Philosophy of Science

This study traces the notion of the internal senses in three ancient authors, namely Nemesius, Plotinus and Galen. It begins with Nemesius, and then by going backward ends with Galen. The textual evidence investigated in this study shows clearly that Galen, after acknowledging the Platonic tripartite soul, locates the various dunameis of the soul in the brain. The “localization” theory of Galen plays a crucial role in paving the way for the foundation of the internal senses, which both Plotinus and Nemesius adapted. Just as with the external senses one can locate various sense-organs in different parts of the body, viz., touch, smell, sight etc., so too with the internal senses, thanks to Galen, one is able to locate them in various organs of the body. Thus philosophers are able to explain the role of all these different (internal) senses in their account of sense-perception.

In recent years, significant progress has been made in risk management. Moreover, along with risk management, new concepts have been introduced: risk management, risk economics, risk engineering, risk administration and risk production; a new, basic, general and professional criterion for dividing risks (into economic, engineering, administrative and production) has been established; the interpretation of the elements of risk content has been clarified: certainty and uncertainty, in particular, their minimum and maximum values.
However, most scientists consider the idea of the existence of such two forms of them — complete certainty and complete uncertainty — to be erroneous. Eliminating illusory management practices is necessary to increase the effectiveness of organizational decisions. In conditions of complete certainty, managers may mistakenly believe that all processes are predictable, which leads to excessive bureaucratization. In conditions of complete uncertainty, the illusion of control contributes to making impulsive decisions without relying on analytics and scenarios of events. The elimination of such illusions allows to form adaptive strategies and respond more effectively to changes in the external environment. Therefore, this section has proven the absence of complete certainty and complete uncertainty both outside and inside the risk. For the first time, the widespread idea of the existence of complete certainty and complete uncertainty has been refuted.
The results obtained will deepen our understanding of the essence and content of risk, risk management and risk governance in general, and will increase the efficiency of managing enterprises and organizations in the face of risks by eliminating unnecessary activity in the face of non-existent so-called “complete certainty” and “complete uncertainty”. Such results will allow to concentrate attention and resources on the real subject of risk management — only on risk.

UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam () Facing epistemic uncertainty: characteristics, possibilities, and limitations of a discursive contextualist approach to philosophy of education van Goor, R.L.C. Publication date 2012 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): van Goor, R. L. C. (2012). Facing epistemic uncertainty: characteristics, possibilities, and limitations of a discursive contextualist approach to philosophy of education. Vossiuspers UvA. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website.

this article provides a response to David Hume’s argument against the plausibility of miracles as found in Section 10 of his An enquiry concerning human understanding by means of Charles Sanders Peirce’s method of retroduction, hypothetic inference, and abduction, as it is explicated and applied in his article entitled A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God, rather than fo‐ cusing primarily on Peirce’s explicit reaction to Hume in regard to miracles, as found in Hume on miracles. the main focus will be on Peirce’s neglected argument rather than his explicit confrontation with Hume on the issue of miracles, because his criticisms of Hume demands a methodological approach appropriate for scientifically analysing surprising phenomena or outliers, of which miracles or the reality of god would be but two examples amongst many. this article, then, consists of an attempt to construct this method as one that draws inferences neither a priori nor a posteriori, but per posterius, because...

Причина наблюдаемого в мире опасного хаоса - в кризисе рационалистического мировоззрения в форме классического рационализма, на котором встала и расцвела европейская цивилизация Нового Времени. Этот кризис до сих пор не разрешен. Предлагается путь его разрешения на базе философии автора.

Santiago Ramón y Cajal, the primary architect of the neuron doctrine and the law of dynamic polarization, is considered to be the founder of modern neuroscience. At the same time, many philosophers, historians, and neuroscientists agree that modern neuroscience embodies a mechanistic perspective on the explanation of the nervous system. In this paper, I review the extant mechanistic interpretation of Cajal's contribution to modern neuroscience. Then, I argue that the extant mechanistic interpretation fails to capture the explanatory import of Cajal's law of dynamic polarization. My claim is that the definitive formulation of Cajal's law of dynamic polarization, despite its mechanistic inaccuracies, embodies a non-mechanistic pattern of reasoning (i.e., design explanation) that is an integral component of modern neuroscience.

