Prevalence Of Sleeping Pills Consumption And Its Association With Depressive Symptoms

Journal of Attention Disorders, 2019

Objective: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of ADHD and its comorbidities and some associated demographic factors in a large sample population-based study. Method: As part of a population-based survey among 30,532 children and adolescents between 6 and 18 years, we used K-SADS-PL to screen and detect ADHD and its comorbidities. Results: The prevalence of ADHD was 4%, with more prevalence among boys (5.2% vs. 2.7%), younger participants, urban residents, and offspring of mothers who had a history of psychiatric hospitalization. Anxiety disorders (37.9%) and behavioral disorders (31%) are the most prevalent group of comorbidities, and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is the most prevalent comorbid disorder (26.1%). Mood disorders and anxiety disorders are more common among girls, but conduct disorder has a higher rate among boys. Conclusion: ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder which is accompanied by several comorbid conditions. The high rate of comorbidities makes i...

Journal of Attention Disorders, 2020

Prevalence estimates for ADHD have been debated for decades. In France, the only available study states the prevalence rate in France ranges from 3.5% to 5.6% of children aged 6 to 12. It also evaluates that 3.48% of children aged 6 to 12 are treated with psychostimulants. The article uses a different method to determine whether these estimates hold true. Method: Estimating ADHD diagnosis and methylphenidate prescription rates can be done by analyzing national health care insurance system's data. We used data from the French Healthcare Insurance as reported by the National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety. Results: We claim that an adequate estimate of the ADHD prevalence rate in France fluctuates around 0.3% of children aged 6 to 11. Discussion: Methodological biases in ADHD prevalence studies and factors contributing to the low level of prescription in France need to be assessed. Conclusion: We call for supplementary investigations in health care insurance databases to conduct contradictory studies.

2010

Treatment options for ADHD in the Netherlands have increased with the introduction of the extendedrelease formulations of methylphenidate (MPH ER, Concerta Ò ) in 2003 and atomoxetine (ATX, Strattera Ò ) in 2005, but data on the effect on drug usage patterns are scarce. The objective of the present study was to describe changes in the patterns of ADHD medication use and determinants thereof among children, adolescents and adults (\45 years) starting ADHD medication since the introduction of MPH ER and ATX. Data were obtained from Dutch community pharmacies as collected by the Foundation for Pharmaceutical Statistics, covering 97% of all dispenses for prescription medicines to outpatients in the Netherlands. Usage patterns (continuation, discontinuation, switching and addition) of ADHD drugs were evaluated at 3, 6 and 12 months after initiation for three separate time cohorts (patients starting ADHD medication in . It was found that between 2002 and 2006, most ADHD drug users were initiated on methylphenidate IR. Discontinuation of any ADHD drug treatment decreased over time partly in favour of switching and addition. Discontinuation at 3 months decreased from around 33% to around 25%, at 6 months from less than 50% to almost 35%, and at 12 months from just fewer than 60% to less than 45%. Discontinuation was higher among females and in adults [18 years. After the introduction of MPH ER and ATX (time cohort III), 16.5% of the incident ADHD drug users switched their medication and almost 9% added an ADHD drug to the prior ADHD drug. In conclusion, discontinuation of incident ADHD drug use is high after 3, 6 and 12 months. During the study period, the incidence of discontinuation decreased because of the availability of extended-release methylphenidate and atomoxetine.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have identified significant variability in attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) prevalence estimates worldwide, largely explained by methodological procedures. However, increasing rates of ADHD diagnosis and treatment throughout the past few decades have fuelled concerns about whether the true prevalence of the disorder has increased over time. METHODS: We updated the two most comprehensive systematic reviews on ADHD prevalence available in the literature. Meta-regression analyses were conducted to test the effect of year of study in the context of both methodological variables that determined variability in ADHD prevalence (diagnostic criteria, impairment criterion and source of information), and the geographical location of studies. RESULTS: We identified 154 original studies and included 135 in the multivariate analysis. Methodological procedures investigated were significantly associated with heterogeneity of studies. Geographical location and year of study were not associated with variability in ADHD prevalence estimates. CONCLUSIONS: Confirming previous findings, variability in ADHD prevalence estimates is mostly explained by methodological characteristics of the studies. In the past three decades, there has been no evidence to suggest an increase in the number of children in the community who meet criteria for ADHD when standardized diagnostic procedures are followed.

