Postural Control Development of Students with Disabilities in the Process of Inclusive Physical Education

The problem of physical activity of children of school age, with the basic tasks of research is the construction of kinetic aplaktivno adequate programs to eliminate manifest postural disorders of the spine, the optimal level of ontogenetic morphological (anthropological) development. The main objective of the research is to determine the physical education curriculum and content that can be put into the regular program of physical education classes with the main task of prevention and elimination of potential manifest disorders of the spine, with an accompanying harmonious biological development. A set of entities from which the sample of respondents was carried out for this study is defined as a student population of 208 male primary school in class. The first and basic condition was that they were involved in physical education. In the study sample included 208 respondents. According to the method of selection of respondents sample was purposefully chosen. Take the V classes of primary schools from Bijeljina Teslic, Foca and Pale. Special Programme for the Prevention of postural disorders well fit the set of activities carried out in schools, and we can say that this program with some modifications may inkoporirati into the regular program of activities focused in the field of physical education. As short and very crude summary analysis of quantitative differences in the measured indicators of postural status can be concluded that statistical methods established relationship between the facts of experimental factors (special program of prevention of postural disorders of the spine) and postural status which is under the influence of the specified factors as compared to the control group tended to improve. .

The Journal of Educational Development, 2013

The research aims at developing a learning model of adaptive physical activities (APA) for improving basic movements and health of mentally disabled students in a disabled elementary school at Bantul regency; therefore it is a research and development. There are 5 steps used by the researcher : a preliminary study, planning, expert validation, empirical validation and effectiveness testing. The small scale implementation testing was done to 13 disabled students whereas the large scale, 42 students of 3 graders of disabled elementary school. The effectiveness testing uses an experimental research within one pre and post test group. The group consists of 27students of Plered Disabled Elementary School. The research observation instrument uses Likert scale and ratting-scale. The proposed learning models are: Kid Komodo football, waves in the sea, knowing shapes, frog circus and air bubble. These models prove effective for mentally students of disabled elementary school. Both the small scale implementation testing and the large scale one result in the improvement of basic physical movements of the students. The secondary result is that teachers of physical education and health find the models easy to do and the students get fun being taught using them.

2015

Back pain and postural changes are present problems for children and adolescents in recent years. One of the factors contributing to the onset of these problems is poor posture while performing daily life activities (DLAs), and it is believed that Postural Education classes can stimulate the students to incorporate appropriate habits. The main objective of this study was to verify the effects of the Postural Education Program (PEP) of nine weeks on the dynamic posture of students while performing DLAs. The secondary objective was to know the perception of the legally responsible person and the teachers about the PEP. This study was of semi-experimental type, and used a mixed method, using a combination of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The sample was composed of 40 students from the third year of the Elementary School from a State school in Porto Alegre, evaluated by DLA's footage and a Semi-Structured Interview. The PEP was based on the methodology of Postural Schools and lasted for nine weeks. The results showed improvement in in the execution of the DLAs: carry backpack (p=0.005), pick object from the ground (p=0.009), sit on a bench (p=0.001), and sit to write (p=0.001). In the DLA carrying objects no significant difference was found (p=0.467). Regarding the qualitative analysis, the lines of the legally responsible person and of the teachers have shown that students

Journal of Human Sport and Exercise

To study the effect of an educational intervention programme concerning knowledge and postural habits for back health on a group of 10 to 11-year-old students. Two groups of 5 th grade primary school students were selected. A control group (CG) (n=16), and an experimental group (EG) (n=16) who developed a back-health educational programme. A follow-up was carried out one month after the end of the intervention. The proposed educational intervention improved the results of both the knowledge and postural habits of the participants. The increase in the level of knowledge concerning health and back care in the daily lives of the EG (x̅ =6.32) was significantly greater than that observed in the CG (x̅ =3.86), with a high effect size (U = 29.500; Z =-3.717; p <0.001, r = 0.66). In daily postural habits, the EG (x̅ = 88.38) also increased their score significantly (U= 7.50; Z =-4.55; p <0.001, r = 0.80) compared to the CG (x̅ = 74.88). In both knowledge and postural habits, the scores increased in the intervention. The educational intervention programme studied improves both knowledge and postural habits for back health of the 5th grade students participating in the study. The Physical Education class seems to be an ideal environment to develop back health educational programmes.