Back to basics: What is the Nature of Nature, Religion, Arts, Morals, Ethics, and Sciences?
Is Nature to be seen as Matter-Life-Mind-Soul-Spirit in Qualitative Degrees of Being and Knowing, from surface appearances to Universal Divine Love, not as modernity’s Cartesian body-mind bifurcation, which tends to radically reduce Nature to res extensae, measurable entities?
Is Religion to be seen as participation in Divine Qualities, like Beauty, Goodness, Truth, Joy, Love, from exterior observances to Heart-Centred Living in Universal Divine Love, not as our one-right-way exclusive communities, claiming privileged means of access to divinity?
Are Arts and Sciences to be seen as various qualitative and quantitative methods of knowing, using mixes of skills in memory, sentiments, will, imagination, and reason, in everybody, not as restricted communities, prioritising our privileged means of accessing special truths?
Are Morals and Ethics to be seen as being true within oneself with each other, not as prescribed codes of conduct for individuals and communities?
We ask these questions because we are seeing today determined economic elites focused on accumulating ever more power and material wealth for themselves without deep care for the dignity of life in all human beings and in the web of creatures in nature.
Given these toxic habits to be seen in many individuals, communities, organisations, and nations, current norms and hopeful aspirations for each person living well with every other person across all generations of human beings within secure social foundations within our societies, at local, regional, national, and international scales, and for nature living well within the limited carrying capacities of our planet’s atmosphere, natural waters, and healthy lands in various polar, temperate, and tropical ecological habitats are in deep existential crises.
Given these dire living conditions in the USA, Australia, and other nations, we must join with each other to reinvigorate dignity for every human being and restore dignity for every living creature within the full variety of the natural rhythms in Nature (Pneuma/Nous-psyche-soma [Greek], Spiritus/Intellectus-anima-corpus [Latin], Rūḥ/‘Aql-nafs-jism [Arabic], Tribhuvana — the three worlds, Heaven, sky, and earth; or Heaven, earth, and the lower regions [Sanskrit], Heart-soul-body [English]).

The relation between language and theory of mind remains in need of clarification, both at the level of language evolution, language acquisition and the very content of theory of mind. This raises the question of the very nature of theory of mind. Is it a monolithic, more or less modular mental faculty; or is it a combination of different mechanisms, some of which may be rather low-level? How much theory is there in theory of mind and how much is needed to evolve a language? Very much the same questions apply to language acquisition. This workshop will attempt to analyse the coevolution of these two uniquely human capacities, their co-dependence and interaction.

We consider the class of physical theories whose dynamics are given by natural equations, which are partial differential equations determined by a functor from the category of n manifolds, for some n, to the category of fiber bundles, satisfying certain further conditions. We show how the theory of natural equations clarifies several important foundational issues, including the status and meaning of minimal coupling, symmetries of theories, and background structure. We also state and prove a fundamental result about the initial value problem for natural equations.

I consider the sense in which teleparallel gravity and symmetric teleparallel gravity may be understood as gauge theories of gravity. I first argue that both theories have surplus structure. I then consider the relationship between Yang-Mills theory and Poincaré Gauge Theory and argue that though these use similar formalisms, there are subtle disanalogies in their interpretation.

Рассматриваются онтологические основания проблемно-ориентированных исследований. Констатируется, что проблемно-ориентированный процесс научного познания сопровождается двумя взаимообусловленными процессами: "субъективизацией объекта" и "объективизацией субъекта". Данные процессы идут виртуально. Сфера виртуальности выступает в качестве основного онтологического фона осуществления проблемно-ориентированных исследований. Подобное позволяет сохранить за наукой возможность считаться системой объективного знания. В то же время общество сохраняет существенные рычаги воздействия на развитие науки

В этом эссе Уильям Клиффорд исследует природу реальности и сознания через понятия объекта, эджекта (eject) и разумо-вещи (mind-stuff). Он выдвигает идею, что вся материя, включая физический мир, состоит из элементарных единиц опыта — того, что он называет «материей разума» или разумо-веществом. Сознание, по Клиффорду, возникает не из особых субстанций, а из сложной организации этих базовых элементов. С этой точки зрения материя не отделена от сознания, а является его отражением, подразумевая, что Вселенная по своей сути соткана из разумо-вещества.

Como el Mago de Oz, Jesús de Nazaret no tiene ningún hogar real. Pero mientras que se puede demostrar que el Mago no ha existido solo en un único no-lugarla Ciudad de Esmeralda-, se puede demostrar que Jesús no existió en un número considerable de no-lugares. Mientras que uno podrıá ser capaz de ignorer por insigniCicante para los estudios del Jesús histórico la demostración de que una sola localidad del Evangelio es Cicticia, la demostración de que no menos de una docena de localidades son mıticas no puede ignorarse y tiene implicaciones enormemente importantes. De ahora en adelante, el supuestamente histórico Jesús debe concerbirse como Jesús de No-Nazaret, Jesús de No-Cafarnaúm, Jesús de No-Getsemanı, y especialmente, Jesús de No-Calvario. El Jesús histórico tendrá que ser recristianado-supongo que el juego de palabras ha sido intencionado-. De ahor en Adelante, deberıá mencionarse como « Jesús de No». Las hipótesis restantes de que Jesús podrıá haber andado por Sri-Lanka o por el Tıbet no las consideraremos.

