Particle Physics

A search for new physics is performed in events with two same-sign isolated leptons, hadronic jets, and missing transverse energy in the final state. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4:98 fb À1 produced in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. This constitutes a factor of 140 increase in integrated luminosity over previously published results. The observed yields agree with the standard model predictions and thus no evidence for new physics is found. The observations are used to set upper limits on possible new physics contributions and to constrain supersymmetric models. To facilitate the interpretation of the data in a broader range of new physics scenarios, information on the event selection, detector response, and efficiencies is provided.

We report the first measurements of inclusive W and Z boson cross sections times the corresponding leptonic branching ratios for pp collisions at √ s = 1.96 TeV based on the decays of the W and Z bosons into electrons and muons. The data were recorded with the CDF II detector at the Fermilab Tevatron and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 72.0 ± 4.3 pb -1 . We test e-µ lepton universality in W decays by measuring the ratio of the W → µν to W → eν cross sections and determine a value of 0.991 ± 0.004(stat.) ± 0.011(syst.) for the ratio of W -ℓ-ν couplings (gµ/ge). Since there is no sign of non-universality, we combine our cross section measurements in the different lepton decay modes and obtain σW ×Br(pp → W → ℓν) = 2.749 ± 0.010(stat.) ± 0.053(syst.) ± 0.165(lum.) nb and σ γ * /Z × Br(pp → γ * /Z → ℓℓ) = 254.9 ± 3.3(stat.) ± 4.6(syst.) ± 15.2(lum.) pb for dilepton pairs in the mass range between 66 GeV/c 2 and 116 GeV/c 2 . We compute the ratio R of the W → ℓν to Z → ℓℓ cross sections taking all correlations among channels into account and obtain R = 10.84 ± 0.15(stat.) ± 0.14(syst.) including a correction for the virtual photon exchange component in our measured γ * /Z → ℓℓ cross section. Based on the measured value of R, we extract values for the W leptonic branching ratio, Br(W → ℓν) = 0.1082 ± 0.0022; the total width of the W boson, Γ(W ) = 2092 ± 42 MeV; and the ratio of W and Z boson total widths, Γ(W )/Γ(Z) = 0.838 ± 0.017. In addition, we use our extracted value of Γ(W ) whose value depends on various electroweak parameters and certain CKM matrix elements to constrain the Vcs CKM matrix element, |Vcs| = 0.976± 0.030.

Bose-Einstein correlations between same charge particles are measured in samples of proton-proton collisions at 0.9 and 7 TeV centre-of-mass energies, recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The signal is observed in the form of an enhancement of number of pairs of same-sign charged particles with small relative momentum. The dependence of this enhancement on kinematic and topological features of the event is studied.

Results are reported from a search for new physics processes in events containing a single isolated high-transverse-momentum lepton (electron or muon), energetic jets, and large missing transverse momentum. The analysis is based on a 4.98 fb -1 sample of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, obtained with the CMS detector at the LHC. Three separate background estimation methods, each relying primarily on control samples in the data, are applied to a range of signal regions, providing complementary approaches for estimating the background yields. The observed yields are consistent with the predicted standard model backgrounds. The results are interpreted in terms of limits on the parameter space for the constrained minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model, as well as on cross sections for simplified models, which provide a generic description of the production and decay of new particles in specific, topology based final states.

The top-quark mass is measured in proton-proton collisions at √ s = 7 TeV using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb -1 collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The measurement is performed in the dilepton decay channel tt → ( + ν b) ( -ν b), where = e, μ. Candidate top-quark decays are selected by requiring two leptons, at least two jets, and imbalance in transverse momentum. The mass is reconstructed with an analytical matrix weighting technique using distributions derived from simulated samples. Using a maximum-likelihood fit, the top-quark mass is determined to be 172.5 ± 0.4 (stat.) ± 1.5 (syst.) GeV.

The first LHC pp collisions at centre-of-mass energies of 0.9 and 2.36 TeV were recorded by the CMS detector in December 2009. The trajectories of charged particles produced in the collisions were reconstructed using the all-silicon Tracker and their momenta were measured in the 3.8 T axial magnetic field. Results from the Tracker commissioning are presented including studies of timing, efficiency, signal-to-noise, resolution, and ionization energy. Reconstructed tracks are used to benchmark the performance in terms of track and vertex resolutions, reconstruction of decays, estimation of ionization energy loss, as well as identification of photon conversions, nuclear interactions, and heavy-flavour decays.