The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of pilates movement training program which ıs applied to autism spectrum children on student's flexibility and balance development. 26 students (12 male+6 female) participated to this research. The age of the students were formed as group of 6-12 aged, two groups have been created for research. 18 students were determined as experimental (12 male+6 female), 18 students were determined as a second control group (12 male+6 female), while creating group, it is paid attention to not to be similar in student's age, gender, physical appearance. The research data's were analysed by SPSS v16 program, the pre-test & post-test comparisons and minimum, maximum, values were tabulated. Even though according to research results there is not seen any development in control group, the significant development is seen in experimental group (p<0,05) and in balance development (p<0,001). As a result, it is observed that the pilates special movement training program which is applied to autism spectrum children's provides a positive contribution to children's physical properties, ability of flexibility and balance.

Iranian journal of health sciences, 2022

Background and Purpose: Visual disturbance causes problems in the orientation, balance, and movement of individuals. It is especially important in children because this is a golden age for adoring physical exercises and physical function in these people. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks of balance training on the static and dynamic balance of blind students. Materials and Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study, and the subjects included 45 blind students living in Ahwaz City, Iran. The participants were selected using convenience and purposive sampling methods. A sample of 20 girls and 20 boys, aged 7-14 years, was selected and randomly divided into two control and experiment groups consisting of 20 subjects each (10 females and 10 males). The experimental group received a six-week course of balance training intervention. They have received six-week balance training program, 2 sessions of 45 minutes a week. Static balance was measured by stork test and for dynamic balance star balance test was used. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to control the normality of data. In order to study the effect of time and between groups, repeated measures ANOVA was used. For analyzing the data SPSS software, version 25, Excel 2019 software, and in all statistic test α=0.05 was used. All analyses were done in SPSS software v. 25, Excel 2019 software. The significance level was considered at 0.05 for all tests. Results: The two groups of blind student, each groups 20 subjects and mean age of 10.33 and 11.12 years in control and exercise group respectively. Comparing the groups showed that six weeks of balance training had a positive and significant effect on static balance and dynamic balance of exercise group (P<0.001). The results also showed that in the Post-test stage, the experimental group performed better in static and dynamic balance in all 8 directions compared to the control group (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between girls and boys in terms of balance. Conclusion: Regarding the effect of these exercises on improving the balance of blind children, it is recommended that parents, physical education teachers, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, and all those who are in some way associated with these children, use balance training as a therapeutic plan.

2015

Back pain and postural changes are present problems for children and adolescents in recent years. One of the factors contributing to the onset of these problems is poor posture while performing daily life activities (DLAs), and it is believed that Postural Education classes can stimulate the students to incorporate appropriate habits. The main objective of this study was to verify the effects of the Postural Education Program (PEP) of nine weeks on the dynamic posture of students while performing DLAs. The secondary objective was to know the perception of the legally responsible person and the teachers about the PEP. This study was of semi-experimental type, and used a mixed method, using a combination of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The sample was composed of 40 students from the third year of the Elementary School from a State school in Porto Alegre, evaluated by DLA's footage and a Semi-Structured Interview. The PEP was based on the methodology of Postural Schools and lasted for nine weeks. The results showed improvement in in the execution of the DLAs: carry backpack (p=0.005), pick object from the ground (p=0.009), sit on a bench (p=0.001), and sit to write (p=0.001). In the DLA carrying objects no significant difference was found (p=0.467). Regarding the qualitative analysis, the lines of the legally responsible person and of the teachers have shown that students