[1] Ilmu bukti (science) dapat mengacu pada dua hal, yaitu sebagai pengetahuan yang akurat (most likely to be correct) tentang dunia sejauh bukti-bukti yang ada dan sebagai proses dalam memperoleh pengetahuan yang akurat tentang dunia sejauh bukti-bukti yang ada; [2] Ilmu bukti memiliki tiga aspek: output, tujuan, dan proses. Output dari ilmu bukti adalah pengetahuan yang akurat (most likely to be correct) tentang dunia sejauh bukti-bukti yang ada. Tujuan dari ilmu bukti adalah memperoleh pengetahuan yang akurat tentang dunia sejauh bukti-bukti yang ada. Proses ilmu bukti adalah langkah-langkah yang terarah dalam menemukan pengetahuan yang akurat tentang dunia sejauh bukti-bukti yang ada; [3] Output ilmu bukti sebagai proses dapat dirincikan menjadi tiga hal, yaitu deskripsi tentang apa yang terjadi, penjelasan terkait mengapa sesuatu dapat terjadi, dan uraian mengenai bagaimana sesuatu dapat terjadi (baik yang terjadi di masa lalu, saat ini, maupun masa depan); Tujuan ilmu bukti dapat dijabarkan menjadi tiga, yaitu mendeskripsikan tentang apa yang terjadi, menjelaskan terkait mengapa sesuatu dapat terjadi, dan menguraikan mengenai bagaimana sesuatu dapat terjadi (baik yang terjadi di masa lalu, saat ini, maupun di masa depan); [4] Sebagai proses, ilmu bukti adalah langkah-langkah dalam menentukan suatu kesimpulan tentang dunia (berupa deskripsi tentang apa yang terjadi dan penjelasan mengenai mengapa serta bagaimana sesuatu dapat terjadi) di mana kesimpulan tersebut harus mengacu pada bukti-bukti empiris dan logika; [5] Bukti empiris adalah bukti yang dapat diperiksa, dialami, diindera, dan diukur. Bukti empiris dapat diperoleh melalui observasi/pengataman, pengalaman, dan pengujian/eksperimen. Dalam ilmu bukti, bukti empiris ini akan menjadi dasar untuk menentukan suatu kesimpulan; [6] Kata kunci dari output ilmu bukti ada tiga, yaitu apa, mengapa, dan bagaimana. Kata kunci dari tujuan ilmu bukti ada tiga, yaitu mendeskripsikan apa, menjelaskan mengapa, dan menguraikan bagaimana. Kata kunci dari proses ilmu bukti ada dua yaitu berdasarkan bukti empiris dan sesuai dengan logika; [7] Dalam proses ilmu bukti, bukti empiris dan penyimpulan logis (penyimpulan yang sesuai dengan logika) harus terpenuhi. Jika tidak, maka kesimpulan yang telah ditentukan (berupa deskripsi tentang apa yang terjadi dan penjelasan terkait mengapa serta bagaimana sesuatu dapat terjadi) dapat tidak akurat; [8] Alasan mengapa kita harus bernalar secara saintifik (berdasarkan ilmu bukti) salah satunya karena penalaran saintifik dapat mengantarkan kita pada pengetahuan yang akurat (most likely to be correct) tentang alam semesta ini sejauh bukti-bukti yang ada. [9] "Filsafat (philosophy) adalah studi khusus yang bertujuan/berupaya untuk menjawab keraguan-keraguan (doubts) terhadap suatu pengetahuan (knowledge), yang mana keraguan-keraguan ini muncul sebagai akibat dari adanya masalah-masalah (problems) tertentu, di mana masalah-masalah ini belum termasuk dalam lingkup area penyelidikan ilmu bukti khusus (special sciences). Dengan demikian, pengidentifikasian masalah (yang menyebabkan munculnya keraguan) dan keraguan (yang disebabkan oleh adanya suatu masalah) berkenaan dengan suatu pengetahuan merupakan langkah pertama dalam menentukan definisi dari filsafat sekaligus langkah pertama dalam studi kefilsafatan."; [10] Ilmu bukti (science) mengeneralisasi fakta² dari pengamatan (observation), pengalaman (experience), dan pengujian (experiment) ke dalam hukum, teori, atau pengetahuan saintifik yang dapat diuji kembali. Filsafat memeriksa validitas argumen dan menyelidiki keakuratan, asumsi dasar, lingkup, dan batasan dari ilmu bukti; [11] Ilmu bukti (science) tumbuh dari gagasan-gagasan yang berasal dari pemahaman umum (common sense); seperti benda dan sifat-sifatnya, ruang, waktu, dan sebab-akibat. Namun, seiring berkembangnya ilmu bukti, sebagian pemahaman umum terbukti tidak akurat dalam mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan bagaimana dunia ini bekerja. Makanya fundamentalnya perlu di-rekonstruksi. Nah, ini tugas filsafat.

