Nonlinear analysis of R/C shear walls subjected to seismic loadings
Leopoldo Tesser
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The Dynamic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls
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The reinforced concrete buildings are subjected to lateral loads due to wind and earthquake and these forces are predominant especially in tall and slender buildings. In general, the structural response of shear wall strongly depends on the type of loading, aspect ratio of shear wall, size and location of the openings in the shear wall and ductile detailing (strengthening) around the openings of shear walls. The behavior of shear wall remains linearly elastic till certain level of loading; it may not be possible for a shear wall to behave in a same fashion throughout the loading history. Hence, in order to properly proportion and design the shear wall, it is of paramount importance to understand the behavior of shear wall, in linear as well as in non-linear regimes. Shear walls have been conferred as a major lateral load resisting element in a building in any seismic prone zone. It is essential to determine behavior of shear wall in the pre-elastic and post-elastic stage. Shear wall...
ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO THE MEASURED DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF R/C SHEAR WALLS
2004
In this work are presented results from the processing of the measurements that resulted from the experimental testing at the laboratory of eleven Reinforced Concrete walls. The flexural, web shear and sliding shear mechanisms were considered that resist the loads that were imposed at the top of the specimens. The processing of the measurements is related with the estimation of the displacement due to the deformation of the aforementioned individual seismic load resisting mechanisms. Results are presented at comparative envelope -curve diagrams of shear force versus displacement. From the measurements, displacement ductilities are calculated, that resulted from the deformation of all load resisting mechanisms of the specimens and are compared with the displacement ductility that resulted from the deformation of the flexural mechanism of each specimen, with the latest also calculated analytically by considering perfect flexural behavior. From the shape of the envelope curves of the hysteresis loops, result useful conclusions about the contribution of each load resisting mechanism to the inelastic deformations of each specimen and about the changes that were observed to the inelastic deformation due to the parameters variation among the specimens: aspect ratio, existence of axial load, reinforcement quantity and arrangement.
Estimation of Displacement Capacity of Rectangular RC Shear Walls Using Experimental and Analytical Database
2020
This study is focused on the evaluation of the displacement capacity of RC shear walls using both experimental and analytical results. The first observation of the study is that few experimental results for slender RC shear walls having thicknesses larger than 150 mm are available in the literature. From the experimental database, it was observed that the mean and the median ultimate drift of squat RC shear walls is about half of that obtained for slender RC shear walls. Considering the limitation of the experimental database, the simple empirical model for the ultimate drift ratio of slender RC shear walls proposed in this study is also based on available analytical results from the literature. The model provides a good fit with the observed results and besides, due to the fact that it does not require sectional analysis of the element, it allows a rapid assessment of the displacement capacity of slender RC shear walls as a function of the seismic design code parameters. The propos...
Behaviour of Cyclically Loaded Shear Walls
Behaviour of reinforced concrete shear walls under cyclic loading is investigated. Results of a parametric study using a nonlinear finite element analysis program, performed on the NUPEC large-scale flanged shear wall, are presented underscoring the mechanisms influencing both the observed and calculated responses. Details of an ongoing experimental program on the behaviour of 3-D shear walls subjected to reversed cyclic loading are provided. The preliminary constitutive models used in the analysis programs, for reinforced concrete subjected to arbitrary loading conditions including cyclic loading, are reviewed. The analytical results of shear walls are compared to the experimentally observed behaviour, demonstrating reasonably accurate simulations of behaviour. The results of a series of panel tests are used to identify the aspects of concrete modeling that are in need of further study and refinement.
Deformation Capacity of Non-Conforming RC Shear Walls: Analytical and Numerical Estimation - Test Verification
Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (COMPDYN 2015), 2015
An approach for the analytical prediction of the deformation capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls in existing buildings, designed with past non conforming seismic regulations is presented. Most modern seismic assessment and redesign provisions include models for the prediction of the capacity of existing RC members. Specifically, Eurocode 8-Part 3 provides semi-empirical and analytical expressions which focus on the estimation of yield and ultimate chord rotation. For this purpose, cross section analyses were carried out using OpenSees platform in order to predict the Moment-Curvature diagram (M-φ) which is thereafter transformed, by analytical expressions, into the final Load-Displacement (P-δ) capacity curve of such members. In addition, numerical simulations were carried out using two alternative element models, available in OpenSees library, in order to directly predict the overall Load-Displacement (P-δ) curve of a shear wall. Both analytical and numerical results were compared with test results from a series of experiments of isolated non conforming RC shear wall elements, which were tested as cantilevers under statically reversed lateral loading in the
Strength and Deformation Capacity of Shear Walls
2016
A research program was conducted to investigate the relationship between shear strength and deformation capacity of reinforced concrete structural walls. The program included testing of eight large-scale reinforced concrete structural walls subjected to constant axial load and reversed cyclic lateral loading. Primary test variables included wall height-to-length (aspect) ratio (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0), axial load level (0.025Agf’c, 0.10Agf’c, 0.15Agf’c, and 0.20Agf’c), and wall shear stress level (between 4 ' c f and 8 ' c f ). In addition, a comprehensive database for well-detailed walls was developed to assess the influence of wall curvature ductility and plastic rotation on shear strength. Results from the study provide valuable information for modeling structural wall behavior.
