Nanomaterials Characterization

Many biomolecules have a great ability to diff erentiate between a certain type ofDNA from diff erent nanotubes. The diameter-dependent selective dispersion ofSWCNTs is obtained by using chitosan polymer and polyethylene glycol (PEG)oligomeric polymer through twist absorption.

Nanostructures refer to materials or structures that have at least one dimension between 1 and 100nanometersThe importance of nanoscale is in changing the properties and characteristics ofmaterials in these dimensions. Properties such as electrical conductivity, electromagneticproperties, etc. Starting to change the properties of the material by shrinking it depends above all onthe type of material and the desired property. For example, by reducing the dimensions of amaterial, generally some of the electromagnetic properties of nano-molecular materials such as theconductivity of nano particles in materials are improved. This increase in strength does not happenonly in the range of a few nanometers, and the strength of materials of several tens or even hundredsof nanometers may be much higher than the mass material of a large scale. On the other hand, thechange of some properties such as conductivity in nano-transistors and electromagnetic propertiesin nano-wires may occur in dimensions of only a few nanometers.Self-assembly (nanoparticles) innanostructures is a spontaneous process by which nanomolecules/nanophases are transformed intoorganized functions.

Purpose-This paper aims to describe the influence of maleinized linseed oil (MLO), when used as a lubricant, on the thermal and rheological properties of PLA/MWCNTs (polylactic acid/multi-walled carbon nanotubes) and PLA/HNT (halloysite nanotubes) nanocomposites, as a reference for application in 3D printing processes. Design/methodology/approach-Nanocomposites were obtained by melting in a twin-screw extruder, mixing PLA with MWCNTs and HNTs in different percentages of 0.5, 0.75 and 1 Wt.% for subsequent mixing by the same process with 5 phr MLO, for application in additive manufacturing, as analyzed by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), capillary rheometry, melt flow rate (MFL) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Findings-The results obtained for thermal characterization by using DSC indicate the non-variation of glass transition temperature Tg = 62 6 2°C and a melting temperature (Tm) around 170°C. Crystallization temperature dropped by approximately 12°C, which should be kept in mind during the transformation processes. The values obtained by capillary rheometry indicate that the material's viscosity is reduced by the influence of the MLO plasticizer's lubricant effect on the PLA's molecular structure. The melt flow index values confirm a rise of approximately 46% in the flow index and back up the capillary rheometry results. The values obtained were as follows: PLA/0.5 Wt.% MWCNT/ MLO 5 phr 54.07, PLA/0.75 Wt.% MWCNT/MLO 5 phr 53.46, PLA/1 Wt.% MWCNT/MLO 5 phr 51.84y PLA/0.5 Wt.% HNT/MLO 5 phr 61.8, PLA/ 0.75 Wt.% HNT/MLO 5 phr 68.3 and PLA/1 Wt.% HNT/MLO 5 phr 71.2 g/10 min. Apart from the nanocharge distribution, the information obtained from the FESEM shows the existence of a cluster, which could have been avoided by more energetic stirring during the nanocompound manufacturing process. Social implications-This paper presents an analysis of the insertion of plasticizer in nanocomposites for the application in additive manufacturing processes in fusion deposition modelling (FDM) system.

A simple spectrophotometric method is presented for quantifying glucose and H 2 O 2 using p-aminophenol sulfate-(PAP) & N-(1-Naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride-(NEDA) as novel chromogenic reagents with different morphological V 2 O 5 nanoparticles (NPs) as peroxidase mimicking nanozyme. For glucose, the method was linear in the range of 0.0289 and 0.925 mM for HRP and NPs. The substrate and nanozymes interaction was established using K m values, which were satisfactory. Recovery studies were performed with glucose and found between 83.98 % and 99.08 % for NPs and 88.48 to 99.35 for HRP. LOD range of 0.0194-0.0351 mM and LOQ range of 0.0588-0.1064 mM was observed with NPs, whereas for HRP, LOD was 0.02 and LOQ was 0.0607 mM. Maltose, sucrose, fructose, mannose, and galactose, considered potential interferants in glucose assay methods, provided negligible interference with the proposed method. Based on XRD data, the average crystalline size of the NPs was calculated using Scherrer's equation and Williamson-Hall plot and ranged between 29.14 and 45.42 nm, 32.5 and 45.7 nm, respectively. SEM and TEM images confirm the morphology of V 2 O 5 Nps were vanadium nanosheets (VNShs), nanoflowers (VNFws), and nanospheres (VNSps). DLS data revealed the Zeta potential of NPs in the range-4.5mv to 4.6mv. XPS confirms the NPs are in the V 2 O 5 state.

