Physical Cosmology

Today, thanks in particular to the results of the ESA Planck mission, the concordance cosmological model appears to be the most robust to describe the evolution and content of the Universe from its early to late times. It summarizes the evolution of matter, made mainly of dark matter, from the primordial fluctuations generated by inflation around 10 -30 second after the Big-Bang to galaxies and clusters of galaxies, 13.8 billion years later, and the evolution of the expansion of space, with a relative slowdown in the matterdominated era and, since a few billion years, an acceleration powered by dark energy. But we are far from knowing the pillars of this model which are inflation, dark matter and dark energy. Comprehending these fundamental questions requires a detailed mapping of our observable Universe over the whole of cosmic time. The relic radiation provides the starting point and galaxies draw the cosmic web. JAXA's LiteBIRD mission will map the beginning of our Universe with a crucial test for inflation (its primordial gravity waves), and the ESA Euclid mission will map the most recent half part, crucial for dark energy. The mission concept, described in this White Paper, GAUSS, aims at being a mission to fully map the cosmic web up to the reionization era, linking early and late evolution, to tackle and disentangle the crucial degeneracies persisting after the Euclid era between dark matter and inflation properties, dark energy, structure growth and gravitation at large scale.

The Hubble constant Ho represents the speed of expansion of the universe and various cosmological observations and modeling methods were utilized by astronomers for a century to pin down its exact value. Determining Ho from cosmological observations is a long and tedious process requiring highly accurate datasets. To circumvent this need, a simple theoretical approach is introduced in this study which uses the concept of gravitational weakening and seismic-induced recession. As tremors occur among celestial objects, their gravitational fields would also change. This resulted in a fundamental relation of Ho and the computed rate of recession that gives a theoretical value for Ho=69.921 Km/s/Mpc. Using the newly discovered seismic-induced gravitational weakening and time dilation, it is possible that various astrophysical methods using different measurement methods would converge to this theoretical Ho value when cosmological distances and time delay measurements are corrected with the simple formulas we derived. The new model assumes that, as quakes occur in celestial objects, luminosityinduced acceleration and high-energy collision of protons and electrons may produce a massive number of neutrinos, quarks and other subatomic particles. Furthermore, the fine structure constant was found to be inversely proportional to Ho-squared and that the fine-structure constant obtained in this study gives a new physical interpretation of α. New relations for the speed of light, orbital velocity, gravitational force and the Hubble constant were further derived from the new recession constant using approximate relations for the Newtonian and electric force constant. This resulted in a modified gravitational law that is both repulsive and attractive and a theoretical explanation of the phenomenon of light-induced gravitation analogous to the electromagnetic force where photon is the force-carrier. Finally, the fundamental forces of gravitation, electromagnetism and strong nuclear force are now unified.

"Some intellectuals are of the opinion that matter is bottled-up energy," explains Dharma guru Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar. "No, matter is not bottled-up energy." "It is the known "I" in the Cosmic arena in different planes of inferences, and these planes of inferences have nothing to do with one another." "Regarding the strength or influence of energy and microvita(1), this much can be said-energy is stronger in the physical planes of inferences than in the physico-psycho-spiritual planes of the unit and collective propensities. And microvita are stronger in the physico-psycho-spiritual realm of the unit mind." "The "doing" entity in the physical level is microvita and the "done" portion is the world of physicality." "It is the duty of the intellectuals of the world to continue doing research work regarding the movements of energy and of microvita when passing through the "done" world of the cosmic and individual propensities." "I would like intellectuals in the future to do this research in their external physical laboratories and also in their internal psychospiritual laboratories." Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (1921-1990) was a spiritual guru in the tradition of Shiva and Krishna, and founded the international socio-spiritual organization Ananda Marga ("the Path of Bliss") and Renaissance Universal, a movement for an intellectual and spiritual renaissance.

“This world of visibility has come into being through positive projection,” explains Dharma Guru Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar. “So, the vast universe is in reality, nothing but a point. The Supreme Entity, in His imaginative flow, has attached the five fundamental factors to this tiny point to create the vast universe.” “Through the process of sádhaná, the concentrated unit mind becomes one with the Macrocosmic mind.” “So the seed of omniscience lies inherent in the human mind itself, but due to utter ignorance, the human mind has forgotten its inherent nature and capacity.” “Hence the human beings should learn the proper techniques of spiritual practice from the competent master even at the early stage of life. By consistent and continuous efforts, they are bound to reap the golden harvest; oneʼs life will be successful in all respects.” Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (1921-1990) was a spiritual teacher in the tradition of Shiva and Krishna, and the founder of Ananda Marga (“Path of Bliss”), an international socio-spiritual organization.

A version of holographic principle for the cosmology is proposed, which dictates that the particle entropy within the cosmological apparent horizon should not exceed the gravitational entropy associated with the apparent horizon. It is shown that, in the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmology, the open Universe as well as a restricted class of flat cases are compatible with the principle, whereas closed Universe is not. It is also found that inflationary universe after the big-bang is incompatible with the cosmic holography.

"Shivashaktyátmakaḿ Brahma"--The Cosmic Entity is the composite of Shiva (Consciousness) and Shakti (Operative Principle). Thus begins Ánanda Sútram, meaning "aphorisms leading to ánanda, divine bliss." The eighty-five sútras of this book serve, with breathtaking conciseness, as a framework for a new Cosmic ideology. In this book, the author has in a few vivid strokes presented humanity with original concepts of metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and macrohistory. He has also set out for the first time a socioeconomic approach conceived in the light of spiritual philosophy, blending subjective approach with objective adjustment, that offers the world a progressive social system based on economic justice. This is Chapter 1 of his 5-chapter book Ananda Sutram.  Shrii Shrii Anandamurti (1921-1990), or Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, was a spiritual guru and social philosopher who propounded PROUT (Progressive Utilization Theory) and founded the socio-spiritual movement Ananda Marga (“the Path of Bliss”).

