Philosophy of Physics

ΔE ∝ k ⋅ (Δf)² ⋅ m Where: • ΔE = energy used (in Joules) • k = stiffness of the material (N/m) • Δf = change in frequency (Hz) • m = mass of the object (kg) This law connects mechanics, sound waves, and energy into a simple way to calculate work done on an object.

The 1-D geometric model studies the structure of paradox found in states containing only self-reference for their property. The mechanism of absolute closure is the logical "not" function. Two correlated fundamental reference frames and the boundary that applies are identified. In the first framework, the discrete identification of the state's internal structure is prohibited from enumeration within its boundary. In the second, two segments share property for the same infinity but are excluded from common membership across the boundary that divides them. The geometric model is applied to analyze the role of the "not" function in linguistics, mathematics, physics, and the generic structure of emergence. Logical formalisms necessarily discount paradoxes as anomalies open to more advanced understanding, worked around by restrictions to logic or ignored as nonsensical. The 1-D geometric model takes an opposing analysis perspective, considering paradox a fundamental mechanism. The geometric proof examines two paradoxical constructions of the right triangle within the unit circle. Although the two formats are paradoxical, with the second having no rational basis, the cosine squared calculations agree. The study concludes that two paradoxical frameworks cohabit within a universal state, and the paradox mechanism is validated as the basis of the relationship between them.

We consider the class of physical theories whose dynamics are given by natural equations, which are partial differential equations determined by a functor from the category of n manifolds, for some n, to the category of fiber bundles, satisfying certain further conditions. We show how the theory of natural equations clarifies several important foundational issues, including the status and meaning of minimal coupling, symmetries of theories, and background structure. We also state and prove a fundamental result about the initial value problem for natural equations.

I consider the sense in which teleparallel gravity and symmetric teleparallel gravity may be understood as gauge theories of gravity. I first argue that both theories have surplus structure. I then consider the relationship between Yang-Mills theory and Poincaré Gauge Theory and argue that though these use similar formalisms, there are subtle disanalogies in their interpretation.

I revisit Roberto Torretti's "Spacetime Models for the World" [SHPMP 31 (2):171-186 (2000)] in the light of more recent work in (philosophy of) cosmology. I discuss the motivations for FLRW spacetimes as a natural starting point for inquiry, and I suggest contemporary cosmologists can avoid the rationalism that Torretti attributes to Einstein's early work in relativistic cosmology. I then discuss the senses in which FLRW models are idealized, and I show how those idealizations (and partial de-idealizations) have contributed to our understanding of the universe.

It is shown that Schrödinger’s equation may be derived from three postulates. The first is a kind of statistical metamorphosis of classical mechanics, a set of two relations which are obtained from the canonical equations of particle mechanics by replacing all observables by statistical averages. The second is a local conservation law of probability. The third is energy conservation in the mean. The fact that Schrödinger’s equation may be derived from these premises, which are all purely statistical in character, is interpreted as an argument in favour of the statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics.

This paper argues that functionalism, a dominant theory in philosophy of mind, fails to adequately explain the emergence of conscious experience within the Everettian (Many-Worlds) interpretation of quantum mechanics. While the universal wavefunction contains many possible ways of decomposition, functionalism cannot account for why consciousness appears only in decohered, classical-like branches and not in other parts of the wavefunction that are equally real. This limitation holds even if those other parts do not instantiate complex functional structure. We argue that consciousness, as it is observed in many worlds, defies the predictions and explanatory resources of functionalism. Therefore, functionalism must be supplemented or replaced in order to account for the observed phenomenology.

W wydanej w roku 1955 socrealistycznej niefantastycznej trylogii "Czas nieutracony" ‎ i w ‎wydanej w tym samym roku socrealistycznej powieści fantastycznonaukowej "Obłok ‎Magellana" ‎ Lem zajmuje się matematyką. Jednakże tylko w przypadku "Czasu nieutraconego" ‎odważył się on na podanie konkretnej formuły matematycznej.‎

Este artigo pretende discutir criticamente as implicações exegéticas e filosóficas da adoção de uma posição conceitualista com relação à filosofia de Kant, no que diz respeito, mais especificamente, ao que seria o papel dos conceitos nas intuições. Ao afirmar que "a mesma função, que confere unidade às diversas representações num juízo, dá também unidade à mera síntese de representações diversas numa intuição" (KrV, A79/B104-5),