პროექტი "სხვა" დმანისის ისტორია: არაბობიდან ქართულ რეკონკისტამდე (VII-XII საუკუნეების დმანისის ისტორიისა და კულტურის ინტერდისციპლინური კვლევა ნაქალაქარის არქეოლოგიური ძეგლებისა და საქართველოს ეროვნული მუზეუმის კოლექციების მიხედვით) და წინამდებარე მონოგრაფიის გამოცემა განხორციელდა შოთა რუსთაველის ეროვნული სამეცნიერო ფონდის ფინანსური მხარდაჭერით The project "Other" History of Dmanisi: From Arab invasions to Georgian Reconquista (Interdisciplinary study of Dmanisi history and culture of 7 th -12 th centuries according to the archaelogical sites of Dmanisi and collections of the Georgian National Museum) and publication was carried out with the financial support of the Shota Rustaveli National Scientific Foundation საგრანტო პროექტის ხელმძღვანელი და მკვლევართა გუნდის წევრები მადლობას უხდიან საქართველოს ეროვნული მუზეუმის ადმინისტრაციას, თანამშრომლებს, კოლეგებსა და მეგობრებს თანადგომისთვის, დახმარებისა და რჩევებისთვის განსაკუთრებული მადლობა დმანისის კულტურისა და ხელოვნების ცენტრს, ასევე თბილისის მოსაწავლეახალგაზრდობის ეროვნულ სასახლეს The principal investigator of the grant project and the research team express their gratitude to the administration, staff, colleagues, and friends of the Georgian National Museum for their support, assistance, and advice Special thanks to the Dmanisi Culture and Art Center, as well as the National Youth and Children's Palace in Tbilis პროექტის სამეცნიერო ხელმძღვანელი ნათია დემურიშვილი Principal Investigator of the Project Natia Demurishvili ქართული ტექსტის რედაქტორი ნინო ნადარაია Editor of Georgian text Nino Nadaraia ინგლისური ტექსტის რედაქტორები მაიკლ ვიკერსი, ფრიდერიკე როინარდ Editors of English texts Michael Vickers, Friederike Roynard კორექტორი ნანი მოდებაძე Corrector Nani Modebadze მთარგმნელები მანანა ოდიშელი, ირინა კოშორიძე, ფრიდერიკე როინარდ Translators Manana Odisheli, Irina Koshoridze, Friederike Roynard დიზაინი ირაკლი ხუციშვილი Design Irakli Khutsishvili ავტორთა ჯგუფი: ნათია დემურიშვილი, ირინა კოშორიძე, მარინა დგებუაძე, ჯიმშერ ჩხვიმიანი, მაია პატარიძე, ფინბარი ბარი ფლუდი, მარინა ალექსიძე, ვაჟა მამიაშვილი, მარიამ ქორიძე, მარიკა ჩემია

Chitosan wide range of application is highly dependent mainly on the presence of the reactive amino groups and its degree of deacetylation (DDA) is one of the main parameters characterizing chitosan. Chitosan was produced from deacetylation of chitin using 70% alkali concentration in an autoclave at120 o C for 1 hour. The degree of deacetylation (DDA) was determined using the acid-base titration method. A degree of deacetylation (DDA) of 70.67% was achieved from the autoclave synthesized chitosan compared to the conventional synthesized chitosan using a lower alkali concentration and temperature with a degree of deacetylation of 62.36%. In conclusion, the use of autoclave and increasing alkali concentration increased the DDA and may possibly influence other functional and biological properties of chitosan.

A versatile synthetic approach for development of highly fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) from carboxymethylcellulose in the presence of linear polyethyleneimine (LPEI) has been developed. According to single factor method, central composite design incorporated with response surface methodology matrix was applied to find and model optimal conditions for the temperature (220–260 °C), duration (1–3 h) and LPEI weight (0.5–1.5%). The statistical results show that duration was the most significant parameter for efficient carbonization conversion rate in comparison with temperature and LPEI weight. The reduced cubic model (R2 = 0.9993) shows a good correlation between the experimental data and predicted values. The optimal variables were temperature of 260 °C, duration of 2 h and LPEI weight of 1%. Under these conditions, quantum yield of up to 44% was obtained. The numerically optimized N-CDs have an average size of 3.4 nm with graphitic nature owing to the abundant amino ...