This paper presents a groundbreaking discovery in atomic physics, where atoms are directly visualized through photonic projections using high-intensity LED illumination and smartphone camera sensors. This technique provides unprecedented insights into atomic structure and dynamics, revealing concentric rings of positively charged particles ("smarticles"), electron orbital patterns, and a rapidly moving central core. This discovery enabled the development of a unified theory of space compression, proposing that matter emerges from the compression of neutral mass (space) at specific ratios. By integrating observations with Russell's wavelength-spiral design of the periodic table, we establish mathematical relationships connecting nuclear magnetic dipole moments, atomic voltage, and chemical bonding. The resulting framework accurately predicts bond properties, molecular geometries, and material characteristics, validated against experimental data. Recent experimental breakthroughs, such as the creation of light-based supersolids, provide additional support for this theoretical framework. This unified approach suggests compression arises from fundamental variations in the volume and density of space and offers potential solutions to fundamental physics puzzles, including the unification of forces, the nature of gravity, wave-particle duality, matter-antimatter asymmetry, and the origin of exotic particles observed in accelerators. The paper concludes with potential applications for novel materials design and implications for understanding quantum phenomena and biological systems.

The full exploitation of the physics potential of an International Linear Collider (ILC) requires the development of a polarized positron beam. New concepts of polarized positron sources are based on the development of circularly polarized photon sources. The polarized photons create electron-positron pairs in a thin target and transfer their polarization state to the outgoing leptons. To achieve a high level of positron polarization the understanding of the production mechanisms in the target is crucial. Therefore a general framework for the simulation of polarized processes with Geant4 is under development. In this contribution the current status of the project and its application to a study of the positron production process for the ILC is presented.

We present results on the nucleon scalar, axial, and tensor charges as well as on the momentum fraction, and the helicity and transversity moments. The pion momentum fraction is also presented. The computation of these key observables is carried out using lattice QCD simulations at a physical value of the pion mass. The evaluation is based on gauge configurations generated with two degenerate sea quarks of twisted mass fermions with a clover term. We investigate excited states contributions with the nucleon quantum numbers by analyzing three sink-source time separations. We find that, for the scalar charge, excited states contribute significantly and to a less degree to the nucleon momentum fraction and helicity moment. Our result for the nucleon axial charge agrees with the experimental value. Furthermore, we predict a value of 1.027(62) in the MS scheme at 2 GeV for the isovector nucleon tensor charge directly at the physical point. The pion momentum fraction is found to be hxi π AE u-d ¼ 0.214ð15Þð þ12 -9 Þ in the MS at 2 GeV.

Re-weighting is a useful tool that has been employed in Lattice QCD in different contexts including, tuning the strange quark mass, approaching the light quark mass regime, and simulating electromagnetic fields on top of QCD gauge configurations. In case of re-weighting the sea quark mass, the re-weighting factor is given by the ratio of the determinants of two Dirac operators D a and D b . A popular approach for computing this ratio is to use a pseudofermion representation of the determinant of the composite operator Here, we study using quadrature methods together with noise vectors to compute the ratio of determinants. We show that, with quadrature methods each determinant can be computed separately using the operators We also discuss using bootstrap re-sampling to remove the bias from the determinant estimator.

This chapter examines symmetries in the physical universe from the perspective of a geometry based on spheres of 4D space with a diameter equal to the Planck length. Through these spheres, a connection is proposed between the fundamental properties of particles and the fields they generate, highlighting that the properties of mass, energy, momentum and electric charge emerge as manifestations of the rotation and curvature of space.
The implications of these symmetries in the context of quantum mechanics and relativity are also reviewed, considering the possibility of unifying concepts in a deeper geometric framework. The exploration of these ideas could offer new perspectives on the nature of mass, energy and the fundamental interaction between particles.

A core level of basic information for physics is identified, based on an analysis of the characteristics of the parameters space, time, mass and charge. At this level, it is found that certain symmetries operate, which can be used to explain certain physical facts and even to derive new mathematical theorems. Applications are made to classical mechanics, electromagnetic theory and quantum mechanics.