European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2016

Purpose The use of ADHD drugs among adults is controversial and has until recently not been approved for use in adults in most countries. The aim was to investigate use of ADHD drugs (stimulants and atomoxetine) among the entire adult population in the Nordic countries. Methods We conducted a multinational population-based prescription register study based on the entire adult population in the five Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden). All users of ADHD drugs aged 18-64 years during 2008-2012 were included, which for 2012 comprised 76,896 drug users among 15.8 million adult inhabitants. Results Annual prevalence of drug use increased during the study period for both genders and all age groups. The overall prevalence increased from 2.4 to 5.3 per 1000 men and 1.8 to 4.4 per 1000 women. Incidence also increased, but to a lesser extent in the last part of the study period. Methylphenidate was used by 88 % of drug users. Treatment was discontinued within the first year by 21 % of new drug users. Among all users of ADHD drugs, 53 % of men and 64 % of women concurrently used other psychotropic drugs, most frequently antidepressants and hypnotics. Psychotropic co-medication increased with age and was more pronounced among women than men. Conclusions Use of ADHD drug among adults more than doubled over a 5-year period, and a majority were concurrently treated with other psychotropics. Adults constitute a substantial proportion of persons treated with ADHD drugs. Thus, evidence for long-term efficacy and safety in adults is urgently needed.

JAMA, 2011

Context-More than 1.5 million US adults use stimulants and other medications labeled for treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These agents can increase heart rate and blood pressure, raising concerns about their cardiovascular safety.

Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 2014

Background The use of medications to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has increased, but the prevalence of ADHD medication use across different world regions is not known. Our objective was to determine regional and national prevalences of ADHD medication use in children and adults, with a specific focus on time trends in ADHD medication prevalence. Methods We did a retrospective, observational study using population-based databases from 13 countries and one Special Administrative Region (SAR): four in Asia and Australia, two in North America, five in northern Europe, and three in western Europe. We used a common protocol approach to define study populations and parameters similarly across countries and the SAR. Study populations consisted of all individuals aged 3 years or older between Jan 1, 2001, and Dec 31, 2015 (dependent on data availability). We estimated annual prevalence of ADHD medication use with 95% CI during the study period, by country and region and stratified by age and sex. We reported annual absolute and relative percentage changes to describe time trends. Findings 154•5 million individuals were included in the study. ADHD medication use prevalence in 2010 (in children aged 3-18 years) varied between 0•27% and 6•69% in the countries and SAR assessed (0•95% in Asia and Australia, 4•48% in North America, 1•95% in northern Europe, and 0•70% in western Europe). The prevalence of ADHD medication use among children increased over time in all countries and regions, and the absolute increase per year ranged from 0•02% to 0•26%. Among adults aged 19 years or older, the prevalence of any ADHD medication use in 2010 varied between 0•003% and 1•48% (0•05% in Asia and Australia, 1•42% in North America, 0•47% in northern Europe, and 0•03% in western Europe). The absolute increase in ADHD medication use prevalence per year ranged from 0•0006% to 0•12%. Methylphenidate was the most commonly used ADHD medication in most countries. Interpretation Using a common protocol and data from 13 countries and one SAR, these results show increases over time but large variations in ADHD medication use in multiple regions. The recommendations of evidence-based guidelines need to be followed consistently in clinical practice. Further research is warranted to describe the safety and effectiveness of ADHD medication in the short and long term, and to inform evidence-based guidelines, particularly in adults.