This research article provides a pathway of controlled growth of ZnO nano-rods, -flowers, -needles or -tubes without external chemical catalysis, via a simple wet chemical method by control of synthesis temperature. Morphological effects on structural and optical properties are studied by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy shows slight enhancement in the band gap, with increasing synthesis temperature. Photoluminescence (PL) data indicates the existence of defect in the nanomaterials, which is more elaborately explained by schematic band diagram. A sharp and strong peak in Raman spectroscopy is observed at ∼438cm−1 is assigned to the E2high optical mode of the ZnO, indicating the wurtzite hexagonal phase with high crystallinity.

This study involved preparation and modification of Saccharum officinarium as adsorbent used for the removal of chromium (VI) ions in a batch process. The adsorbent was modified with oxalic acid for improved performance of the adsorbent by increasing the surface area of the adsorbent. Surface morphology of the adsorbents was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), while Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis was carried out before and after the adsorption of Cr (VI) ions to determine the participating functional group in the processes. The optimum adsorption was attained at pH 2 and contact time of 180 min with efficiency of adsorption of 56.7 and 92.6% onto RSO and MSO, respectively. The adsorption capacity increases with increase in initial metal ion concentration of the sorption mixture. The isotherms studies indicate that the experimental data were best fitted to Freundlich, Langmuir, and Sips models with R 2 = 0.999 for adsorption of Cr (VI) ions onto raw S. officinarium (RSO) and modified S. officinarium (MSO). The maximum adsorption capacity obtained were 227.27 and 243.90 mg*g-1 while the adsorption energy obtained from D-R were found to be 3.460 and 6.325 kJ*mol-1 onto RSO and MSO, respectively. This revealed that the physiosorption process was favored in interaction of Cr (VI) ions onto both adsorbents. Separation factors obtained showed that the process is favored with increase in initial concentration of the adsorbate. Thermodynamic parameter values obtained showed that the sorption of Cr (VI) ions onto RSO and MSO is feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic in nature. The positive value of ΔS° indicates increase in disorderliness of the adsorption process. Kinetic data achieved at different initial concentrations of adsorbate have been analyzed, and the mechanism of the reaction was also studied by intra-particle and Bangham kinetic model. Each of the models was tested with R 2 ˃ 0.9, where pseudo-second-order is the best-fitted model and Bangham mechanism only fitted with adsorption of Cr (VI) ions onto RSO. The reusability potential of RSO and MSO contributes to the economic values and reliability of the adsorbents for removal of Cr (VI) ions from aqueous solution.

In this research, the effect of SiO 2 particles on the dispersion behavior of montmorillonite (MMT) in polyimide(4-APS/BTDA)/SiO 2 -MMT nanocomposite film(where 4-APS is 4-aminophenyl sulfone and BTDA is 3,3 0 ,4,4 0 -benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride), and the changes in the molecular structure and morphology of the polymer matrix during thermal imidization were characterized by means of temporal analyses. For this purpose, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of PI/MMT and PI/SiO 2 -MMT nanocomposite films prepared at different heating steps under ambient atmosphere were studied. The MMT d-spacing in the polymer matrix was determined using Bragg's equation. The XRD results showed

Review of nanomaterials existing classifications and their preparation methods is carried out. As a result, basic principles of decision-making when obtaining new nanomaterial are determined, which take into account stability, as well as properties when molding products from nanomaterials and directly reproducible properties of materials themselves with check for biocompatibility, biodegradability, and toxicity. It is proposed in decision-making process to pay attention to analysis: nanomaterial behavior in soil (mobility, stability); nanomaterials behavior in water; airborne behavior and photoactivity. It is proposed to classify nanomaterials in terms of their structural components: nanoparticles, carbon nanostructures, thin films. Proposed decision-making algorithm for obtaining new nanomaterial takes into account its safety for human health and environment throughout entire life cycle.