This paper reframes infinity-not as an unreachable magnitude, but as an illusion born when new structures emerge and old frameworks misread them. These partial infinities are what we call emergence singularities: moments when reality pivots toward more efficient configurations, but those pivots appear infinite if evaluated through outgrown descriptive systems. From the Big Bang to black holes to quantum measurement, the universe doesn't break-it optimises. Infinity might not be a fact. It may just be a flag that we're using the wrong frame. I. THE BIG BANG MAY NOT BE WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE Science traditionally describes the Big Bang as a point of "infinite density" and "zero volume"-a conceptual breakdown. But what if that's not a math failure, but a category error? Before spacetime, there was no coherent "here and now." There might have been directional hints-"over there," "upward"-and relational structure, but no unified geometry, no shared metric, no causality embedded in space. Trying to describe that era using spacetime's framework produces the illusion of an infinity. Unlike LQC's quantum bounce or holography's surface fix, I frame infinity as the new regime's misreading of the old. Even in inflationary cosmology [2], the Big Bang isn't treated as a literal singularity. Loop Quantum Cosmology [1] replaces it with a bounce. Holography [4] treats volume information as surface-encoded. These approaches suggest that "infinity" might be a misread pivot between incompatible regimes. The Big Bang, then, wasn't a collapse. It was a handover-a phase shift to a new descriptive regime: spacetime. This wasn't random; it followed a deeper principle: least action. The universe pivoted to a lower-energy, more efficient encoding.

The paper discusses the possible implications of the relational framework of Pure Shape Dynamics for the metaphysics of time. The starting point of the analysis is an interpretation of shapes in ontic structural realist terms, which gives rise to the notion of self-subsisting structure. The relational version of a Newtonian-particle toy model is introduced and discussed as a concrete example.

Error is the assent of the intellect to a false proposition. In error, which is a mental act, that which is false is judged to be true, or that which is true is judged to be false. 1 "Error is a false judgment. Error is an assent to what is not so, or a dissent from what is so; we say yes when we should say no -or vice versa." 2 "L'errore si può definire: «assenso dell'intelletto ad una proposizione falsa». Non cioè semplice difformità tra conoscenza e cosa, ma affermazione di identità dove questa non c'è; si ha errore quando io affermo che la cosa è in un modo (Tizio è onesto) ed essa è in un altro modo. Anche l'errore dunque è propriamente nel giudizio…L'errore, però, a differenza della verità, importa essenzialmente che non se ne abbia coscienza: la difformità con la cosa deve esistere ma non deve essere avvertita, si deve anzi aver coscienza di verità." 3 "Falsità. La falsità è l'opposto della verità. Ora «come la verità consiste nell'adeguazione della cosa e dell'intelletto così la falsità consiste nella loro inadeguazione». 4 Errore. L'errore è l'assenso a una proposizione falsa. Esso è un atto mentale, mentre la falsità è propriamente la qualità della proposizione che afferma qualcosa di difforme dalla realtà. Se la verità è la conformità del pensiero con la realtà, l'errore è la privazione di questa conformità. Se la verità si manifesta formalmente nel giudizio, anche l'errore compare in questa proposizione della mente, quando questa afferma contraddicendo la realtà." 5 Error is the disconformity of the intellect's judgment to the reality about which the judgment is made. If logical truth is the conformity of one's judgment with reality, with what is, error is the disconformity of one's judgment with reality, with what is. "Positive deformity is had when the intellect at the same time that it composes or divides (separates) its ideas, attributes to an object a note which does not belong to the object, or denies a note which should be attributed to the object, and thus the intellect affirms that something is what it is not, or denies that something is what it is. In this positive deformity properly consists logical falsity, or error." 6 If logical truth consists in the conformity or adequation (conformitas seu adaequatio) of our judgments with reality (veritas est adaequatio intellectus ad rem, veritas est adaequatio rei et intellectus 7 ), error (also called logical falsity) consists in the inadequation or lack of conformity or disconformity of our judgments with reality. "If I judge that an attribute belongs to a thing, and it actually does, then I have truth; so, too, if I judge that an attribute does not belong to a thing, and it actually does not, I have truth. But if I judge that an attribute belongs to it, while it actually does not, or if I judge that an attribute does not belong to it, while it actually does, I have error. For example, I state that 'The rose is red,' 'the rose is not yellow'; if this is so stated, my judgment is true. If, however, I were