2020

SUMMARY Aim: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adult psychiatric outpatients. Moreover, comorbid psychiatric diagnoses in adults with ADHD were determined. Patients with and without ADHD were compared regarding DSM Axis I-II comorbidity and sociodemographic characteristics. Materials and Methods: The study included patients that presented for the first time to a psychiatric outpatient clinic during a 3-month period and were evaluated for adult ADHD. A sociodemographic form, Wender Utah Rating Scale, Turgay's Adult ADD/ADHD Evaluation Scale, Structured Clinical Interview I and II, Symptom Check List-90-R, and Beck Depression Inventory were administered. Results: The study included 246 patients. Among the 39 patients diagnosed with ADHD, 25 were female (64.1%) and 14 were male (35.9%), and the mean age was 27.38 ± 8.3 years. The prevalence of ADHD in adult psychiatric patients was 15.9%. Adults with ADHD usually p...

ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders

Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (aADHD) has recently been better recognized and treated in many European countries. In spite of this development, aADHD still features as a "hidden" comorbidity, often not diagnosed even in patients under psychiatric treatment for other psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence rates of unrecognized aADHD in academic centers providing regular psychiatric services in the Czech Republic and Hungary. In a population of psychiatric in-and outpatients, Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale was administered. All positively and about half of the negatively screened subjects were clinically interviewed and the DSM diagnosis of ADHD was determined based on the symptom list and Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale. The estimated point prevalence rate of unrecognized comorbid aADHD among psychiatric in-and out patients was 6.99% (95% lower CI: 5.11, 95% upper CI 8.86) according to the DSM-IV-TR criteria and 9.27% (95% lower CI: 7.13, 95% upper CI 11.40) according to the DSM-5 criteria. Current suicide risk was significantly associated with the presence of undiagnosed aADHD; however, life time suicide attempts, depression, dysthymia, alcohol and substance dependence, anxiety and stress related disorders were not. Further educational efforts are needed to improve the recognition and treatment of aADHD in adults

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2021

Background: Misconceptions about ADHD stigmatize affected people, reduce credibility of providers, and prevent/delay treatment. To challenge misconceptions, we curated findings with strong evidence base. Methods: We reviewed studies with more than 2000 participants or meta-analyses from five or more studies or 2000 or more participants. We excluded meta-analyses that did not assess publication bias, except for metaanalyses of prevalence. For network meta-analyses we required comparison adjusted funnel plots. We Genetics Brain excluded treatment studies with waiting-list or treatment as usual controls. From this literature, we extracted evidence-based assertions about the disorder. Results: We generated 208 empirically supported statements about ADHD. The status of the included statements as empirically supported is approved by 80 authors from 27 countries and 6 continents. The contents of the manuscript are endorsed by 366 people who have read this document and agree with its contents. Conclusions: Many findings in ADHD are supported by meta-analysis. These allow for firm statements about the nature, course, outcome causes, and treatments for disorders that are useful for reducing misconceptions and stigma. People with ADHD often show impaired performance on psychological tests of brain functioning, but these tests cannot be used to diagnose ADHD. Neuroimaging studies find small differences in the structure and functioning of the brain between people with and without ADHD. These differences cannot be used to diagnose ADHD. People with ADHD are at increased risk for obesity, asthma, allergies, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, sleep problems, psoriasis, epilepsy, sexually transmitted infections, abnormalities of the eye, immune disorders, and metabolic disorders. People with ADHD are at increased risk for low quality of life, substance use disorders, accidental injuries, educational underachievement, unemployment, gambling, teenage pregnancy, difficulties socializing, delinquency, suicide, and premature death. Studies of economic burden show that ADHD costs society hundreds of billions of dollars each year, worldwide. Regulatory agencies around the world have determined that several medications are safe and effective for reducing the symptoms of ADHD as shown by randomized controlled clinical trials. Treatment with ADHD medications reduces accidental injuries, traumatic brain injury, substance abuse, cigarette smoking, educational underachievement, bone fractures, sexually transmitted infections, depression, suicide, criminal activity and teenage pregnancy. The adverse effects of medications for ADHD are typically mild and can be addressed by changing the dose or the medication. The stimulant medications for ADHD are more effective than nonstimulant medications but are also more likely to be diverted, misused, and abused. Non-medication treatments for ADHD are less effective than medication treatments for ADHD symptoms, but are frequently useful to help problems that remain after medication has been optimized.