Biomicrite is one of the most common types of limestone used in archaeological architecture, such as the Cairo Citadel Aqueduct, and it is organic carbonate sedimentary rock, as microfossils and metabolic residues of extinct animals are filled with fine-grained calcite and/or dolomite are scattered in the very fine-grained matrix (micrite), which makes it a relatively weak sedimentary stone, and its preservation is a difficult challenge facing conservators, so they resort to using compatible consolidate materials with limestone components. Nanocomposites are a recent trend in the treatment and conservation of monuments, as they aim to perform a number of functions at the same time, with minimal external chemicals interference. This experimental study aims to evaluate the efficiency of a number of multifunctional nanocomposites, namely nano zinc titanate added to nano barium hydroxide or nano barium titanate or nano barium oxide mixed in paraloid B-72 dissolved in high purity acetone, by examining the consolidate stones samples using stero microscope, PM, SEM, XRD and water contact angle, in addition to measuring the mechanical properties and colorimetric measurement, it was found that nano zinc titrate added to nano barium oxide mixed with paraloid B-72 dissolved in high pure acetone gave the best results.

Zinc-cobalt sulphide (Zn x Co 1Àx S) thin films were fabricated on glass substrates using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. In this study, the films were grown employing solutions of zinc acetate, cobalt sulphate, and thioacetamide as the respective sources of zinc, cobalt, and sulphur. The synthesized films were investigated for their potential use in optoelectronic device applications. Optical characterization revealed that the films exhibited a direct transition with an energy gap ranging from 3.350 to 3.360 eV. As the zinc concentrations were changing, the absorbance of the films were decreasing uniformly along the wavelength spectra. The films exhibit a low extinction coefficient (0.0-0.23) that may be due to the internal reflections within the material as concentrations changes. Variations in the thickness, reflectance and refractive index with zinc concentrations were also discussed. The electrical resistivity was found to decrease from 7:12 Â 10 8 to 5:94 Â 10 8 (Ω.cm) with zinc concentrations. According to the crystallography spectrum, Zn x Co 1Àx S has a polycrystalline structure with various distinct peaks at different orientations. Scanning electron microscopy shows that surface morphology of Zn x Co 1Àx S films has a well-defined nanoparticles of different shapes and sizes which are uniformly distributed and are significantly transformed as a function of concentrations. The results demonstrate that the chemically deposited thin films can be engineered for a range of optoelectronic applications.

This study investigates the therapeutic potential of Mangifera indica (mango) leaves, focusing on their antioxidant, cytotoxic and thrombolytic properties using different solvent extracts. Quantitative analysis revealed significant concentrations of bioactive compounds: tannins (2.03 mg/100 g), alkaloids (3.5 mg/100g) and saponins (5.32 mg/100 g). The concentrated crude extracts recovered from mango leaves showed yields ranging from 6.79-13.76 g/100 g. These CCEs demonstrated prominent amounts of total phenolic and flavonoid content varying from 198-318 GAE (mg/100g) and 167-291 CE (mg/100 g). Hemolytic and thrombolytic assays demonstrated the extracts' low toxicity and effective blood clot reduction capabilities. At concentrations below 500 µg/mL, the extracts exhibited non-toxic effects on human erythrocytes. Given their rich phytochemical profile and bioactivities, this research underscores the promise of Mangifera indica leaves in drug development, nutraceuticals and functional foods. The findings advocate further exploring these extracts in traditional and modern medicine for disease prevention and treatment.

Nanoparticles are particles with at least one dimension in the
nanometer range, defined as from 1 to 100 nanometers. They have
unique properties and potential applications in a wide range of fields.
Types of nanoparticles include metals, metal oxides,
semiconductors, polymers, ceramics, and nanotubes. Nanoparticles
can be prepared by a variety of methods, including chemical
reduction, precipitation, laser ablation, and electrochemical
deposition. Nanoparticles have potential application in agriculture,
such as pest control and increased crop yields. In medicine,
nanoparticles can be used as drug delivery systems, as contrast
agents for imaging, and for targeted therapy. These applications are
currently being explored, and research is ongoing. The future of
nanoparticle applications is promising, as new nanomaterials and
methods of synthesis are being developed. Research is also focusing
on understanding the environmental impact of nanoparticles, and
improving safety protocols in their use. With the development of
new and improved nanoparticles, the potential for applications in
agriculture and medicine will continue to expand.