It is shown that Schrödinger’s equation may be derived from three postulates. The first is a kind of statistical metamorphosis of classical mechanics, a set of two relations which are obtained from the canonical equations of particle mechanics by replacing all observables by statistical averages. The second is a local conservation law of probability. The third is energy conservation in the mean. The fact that Schrödinger’s equation may be derived from these premises, which are all purely statistical in character, is interpreted as an argument in favour of the statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics.

Vyprávěním ab ovo, od Velkého třesku, vstupujeme do fascinujícího světa lidského mozku. Tento dobrodružný příběh podložený vědou i se svou apokalyptickou částí ústrojně zapadl do dnešní doby, Zeitgeistu, jako velmi žádaný, jako potrava a doslova živá voda pro vyprahlé duše/mozky. Není tedy až tak s podivem, že v české verzi je již rozebrán 3. dotisk knihy a i v anglosaském světě se jedná o ojedinělý bestseller českého autora, o který se zajímá prestižní nakladatelství Penguin Books. Autora si není třeba na stránkách Přítomnosti představovat, je jím její vydavatel a známý česko-americký neurolog a pedagog z Univerzity v Yale MUDr. Martin Jan Stránský (*1956). Kniha představuje v úhrnu výsledek několika desítek let vědeckých výzkumů v oblasti mozku a v oblasti vlivu moderních technologií na něj. Pokud byl autor známý již předtím jako plamenný a neohrožený obhájce reálného světa v opozici proti tomu digitálnímu ve svých živých projevech a přednáškách za Atlantikem i u nás, zde máme poprvé možnost seznámit se s jeho cennými postřehy a myšlenkami v tištěné podobě v pohodlí našeho čtenářského zážitku. Není to však pouze odborná kniha z oblasti neurologie mozku. V neposlední řadě dílo vzniklo jako služba lidem a současnosti, jako důrazné varování, jako poslední výzva, která umožňuje běžnému člověku se lépe orientovat v komplexní přítomnosti. Kniha vznikla jako anglický originál a český čtenář má k dispozici překlad. Ovšem vzhledem ke zjištěným chybám v textu a k některým překladatelsky nedotaženým větám, které nejsou výjimkou, doporučuji anglický originál.

Vzestup a pád lidské mysli má v zásadě dvě základní roviny. Ta první vychází z premis vědeckého prostředí scientismu, experimentů, racionality a přesvědčivé lidské empirie. V té druhé se opouští striktně vědecké prostředí a o slovo se přihlásí prorocká a apokalyptická vize lidské budoucnosti, která má blíže spíše k lyričnosti, pocitovosti. Běžný čtenář téměř jistě nebude rozporovat Stránského odbornost v neurologii; uvedené poznatky o mozku v jeho evolučním vývoji a ve většině jeho běžných projevech jsou nejen fascinující, ale i podané s nadhledem a vtipem spolu s neodmyslitelnými příklady z praxe, které fungují jako pravá exempla a kromě své doslovné kvality mají i nespornou kvalitu satirickou a aforistickou.

This paper argues that functionalism, a dominant theory in philosophy of mind, fails to adequately explain the emergence of conscious experience within the Everettian (Many-Worlds) interpretation of quantum mechanics. While the universal wavefunction contains many possible ways of decomposition, functionalism cannot account for why consciousness appears only in decohered, classical-like branches and not in other parts of the wavefunction that are equally real. This limitation holds even if those other parts do not instantiate complex functional structure. We argue that consciousness, as it is observed in many worlds, defies the predictions and explanatory resources of functionalism. Therefore, functionalism must be supplemented or replaced in order to account for the observed phenomenology.

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This essay argues that among all possible models of causality, only recursive causality can provide a structurally complete explanation for the existence of reality itself. Linear causality-despite its predictive power-inevitably collapses into either brute facts or infinite regress when extended to ontological questions. By contrast, recursive causality offers a selfstabilizing architecture: a system in which dependent parts collectively generate a nondependent whole. Through formal analysis, conceptual clarification, and the dismantling of alternative causal models (including probabilistic, top-down, and process-based theories), this work demonstrates that recursion is not merely a theoretical option, but the only viable candidate for grounding existence without appeal to external foundations. To explain being, one must model closure-not motion. This essay establishes the logical and philosophical groundwork for that claim.