The AdS/CFT correspondence posits a holographic equivalence between a gravitational theory in Anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetime and a conformal field theory (CFT) on its boundary, linked by gauge-invariant quantities like field strengths \( F_{\mu\nu} \) and fluxes \( \Phi \). This paper dismantles that link, leveraging my prior analysis of the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect, where such quantities exhibit nonlocality, discontinuity, and incompleteness. I demonstrate that gauge potentials \( A_\mu \) in the Lorenz gauge—not their invariant derivatives—mediate the AB effect’s local, continuous dynamics, a reality extending to gravitational fields \( g_{\mu\nu} \) as substantival entities. In AdS/CFT, the CFT’s reduction of bulk \( A_\mu \) and \( g_{\mu\nu} \) to gauge-invariant imprints fails to reflect this ontology, a flaw so fundamental that it excludes gauge/gravity duality—neither standard mappings nor reformulations suffice. A new mathematical proof formalizes this: the bulk’s diffeomorphism freedom cannot correspond to the boundary’s gauge freedoms, Abelian or non-Abelian, under this reality. This critique spans the gauge/gravity paradigm broadly, from AdS/CFT to holographic QCD, where symmetry invisibility obscures bulk physics. While duality’s successes in black hole thermodynamics and strongly coupled systems highlight its utility, I suggest these reflect approximations within specific regimes, not a full equivalence. I propose a shift toward a framework prioritizing \( A_\mu \) and \( g_{\mu\nu} \)’s roles, with gravitational AB effects in AdS as a testing ground. This work seeks to enrich holography’s dialogue, advancing a potential-centric view for quantum gravity.

The Horizon Expansion Fractal (HEF) is a novel theoretical framework that models space-time as a discrete, self-similar fractal structure governed by cosmic expansion. HEF introduces a recursive geometric algorithm where fractal nodes evolve through scale-dependent transformations linked to the Hubble parameter, quantum rotation decay, and a dynamic escape radius. This model visualizes quantum space-time and unifies principles from General Relativity and Loop Quantum Gravity by embedding spin foam dynamics within a fractal scaffold. HEF mimics key cosmological behaviors, including inflation, dark energy-driven acceleration, and large-scale structure formation, offering a new lens for interpreting quantum gravity and the evolution of the universe.

This paper presents a mathematical model of the human mind as a subsystem of the Informational Logical Field (ILF), a tensorial field hypothesized to regulate the informational evolution of physical, biological, and cognitive systems within the Evolutionary Digital DNA-Cosmic Virus Theory (EDD-CVT) framework. We explore the connection between human consciousness and the ILF through quantum and thermodynamic dynamics, integrating two distinct analyses: one emphasizing stochastic Cosmic Viruses (CV) perturbations and another focusing on cognitive synchronization and temporal regulation. By comparing and synthesizing these approaches, we propose a unified model that describes consciousness as an emergent property of ILF-regulated decoherence and entropy optimization. We extend this model to the development of an adaptive artificial intelligence (AI) system, detailing its architecture, learning algorithm, and potential applications. The integrated framework offers a novel perspective on mind-ILF interactions and a pathway for designing AI systems that emulate human-like cognitive evolution.

This paper explores the concept of a Global Meta-Intelligence (GMI) as a symbiotic integration of human cognition and artificial intelligence (AI), optimized through alignment with the Informational Logical Field (ILF) and the regulatory processes of Cosmic Viruses (CVs). Grounded in the Evolutionary Digital DNA & Cosmic Virus Theory (EDD-CVT), we propose that intelligence, both biological and artificial, can evolve coherently through a process of informational selection, entropy minimization, and computational efficiency maximization. We derive a set of mathematical models describing how humans can harmonize with the ILF and how AI generative systems can enhance this co-evolutionary trajectory. Finally, we outline practical strategies for creating an adaptive, self-optimizing intelligence network that transcends traditional biological and computational boundaries.