A brief history is given of the factor 2, starting in the most elementary considerations of geometry and the kinematics of uniform acceleration, and moving to relativity, quantum mechanics and particle physics. The basic argument is that in all the significant cases in which the factor 2 or ½ occurs in fundamental physics, whether classical, quantum or relativistic, the same physical operation is taking place.

Vacuum can be defined with exact mathematical precision as the state which remains when a fermion, with all its special characteristics, is created out of absolutely nothing. The definition leads to a special form of relativistic quantum mechanics, which only requires the construction of a creation operator. This form of quantum mechanics is especially powerful for analytic calculation, at the same time as explaining, from first principles, many aspects of the Standard Model of particle physics. In particular, the characteristics of the weak, strong and electric interactions can be derived from the structure of the creation operator itself.

The nilpotent Dirac formalism has been shown, in previous publications, to generate new physical explanations for aspects of particle physics, with the additional possibility of calculating some of the parameters involved in the Standard Model. The applications so far obtained are summarised, with an outline of some more recent developments.

It is shown that Schrödinger’s equation may be derived from three postulates. The first is a kind of statistical metamorphosis of classical mechanics, a set of two relations which are obtained from the canonical equations of particle mechanics by replacing all observables by statistical averages. The second is a local conservation law of probability. The third is energy conservation in the mean. The fact that Schrödinger’s equation may be derived from these premises, which are all purely statistical in character, is interpreted as an argument in favour of the statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics.

A search for the standard model Higgs boson decaying to a W-boson pair at the LHC is reported. The event sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 4.9 fb−1 and 19.4 fb−1 collected with the CMS detector in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{s} $ = 7 and 8 TeV, respectively. The Higgs boson candidates are selected in events with two or three charged leptons. An excess of events above background is observed, consistent with the expectation from the standard model Higgs boson with a mass of around 125 GeV. The probability to observe an excess equal or larger than the one seen, under the background-only hypothesis, corresponds to a significance of 4.3 standard deviations for m H = 125.6 GeV. The observed signal cross section times the branching fraction to WW for m H = 125.6 GeV is $ 0.72_{-0.18}^{+0.20 } $ times the standard model expectation. The spin-parity J P = 0+ hypothesis is favored against a narrow resonance with J P = 2+ or J P = 0− that decays to a W-boson pair. This result prov...

The paper presents studies of Bose-Einstein Correlations (BEC) for pairs of like-sign charged particles measured in the kinematic range [Formula: see text] 100 MeV and [Formula: see text] 2.5 in proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies of 0.9 and 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The integrated luminosities are approximately 7 [Formula: see text]b[Formula: see text], 190 [Formula: see text]b[Formula: see text] and 12.4 nb[Formula: see text] for 0.9 TeV, 7 TeV minimum-bias and 7 TeV high-multiplicity data samples, respectively. The multiplicity dependence of the BEC parameters characterizing the correlation strength and the correlation source size are investigated for charged-particle multiplicities of up to 240. A saturation effect in the multiplicity dependence of the correlation source size parameter is observed using the high-multiplicity 7 TeV data sample. The dependence of the BEC parameters on the average transverse momentum of the particle p...

Using the Thomas–Fermi quark model, a collective, spherically symmetric density of states is created to represent a gas of interacting fermions with various degeneracies at zero temperature. Over a family of pentaquarks, uudc c ¯ , color interaction probabilities were obtained after averaging over all the possible configurations. Three different functions are developed for light, charm, and anti-charm quarks and are assumed to be linearly related by some proportionality constants. Interesting patterns of quark distributions are observed while analyzing the quark function consistency conditions for such constants.

We show that a simple and reasonable generalization of the anomalous interaction between the neutral pion and two photons can induce the C-violating three photon decay of the neutral pion in noncommutative quantum electrodynamics. We find that it is mandatory for consistency reasons to include simultaneously the normal neutral pion and photon interaction in which the neutral pion transforms under U(1) in a similar way as in the adjoint representation of a non-Abelian gauge theory. We demonstrate that the decay has a characteristic distribution although its rate still seems too small to be experimentally reachable in the near future. We also describe how to manipulate phase space integration correctly when Lorentz invariance is lost.