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are a "diverse set of tools and resources used to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information. These technologies include computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies (radio and television), and telephony. This research gives insight on increasing interest in how computers and the internet can improve education at all levels, in both formal and non-formal settings. Older ICT technologies, such as radio and television, have for over forty years been used for open and distance learning, although print remains the cheapest, most accessible and therefore most dominant delivery mechanism in both developed and developing countries.. In addition to classroom application and growth of e-learning opportunities for knowledge attainment, educators involved in student affairs programming have recognized the increasing importance of computer usage with data generation for and about students. It is also on motivation...

I numeri transreali. (Tiago S. dos Reis e Walter Gomide) L'impossibilità di divisione per zero, nei numeri reali, è ben nota. Una delle difficoltà nel definire tale divisione è che sia le interpretazioni storiche che quelle attualmente popolari dell'operazione di divisione non sono valide quando il divisore è zero.

Current research on choice overload has been mainly conducted with choice options not associated with specific brands. This study investigates whether the presence of brand names in the choice set affects the occurrence of choice overload. Across four studies, we find that when choosing among an overabundance of alternatives, participants express more positive feelings (i.e., higher satisfaction/confidence, lower regret and difficulty) when all the options of the choice set are associated with familiar brands, rather than unfamiliar brands or no brand at all. We also find that choice overload only appears in the absence of brand names, but disappears when all options contain brand names-either familiar or unfamiliar. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Économie industrielle, savoirs scientifiques, technologie et ère Anthropocène L'économie industrielle a pris forme entre la fin du XVIIIe siècle et le XIXe siècled'abord en Europe occidentale puis en Amérique du Nord. Outre les productions techniques, elle aura conduit à des productions technologiques -mobilisant des sciences pour produire des biens industriels -: comme Marx l'aura montré en 1857, le capitalisme fait du savoir et de sa valorisation économique son élément premier. La physique de Newton et la métaphysique qui l'accompagne sont à l'origine du cadre épistémique (au sens de Michel Foucault) et épistémologique (au sens de Gaston Bachelard) de cette grande transformation -qui est la condition de ce que Karl Polanyi appellera lui-même « la grande transformation » 1 . Dans cette transformation, l'otium (le temps de loisirs productifs) se soumet au negotium (les affaires du monde). Pendant ce temps, les mathématiques sont appliquées à travers des machines à calculer toujours plus puissantes et performatives -appelées computers après la deuxième guerre mondiale. Après des précurseurs tels que Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen 2 , lui-même inspiré par Alfred Lotka, nous soutiendrons dans le présent ouvrage que l'économie politique, dans ce qui est appelé l'ère Anthropocène (thématisée en 2000 par Paul Krutzen, et dont les caractéristiques ont été décrites par Vladimir Vernadsky dès 1926 3 ) est un défi qui nécessite un réexamen fondamental de ces cadres épistémiques et épistémologiques.

In the last century, jointly with the advent of computers, mathematical theories of information were developed. Shortly thereafter, during the ascent of molecular biology, the concept of information was rapidly transferred into biology at large. Several philosophers and biologists have argued against adopting this concept based on epistemological and ontological arguments, and also, because it encouraged genetic determinism. While the theories of elaboration and transmission of information are valid mathematical theories, their own logic and implicit causal structure make them inimical to biology, and because of it, their applications have and are hindering the development of a sound theory of organisms. Our analysis concentrates on the development of information theories in mathematics and on the differences between these theories regarding the relationship among complexity, information and entropy.

The dominant position in Philosophy of Science contends that downward causation is an illusion. Instead, we argue that downward causation doesn't introduce vicious circles either in physics or in biology. We also question the metaphysical claim that "physical facts fix all the facts." Downward causation does not imply any contradiction if we reject the assumption of the completeness and the causal closure of the physical world that this assertion contains. We provide an argument for rejecting this assumption. Furthermore, this allows us to reconsider the concept of diachronic emergence.

However, the role of doubt and critique in how science is pursued and handled has received comparatively less attention. This article examines the role of doubt in processes of scientific reasoning and research. Drawing upon a series of observations made during university courses where faculty members experimented with integrating research in teaching, I have noted that while both students and faculty expressed excitement and inspiration, the students also exhibited reactions that appeared to convey uncertainty and doubt. Considering these moments of doubt, this article explores the role of doubt and its relation to critique in processes of scientific inquiry and research. My starting point is what French philosopher Albert Ogien has called 'the positivity of doubt' in his characterization of American pragmatism (Ogien, 2014, p.424). The idea is that for American pragmatic thinkers, doubt was seen a key aspect of a scientific process -doubt plays a positive role.