According to our hypothesis, at the very beginning of the Big Bang, a hyperenergetic spherical wave was created. We described its characteristics in our previous work, and the present work is based on them. Logically, we saw that in cosmic inflation the frequency of such a wave would decrease sharply. Based on the temperature that prevailed immediately after inflation according to the hot Big Bang model, we determined a measure of the size of the inflation in this model, in accordance with our hypothesis.

The general theory of relativity is the most popular theory to describe the dynamics of a system (especially the Universe) under gravity. In this framework, the solution of the Einstein field equation under curved space-time yields the cosmic evolution equation. Besides the evolutionary dynamics of the Universe may also be obtained from the other aspects like thermodynamics, classical Lagrangian dynamics, symmetry analysis(Noether, Lie) etc. This paper presents a new approach to understanding the evolution of the Universe by quantizing the cosmic fluid under gravity. While the general theory of relativity is commonly used to describe the dynamics of the Universe, this paper explores some other aspects of cosmic evolution from the particle creation-annihilation mechanism of the cosmic fluid. The model suggests that the Universe and Anti-Universe can coexist, and that there may be a parallel system (CPT-invariant) of the Universe and Anti-Universe, all of which are created through the adiabatic particle creation-annihilation mechanism of a modified real scalar field acting as the cosmic fluid. This work provides a different approach to obtaining the cosmic evolution equation from the quantum field theory. Also the consequence of the quantization of the cosmic fluid addresses the non-singular origin of the Universe and its continuouscomplete evolution.

The main objective of a paper is to discuss the most important Concepts for any Cosmological model: Space, Time, and Gravitation; Cosmological principle (homogeneous and isotropic universe); Universality of physical laws; Law of the conservation of angular momentum; Expansion of universe; Content of the World; Formation of galaxies and large-scale structures; Speed of light in vacuum; Origin of cosmic microwave background radiation. The performed analysis shows that Big Bang Model (BBM) fails to account for these Concepts and should be obsolete. Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology [1]. WUM and BBM are principally different Models: 1) Instead of the Initial Singularity with the infinite energy density and the extremely rapid expansion of the space (Inflation) in BBM; in WUM, there was a Fluctuation (4D Nucleus of the World with an extrapolated radius equals to a basic unit of size) in the Eternal Universe with a finite extrapolated energy density (four orders of magnitude less than the nuclear density) and a finite expansion of the Nucleus in Its fourth spatial dimension with speed that is the gravitodynamic constant; 2) Instead of a practically Infinite Homogeneous and Isotropic Universe around the Initial Singularity in BBM; in WUM, the 3D Finite Boundless World (the Hypersphere of the 4D Nucleus) presents a Patchwork Quilt of different Luminous Superclusters (≳10^3), which emerged in different places of the World at different Cosmological times. The Medium of the World is Homogeneous and Isotropic. The distribution of Macroobjects in the World is spatially Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic and temporally Non-simultaneous. The Absolute Age of the entire World (determined by the parameters of the Medium) is 14.22 Gyr. The Medium of the World, Dark Matter, and Angular Momentum are the main Three Pillars of WUM.

Datele sunt fapte și cifre brute, iar informațiile sunt date semnificative care ar fi utile pentru o persoană sau companie. Business intelligence extrage informații din datele brute prin instrumente precum mineritul datelor, analiza perspectivală, procesarea analitică online etc. Cartea va oferi cititorilor informații cuprinzătoare despre inteligența și analitica în afaceri. Ea explorează toate aspectele importante ale business intelligence și analiticii în scenariul actual. Subiectele abordate în această carte extinsă tratează aspectele de bază ale business intelligence, propunându-și să servească drept ghid de resurse pentru studenți facilitând studiul disciplinei, experți și pentru practicanți.
Prefața translatorului: Rolul megadatelor în știința datelor
Capitolul 1- Strategia și planificarea încorporate în orice afacere este cunoscută sub numele de inteligența în afaceri (business intelligence). Poate include, de asemenea, produse, tehnologii și analiza și prezentarea informațiilor comerciale. Acest capitol va oferi o înțelegere integrată a business intelligence.
Capitolul 2 – Analitica este înțelegerea și comunicarea tiparelor semnificative de date. Analitica este aplicată în afaceri )și nu numai) pentru îmbunătățirea performanțelor. Unele dintre aspectele explicate în acest text sunt analitica software, analitica încorporată, analitica învățării și analitica rețelelor sociale.
Capitolul 3- Procesul de înțelegere a tiparelor găsite în seturi mari de date (megadate, big data) este cunoscut sub numele de mineritul datelor (data mining). Unele dintre aspectele mineritului de date care au fost elucidate în secțiunea următoare sunt învățarea regulilor de asociere, analiza clusterului, analiza regresiei, rezumarea automată și exemple de minerit a datelor.
Capitolul 4 – Depozitul de date este nucleul business intelligence. Este utilizat în principal pentru raportarea și analiza datelor, magazinul de date, managementul datelor de bază, dimensiunea, schimbarea lentă a dimensiunilor și schema stea. Acest text elucidează teoriile și principiile cruciale ale depozitării datelor.
Capitolul 5- Efortul depus pentru a culege informații legate de clienți sau piețe este cunoscut sub numele de cercetare de piață. Cercetarea de piață este o parte importantă a strategiei de afaceri. Segmentarea pieței, tendința pieței, analiza SWOT și cercetarea pieței sunt câteva dintre subiectele elucidate în acest capitol.
Capitolul 6 – Aspectele esențiale ale inteligenței în afaceri (business intelligence) sunt analiza contextului, managementul performanței afacerii, descoperirea proceselor de afaceri, sistemul informațional, inteligența organizației și mineritul proceselor. Metoda de a analiza mediul oricărei afaceri este cunoscută sub denumirea de analiză de context. Subiectele discutate în această secțiune sunt de mare importanță pentru a extinde cunoștințele existente despre inteligența în afaceri.
Capitolul 7 – Inteligența operațională are o serie de aspecte care au fost elucidate în acest capitol. Unele dintre aceste funcții sunt procesarea complexă a evenimentelor, gestionarea proceselor de afaceri, metadate și analiza cauzei principale. Componentele discutate în acest text sunt de mare importanță pentru a lărgi cunoștințele existente despre inteligența operațională.
Postfața translatorului: Etica în știința datelor