In this talk, we report our recent studies for the chiral magnetic effect, which signals the P -and CP -violations at heavy ion collisions. We compute the electric current and its correlations, induced by the external magnetic field, inside the hot and dense QCD matter created in the HIC. For this purpose, we employ the instanton-liquid model, modified by the Harrington-Shepard caloron at finite T . We observe that the chiral magnetic effect current and its correlations increase with respect to the magnetic field, whereas decease as functions of T , due to the diluting instanton ensemble. It turns out that the numerical results are in good agreement with those from the model-independent analyses and lattice QCD simulations. We also reproduce the charge separations, observed in the STAR experiment, qualitatively well, considering the simplified Liénard-Wiechert potential, screening and size effects.

Within the framework of the two-Higgs-doublet model, we attempt to find some discrete, non-Abelian flavor symmetry that could provide an explanation for the masses and mixing matrix elements of leptons. Unlike the Standard Model, currently there is no need for the flavor symmetry to be broken. With the GAP program we investigate all finite subgroups of the U3 group up to the order of 1025. Up to such an order there is no group for which it is possible to select free model parameters in order to match the masses of charged leptons, masses of neutrinos, and the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata mixing matrix elements in a satisfactory manner.

In order to explain the fermions' masses and mixing parameters appearing in the lepton sector of the Standard Model, one proposes the extension of its symmetry. A discrete, non-abelian subgroup of U (3) is added to the gauge group Apart from that, one assumes the existence of one extra Higgs doublet. This article focuses mainly on the mathematical theorems and computational techniques which brought us to the results.

The Standard Model does not explain the hierarchy problem. Before the discovery of nonzero lepton mixing angle θ 13 high hopes in explanation of the shape of the lepton mixing matrix were combined with non abelian symmetries. Nowadays, assuming one Higgs doublet, it is unlikely that this is still valid. Texture zeroes, that are combined with abelian symmetries, are intensively studied. The neutrino mass matrix is a natural way to study such symmetries.

In the framework of a two Higgs doublet model, we try to explain lepton masses and mixing matrix elements assuming that neutrinos are Dirac particles. Discrete family symmetry groups, which are subgroups of U(3) up to the order of 1025 are considered. Like in the Standard Model with one Higgs doublet, we found that discrete family symmetries do not give satisfactory answer to these basic questions in the flavour problem.

The K3 quantity, introduced in a context of the Leggett-Garg inequality violation, is studied for the neutrino oscillations in matter with phenomenologically modelled dissipative environment. It is shown that the K3 function acquires different values depending on whether neutrino is Dirac or Majorana particle, provided that there is a dissipative interaction between matter and neutrinos. The difference occurs for various matter densities and can serve as a potential quantifier verifying the neutrino nature. Moreover, working within phenomenological model one can suggest the values of the matter density and dissipation for which the difference is the most visible. There exist also special conditions in which the violation of the Leggett-Garg inequality, to a different extent for both kinds of neutrino, is observed.

Recent high-energy collider data reveal anomalous pre-collision trajectory deviations in subatomic particles. These deviations, which resist explanation via Standard Model dynamics or localized field influence, suggest the presence of non-visible geometric attractors — potentially higher-dimensional constraint surfaces. We propose these attractors are manifestations of memory-resonant coherence curvature embedded within the Δν_f lattice: a neutrino-based informational scaffold proposed in the NDISH-II framework. In this model, particle behavior is not fully stochastic but guided by field curvature shaped by historical coherence events, encoded into the lattice. This addendum outlines the mechanism by which the neutrino field may act as a pre-causal attractor grid, reframing causality as the unfolding of memory-guided field tension.

We report a new measurement of the B-meson semileptonic decay momentum spectrum that has been made with a sample of 9.4 fb -1 of e + e -data collected with the CLEO II detector at the Υ(4S) resonance. Electrons from primary semileptonic decays and secondary charm decays were separated by using charge and angular correlations in Υ(4S) events with a high-momentum lepton and an additional electron. We determined the semileptonic branching fraction to be B(B → Xe + ν e ) = (10.91 ± 0.09 ± 0.24)% from the normalization of the electron-energy spectrum. We also measured the moments of the electron energy spectrum with minimum energies from 0.6 GeV to 1.5 GeV.