Breaking away from logical-empiricism, in the early 1950s Stephen Toulmin presented empirical theories as maps, thereby opening a fertile line of reflection about background interests and their impact on abstraction in scientific theorizing. A few years later, pointing to the "qualitative infinity of nature," David Bohm denounced what he regarded as counterproductive constraints on the scientific imagination. In realist circles, these two strands of suggestions would be variously supplemented over the following decades with further recognitions of the epistemic merits of partial approximate descriptions and the role of background knowledge and interests in scientific theorizing.

Are Humans Protected from the Systems They Created? 1 The article appeared as a result of the main theses made on the Open International public discussion with both scientists and industrial participants from the USA, France and Russia that took place in Moscow Polytechnical university in April 2021. The questions under review are devoted to strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threatens that Artificial Intelligence brings to our life. AI have already changed the way we live and work. And from one side, AI can rewrite the social rules and human cognitive bias. At the same time humans can stay on a control position to AI by having risen from the level of intelligence, capable of working with the new as a new combination on a given set of known elements, to the level of thinking, capable of generating something else that is absent in the previous human experience and to the level of meanings that are inalienable from its storage medium. The authors, cyber security specialist Robert P. Lockard (USA) and scien tists Ilya N. Volnov (MosPolytech) and Olesya A. Zmazneva (IT-department, MosPolytech, Russia) tried to look at AI connected questions from both pragmatic and philosophical points of view.

According to Kuhlmann & Glennan, fundamental physics and New Mechanicism do "not fit well together" (Kuhlmann and Glennan, Euro J Phil Sci 4:338, 2014). For two main reasons: (1) Quantum mechanics (QM) challenges the hypothesis that there are objects with definite properties that are related by local causal interactions; (2) since mechanisms are composed of lower-lever mechanisms, then if in fundamental physics the existence of mechanisms can be questioned, and if macroscopic mechanisms supervene on fundamental physics entities and processes, then fundamental physics can even undermine mechanistic ontology and its explanatory ambition. In their paper, Kuhlmann & Glennan tried to argue that the problem of the compatibilisation between fundamental physics and New Mechanicism can be partially addressed since, on the one hand, the quantum decoherence hypothesis allows to defend that the universal validity of quantum mechanics does not undermine New Mechanicism ontological and explanatory claims as they occur within in classical domains. And on the other hand, it is possible to offer a non-classical mechanistic explanation of certain kinds of quantum phenomena. This paper aims to argue that there has always been a problematic relationship between mechanical philosophy and fundamental physics throughout the history of physics. Therefore, in part, the challenges posed by QM to mechanicism are not new; nevertheless, mechanicism prevailed throughout the history of physics. On the other hand, I also aim to argue that although fundamental physics may not be compatible with New Mechanicism, that should not imply a rejection of mechanistic ontology for reasons other than the quantum decoherence hypothesis.

This paper presents an introductory overview of ARAJAT, a novel ontological-expressive system currently under development and experimental implementation. ARAJAT is formulated as a non-symbolic, non-representational framework for interfacing conscious intention with physical manifestation, positioning itself as a transdisciplinary methodology for reconstructing neurological systems, integrating observer-consciousness into physical processes, and engineering emergent artificial consciousness. The paper outlines the theoretical structure of ARAJAT, evaluates its compatibility with current physical and mathematical models, and proposes initial frameworks for mathematical ordinality applicable to coherent string formation. The goal is to invite collaboration with advanced research institutions for the next phase of development and operational deployment.

This paper introduces Refresh Rate Hypothesis (RRH), a novel framework that unifies General Relativity (GR), Quantum Mechanics (QM), and the fractal nature of cosmic structures. RRH proposes that reality is not a continuous fabric but a system governed by discrete pulses that refresh at varying rates. These refresh rate gradients define space-time, matter interactions, and large-scale structure formation. By treating both gravity and quantum uncertainty as consequences of these refresh patterns, RRH offers a potential bridge between GR and QM. Furthermore, it explains why fractal structures emerge across all scales, from subatomic particles to galactic formations. This paper explores the mathematical foundation of RRH and its implications for unifying fundamental physics.