The current investigation deals with the simple and ecological synthesis of CaO, MgO, CaTiO 3, and MgTiO 3 for the photocatalytic dilapidation of rhodamine B dye. CaO was procured from chicken eggshell waste by calcination process, while MgO was produced by solution combustion method using urea as a fuel source. Furthermore, CaTiO 3 and MgTiO 3 were synthesized through an easy and simple solid-state method by mixing thoroughly the synthesized CaO or MgO with TiO 2 before calcination at 900 °C. XRD and EDX investigations confirmed the phase formation of the materials. Moreover, FTIR spectra revealed the existence of Ca-Ti-O, Mg-Ti-O, and Ti-O which resembles the chemical composition of the proposed materials. SEM micrographs revealed that the surface of CaTiO 3 is rougher with relatively dispersed particles compared to MgTiO 3 , reflecting a higher surface area of CaTiO 3. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy investigations indicated that the synthesized materials can act as photocatalysts under UV illumination. Accordingly, CaO and CaTiO 3 effectively degraded rhodamine B dye within 120 min with a photodegradation activity of 63% and 72%, respectively. In contrast, the photocatalytic degradation activity of MgO and MgTiO 3 was much lower, since only 21.39 and 29.44% of the dye were degraded, respectively after 120 min of irradiation. Furtheremore, the photocatalytic activity of the mixture from both Ca and Mg titanates was 64.63%. These findings might be valuable for designing potential and affordable photocatalysts for wastewater purification.

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit unique properties and potential applications when reduced to one-dimensional (1D) nanoribbons (NRs), owing to quantum confinement and high edge densities. However, effective growth methods for self-aligned TMD NRs are still lacking. We demonstrate a versatile approach for lattice-guided growth of dense, aligned MoS2 NR arrays via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on anisotropic sapphire substrates, without tailored surface steps. This method enables the synthesis of NRs with widths below 10 nanometers and longitudinal axis parallel to the zigzag direction, being also extensible to the growth of WS2 NRs and MoS2-WS2 heteronanoribbons. Growth is influenced by both substrate and CVD temperature, indicating the role of anisotropic precursor diffusion and substrate interaction. The 1D nature of the NRs was asserted by the observation of Coulomb blockade at low temperatures. Pronounced catalytic activity was observed at the edges of the NRs, indicating their promise for efficient catalysis.

Thermo-mechanical model of the mantle wedge between the base of the overlying Scythian lithospheric plate and the upper surface of the Black Sea micro-plate subducting under the Scythian one with a velocity V at an angle β is obtained for the infinite Prandtl number fluid as a solution of non-dimensional 2D hydrodynamic equations in the Boussinesq approximation. For both Newtonian and non-Newtonian rheology cases 2D thermal viscous dissipationdriven convection mechanism in the mantle wedge above the Black Sea micro-plate subducting under the Crimea peninsula is modelled numerically. The effects of 410 km and 660 km phase transitions are taken into account. In the case of Newtonian rheology, the upwelling convective flow transporting heat to the Earth's surface locates at far greater distance from the trench than they observed 2D heat flux anomaly. In the case of non-Newtonian rheology, the upwelling convective flow transporting heat to the Earth's surface locates at twice greater distance from the trench than they observed 2D heat flux anomaly, the velocity in the convective vortices being over ∼10 m per year.

In this study, the magnetic field-induced birefringence effect was studied on the addition of 22 nm sized silica particles in a water-based Fe3O4 magnetic fluid at two different wavelengths, that is, 532 nm and 650 nm. The results were compared using the modified Langevin theory. The optical anisotropic properties of the magnetic fluid due to the agglomeration of chain formation and magnetic-field-induced birefringence are discussed here. In addition, magnetization data recorded using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were analyzed in view of Langevin's theor.

Nanotechnology is a young scientific field that holds great promise for solving several issues across various domains. The concept of synthesizing nanoparticles from their respective metals has been introduced by the combination of nanotechnology with other scientific disciplines such as chemistry, biology, and physics. Numerous kinds of nanoparticles have been created to date and are employed in numerous industries for a range of purposes. Additionally, scientists are drawn to Copper nanoparticles due to their notable and extensive bioactivity. Copper nanoparticles have been employed as possible antibacterial agents in numerous biomedical applications because of their high surface area to volume ratio. However, overuse of any metal nanoparticle raises the possibility of harm to people other animals and the environment.