This essay examines selected sentiments against Metaphysics by tracing different criticisms against metaphysics, and subsequently presents rebuttals against each antimetaphysics argument. Auguste Compte(1798-1857AD) is herein viewed as among the first philosophers to systematically critique metaphysics with an extrapolation towards positive epistemology or empirical Science. The essay further observes that systematic critique of metaphysics by Comte led to a vehement affirmation of Science by a group of thinkers known as Positivists and logical positivist. They constricted epistemology by classifying knowledge into analytic and synthetic. Any proposition outside the dichotomy of Analytics and Synthetic such as metaphysics is consequently labeled by them as 'meaningless' chatter. The essay also presents en passant the internal strife of a section of Metaphysicians who oppose traditional metaphysics by appealing to a more empirical metaphysics. The peak of antimetaphysics is d...

What is the frequency of an electron? ULRICH ZURCHER, Physics Department, Cleveland State University -Particle-wave duality is a central tenet of quantum physics, and an electron has wave-like properties. Introductory texts discuss the wavelength-momentum relationship λ = h/p, but do not discuss the frequency-energy relationship. This is curious since a wave is periodic both in space and time. The discussion in more advanced texts is not satisfactory either since two different expressions for the frequency are given based on the relativistic and non-relativistic expression for the electron energy. The relativistic expression yields the correct frequency, and we explain why the expression based on the Schrödinger equation gives the incorrect expression. We argue that the electron frequency should be discussed at the introductory level.

Modern bilimin farkli alanlarda gelisimi 18.yy’dan sonra gerceklesmistir. 18.yy’a kadar fizik ve astronomide surekli kesifler yapilmistir. Bu donemlerde yapilmis olan en buyuk kesif 17.yy’da yapilan Newton fizik kanunlaridir. Skolâstik felsefenin hâkimiyeti doneminde bile doga bilimleri dinsel bilgiye dayanarak sosyal alana uyarlanmis ve sosyal bilimler uzerinde de etkisini gostermistir. On sekizinci yuzyilda iktisat bilimi acik bir bicimde fizikten etkilenmistir. Newtonun aciga cikardigi fizik kanunlari Johannes Kepler, Nicolaus, Copernicus ve Galileo Galilei cizgisinde gelisen dunya merkezli kâinat anlayisiyla uyum icinde gelismistir. Bilimsel bilgide ilerleme fizik alaniyla sinirli kalmamis, butun bilimler fizigin yeni bilimsel kesfinden etkilenmis, bilimsel yontem ve sistem bakimindan, klasik fizigi model almislardir. Iktisat bilimi bilimsel yontem ve sistem olarak fizikten etkilenerek ilk liberal doktrini olan Fizyokrasiyi gelistirmistir. Fizyokrasi; tarimi one plana cikararak ...

Представлена критика прототеории Д. Катца. Опираясь на принципы семантического платонизма, он предлагает новое понимание отношений между смыслом и референцией. Однако такая позиция сталкивается с тремя сильными возражениями: против некаузальных способов доступа к абстрактным платоническим сущностям (Бенацерраф–Филд–Чейн), против интуиции как способности априорного знания грамматических фактов (Хорвич–Чейн–Оливер) и против медиального статуса конечных интенсионалов в вопросах фиксации референции языковых выражений (Крипке–Богосян–Куш). Без убедительных ответов на эти возражения прототеория Катца не может считаться достойным конкурентом для натуралистических теорий языка.The article presents criticism of Katz’s proto-theory. Based on the principles of semantic Platonism, he offers a new understanding of the relationship between sense and reference. However, his account faces three strong objections: against non-causal ways of accessing abstract Platonic entities (Benacerraf–Field–Chey...

Muitos teistas argumentam que a ocorrencia de milagres e prova cabal da existencia de Deus. Partindo de algumas ideias de Wittgenstein, pretendo mostrar que essa postura teista e equivocada, dado que a essencia do fato milagroso seria o deslumbramento e posterior mudanca de vida que ele pode ocasionar no observador e nao um fenomeno inexplicavel, sendo mais compreensivel ao postularmos a existencia de um autor divino para ele. O milagre nao prova a existencia de Deus, mas proporciona uma possibilidade para que o observador aceite uma cosmovisao religiosa. Por outro lado, dizer que um fato nao e milagroso, pois explicacoes cientificas ou filosoficas desmistificam-no, tambem e equivocado. Tentarei mostrar que a aura divina de um evento nao precisa necessariamente desaparecer apos encontrarmos uma explicacao para ele. Por fim, mostrarei que esta compreensao wittgensteiniana dos milagres pode ser considerada compativel com a tradicao crista, contrariando uma primeira impressao que ela n...