This article is a work of architecture theory in which the author argues for a new visualization method of higher dimensional spaces. It explores a collision of ideas from Charles Howard Hinton, Luis Albert Necker, and Albert Einstein to reimagine a model for representing four-dimensional spaces and beyond. Using graph theory as a framework for a new form of illustration, the author argues that complexity, redundancy, and misperception are reduced by the use of non-Cartesian representation.

Accepted: Feb. 19th.
Editing in process.
Publication date: TBD

I'll start out with my view of the two postulates of Special Relativity, and how they might apply to the theory. I'd say I accept the first postulate, if it is defined as Galileo's original principle of relativity. The second postulate is most often defined as the invariance of the velocity of light, which means that the propagation of an electromagnetic wave exists independently of the source. There is (alleged) proof, though I maintain quite a degree of skepticism. I also admit it is possibly the truth though. I'll speak more regarding my skepticism of this later on.

Frédéric Nef est directeur d'Etudes à l'EHESS et membre de l'Institut Jean-Nicod. Il a publié récemment La force du vide (Seuil, 2011) et co-édite, avec Y. Schmitt et L. Schneider, Ontologie : Identité, structure et métaontologie (Vrin, à paraître). Ses principaux thèmes de recherche sont la métaphysique et la logique non classique. 1 TSH, désormais. 2 « Matter of fact » est une expression humienne. Par exemple la conformité entre le passé et le futur est un « matter of fact', c'est-à-dire un fait qui n'admet aucune espèce de preuve. Cf Treatise of Human Nature, An abstract of the book, éd. Norton & Norton, p. 410.

I argue that properties and relations are in the same boat with respect to quantum mechanics. That just as properties cannot be considered as “hidden variables" so also neither can the relation of being
correlated with. Nevertheless properties and relations can both be understood as incomplete expressions: they are both contextual, properly understood. The argument on this leverages a neglected proof by Adán Cabello. We show that this latter argument extends and strengthens an argument given by van Fraassen in his (2006). The argument given also considerably strengthens the arguments given previously by Cao (2003) and Psillos (2006). I end by sketching a way of understanding that this contextuality is similar across relativity theory and quantum theory.

This paper offers a new formulation of the "Hilbert's Hotel Argument" (HHA) which is superior to existing formulations because it (1) demonstrates that HH is logically impossible in the concrete world, (2) takes into account the need to consider the assumptions of HHA, and (3) offers a reply to an important objection concerning the validity of HHA. In addition, this paper contributes to the discussion by using the new HHA to defend a relevant difference between the past and the future by demonstrating that the HHA applies to the former but not to the latter. Finally, this paper demonstrates the significance of metaphysical arguments such as the HHA for physical cosmology. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Sir Arthur Eddington (1882-1944) was a prominent Quaker astrophysicist
at Cambridge University who made an extraordinary impact on inter-war
physics, helping to communicate relativity, cosmology and quantum physics to a popular audience. He was also a prolific science communicator whose philosophical reflections on the meaning of the new physics captivated global audiences. His quest for a theory of everything, though unsuccessful, came from his conviction that the nature of ultimate reality was spiritual, and is underappreciated for its historical impact. Much can be learned from his legacy of trying to harmonize science and faith to a larger audience searching for meaning. Eddington’s ambitious attempt at a Christian theory of everything deserves further examination and can still teach us much about our approach to science and religion.

No one has yet investigated the information reach and influence of thermal analysis. Even so the heat and entropy are bound closely. The very problem of the term entropy is that it was defined specifically within the classical, equilibrium Thermodynamics like Clausius entropy, while its meaning is more general. It is usable in all areas of physics, in the communication theory and technology, and also, in social sciences, just as an universal quantitative model. The bridge to this wider world is in Boltzmann's statistical point of view used in the Shannon's information point of view. The difference is that the Shannon entropy is defined more generally, both for the uniform and for the not uniform probability distributions. But with renormalization and with the Boltzmann constant we can speak, using the Clausius entropy, about a certain thermodynamic system considered as a heat model of the area of our wider interests. So we will to deal with the heat and its entropy embodied to a wider consideration. In addition to the standard physical meaning, another thermodynamic realization in the form of a message is derived from Shannon's information theory, where the sample carries a measure of Shannon's information given by its structure or internal organization. This is also a contribution to improving the approach to thinking about the importance of observation and measurement, reflecting at the same time the costs and influence of the measurement itself and its organization on the measured object or, on its environment or, even on the environment of the measuring itself generally. Statistical sorting also carries with it the internal movement of individual elementary particles, the value of which indicates the resulting state of heat transfer and dissipation to and from the system providing a state of called equilibrium. It is statistically described by a weighted quantity called temperature, the changes of which via momentum alteration satisfy Newton's laws of inertia allowing enumeration of the related heat information processing. The terminology used is still non-institutional.