Modelling and Analysis Issues in Assessing the Performance of RC Shear Walls
Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing, 2005
This paper presents the structural modelling of one of the two 5-story, 1/3rd scale, R/C shear walls tested on a shaking table for the CAMUS Program and the analysis issues related to the reproduction of the experimental results. Two models were set up for the wall, at different levels of refinements: the micro scale of finite elements (FE) and the meso scale of a fibre model. Both models have been subjected to a nonlinear pushover monotonic analysis within a displacement-based assessment; a dynamic step-by-step analysis has been performed only at the meso-scale. The comparison of numerical and experimental results provides useful indications about the modelling approaches to be adopted in predicting the non linear seismic response through simplified procedures, pointing out that modelling and analysis problems can not be faced separately.
Evaluation of Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls through Finite Element Analysis
ACI Special Publication, 2009
Synopsis: Reinforced concrete shear walls are typically modeled with twodimensional continuum elements. Such models can accurately describe the local behavior of the wall element. Continuum models are computationally very expensive, which limits their applicability to conduct parameter studies. Fiber beam elements, on the other hand, have proven to be able to model the behavior of slender walls rather well, and are computationally very efficient. With the inclusion of shear deformations and concrete constitutive models under a biaxial state of stress, fiber models can also accurately simulate the behavior of walls for which shear plays an important role. This paper presents a model for wall-type reinforced concrete structures based on fiber beam analysis under cyclic loading conditions. The concrete constitutive law is based on the recently developed softened membrane model. The finite element model was validated through a correlation study with two experimentally tested reinforced concrete walls. The model was subsequently used to conduct a series of numerical studies to evaluate the effect of several parameters affecting the nonlinear behavior of the wall. These parameters include the slenderness ratio, the transverse reinforcement ratio, and the axial force. These studies resulted in several conclusions regarding the global and local behavior of the wall system.
Seismic Behaviour of R / C Shear Wall Structures Designed According to the French PS 92 and Ec 8 Codes : A Comparison Between Shaking-Table Response Data and 2 D Modelling
1999
The provisions of the EC8 do not cover an important class of multi-storey shear walls structures, that of reinforced concrete bearing walls with limited reinforcement ratio, which are commonly used in France for buildings. In view of such analysis an experimental programme took place in the CEA facilities in Saclay which consisted of shaking-table tests on slightly and normally reinforced concrete shear wall structures (CAMUS I and CAMUS III). The CAMUS I specimen had the vertical, horizontal and confinement reinforcement according to the French PS92 seismic design code. The geometry of CAMUS III was the same than the CAMUS I specimen, but the reinforcement was designed according to EC8. The objective of this study is to evaluate through comparison with the experimental results, the performance of various FEM analytical techniques. Towards the analysis of the damage and behaviour of this shear wall, a plasticity based concrete model is used. Bond-slip interaction between steel bars ...
Damage Patterns in Squat and Flexural RC Shear Walls
Structures Congress 2020
The response of reinforced concrete shear walls, when used as a lateral force resisting element in concrete buildings, may vary according to their detailing and geometry. In the present paper, comparison of the global response and damage distribution of three full-scale reinforced concrete shear wall specimens subjected to simulated seismic loading is presented. One slender and two squat full-scale shear wall specimens of the same wall length were designed and tested as cantilever walls to assess their performance during in-plane simulated seismic action. Axial load was also provided in the amount of about 7% of the wall section capacity to both the slender and one of the squat wall specimens. The second squat wall specimen was tested without axial load to evaluate the effect of compressive force on the walls' lateral behavior. Cross comparison of these three specimens indicates that, despite common misconception, properly detailed squat walls can develop displacement ductility consistent with slender, flexure-dominated walls.