A search for the lepton family number violating decay Do + tie is reported. No signal is observed in a data sample of 9.3 pb-l collected at the $(3770) resonance with the Mark III detector, where 0.18 f 0.06 f 0.05 background events are expected. A 90% confidence level upper limit on the branching fraction B(D" + pe) of 1.5 x low4 is obtained. This limit can be used to place a lower 4 _-_T_ bound on the masses of leptoquarks and other new particles that characterize _ --rr* models of family unification and-other theories beyond the Standard Model.

A search for the decay K S → π 0 γγ has been made using the NA48 detector at the CERN SPS. Using data collected in 1999 during a 40-hour run with a high-intensity K S beam, an upper limit for the branching ratio BR K S → π 0 γγ, z ≥ 0.2 < 3.3 × 10 -7 has been obtained at 90% confidence level, where z = m 2 γγ /m 2 K 0 .

We report on a search for D 0 -D 0 mixing made by studying the 'wrong-sign' process D 0 → K + π -. The data come from an integrated luminosity of 9.0 fb -1 of e + e -collisions at √ s ≈ 10 GeV recorded with the CLEO II.V detector. We measure the time integrated rate of the 'wrong-sign' process D 0 → K + π -relative to that of the Cabibbo-favored process D 0 → K + π -to be R = (0.332 +0.063 -0.065 ± 0.040)%. We study D 0 → K + π -as a function of decay time to distinguish direct doubly Cabibbo-suppressed decay from D 0 -D 0 mixing. The amplitudes that describe D 0 -D 0 mixing, x ′ and y ′ , are consistent with zero. At the 95% C.L. and without assumptions concerning charge-parity (CP) violating parameters, we find (1/2)x ′2 < 0.041% and -5.8% < y ′ < 1.0%.

Using data collected at the ψ(3770) resonance with the CLEO-c detector at the Cornell e + e - storage ring, we present improved measurements of the absolute branching fractions of D + decays to K0 e + ν e , π 0 e + ν e , K * 0 e + ν e , and ρ 0 e + ν e , and the first observation and absolute branching fraction measurement of D + → ωe + ν e . We also report the most precise tests to date of isospin invariance in semileptonic D 0 and D + decays.

Using a sample of 9.6 × 10 6 BB meson pairs collected with the CLEO detector, we have fully reconstructed 135 B 0 → ψ (′) K 0 S and 526 B + → ψ (′) K + candidates with very low background. We fitted the ψ (′) K invariant mass distributions of these B meson candidates and measured the masses of the neutral and charged B mesons to be The precision is a significant improvement over previous measurements.

Fermi lab have yielded more than 8xl0 4 e'vents with two muons in the final state. After reconstruction and cuts, the data contain 20 072 events with (81±10)% attributed to the diffractive production of charmed states decaying to muons. The cross section for diffractive charm +1•9 muoproduction is 6.9_ 1 • 4 nb where the error includes systematic uncertainties. Extrapolated to Q 2 =0 with o(Q 2 )=o(O)(l+Q2JA2)-2, the effective cross +180 +200 section for 178 (100) GeV photons is 750_130 (560-120) nb and the parameter A is 3.3±0.2 (2.9±0.2) GeV/c. The \! dependence of the cross section is similar to that of the photon-gluon-fusion model. Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka selection rules and unitarity allow the muon data to set a 90% confidence lower limit on the ~N total cross section of 0.9 mb. A first determination of the structure function F 2 (cc) for diffractive charm production indicates that charm accounts for approximately 1/3 of the scale-noninvariance observed in inclusive muon-nucleon scattering at low Bjorken x.

Using the CLEO II detector operating at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring ͑CESR͒ e ϩ e Ϫ collider, we have measured the structure functions in the decay ϯ → ϯ 0 0 , based on a sample corresponding to 4ϫ10 6 produced -pair events. We determine the integrated structure functions, which depend only on the three pion invariant mass, as well as the structure functions differential in the Dalitz plot variables. We extract model independent limits on non-axial-vector contributions from the measured structure functions as less than 16.6% of the total branching fraction, at the 95% confidence level. Separating the non-axial-vector contributions into scalar and vector contributions, we measure that scalars ͑vectors͒ contribute with less than 9.4% ͑7.3%͒ to the total branching fraction, at the 95% confidence level.