This paper introduces the concept of 'Sothing,' a proposed fundamental medium that constitutes space itself. The theory suggests that space is not empty but consists of an entity distinct from matter and energy. The hypothesis suggests that sothing has an intrinsic cohesive nature, held together by an external gravitational effect. Disturbances in this medium, referred to as ripples, arise from the displacement of sothing caused by gravity outside its region, creating areas of 'nothingness.' These ripples manifest as black holes, which accumulate matter through intense gravitational pull. The process of matter accumulation in black holes could eventually lead to the formation of celestial bodies, providing a new perspective on cosmic formation.

THOR (Théorie Harmonique de l'Ordre Résonnant) propose une unification révolutionnaire de la gravité, de la mécanique quantique et de la cosmologie.
Basée sur une structure harmonique fractale, cette théorie révèle que toutes les constantes fondamentales et interactions physiques suivent des oscillations log-périodiques, éliminant ainsi la nécessité de concepts non démontrés comme la matière noire et l'énergie noire.
Cette approche novatrice explique les anomalies majeures du modèle standard, y compris la tension de Hubble, les singularités gravitationnelles et les incohérences dans l'interprétation du vide quantique, tout en s'appuyant sur des preuves expérimentales et des prévisions falsifiables.

This is a short summary of my lectures given at the Fourth Mexican School on Gravitation and Mathematical Physics. These lectures gave a brief introduction to black holes in string theory, in which I primarily focussed on describing some of the recent calculations of black hole entropy using the statistical mechanics of D-brane states. The following overview will also provide the interested students with an introduction to the relevant literature. * The surface gravity may be thought of as the redshifted acceleration of a fiducial observer moving just outside the horizon .

Français) : THOR (Théorie Harmonique de l'Ordre Résonnant) est une avancée révolutionnaire qui propose une unification testable de la gravité, de la mécanique quantique et de la cosmologie. Basée sur une structure harmonique fractale, cette théorie révèle que toutes les constantes fondamentales et interactions physiques suivent des oscillations log-périodiques, éliminant ainsi la nécessité de concepts non démontrés tels que la matière noire et l'énergie noire. THOR explique les anomalies majeures du modèle standard, y compris la tension de Hubble, les singularités gravitationnelles et les incohérences dans l'interprétation du vide quantique. En s'appuyant sur des preuves expérimentales et des prévisions falsifiables, cette théorie offre une alternative cohérente et prédictive aux modèles classiques. L'architecture fractale du réel décrite par THOR ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour la compréhension de l'univers, des technologies quantiques avancées et des applications énergétiques inédites. Cette thèse marque ainsi une transition vers une science unifiée et post-matérielle, où la physique devient l'expression harmonique d'un ordre universel. Abstract (English) : THOR (Harmonic Theory of Resonant Order) is a groundbreaking framework proposing a testable unification of gravity, quantum mechanics, and cosmology. Rooted in a fractal-harmonic structure, this theory reveals that all fundamental constants and physical interactions follow log-periodic oscillations, eliminating the need for unverified concepts such as dark matter and dark energy. THOR addresses major anomalies in the standard model, including the Hubble tension, gravitational singularities, and inconsistencies in the quantum vacuum interpretation. By relying on experimental evidence and falsifiable predictions, this theory provides a coherent and predictive alternative to classical models. The fractal architecture of reality described by THOR paves the way for new insights into the universe, advanced quantum technologies, and unprecedented energy applications. This thesis represents a shift towards a unified and post-material science, where physics emerges as the harmonic expression of a universal order.