The early phase of cosmic evolution is still a great topic of interest to the cosmologist community. Especially the mechanism behind the origin of the Universe is yet to be resolved. Most people believe in the Big Bang models (singular origin of the Universe), but fewer of the cosmologists support in favor of the non-singular origin of the Universe in their works. These models are based on the standard general theory of relativity. In this work, we have aimed to investigate the nature of the early cosmic evolution from the canonical quantization of the cosmic fluid and importantly to find a probable answer of what the true origin of the Universe is.

The early cosmic inflation, when taken along with the recent observations that the universe is currently dominated by a low density vacuum energy, leads to at least two potential problems which modern cosmology must address. First, there is the old cosmological constant problem, with a new twist: the coincidence problem. Secondly, cosmology still lacks a model to predict the observed current cosmic acceleration and to determine whether or not there is a future exit out of this state (as previously in the inflationary case). This constitutes (what is called here) a dynamical problem. Here a framework is proposed to address these two problems, based on treating the cosmic background vacuum (dark) energy as both dynamical and interacting. The universe behaves as a vacuum-driven cosmic engine which, in search of equilibrium, always back-reacts to vacuum-induced accelerations by increasing its inertia (internal energy) through vacuum energy dissipation. The process couples cosmic vacuum ...

Revista "Cunoașterea Științifică" publică articole academice din domeniile științei și filosofiei. Toate articolele revistei sunt disponibile gratuit în acces deschis (open access) sub licență Creative Commons. Publicarea articolelor în revistă este gratuită. Obiectivul principal al revistei este de a contribui fundamental la înțelegerea conceptelor științifice și filosofice și a aplicațiilor practice ale acestor concepte. Sunt acceptate articole în limbile română, engleză și franceză. Cunoașterea oferă puteri nelimitate, este motorul care conduce viața umană, de aceea dobândirea cunoașterii este considerată cea mai importantă activitate umană. Acumularea cunoașterii implică procese cognitive complexe, precum percepția, învățarea, comunicarea, asocierea, și raționamentul. Dezvoltarea metodei științifice a contribuit în mod semnificativ la modul în care se dobândește cunoașterea lumii fizice și a fenomenelor sale. Pentru a fi numită științifică, o metodă de generare a cunoașterii trebuie să se bazeze pe colectarea probelor observabile și măsurabile supuse unor principii specifice de raționament și de experimentare. Cunoașterea științifică se bazează pe dovezi observabile și măsurabile, supuse unor principii specifice de raționament și experimentare, de obicei prin formularea și testarea ipotezelor. Noua paradigmă a revoluției științifice și tehnologice a făcut progrese rapide, iar lumea a intrat într-o nouă eră a inovației, cu schimbări profunde. Dezvoltarea științei este direct proporțională cu cantitatea de cunoștințe lăsată de generația anterioară. Prin urmare, în forma sa cea mai generală, știința procesează geometric. Cercetarea și dezvoltarea științifică creativă vor deveni principala activitate a umanității.

Abstract. In this work we consider some properties which have been generated by
well-known FRLW metric in the last hundred years. Geodesic equations in one space
dimension will be presented. After solving geodesic equations in one space dimension
and obtained expression for velocity of tuba cosmos, the theoretical results will be
compared with astronomical observation to estimate constant k which is parameter of
geometric tensor in FRLW metric.

Twenty-First Century Theoretical Physics has undergone a major "Paradigmatic-Shift" from the Old "Material-Causal" Paradigm underlying General Relativity Theory (GRT) and Quantum Mechanics (QM) to the New "G-D's Physics" ("Computational Unified Field Theory", CUFT) [1-47]. This "Paradigmatic-Shift" inevitably followed the appearance of a fundamental "Paradigmatic-Crisis" of the Old "Material-Causal" Paradigm signified by a basic "theoretical-inconsistency" between its (abovementioned) constituting Models (e.g., GRT & QM), as well as its principle inability to explain the accelerated rate of the universe's expansion, e.g., assumed to be "caused" by purely hypothetical "dark-matter" and "dark-energy" concepts, but could not be detected experimentally (despite over twenty years of intensive experimental efforts to do so)?! Instead, the New "G-D's Physics" (CUFT) has been shown capable of resolving this (apparent) "theoretical-inconsistency" between GRT & QM based on its discovery of a singular (higher-ordered) UCP which simultaneously computes the four basic physical features (e.g., of "space", "energy", "mass" and "time") of every exhaustive spatial pixel in the universe-in the incredible rate of "c2/h" = 1.36-50 sec'(!) thereby producing an extremely rapid series of UF's frames comprising the entire physical universe at every "minimal time-point"! According to Thomas Kuhn's[50], well-accepted analysis of the "Structure of Scientific Revolutions"[50], in order for Science to accept such a "Paradigmatic-Shift" (in any given scientific sub-discipline), it is necessary for a few specific conditions to be fulfilled: a) The appearance of such a "Paradigmatic-Crisis" (in that given discipline) signified by the existence of a "theoretical-inconsistency" between the "pillars" of the Old ("Material-Causal") Paradigm (e.g., GRT & QM, i.e., as mentioned above), as well as this Old "Material-Causal" Paradigm's principle inability to explain the accelerated expansion of the physical universe-e.g., assumed to "caused" by purely hypothetical "dark-matter" and "dark-energy" concepts, which are assumed to comprise up to 95% of all the matter in the universe but which could not be detected experimentally despite numerous attempts to do so (despite twenty years of intensive experimentation)?! b) The ability of the New ("G-D's Physics") Scientific paradigm to resolve this apparent "theoretical inconsistency" between the Old "Material-Causal" Paradigm's GRT & QM, as well as offer an alternative (satisfactory) theoretical explanation for the accelerated expansion of the universe: Based on "G-D's Physics" New Scientific Paradigm's discovery of the singular

