extensive negative effects on economic, social, spatial and ecological development, especially in peri-urban areas. The study assessed the causes and effects of urban land use conflicts in peri-urban areas and its measures to prevent in Wolayta Sodo town. The survey design method was employed as a case study approach targeting in peri-urban areas households or landowners population. From the total nineteen administrative kebeles of the town, eight kebeles selected as clusters and from which five kebeles randomly selected. Questionnaires were to 357 households administered from each cluster selected by simple random sampling techniques. Focus group discussions were employed with town municipality and subcity, and local chief and police. Additionally, key informant interviewee addressed with regional, zonal, and Wolayta Sodo town municipality Urban Development and Housing department. Spatial data collected from field survey, and satellite imagery. Purposefully three types of urban land use conflict selected and analyzed. Data analysis tools were MS-excel, Likert scale and GIS software. The finding shows that the dumping soil on the road reserve, land encroachment, boundary dispute, and land grabbing were frequently occurred. Also, the finding indicated that land usufruct right conflicts and degradation of road access were prevailed in expansion areas of the town. The major causes for an urban land use conflicts in the area were lack of land ownership documents, double allocation of urban plots, inadequate compensation for landholders and their children's inheritance rights, poor land governance, and forcibly expropriating. The other causes are inadequate planning and non-implementation of planning regulations, and lack of public participation in urban development agenda. The effects were social, environmental, and economical to the society. Therefore, the study recommends immediate adequate planning, public awareness and implementation measures, creating an efficient and effective land management system, professional ethics and policing, and paradigm shift on issues related to land uses.

The study carried out an analysis of solid waste disposal and its implication for water quality in the Ugep Community, located in Yakurr’s Local Government Council of Cross River State, Nigeria. Findings revealed that there is a significant and adverse relationship between solid waste disposal methods and the quality of drinking water, along with domestic uses in the study area. Data was collected through the administration of 500 questionnaires, with family heads as points of primary contact. It was clear that the poor state of infrastructural development and the challenge of availability and access to requisite amenities, coupled with inefficient management of the few available resources, has further exposed inhabitants to health and welfare issues. Results indicate a significant relationship between the solid waste disposal (sanitation) method and water quality in the study area. Awareness creation on sanitary practices by health and related government agencies, as well as commun...

Fecha de recibido: 03/10/2011 Fecha de aceptado: 15/12/2012 RESUMEN En Colombia existen aproximadamente 19 mil hectáreas sembradas con plantas de fique, con un rendimiento anual de 1,16 t/ha de fibra, las cuales generan alrededor de 108000 t de bagazo. La caracterización fisicoquímica y el poder calorífico del bagazo de fique (BF) lo hacen idóneo como fuente de carbono para la producción de biogás. La digestión anaerobia del BF, utilizando como inóculo líquido ruminal y lodo estiércol de cerdo, genera 0,45 m 3 CH 4 /kg SV adicionados y como subproducto un lodo efluente (LE). La inadecuada disposición del LE ocasionaría problemas ambientales en aguas subterráneas y suelos. La caracterización fisicoquímica y microbiológica del LE, reportó contenido de fibras, minerales, micronutrientes y un valor alimenticio relativo (156,12) que permite clasificarlo como forraje tipo prime y como biosólido clase B según el contenido de patógenos. Mediante la metodología analytical hierarchy process (AHP) y el software expert choice v.11.5, el acondicionamiento del suelo y la producción de concentrado para animales fueron seleccionadas como las alternativas adecuadas para el aprovechamiento industrial del LE.