Bipolar Disorder: Open Access, 2017

The high prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) demonstrated in the last decades in the child and adult population carried us to examine how best we can identify cases of ADHD from the general population. In doing so, we note that different methodologies are used for obtaining data, as well as different diagnostic criteria. An additional finding of considerable interest for this line of reasoning is the medicalization of ADHD. Our assumption is that this tendency for prescribing certain medications is caused by the relentless pressure of pharmaceutical companies and not only as a result of clinical judgment.

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood that persists into adulthood in the majority of cases. The evidence on persistence poses several difficulties for adult psychiatry considering the lack of expertise for diagnostic assessment, limited treatment options and patient facilities across Europe.Methods: The European Network Adult ADHD, founded in 2003, aims to increase awareness of this disorder and improve knowledge and patient care for adults with ADHD across Europe. This Consensus Statement is one of the actions taken by the European Network Adult ADHD in order to support the clinician with research evidence and clinical experience from 18 European countries in which ADHD in adults is recognised and treated.Results: Besides information on the genetics and neurobiology of ADHD, three major questions are addressed in this statement: (1) What is the clinical picture of ADHD in adults? (2) How can ADHD in adults be properly diagnosed? (3) How should ADHD in adults be effectively treated?Conclusions: ADHD often presents as an impairing lifelong condition in adults, yet it is currently underdiagnosed and treated in many European countries, leading to ineffective treatment and higher costs of illness. Expertise in diagnostic assessment and treatment of ADHD in adults must increase in psychiatry. Instruments for screening and diagnosis of ADHD in adults are available and appropriate treatments exist, although more research is needed in this age group. © 2010 Kooij et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

2009

A ttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood mental health disorders in the United States. As of 2003, 4.4 million (7.8%) children aged four to 17 were estimated to have a diagnosis of ADHD (1). Children with this disorder often face long-standing problems with academic achievement, social relationships, life skills, risk of injury, and functional independence (2-5). Stimulant medications have been found to yield important behavioral improvements for children in this diagnostic category (6). In 2003 an estimated 56% of children diagnosed as having ADHD in the United States were taking medication for this condition (1), at a cost of $2.2 billion (7). Although medication side effects are typically mild and manageable (associated with appetite and sleep patterns), there is potential for cardiovascular problems (8) and inhibited physical growth (9) as well as inappropriate use by nondiagnosed individuals for cognitive enhancement or recreational purposes (10). Given the benefits of and concerns about medication use, it is essential that ADHD be appropriately diagnosed among children and that they receive appropriate medication when indicated. Notably, findings from national studies point to some variation in diagnostic prevalence and medication rates across geographic regions. It is therefore important to identify

Addictive Behaviors, 2008

The present study investigated to what degree medication with stimulants for children with ADHD will reduce comorbid complications in adulthood. Two groups (N = 17 and N = 74) were defined retrospectively using data from archives at the Expert team for ADHD for Middle and Northern Norway. The groups were compared on the "Index of Burden", an index constructed on the basis of data from five variables; Alcohol abuse, substance abuse, criminality, the Global Severity Index of SCL-90 and the "Functioning and quality of life" questionnaire. Results showed that treatment with stimulants in childhood/youth contribute to increased social and psychological functioning in adult age.

International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 2013

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an increasingly recognized comorbid condition in subjects with substance use disorders (SUDs).