We present a simple cosmological model in which a single, non-minimally coupled scalar field with a quartic potential is responsible for both inflation at early times and acceleration at late times. Little or no fine tuning is needed to explain why the present density of dark energy is comparable to that of pressureless matter. Dark energy is identified with the potential of the scalar field, which is sourced by the trace of the energy-momentum tensor. This becomes significant when matter has decoupled from radiation and become fully non-relativistic, so that φ ∝ ρ 1/3 m ∝ ρ 1/3 m,0 (a0/a) ∼ (10 −120) 1/3 (10 10) ∼ 10 −30 and V ∼ φ 4 ∼ 10 −120 in Planck units, as observed.

Soon after he proposed three classic observational tests for the general theory of relativity, Einstein realised that a consistent description of the universe as a whole provided another important challenge for the theory. In this essay, we recall how general relativity found important application in the nascent field of cosmology, from the static models of Einstein and de Sitter to the expanding cosmologies of Friedmann and Lemaȋtre. By the early 1930s, the first tentative astronomical evidence of cosmic expansion had trigged a paradigm shift to dynamic cosmologies, almost all of which were couched firmly within the framework of general relativity. However, further progress was impeded for some years by a paucity of observational data. In the 1950s, the debate between steady-state and big bang models of the universe provided a new stimulus for the quest to determine key parameters of relativistic models of the cosmos by astronomical observation, setting the stage for today's precision cosmology.

Euclid is a European Space Agency medium-class mission selected for launch in 2019 within the Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 program. The main goal of Euclid is to understand the origin of the accelerated expansion of the universe. Euclid will explore the expansion history of the universe and the evolution of cosmic structures by measuring shapes and red-shifts of galaxies as well as the distribution of clusters of galaxies over a large fraction of the sky. Although the main driver for Euclid is the nature of dark energy, Euclid science covers a vast range of topics, from cosmology to galaxy evolution to planetary research. In this review we focus on cosmology and fundamental physics, with a strong emphasis on science beyond the current standard models. We discuss five broad topics: dark energy and modified gravity, dark matter, initial conditions, basic assumptions and questions of methodology in the data analysis. This review has been planned and carried out within Euclid's Theory Working Group and is meant to provide a guide to the scientific themes that will underlie the activity of the group during the preparation of the Euclid mission.

Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) provide a "standard ruler" of known physical length, making it one of the most promising probes of the nature of dark energy. The detection of BAO as an excess of power in the galaxy distribution at a certain scale requires measuring galaxy positions and redshifts. "Transversal" (or "angular") BAO measure the angular size of this scale projected in the sky and provide information about the angular distance. "Line-of-sight" (or "radial") BAO require very precise redshifts, but provide a direct measurement of the Hubble parameter at different redshifts, a more sensitive probe of dark energy. The main goal of this paper is to show that it is possible to obtain photometric redshifts with enough precision (σ z) to measure BAO along the line of sight. There is a fundamental limitation as to how much one can improve the BAO

In a historical perspective, compact solutions of Einstein's equations, including the cosmological constant and the curvature terms, are obtained, starting from two recent observational estimates of the Hubble's parameter (H 0) and the "age" of the universe (t 0). Cosmological implications for ΛCDM (Λ Cold Dark Matter), KOFL (k Open Friedman-Lemaitre), plus two mixed solutions are investigated, under the constraints imposed by the relatively narrow current uncertainties. Quantitative results obtained for the KOFL case seem to be compatible with matter density and the highest observed red-shifts from distant galaxies, while those obtained for the ΛCDM may be more difficult to reconcile.

Gravity is classically described as a macroscopic attractive force between massive objects. An alternative theory, presented in this document, shows that gravity can instead be generated by a large number of quantum repulsive interactions which take place in the so called empty space. It was inspired by a quantum reconstruction approach, implying a minimal number of initial assumptions and concepts. It is proposed that space is not empty and contains a large amount of sub-atomic particles. They do not generate light and can therefore be called dark matter. Three alternative descriptions are made of the possible nature of such sub-particles. In all variants, they are massive and it is explained why in local environments such massive quantum medium can locally be considered as a superfluid. In such environments where friction is absent, virialized galaxies and planets can keep turning even in such a massive medium. An enormous amount of energy is also present in space, which is difficult to detect and can be called dark energy. Large amounts of radiation circulate in space, which can be described as a chain of elastic transmission of momentum between dark matter particles. The interaction of such radiation with massive baryonic matter can be considered as repulsive and can be considered as the origin of the origin of gravity. It is shown how many such repulsive quantum interactions appear macroscopically as an attractive force of gravity. The acceleration of the expansion of the universe can then easily be explained as a slow reduction of the strength of gravity at quantum level. Dark matter could be made of extremely small neutral particles, which could be called gravitons. It could also be made of pairs of matter and antimatter sub-particles, which regularly annihilate each other and are created anew. Some exotic complex sub-atomic structures could also be present in space, containing both matter and antimatter components. This could be explain why so little antimatter can be detected

We investigate the cosmic evolutions in the extended Starobinsky model (eSM) obtained by adding one RabRab term to the Starobinsky model. We discuss the possibility of various cosmic evolutions with a special focus on the radiation-dominated era (RDE). Using simple assumptions, a second-order non-linear differential equation describing the various cosmic evolutions in the eSM is introduced. By solving this non-linear equation numerically, we show that the various cosmic evolutions, such as the standard cosmic evolution (a ∝ t 1/2) and a unique oscillating cosmic evolution, are feasible due to the effects of higher-order terms introduced beyond Einstein's gravity. Furthermore, we consider big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), which is the most important observational result in the RDE, to constrain the free parameters of the eSM. The primordial abundances of the light elements, such as 4He, D, 3He, 7Li, and 6Li by the cosmic evolutions are compared with the most recent observational da...