2019

Purpose: The intellectual development of people with mental retardation has been stopped or is incomplete. This condition is associated with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) of the general cognition level and affects the verbal, motor, and cognitive abilities of these people. This study aims to investigate the effect of selective balance/corrective exercises on the balance performance of mentally-retarded students with DCD. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 23 mentally-retarded male students with DCD. They were randomly assigned to the groups of intervention (n=12, Mean±SD age: 15.75±1.21 y, Mean±SD height: 1.67±0.08 m, Mean±SD weight: 61.28±14.34 kg) and control (n=11, Mean±SD age: 16.73±1.34 y, Mean±SD height: 1.72±0.07 m, Mean±SD weight: 70.28±15.75 kg). The intervention group performed selective balance/corrective exercises for 8 weeks (three sessions per week). To assess the static balance and dynamic balance of the samples, the modified Stork test with eyes open and closed mode and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test were used, respectively. The Pediatric Balance Scale was used to assess functional balance. For analyzing the collected data, the Independent t test and analysis of covariance were carried out. Results: There was a significant difference between the two study groups in terms of static balance with eyes open (P=0.01) and closed (P=0.01) and dynamic balance (P=0.01); however, no significant difference was found between them with respect to functional balance (P>0.05). Conclusion: The selected balance/corrective exercises can improve the static and dynamic balance of mentally-retarded students with DCD.

Adjustment Problems of Children with Physical disabilities " at Al-Faraabi Special Education Center for Physically Handicapped Children Sector G-8/4, Islamabad. BY SHAZIA BIBI

2019

The quality of body posture and its balance depends on the efficiency of the receptors, the good work of the central nervous system integrating and coordinating the postural system and the effective musculoskeletal system. Physical activity of people with intellectual disability can stimulate the processes of improving the posture and its postural stability, improving the quality of life. Methods: The study was conducted in 2017. 20 randomly selected volleyball players with intellectual disabilities and 10 healthy players took part in it. Body posture was recorded using a photogrammetric system. To evaluate the use of the Frohner Posture Index and the Dolphens classification, stability of the posture was assessed on the Zebris FDM power plate, analyzing the basic stabilographic parameters sway path and sway area. Results: Athletes with intellectual disabilities had significantly poorer posture and body balance than healthy players. There were no differences in postural stability between the groups studied. Some linear correlations were found between the quality of posture and balance and stabilographic variables. Conclusions: Incorrect postural patterns, observed in people with intellectual disabilities, require the development of special recovery programs. Qualified physical activity can help them improve their balance systems, reducing the risk of falls and injuries. The lack of the possibility of an unequivocal relationship between the quality of body posture and its stability requires research on a larger research material. New evaluation methods used (Frohner Posture index and Dolphens classification) confirmed their usefulness and gave new possibilities of application in postural research.

Physical Treatments: Specific Physical Therapy Journal, 2019

The intellectual development of people with mental retardation has been stopped or is incomplete. This condition is associated with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) of the general cognition level and affects the verbal, motor, and cognitive abilities of these people. This study aims to investigate the effect of selective balance/corrective exercises on the balance performance of mentally-retarded students with DCD. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 23 mentally-retarded male students with DCD. They were randomly assigned to the groups of intervention (n=12, Mean±SD age: 15.75±1.21 y, Mean±SD height: 1.67±0.08 m, Mean±SD weight: 61.28±14.34 kg) and control (n=11, Mean±SD age: 16.73±1.34 y, Mean±SD height: 1.72±0.07 m, Mean±SD weight: 70.28±15.75 kg). The intervention group performed selective balance/corrective exercises for 8 weeks (three sessions per week). To assess the static balance and dynamic balance of the samples, the modified Stork test with eyes open and closed mode and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test were used, respectively. The Pediatric Balance Scale was used to assess functional balance. For analyzing the collected data, the Independent t test and analysis of covariance were carried out. Results: There was a significant difference between the two study groups in terms of static balance with eyes open (P=0.01) and closed (P=0.01) and dynamic balance (P=0.01); however, no significant difference was found between them with respect to functional balance (P>0.05). Conclusion: The selected balance/corrective exercises can improve the static and dynamic balance of mentally-retarded students with DCD.