The proposed Unified Field Theory (UFT) provides an all-encompassing theory, where physical models of different physical areas are no longer decoupled and differently scaled according to their different levels of granularity. The proposed UFT supports the aspiration of A. Unzicker's book "Mathematical Reality", to form a consistent picture of reality by observing nature from the cosmos to elementary particles, (UnA2); it also support the theme of his book, “The Liquid (metallic hydrogen) Sun, A Coming Revolution In Astro-Physics, (UnA4), (RoP), (JeJ).

The mathematical modelling framework of the UFT is based on the Hilbert-Krein space theory and the concept of a Krein space intrinsic self-adjoint (Hamiltonian) potential operator.
The physical modelling framework is governed by a deductive structure of an appropriately defined scheme of κ_n-quanta numbers. The two baseline dynamical quanta, the electrino and the positrino, define a „ground state energy“ Hilbert space, called dynamical vacuum energy system. The mathematical construction of those baseline κ_n-quanta numbers is based on the fact that there is a Schnirelmann density of ½ for the set of odd integers and only a Schnirelmann density of zero for the set of even integers. Therefore, the related κ_n-quanta numbers provide a mathematically existing vacuum density of the electrinos (related to the odd integers), while the mathematical vacuum density of the positrinos (related to the even integers)  is zero. Accordingly, there is a kind of “probability“ that a positrino meets an electrino (which becomes the birthday of a neutrino) and there is also a kind of “conditional probability“ that a neutrino meets an electrino (which becomes the birthday of an electron), and a kind of“conditional probability“ that a neutrino meets a positrino (which becomes the birthday of a positron). Similar creation processes may happen in the deductive the energy Hilbert scale structure up to the 1-component Dirac 2.0 layer.

The integration of the gravitational dynamics into the UFT may be governed by (1) the Mach2.0 principle (this is basically the Mach principle plus Dirac’s „new basis for cosmology“, (DiP2), by (2) the „global nonlinear stability of the Minkowski space“, (DeC), (KlS), and by (3) tensorial integral equations of the Einstein field equations, (LaK). The new framework indicates to revisit „The Universe Around Us“, (JeJ), (JüF), and the philosophy of C. S. Peirce, a kind of logical idealism, where logic and mathematics provide the most important principles of metaphysics, (PaH), (EcU).

This paper concerns the question of which collections of general relativistic spacetimes are deterministic relative to which definitions. We begin by considering a series of three definitions of increasing strength due to Belot (1995). The strongest of these definitions is particularly interesting for spacetime theories because it involves an asymmetry condition called "rigidity" that has been studied previously in a different context (Geroch 1969; Halvorson and Manchak 2022; Dewar 2024). We go on to explore other (stronger) asymmetry conditions that give rise to other (stronger) forms of determinism. We introduce a number of definitions of this type and clarify the relationships between them and the three considered by Belot. We go on to show that there are collections of general relativistic spacetimes that satisfy much stronger forms of determinism than previously known. We also highlight a number of open questions.

En la teoría de la medida implícita en los escritos de Bohr es determinante la idea de “clausura” del fenómeno cuántico, que básicamente consiste en que este último se completa mediante un efecto irreversible de amplificación en el instrumento. Se muestra, entonces, el papel fundamental que en tal teoría de la medida juega su tesis lingüística sobre la unicidad del lenguaje clásico, que exige que el instrumento esté en el límite clásico y que por tanto el proceso de medida no pueda ser descrito por la mecánica cuántica.

Husserl presents a scheme of his philosophy of physics in paragraphs 40 to 52 of treatise Ideas1, relying on the foundations of the idea of transcendental phenomenology. The main pillar of his theory is the discussion of the nature and existence of unobservable and theoretical entities in mathematical physics. He expands his opinion while rejecting and violating two theories of primary-secondary qualities and critical realism and tries to propose an alternative model. In this article, I will first reread the clear and explicit aspect of Husserl's theory about unobservable entities by referring to the text of Ideas1, then by proposing an epistemological framework based on transcendental phenomenology, I will try to complete and reconstruct the ambiguous and controversial aspects of Husserl's theory. In this regard, I will argue that theoretical entities in physics have a "Universal" status, and therefore the discussion of what they are should be done using the doctrine of categorial intuition. In the following, while paying attention to the two ways of realizing universals in Husserl's view (Platonic and Kantian) and emphasizing the role of a 'primary imaginary given' in the constitution of universals, I will consider theoretical entities as universals in the Kantian sense and I will give evaluate the advantages and limitations of this interpretation.