One of the main goals of modern cosmology remains to summon up a self consistent policy, able to explain, in the framework of the Einstein's theory, the cosmic speed up and the presence of Dark Matter in the Universe. Accordingly to the Holographic principle, which postulates the existence of a minimal size of a physical region, we argue, in this paper, that if this size exists for the Universe and it is accrued from the independent geometrical second order invariants, it would be possible to ensure a surprising source for Dark Matter and a viable candidate for explaining the late acceleration of the Universe. Along the work, we develop low redshift tests, such as Supernovae Ia and kinematical analysis complied by the use of Cosmography and we compare the outcomes with higher redshift tests, such as CMB peak and anisotropy of the cosmic power spectrum. All the results indicate that the models presented here can be interpreted as unified models that are capable to describe both the dark matter and the dark energy.

We study dark energy cosmological models, extensions of the standard model of particles, characterised by having an extra relativistic energy density at very early times, and that rapidly dilute after a phase transition occurs. These models generate well localized features (or bumps) in the matter power spectrum for modes crossing the horizon around and before the phase transition epoch. This is because the presence of the additional energy component enhances the growth of matter fluctuations during the radiation dominated epoch. Instead of considering a particular model, we focus on a parametric family of Gaussian bumps in the matter power spectrum, which otherwise would be a ΛCDM one. We study the evolution of such bump cosmologies and their effects in the halo mass function and halo power spectrum using N-body simulations, the halo-model based HM method, and the peak background split framework. The bumps are subject to different nonlinear effects that become physically well understood, and from them we are able to predict that the most distinctive features will show up for intermediate halo masses 10 12.3 ℎ -1 𝑀 < 𝑀 < 10 13.6 ℎ -1 𝑀 . Out of this range, we expect halos are not significantly affected regardless of the location of the primordial bump in the matter power spectrum. Our analytical results are accurate and in very satisfactory agreement with the simulated data.

We discuss scientific realism from the perspective of modern cosmology, especially primordial cosmology: i.e. the cosmological investigation of the very early universe. We first (Section 2) state our allegiance to scientific realism, and discuss what insights about it cosmology might yield, as against "just" supplying scientific claims that philosophers can then evaluate. In particular, we discuss: the idea of laws of cosmology, and limitations on ascertaining the global structure of spacetime. Then we review some of what is now known about the early universe (Section 3): meaning, roughly, from a thousandth of a second after the Big Bang onwards(!). The rest of the paper takes up two issues about primordial cosmology, i.e. the very early universe, where "very early" means, roughly, much earlier (logarithmically) than one second after the Big Bang: say, less than 10 −11 seconds. Both issues illustrate that familiar philosophical threat to scientific realism, the under-determination of theory by data-on a cosmic scale. The first issue (Section 4) concerns the difficulty of observationally probing the very early universe. More specifically, the difficulty is to ascertain details of the putative inflationary epoch. The second issue (Section 5) concerns difficulties about confirming a cosmological theory that postulates a multiverse, i.e. a set of domains (universes) each of whose inhabitants (if any) cannot directly observe, or otherwise causally interact with, other domains. This again concerns inflation, since many inflationary models postulate a multiverse.

The methods of dynamical systems have found wide applications in cosmology, with focus either upon inflation or upon the passage into dark energy era. In this paper, we endeavor to capture the whole history of the universe into a dynamical system by considering generic scalar tensor gravity with radiation and dust matter fluids in flat Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker spacetime. We construct the dynamical variables in such a way that the main stages of the cosmic evolution, viz. inflation, radiation domination, matter domination, and dark energy domination can be represented by the respective fixed points in the phase space. As the evolution of solutions is ruled by the sequence of these fixed points with appropriate properties, we can determine the conditions that the scalar potential and nonminimal coupling must satisfy for the model to deliver viable cosmic history in a generic manner. We illustrate the construction by a scalar field with quartic potential, with and without quadratic nonminimal coupling to curvature.

We present the first study of the isotropy of the all-sky distribution of morphological types of galaxies in the Local Universe out to around 200 Mpc using more than 60 000 galaxies from the HyperLeda database. We use a hemispherical comparison method where the sky is divided into two opposite hemispheres and the abundance distribution of the morphological types, T , are compared using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test. By pointing the axis of symmetry of the hemisphere pairs to different directions in the sky, the KS statistic as a function of sky coordinates is obtained. For three samples of galaxies within around 100, 150, and 200 Mpc, we find a significant hemispherical asymmetry with a vanishingly small chance of occurring in an isotropic distribution. Astonishingly, regardless of this extreme significance, the observed hemispherical asymmetry for the three distance ranges is aligned with the celestial equator at the 97.1−99.8% confidence level and with the ecliptic at 94.6−97.6%, estimated using a Monte Carlo analysis. Shifting T values randomly within their uncertainties has a negligible effect on this result. When a magnitude limit of B ≤ 15 mag is applied to these samples, the galaxies within 100 Mpc show no significant anisotropy after randomization of T. However, the direction of the asymmetry in the samples within 150 and 200 Mpc and the same magnitude limit is found to be within an angular separation of 32 degrees from (l, b) = (123.7, 24.6) with a 97.2% and 99.9% confidence level, respectively. This direction is only 2.6 degrees away from the celestial north pole. Unless the Local Universe has a significant anisotropic distribution of galaxy morphologies aligned with the orientation or the orbit of the Earth (which would be a challenge for the Cosmological Principle), our results show that there seems to be a systematic bias in the classification of galaxy morphological types between the data from the northern and the southern equatorial sky. Further studies are absolutely needed to find the exact source of this anisotropy.