Response of nonconforming RC shear walls with smooth bars under quasi-static cyclic loading
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering
In this study, an experimental investigation is conducted to determine the behavior of RC shear walls found in old and existing buildings that do not comply with the design rules in modern earthquake standards. Scaled reinforced concrete shear wall specimens are built with smooth bars and low concrete quality. The dimensions of the shear wall specimens were selected with an aspect ratio bigger than two as 2500, 1050, and 150 mm for the height, length, and thickness, respectively. Four specimens are representative of nonconforming shear walls, and one wall used as a reference specimen which was designed in accordance with recent building codes using deformed bars. The behavior of the shear walls is determined experimentally by displacement-lateral load relationship under lateral cyclic loading. The study used measurable parameters to investigate the behavior of the test specimens in terms of lateral force capacity, rigidity, ductility, dissipated energy, and displacement components contribution to the total lateral response of the walls. The results showed a substantial loss of stiffness, ductility and energy dissipation capabilities for the tested nonconforming shear walls. Moreover, it is proven in this study that these specimens are governed by the bar slip phenomena which demonstrated more than 80% contribution to the total lateral displacement capacity. In contrast, the reference shear wall exhibited a notable flexural behavior and plastic hinge formation. Additionally, the shear walls built with smooth reinforcement bars lost about 44% of their theoretical potential flexural capacity due to the observed bar slip failure.
Deformation Capacity of Older RC Shear Walls: Experimental Assessment and Comparison with Eurocode 8-PART 3 Provisions
A series of six reinforced concrete shear walls was tested under cycling static loading and is presented within this paper. The specimens represent shear walls designed according to older seismic codes, characterized by the absence of confined (column like) boundary elements and by the low ratio of shear reinforcement. The experimental behaviour of these specimens was evaluated in chord rotation and shear strength terms and it was compared with the values given by the application of Eurocode 8-Part 3 (EC8-3) provisions, which refer to the assessment of reinforced concrete members.
Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls
This paper reviews the performance of reinforced concrete shear walls in buildings subject to seismic loading. The overall ductile structural response of buildings during earthquakes is an important characteristic that increases their overall ruggedness and robustness against significant damage or failure. This review discusses the seismic response of RC shear walls based upon established ductility principles and presents a case study example of a shear wall subject to beyond design seismic loading.
Using Damage Mechanics to Simulate the Behavior of Various Reinforced Concrete Walls Submitted to Earthquake Loading
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 2005
Modeling of Nonlinear Behavior of RC Shear Walls Under Combined Axial, Shear and Flexural Loading
Predicting the behavior of RC shear walls under bending moment without existence of interaction of any other kind of loadings like shear or axial load is simple and can be conducted with good accuracy. But what is in a great concern, is predicting their behavior under the interaction of shear, axial and flexural loadings. In this research there is an effort to investigate the behavior of RC shear walls under this condition of loading with a novel approach. A general but simple macro model is proposed that can include flexural and shear behavior of the wall with considering the effects of pull put and slippage of reinforcing bars as well as concrete tension softening, stiffening and confinement. This simple model is applicable to different wall shapes with different reinforcement ratios and its prediction has good agreement with experimental results. The predicted behavior of the walls is compared with some available experimental results to show the accuracy of the proposed method.
Numerical Modeling of Slender RC Shear Walls Subjected to Monotonic and Cyclic Loadings
International Journal of Sciences Basic and Applied Research, 2014
Reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls are used to provide lateral stiffness and strength in RC structures as well as steel structures. There are different approaches to model shear walls for both linear and nonlinear analyses.
State-Of-The-Art on the Recent Evolution of Macro-Model of RC Shear Walls
2014
Reinforced concrete structural walls are very efficient elements for protecting buildings against excessive early damage and against collapse under earthquake actions. Several research as well in theoretical and numerical domain as experimental, were conducted to investigate the behavior of RC shear walls under the lateral loads, it is therefore of interest to develop a numerical model which simulates the typical behavior of these units. From a structural engineering point of view, be classified in tow major model levels; micro models and macro models, but in this paper attention is focused on a macroscopic approach. These range from models attempts to incorporate the entire behavior of a major region of a structural wall, such as a storey height or part thereof, including the wall's constituents such as the concrete, the reinforcing steel and the interaction effects between concrete and steel. The objective of this paper is to provide a state-of-the-art on the recent advancemen...
Experimental investigation of existing non-conforming RC shear walls
Engineering Structures, 2017
This work forms part of a research program to assess and strengthen existing non-conforming reinforced concrete walls, namely walls designed according to older seismic codes that do not meet the modern seismic provisions. For this purpose, a series of four shear walls, representing typical medium-rise walls, was designed and tested as cantilevers under static cyclic loading. The wall specimens are characterized by various reinforcement arrangements, focusing mainly on different amounts of shear reinforcement and on the buckling of compressive longitudinal rebars. The experimental results are compared with the assessment provisions included in Eurocode 8-Part 3 for estimating the strength and deformation capacity of existing reinforced concrete members.
Development of a System for Cyclic Shear Tests on Full-Scale Walls
Applied sciences, 2023
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
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