La Historia no es un empeño de eruditos. El estudio del pasado sólo tiene sentido si buscamos en él respuestas a los problemas que nos plantea el presente. En el ámbito de la Historia de las Ciencias, y en particular en la Economía Política, esta afirmación alcanza una singular relevancia: la profunda crisis por la que atraviesa nuestra disciplina no es sólo una cuestión formal; se trata también -y fundamentalmente-de la imposibilidad manifiesta de afrontar explicaciones adecuadas a problemáticas que emergen, cada vez con más fuerza, hacia la superficie de la realidad que nos circunda. El carácter del actual empleo de los recursos, las complicaciones y desequilibrios que plantea el Crecimiento Económico, la clave de los mecanismos de la fuente y distribución de la riqueza, los efectos "externos" de la producción, etc., son, sin duda alguna, cuestiones que esperan un diagnóstico urgente y, ante las cuales, el cuerpo teórico de lo que ha dado en llamarse Economía Convencional, se muestra en gran parte impotente. En palabras de la Sra. Robinson, parece claro que nos hallamos ante "la evidente bancarrota de la Teoría Económica la cual, por segunda vez no sabe qué decir sobre los problemas que, en opinión de todo el mundo, a excepción de los economistas, parecen exigir urgente respuesta". 1 En efecto, parece como si los instrumentos conceptuales de que se dispone hubieran llegado al límite de su fertilidad, como si la "Caja de Herramientas" del economista -expresión robinsoniana que tanto gustaba a Schumpeter-agotado ya

Even today, there is no precise definition of free will-only mere hypotheses and intuitions. This is why this paper will approach the question of free will from a negative perspective, depicting a scenario in which free will seemingly exists. Subsequently, it will attempt to refute this scenario (as a necessary condition for free will). The absence of free will might seem absolute if scientific determinism holds true. Therefore, the goal of the study is to present a logical argument (paradox) that demonstrates the impossibility of an omniscient (P) predictor (scientific determinism), highlighting its inherent self-contradiction. This paradox reveals that the prediction (P = C) by a (P) physical agent of itself is objectively impossible. In other words, even a fully deterministic agent in a deterministic universe cannot predict its own future state, not even in a Platonic sense.

This very rare fancy book in esoteric lore is an exploration of supernatural phenomena, spectral illusions, and the psychological underpinnings of mystical experiences. Dendy, a medical professional and honorary librarian of the Medical Society of London, approaches the study of ghosts, prophecies, and paranormal visions through a blend of scientific inquiry, historical analysis, and literary examination. His work is divided into thematic sections that address the nature and motives of ghosts, prophetic spectres, and the illusions of the mind, while also exploring cultural interpretations of the supernatural from classical antiquity to the 19th century.
Dendy critically evaluates ghostly visions, demonic possession, and spectral illusions, considering how psychological conditions, environmental factors, and cultural beliefs shape these experiences. He delves into ancient and modern narratives of second sight, prophetic dreams, and demonic encounters, offering case studies that reflect the era’s fascination with the occult. The text also engages with philosophical debates on the soul, sleep, and dream states, aligning supernatural experiences with mental and neurological phenomena. The Philosophy of Mystery stands as a significant contribution to 19th-century psychical research, bridging the gap between rational skepticism and the romantic mysticism of its time.
Some of The Contents below (see book for full list - I ran out of room -
1. The Challenge

• Scenery on the Wye.—A Ghost Seer.—Tintern Abbey.—Faith and Skepticism in the Reality of Phantoms.

2. Nature and Motives of Ghosts

• Notions of the Ancients regarding the Nature of Ghosts.—Confidence of the Ancients in their Appearance.—Modern Incidents in Illustration of real Appearances.—Qualities of Ghosts.—Motives of Apparitions.—Ancient and modern Stories.

3. Prophecy of Spectres

• Ancient spectral Prophecy.—Modern Stories in Illustration of prophetic Spectres.—Philosophy and Poesy of Shakespeare.—Holy Influence of Spectral Visitations.—Stories of apparently special Influence of the Deity.

4. Illusion of Spectres

• Reasons for early Faith in Phantoms.—Modern Errors regarding classic Superstitions.—Shallowness and Fallacy of modern Incidents.—Explanation of Ghost Stories by Coincidence.—Incidents in proof of Coincidence.—Proneness of intellectual Minds to credulity and Exaggeration.—Innocent Invention of an Incident at Bowood.