Теперь я живу здесь, на другом острове, непохожем на остров, но кому решать? Моя душа полна ими, мой мозг плодит острова. Но этот архипелаг окаменел. Я стар. И мне скучно пить настоящий чай, но меня окружает интересный хлам. Нож на полке-он попахивает бессмысленностью, как распятие. Он жил. Как долго я просил его, молил его не ломаться? Я знаю на память каждую щербинку и царапину, голубоватое лезвие, обломанный кончик, волокна древесины на рукоятке… Теперь он совсем на меня не глядит. Душа живая сошла на нет. Мои глаза отдыхают на нем и движутся дале. Местный музей просил меня все оставить имфлейту, нож, сморщенную обувь, водоотталкивающие козьи штаны (моль побила мех), зонтик, я мастерил его долго вспоминая, как должно располагаться спицам. Я еще над ним работаю, но, сложенный, он напоминает ощипанного цыпленка. Кому нужны такие вещи? … И Пятница. Мой дорогой Пятница, умерший от кори, в марте будет семнадцать лет. Новый вулкан извергнулся, пишут в газетах, и на прошлой неделе я читал, что с корабля видели рождение нового островасначала выброс пара, в десяти милях, потом черная крапинка, базальт, вероятно, вырос в бинокле моряка и повис на горизонте, как муха. Они назвали его. Но мой бедный, старый остров еще не переоткрыт, не переназван. Ни в какой книге его верно не называют. Что ж, у меня были пятьдесят два ничтожных вулканчика, на которые я мог взобраться, шагнув, вулканы мертвы, как груды пепла. Я сидел на краю самого высокого и подсчитывал их, привставая, нагих и серых, со сдутыми вершинами. Я думаю, что если бы они были размером с настоящие вулканы, то я бы стал великаном, а если бы я стал великаном я бы не вынес мысль о размере козлов и черепах или чаек, или набегающих волнсверкающем гексогене волн, подбегающих все ближе и ближе, но никогда не приближаясь, сверкая и сверкая, хотя небо в основном хмурилось. Мой остров был вроде свалки облаков. Все, что остались прибывали из полушарий и висели над кратерами-их иссушенных, горячих горловин нельзя было коснуться. Ну почему так дождило? И почему иногда весь остров шипел? Мимо громыхали черепахи, высоко-сводчатые, шипя как чайники. (Я бы отдал годы, или прибавил несколько, за любой чайник, конечно). Стада лавы, бегущие к морю, могут шипеть. Я отворачивался. И они оказывались еще больше черепахами. Берега становились лавой, пестрой, черной, красной и белой, и серой, крапчатые цвета выглядели прекрасно. И были у меня водяные смерчи, О полдюжины враз, вдали, они приходили и уходили, приближаясь и удаляясь, с головами в облаках, стопы на подвижных клочках изношенного белого. Стеклянные дымоходы, гибкие, изнуренные, сакральная суть стекла… Я наблюдал, как вода поднималась в них по спирали, словно дым. Прекрасные, да, но мало для компании. КОЛЫБЕЛЬНАЯ ДЛЯ КОШКИ Мурка, спи, скорей усни, Глазки закрывай. Вкруг тебя События Обещают рай. Брови, Мурочка, не хмурь Ты у нас не плакса. Нет, котят не утопить В Государстве Маркса. Будет Мир с Любовью твой, Мурка, не мрачней. Дни счастливые придут Спи, придут скорей… Пора посеять слезыутверждает календарь. Поет бабуля, обратясь к Чудесной Печке, ребенок рисует новый неисповедимый дом. Подкрепление Преддверие к опыту, это не стезя Возвышения к эпическому величию. Люди идут На работу со своими идеями, продвигаясь, как школа рыб, скользя По заводи-ожидая изменения курса или чтоб отрицать днесь Идею движения, пока не принуждены к тому. Греков слова Звенят в наших ушах, вотще, но они несравнимы со взглядом, как этот здесь. Путь намерений недвижим, так что всякому дано Видеть его, моральные механизмы не помечены, и все ж Будущее времени силой воли определено.

We investigate the most general exact solutions of Brans-Dicke cosmology by choosing the scale factor "a" as the new independent variable. It is shown that a set of three field equations can be reduced to a constraint equation and a first order linear differential equation. Thus this new set of equations is solvable when one supplies one of the following pairs of functions: (φ(a), ρ(a)), (φ(a), V (a)) or (φ(a), H(a)). A universe with a single component energy-matter density is studied. It is seen that when there is no constant energy density, the Hubble function still contains a constant term which causes exponential expansion. This constant is expressed in terms of the initial values of the universe. An early universe and the present universe with dark energy are studied. In addition late time accelerated expansion is also explained with cosmic domain walls. If we take Brans-Dicke parameter ω > 4 × 10 4 formulas of the Hubble function reduce to solutions of ΛCDM cosmology. Therefore comparison of our results with recent observations of type Ia supernovae indicates that eighty-nine percent of present universe may consist of domain walls while rest is matter.

In this paper, we consider the Universe at the late stage of its evolution and deep inside the cell of uniformity. At these scales, we consider the Universe to be filled with dustlike matter in the form of discretely distributed galaxies, a minimally coupled scalar field and radiation as matter sources. We investigate such a Universe in the mechanical approach. This means that the peculiar velocities of the inhomogeneities (in the form of galaxies) as well as fluctuations of other perfect fluids are non-relativistic. Such fluids are designated as coupled because they are concentrated around inhomogeneities. In the present paper we investigate the conditions under which a scalar field can become coupled, and show that, at the background level, such coupled scalar field behaves as a two component perfect fluid: a network of frustrated cosmic strings with EoS parameter w = −1/3 and a cosmological constant. The potential of this scalar field is very flat at the present time. Hence, the coupled scalar field can provide the late cosmic acceleration. The fluctuations of the energy density and pressure of this field are concentrated around the galaxies screening their gravitational potentials. Therefore, such scalar fields can be regarded as coupled to the inhomogeneities.