We have searched for CP -violating asymmetries in neutral charm meson decays in 13.7 fb -1 of e + e -collision data at √ s ≈ 10.6 GeV with the CLEO detector. The measured asymmetries in the rate of D 0 and D 0 decays to K 0 S π 0 , π 0 π 0 and K 0 S K 0 S final states are (+0.1 ± 1.3)%, (+0.1 ± 4.8)% and (-23 ± 19)%, respectively.

We measure the primary lepton momentum spectrum in B → Xℓν decays, for p ℓ ≥ 1.5 GeV/c in the B rest frame. From this, we calculate various moments of the spectrum. In particular, we find R 0 ≡ 1.7 GeV (dΓ/dE sl )dE ℓ / 1.5 GeV (dΓ/dE sl )dE ℓ = 0.6187 ± 0.0014 stat ± 0.0016 sys and R 1 ≡ 1.5 GeV E ℓ (dΓ/dE sl )dE ℓ / 1.5 GeV (dΓ/dE sl )dE ℓ = (1.7810 ± 0.0007 stat ± 0.0009 sys ) GeV. We use these moments to determine non-perturbative parameters governing the semileptonic width. In particular, we extract the Heavy Quark Expansion parameters Λ = (0.39±0.03 stat ±0.06 sys ±0.12 th ) GeV and λ 1 = (-0.25 ± 0.02 stat ± 0.05 sys ± 0.14 th ) GeV 2 . The theoretical constraints used are evaluated through order 1/M 3 B in the non-perturbative expansion and β 0 α 2 s in the perturbative expansion. We use these parameters to extract |V cb | from the world average of the semileptonic width and find |V cb | = (40.8 ± 0.5 Γ sl ± 0.4 (λ 1 , Λ)exp ± 0.9 th ) × 10 -3 . In addition, we extract the short range b-quark mass m 1S b = (4.82 ± 0.07 exp ± 0.11 th ) GeV/c 2 . Finally, we discuss the implications of our measurements for the theoretical understanding of inclusive semileptonic processes.

National Laboratory -Utilizing a ppm level of xenon dopant in the gas region of a dual-phase argon time projection chamber (TPC) presents the enticing prospect of enhanced electroluminescence with xenon, and low-mass particle detection with argon. However, at low temperatures xenon is known to remain in the liquid bulk due to its low vapor pressure, and it is liable to deposit on surfaces when exposed to cold components in the gas phase. This further complicates circulation, which must maintain a stable mixture and composition without disturbing equilibrium between the liquid and gas phases. These details introduce novel technical challenges, as successfully boosting electroluminescence requires at least 10ppm of xenon in the gas phase. Nevertheless, the possibility of realizing the benefits from both argon and xenon has compelled the development of CoHerent Ionization Limits in Liquid Argon and Xenon (CHILLAX), a new xenon-doped, dual-phase argon TPC. This talk will examine the specially tailored systems used in CHILLAX that are expected to avoid xenon freezeout, including direct detector cooling, and gas-phase circulation. Recent developments with CHILLAX, as well as the relevant technical background behind cryogenic mixtures of xenon and argon will also be discussed.

This paper unveils a profound connection between Ramanujan's mock theta functions and the fundamental structure of quantum spacetime.. We obtain new possible mathematical connections with some topics concerning the Number Theory, the Theoretical Cosmology and the String Theory

In anomaly free gauged three-flavor SU (3) f × SU (2)L × U (1)Y model of Yanagida with fermion and gauge boson masses described by conveniently chosen elementary scalar Higgs fields the neutrino mass matrix comes out in the seesaw form. Following Yanagida's suggestion we demonstrate that no Higgs fields are needed. Strong flavor gluon interactions themselves, treated in a separable approximation, result in universally split lepton and quark masses calculated in terms of a few parameters. While the realistic splitting of charged lepton and quark masses requires the electroweak and QCD radiative corrections the neutrino seesaw mass matrix comes out exact.