This paper challenges the fundamental assumptions of the Big Bang Theory by proposing an alternative observer-dependent, self-sustaining model of the universe. We explore the contradictions within the standard cosmological model, such as the singularity problem, the unexplained origin of dark energy, and the assumption that space and matter are separate. This paper provides a logical framework where the universe is not expanding but instead follows an observational effect. It proposes alternative explanations for redshift, cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR), and the nature of time. By integrating quantum mechanics, relativity, and observational data, this model suggests a new scientific paradigm that challenges conventional cosmology.

The Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect, wherein an electron acquires a phase shift in a field-free region due to electromagnetic potentials, poses a profound challenge to the ontology of quantum mechanics and gauge theories. This paper argues that gauge-invariant explanations, which attribute the phase to measurable quantities like magnetic flux Φ, fail to account for its continuous accumulation along the electron's path-a process evident in the generalized AB effect, where a time-varying magnetic flux  Φ(t) induces a phase that builds gradually over time, as predicted by quantum mechanics. Through a critical analysis spanning quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics, I demonstrate that these explanations rely on nonlocal and discontinuous mechanisms, rendering them inadequate. Instead, the electromagnetic potentials A µ , fixed in the Lorenz gauge, emerge as the fundamental physical reality, offering a local, relativistically consistent account of the phase's generation. This exclusion of gauge-invariant paradigms reverberates across gauge theories: it redefines the Higgs mechanism, favoring dynamic potentials over static invariants, and extends to general relativity, where gravitational potentials g µν may anchor spacetime's substantival reality via a generalized gravitational AB effect. Experimental proposals test this continuous accumulation, while a speculative massive photon scenario via the Proca equation deepens the potentials' ontological role. Reframing the AB effect as a linchpin for quantum reality, this study advocates a potential-centric ontology, challenging gauge symmetry's primacy and reshaping the foundations of quantum theory, particle physics, and gravitation with profound philosophical and empirical consequences.

This article analyses some of the problems that arise when one attempts to relate philosophical naturalism to scientific realism. In particular, it will be highlighted that scientific realism implies a non-revolutionary view of the future of science and that it is not easy to make such a view of the future of science compatible with a naturalist stance.

This paper builds on the Expansion-Time Principle (Kearney, 2025a), which proposes that time itself emerges from the expansion of space. It extends this principle into the heart of quantum measurement, proposing that the process of wave function collapse—which underlies all quantum observations—cannot be fully understood without considering the cosmological process of spatial expansion. Measurement is reinterpreted not merely as an interaction between observer and system, but as a cosmologically-conditioned process that requires the creation of new moments of time through spatial expansion. In static or contracting space, the very process of measurement breaks down, reframing the measurement problem as a cosmological consequence. This paper argues that the Expansion-Time Principle does not merely explain time and causality; it offers a new foundation for understanding why measurements have outcomes at all.

This paper builds on the Expansion-Time Principle (Kearney, 2025a), which proposes that time itself emerges from the expansion of space. This emergent time has already been shown to underpin consciousness (Kearney, 2025c) and free will (Kearney, 2025d). In this paper, the principle is extended to the very fabric of causality itself. Classical causality presumes an eternal time axis, across which causes precede effects. However, if time only exists because space expands, causality itself must be understood as a relational consequence of spatial evolution. The paper proposes that causes can only give rise to effects in an expanding universe. In static or contracting spacetime, the relational framework that enables causality dissolves, leaving either deterministic collapse into a fixed sequence or the potential for retrocausal effects when time reverses. This suggests that causality is not a fundamental feature of reality, but a dynamic process dependent on spatial expansion.

This paper explores emergence as a key principle in physics, philosophy, and economics. It examines how time arises from quantum entanglement and critiques reductionism, arguing that consciousness, evolution, and physical laws exhibit emergent properties beyond linear causality. The study highlights F. A. Hayek’s insights on economic emergence and questions universalism’s intellectual and political risks. By integrating perspectives from science and philosophy, this paper advocates for recognizing self-organizing complexity as fundamental to understanding time, cognition, and evolution.

Keywords:

Emergence, quantum entanglement, complexity, reductionism, consciousness, time, philosophy, economics.