In this paper, we consider the Universe at the late stage of its evolution and deep inside the cell of uniformity. At these scales, we consider the Universe to be filled with dust-like matter in the form of discretely distributed galaxies, a minimal scalar field, the cosmological constant and radiation as matter sources. We investigate such a Universe in the mechanical approach. This means that the peculiar velocities of the inhomogeneities (in the form of galaxies) as well as fluctuations of other perfect fluids are non-relativistic. Under such conditions, we investigate the theory of scalar perturbations. We show that, at the background level, the considered scalar field has a constant equation of state (EoS) parameter $w=-1/3$. The fluctuations of the energy density and pressure of this field are defined by the interaction between scalar field background and the gravitational potential of the system. These fluctuations are concentrated around the galaxies screening their gravitat...

The cosmic microwave background radiation is routinely cited as evidence for a hot big bang. Its homogeneity satisfies the cosmological principle. However, in prototypical big bang models, all matter originates from a primeval fireball that also emits the light that is redshifted into these microwaves. Since light escapes from its source faster than matter can move, it would need to return for it to still be visible to material observers, but the universe is considered 'flat' and non-reflective. This prevents us from observing the redshifted glow of the primeval fireball. Like its observability, its homogeneity would also be transient. This is concealed by considering the light to expand with the 'Hubble flow' while disregarding that it escapes at c. This blunder reflects the practice of treating model universes in general relativity as filled with a homogeneous fluid. For radiation, this becomes inappropriate when it is no longer scattered. What we actually observe remains unexplained. Moreover, the calculation of line-of-sight distances allows an expanding view into a large pre-existing universe. For other aspects, the universe is assumed to have been smaller before. This creates contradictions such as between the observed source of the cosmic microwaves and their much smaller and closer assumed emitting source. The criticism expressed here goes against the 'hard core' of an established research program. Those cores are treated as inviolable, which blocks fundamental progress. Such blockage can persist for generations even if the theory that is offered as the best we have is actually irrational.

We discuss scientific realism from the perspective of modern cosmology, especially primordial cosmology: i.e. the cosmological investigation of the very early universe. We first (Section 2) state our allegiance to scientific realism, and discuss what insights about it cosmology might yield, as against "just" supplying scientific claims that philosophers can then evaluate. In particular, we discuss: the idea of laws of cosmology, and limitations on ascertaining the global structure of spacetime. Then we review some of what is now known about the early universe (Section 3): meaning, roughly, from a thousandth of a second after the Big Bang onwards(!). The rest of the paper takes up two issues about primordial cosmology, i.e. the very early universe, where "very early" means, roughly, much earlier (logarithmically) than one second after the Big Bang: say, less than 10 −11 seconds. Both issues illustrate that familiar philosophical threat to scientific realism, the under-determination of theory by data-on a cosmic scale. The first issue (Section 4) concerns the difficulty of observationally probing the very early universe. More specifically, the difficulty is to ascertain details of the putative inflationary epoch. The second issue (Section 5) concerns difficulties about confirming a cosmological theory that postulates a multiverse, i.e. a set of domains (universes) each of whose inhabitants (if any) cannot directly observe, or otherwise causally interact with, other domains. This again concerns inflation, since many inflationary models postulate a multiverse.

Dynamical system techniques are extremely useful to study cosmology. It turns out that in most of the cases, we deal with finite isolated fixed points corresponding to a given cosmological epoch. However, it is equally important to analyse the asymptotic behaviour of the universe. On this paper, we show how this can be carried out for 3-forms model. In fact, we show that there are fixed points at infinity mainly by introducing appropriate compactifications and defining a new time variable that washes away any potential divergence of the system. The richness of 3-form models allows us as well to identify normally hyperbolic non-isolated fixed points. We apply this analysis to three physically interesting situations: (i) a pre-inflationary era; (ii) an inflationary era; (iii) the late-time dark matter/dark energy epoch.

The necessary and sufficient condition for a conservative perfect fluid energy tensor to be the energetic evolution of a classical ideal gas is obtained. This condition forces the square of the speed of sound to have the form c 2 s = γp ρ+p in terms of the hydrodynamic quantities, energy density ρ and pressure p, γ being the (constant) adiabatic index. The inverse problem for this case is also solved, that is, the determination of all the fluids whose evolutions are represented by a conservative energy tensor endowed with the above expression of c 2 s , and it shows that these fluids are, and only are, those fulfilling a Poisson law. The relativistic compressibility conditions for the classical ideal gases and the Poisson gases are analyzed in depth and the values for the adiabatic index γ for which the compressibility conditions hold in physically relevant ranges of the hydrodynamic quantities ρ, p are obtained. Some scenarios that model isothermal or isentropic evolutions of a classical ideal gas are revisited, and preliminary results are presented in applying our hydrodynamic approach to looking for perfect fluid solutions that model the evolution of a classical ideal gas or of a Poisson gas.

We present new improved constraints on the Hubble parameter H(z) in the redshift range 0.15 &lt; z &lt; 1.1, obtained from the differential spectroscopic evolution of early-type galaxies as a function of redshift. We extract a large sample of early-type galaxies ( ∼ 11000) from several spectroscopic surveys, spanning almost 8 billion years of cosmic lookback time (0.15 &lt; z &lt; 1.42). We select the most massive, red elliptical galaxies, passively evolving and without signature of ongoing star formation. Those galaxies can be used as standard cosmic chronometers, as firstly proposed by Jimenez & Loeb (2002), whose differential age evolution as a function of cosmic time directly probes H(z). We analyze the 4000 Å break (D4000) as a function of redshift, use stellar population synthesis models to theoretically calibrate the dependence of the differential age evolution on the differential D4000, and estimate the Hubble parameter taking into account both statistical and systematical e...