Clinical Kinesiology, 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of balance training on functional tasks in individuals with mental retardation. Ten students participated in a balance program 3 times weekly for 12 weeks. Functional assessments were performed prior to commencing the intervention and after completion of the balance program. Balance measures were collected using the NeuroCom Equitest using the Sensory Organization Test (SOT), weight bearing squat and the step up and over. Data analysis indicated a significant difference in the SOT F(1,9) = 14.8, p<.01. This translated to a 25.8% increase from pre to post test. The weight bearing squat measured weight distribution at knee flexion 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. Pre test data indicated that participants were right side dominant 58.6% vs. 43.2% left side that improved on the post test to 51.9% right side and 48.1% left.

2021

The article presents a new approach to increasing the effectiveness of assessment at physical education classes among students of institutions of tertiary education, which meets the contemporary standards. The authors prove that innovative tendencies at the present stage of scientific and technological progress lead to powerful evolutionary changes in all fields of higher education. This has envisaged the launching of new ideas, application of new knowledge and the expansion of existing understanding. The article delves into the main ways of integrating information and communication technology into testing and analyses approaches to its successful implementation in the pedagogical testing system. The authors suggest the possibilities of reorganising the procedure of static balance testing by updating it through applying information and communication technology. For the first time, an innovative method of assessing the level of development of static balance, using a device that incorporates information and communication technology (devices and software), is presented. The scientific outcome is aimed at reorganising testing procedure and increasing the level of its information support. The practical value of the device presented in the article is that its application in the assessment of static balance, created using information and communication technology, unifies and intensifies the collection and processing of test results using the methods of multivariate mathematical analysis. The integration of information and communication technology, which serves as a toolkit to solve the problems of static balance testing, provides a new technological advance in the methods, didactics, organisation and practical implementation of assessment in the physical education of students.

International Journal of Disabilities Sports & Health Sciences, 2019

This study aims to analyze the Floor Time Approach to Improve the Learning Outcomes of Rollers to the Side in Adaptive Physical Education Learning for Cerebral Palsy Students . This research is a class action research using the Kemmis & Mc Taggart model namely ). The study was conducted in 2 cycles, while each cycle contained four components ( planning, action, observation, and reflection ) . The participants of this study were two students in class I cerebral palsy (age is 8 and 9 years old (M= 8.5) at State Special School (SLBN) 1 Bantul , Indonesia . The instruments used in this study were side roll learning test results, observation of student participation guidelines, teacher performance observation guidelines, and learning process documentation. Data analysis uses three stages and is accompanied by the calculation of indicators of success. The results showed the implementation of the floor time approach in improving the learning process especially in adaptive physical education subjects and other subjects in general. This also affects the ability to roll aside the first grade cerebral palsy students in SLBN 1 Bantul which also increased. The research was carried out in 2 cycles. The results of the first cycle score have shown an increase in ability but have not been able to reach the Minimum Completeness Criteria (KKM). The next step is to take action in cycle II. The results of the acquisition of scores in the second cycle. The results of the acquisition score in the second cycle has increased, of the 2 subjects in 8 and 9 years old (M= 8.5) can reach the KKM that is 75%. Angga obtained a score of 76 , 67 %, "T" obtained a score of 86.67%. The conclusion of this study is that the floor time approach can be used to improve learning outcomes of side roll in adaptive physical education learning for cerebral palsy students.The contribution of this study is that the teacher or reader can adopt the learning design of cerebral palsy children with a floor time approach to adaptive physical education in this study.

Paper, 2021

It has been proven that physical activity is associated with the good quality of life for individuals, as well as with their harmonious and balanced development. It is, however, recognized that students with special educational needs are attending the Special Education and Training School Units (SMEAE) show especially low performance in physical activity in contrast with students of standard development attending general education schools. The methodology of the article is based on the in-depth review of the domestic and international bibliography, related to the particular issue and topic. The purpose of the particular article is to designate, on the one hand, the positive benefits and advantages of the enhanced physical activity on the motor development and improvement of these students and, on the other hand, to demonstrate the contribution of the Physical Education course to their acquisition of psychoemotional and psychosocial abilities and skills.