5. Fantasy from Mental Association

• Influence of interesting Localities.—Definition of a Phantom.—An intense Idea.—Demonomania.—Stings of Conscience.—Curious Effect of peculiar Study or intense Thought.—Darkness and Obscurity.—Romance of Reality.—A mysterious Incident.

6. Fantasy from Cerebral Excitement

• Second Sight.—National Propensity to the Sight.—Romance and Poetry of the Mountains.—Morbid Predisposition to Second Sight.—Unearthly Visions on the eve of Dissolution.—Glimpses of Reason in dying Maniacs.

7. Fantasy from Cerebral Congestion

• Phantoms of intellectual Minds.—Illusion of Opium.—Illustrations of Narcotic Influence.

8. Poetic Fantasy, or Phrensy

• Inspiration of Poesy and Painting.—Shakespeare.—Fuseli.—Blake.—Philosophy and Madness.—Illusion of Tasso.—Truth of Poesy.—Splendid Illusions at the onset of Mania.—Melancholy Constitution and Decay of Poetic Minds.—Letter of a Chromomaniac.—Sensibility.—Unhappy Consequences of cherishing Romance.—Fragment of John Keats.

9. Fantasy from Sympathy with the Brain

• Philosophy of Moral Causes.—Effect of Thought and of the Function of the Stomach in producing physical Changes in the Brain.—Stories in Proof of this Influence.—Illusions from Derangements of Vision.—Curious Cases of ocular Spectra from peculiar Conditions of the Eye.

10. Mysterious Forms and Signs

• Stories of Supernatural Appearances.

11. Analysis and Classification of Spectral Illusion

• Credulity.—Arrangement of Causes of Spectral Illusion.—Illustration of Atmospheric Illusions.—Natural Phenomena.—Fata Morgana.—Schattentmann of the Brocken.—Romance of unlettered Minds.

12. Illusions of Art

• Monkish Impostures.—Optical Toys.—Spontaneous Combustion.

13. Illustration of Mysterious Sounds

• Elemental Causes.—Impositions at Woodstock.—Tedworth.—Cock Lane.—Subterranean Sounds.—Currents of Air.—Memon.—Phonic Instruments.—Vocal Curiosity in young Richmond.

14. Fairy Mythology

• Origin of Faëry.—Legends of the Mythology of various Climes.—Could Lad of Hilton.

15. Demonology

• Classic and Indian Mythology.—Imbodying of a Demon.—Stories Illustrative of the Superstitions of Ireland and Cornwall.—Legend of the Changeling.—Poetry of Nature.—Predamite Beings.

16. Nature of Soul and Mind

• Psychology of the Greeks and of the Moderns.—Essence of Phrenology.—Lord Brougham.—Priestley.—Paley.—Johnson.—Modes of Sepulture.—Paradise.—Atheism.—Deity.—Hindoo Mythology.—Senile Intellect.

17. Nature of Sleep

• Unconsciousness of Sleep.—Necessity of Slumber.—Malady of Collins.—Somnolency of the Brute and of Savages.—Periods of Sleep.—Sleeplessness and its Antidotes.

18. Sublimity and Imperfection of Dreaming

• Unconsciousness of the Dream.—Arguments on this Question.—Episode of a dreaming Life.

19. Prophecy of Dreams

• Ancient Prophetic Dreams.—Stories of modern Prophecies in Dreaming.
Tags
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In the information-theoretic cosmology based on the evolution of dimensionality, 2-D structures arise before 3-D and maintain their essentially 2-D forms. This is confirmed by the presence of spiral galaxies in the early universe. Motivated by this fact, we consider the black ring, the 2-D analog of the hollow black hole. These and other geometries may be associated with signatures that can be observed.

Think before you think! [Stanislaw Lec] 1 "Judges Become Leery of Expert Witnesses," ran a headline in the Wall Street Journal a couple of years ago; they are "Skeptical of Unproven Science"-the "Testimony of Dilettantes" (Schmitt 1997). Intrigued, I began to struggle through thickets of details of exploding tires, allegedly poisonous perfumes, leaking and bursting breast implants, contaminated insulating oil, etc., etc., and through legal developments from Frye through the Federal Rules of Evidence to Daubert, until eventually I found myself at the U.S. Supreme Court with Mr. Joiner, eavesdropping as the justices -for all the world like a conclave of medieval logicians -disagreed among themselves about whether there is a Categorical Distinction between methodology and conclusions. Now that, I thought, certainly sounds like the kind of question to which