We present some historical and philosophical reflections on the paper "On the Relation Between the Expansion and the Mean Density of the Universe", published by Albert Einstein and Willem de Sitter in 1932. In this famous work, Einstein and de Sitter considered a relativistic model of the expanding universe with both the cosmological constant and the curvature of space set to zero. Although the Einstein-deSitter model went on to serve as a standard model in 'big bang' cosmology for many years, we note that the authors do not explicitly consider the evolution of the cosmos in the paper. Indeed, the mathematics of the article are quite puzzling to modern eyes. We consider claims that the paper was neither original nor important; we find that, by providing the first specific analysis of the case of a dynamic cosmology without a cosmological constant or spatial curvature, the authors delivered a unique, simple model with a straightforward relation between cosmic expansion and the mean density of matter that set an important benchmark for both theorists and observers. We consider some philosophical aspects of the model and provide a brief review of its use as a standard 'big bang' model over much of the 20 th century.

We present some historical and philosophical reflections on the paper "On the Relation Between the Expansion and the Mean Density of the Universe", published by Albert Einstein and Willem de Sitter in 1932. In this famous work, Einstein and de Sitter considered a relativistic model of the expanding universe with both the cosmological constant and the curvature of space set to zero. Although the Einstein-deSitter model went on to serve as a standard model in 'big bang' cosmology for many years, we note that the authors do not explicitly consider the evolution of the cosmos in the paper. Indeed, the mathematics of the article are quite puzzling to modern eyes. We consider claims that the paper was neither original nor important; we find that, by providing the first specific analysis of the case of a dynamic cosmology without a cosmological constant or spatial curvature, the authors delivered a unique, simple model with a straightforward relation between cosmic expansion and the mean density of matter that set an important benchmark for both theorists and observers. We consider some philosophical aspects of the model and provide a brief review of its use as a standard 'big bang' model over much of the 20 th century.

Application of Feminist Studies (Study of Sachiko Muratas Opus, The Tao of Islam, A Sourcebook on Gender Relationship in Islamic Thought). Allah creates human being in two genders that is man and woman, Allah has explained each rights and responsibilities in the holy book of Quran. Yet, other thoughts from several groups are emerged and said that the regulation of rights and responsibilities between men is not balanced, and put the woman as the lowest creature. Sachiko Murata has a different thought of man and woman position that argue the position of man and woman is not balance. He poured his thought on his book entitled The Tao of Islam. This book explains about his thought of gender relations in Islamic theology and cosmology.

Application of Feminist Studies (Study of Sachiko Muratas Opus, The Tao of Islam, A Sourcebook on Gender Relationship in Islamic Thought). Allah creates human being in two genders that is man and woman, Allah has explained each rights and responsibilities in the holy book of Quran. Yet, other thoughts from several groups are emerged and said that the regulation of rights and responsibilities between men is not balanced, and put the woman as the lowest creature. Sachiko Murata has a different thought of man and woman position that argue the position of man and woman is not balance. He poured his thought on his book entitled The Tao of Islam. This book explains about his thought of gender relations in Islamic theology and cosmology.

The emergent scenario of cosmic evolution is a topic of great interest in recent cosmology, especially because it describes a non-singular origin of the Universe, unlike the Big Bang models. This cosmic evolution pattern has already been established through the non-equilibrium thermodynamic prescription. But those models are phenomenological and require physical interpretation from the quantum field theory perspective. This work is an effort to search for a quantum field theoretical reason to justify the emergent nature of the Universe and the nature of cosmic evolution at the early phase of cosmic expansion.

General theory of relativity is the most popular theory to describe the dynamics of a system (especially the Universe) under gravity. In this framework, the solution of Einstein field equation under curved space-time yields the cosmic evolution equation. However the evolutionary dynamics of the Universe may also be obtained from the other aspects like thermodynamics, classical Lagrangian dynamics, symmetry analysis(Noether, Lie) etc. This work provides an different approach to obtain the cosmic evolution equation from the quantization of the cosmic fluid under gravity.

Complete scenario of cosmic evolution from emergent phase to late time acceleration (i.e. non-singular ever expanding Universe) is a popular preference in the recent cosmology. Yet one can't exclude the idea that other type of evolution pattern of the Universe may also be possible. Especially, the bouncing scenario is becoming a matter of interest now a days. The present work is an exhibition of such a different pattern of cosmic evolution where the evolution of Universe has been shown as a cyclic thermodynamic process. Under diffusion mechanism (non-equilibrium thermodynamic process), the cosmic evolution has been modelled as [ emergent accelerated expansion decelerated expansion decelerated contraction accelerated contraction emergent] .

A family of parabolic Szekeres-Szafron class II solutions in local thermal equilibrium is studied and their associated thermodynamics are obtained. The subfamily with the hydrodynamic behavior of a generic ideal gas (defined by the equation of state p = knΘ) results to be an inhomogeneous generalization of flat FLRW γ-law models. Three significative interpretations that follow on from the choice of three specific thermodynamic schemes are analyzed in depth. First, the generic ideal gas in local thermal equilibrium; this interpretation leads to an inhomogeneous temperature Θ. Second, the thermodynamics with homogeneous temperature considered by Lima and Tiomno (CQG 6 1989). And third, a new model having exactly the homogeneous temperature of the FLRW limit. It is shown that the three models above fulfill the necessary macroscopic requirements for physical reality (positivity of matter density and temperature, energy conditions and compressibility conditions) in wide domains of the spacetime.