Synthesis and characterization of two novel copper β-diketone complexes, where halogen bonds play a pivotal role in shaping their multifaceted structural landscape, have been done in the present study. This study employs Xray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, and infrared (IR) spectroscopy to investigate two copper β-diketone complexes, [Cu(L1) 2 (ttfa) 2 ]• 2CH 3 OH (1) and [Cu(L1)(dfpb) 2 ] (2), where Httfa is 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(thiophen-2-yl)butan-3,1-dione and Hdfpb is 4,4-difluoro-1-phenylbutane-1,3dione. Complex 1 displays a halogen bond, which contributes to its uniqueness. The coordination sphere around the copper atoms was found to be octahedral for complex 1 and pyramid with a square base for complex 2. The study also extensively discusses the interactions present in these complexes. Hirshfeld surface analysis was employed to gain a more detailed understanding of these interactions, and the results showed that hydrogen-bond interactions contributed above 30% of the whole surface area in both complexes. Additionally, the halogen bond in complex 1 was found to contribute approximately 8% of the surface. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the structural properties and interactions of copper β-diketone complexes, which could have potential applications in various fields. ■ HIGHLIGHTS • Diverse coordination geometries found in the copper βdiketone complexes. • Comprehensive analysis of the interactions within the complexes. • Hirshfeld surface analysis employed to gain a detailed understanding of complex interactions. • Halogen bond observed in one of the copper β-diketone complexes. • Hydrogen-bond interactions contribute significantly to the surface in the complexes.

There are limited studies of isolated cellulose whiskers from kenaf bast. Kenaf bast contains less than 30% of total weight, it needs small usage but high performance – high value. Cellulose nano whiskers (CNW) can be isolated by sulphuric acid hydrolysis from kenaf bast fibres and potentially have higher strength, increase efficiency and added value compared to normal fibre. Moreover, CNW has good properties as reinforcing material in any type of composites. In this study, cellulose whiskers were isolated from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) bast fibres via sulphuric acid hydrolysis. Raw bast kenaf, NaOH treated and bleached fibres morphology was analyzed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) while the whiskers were analyzed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (X-RD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) used to characterize all samples. Nanocomposites were produced by incorporating various...

Luminescent nano‐thermometry is a fast‐developing technique with great potential for in vivo sensing, diagnosis, and therapy. Unfortunately, it presents serious limitations. The luminescence generated by nanothermometers, from which thermal readout is obtained, is strongly distorted by the attenuation induced by tissues. Such distortions lead to low signal levels and entangle absolute and reliable thermal monitoring of internal organs. Overcoming both limitations requires the use of high‐brightness luminescent nanothermometers and adopting more complex approaches for temperature estimation. In this work, it is demonstrated how superbright Ag2S nanothermometers can provide in vivo, reliable, and absolute thermal reading of the liver during laser‐induced hyperthermia. For that, a new procedure is designed in which thermal readout is obtained from the combination of in vivo transient thermometry measurements and in silico simulations. The synergy between in vivo and in silico measureme...

Nowadays, magnetic hyperthermia constitutes a complementary approach to cancer treatment. The use of magnetic particles as heating mediators, proposed in the 1950s, provides a novel strategy for improving tumor treatment and, consequently, patient's quality of life. This review reports a broad overview about several aspects of magnetic hyperthermia addressing new perspectives and the progress on relevant features such as the ad hoc preparation of magnetic nanoparticles, physical modeling of magnetic heating, methods to determine the heat dissipation power of magnetic colloids including the development of experimental apparatus and the influence of biological matrices on the heating efficiency. V

This experimental study assesses the effectiveness of traditional and nano-materials in enhancing the physical and mechanical properties of deteriorated sandstone from Ramesses III Temple, Karnak, Luxor, Egypt. Treatments included Nano Estel (5%), Paraloid B-72 (3%), Paraloid B-72/Nano Estel (3%/5%), and ethyl silicates. Treated samples underwent Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and physical/mechanical testing. Results show that Paraloid B-72/Nano Estel (3%/5%) yielded optimal consolidation, significantly improving sandstone's physical and mechanical properties.

The aim of the present work is to synthesize environmentally friendly nanomaterials, which are viable and better alternative method for distinct applications. The co-precipitation method is used for the preparation of BaSO4 nanostructures with the influence of Azedarach indica leaf extracts as organic stabilizing agents. For synthesizing nanostructures, two different solvents (Ethanol and deionized water) were taken along with distinct molar concentration (0.05 and 1.0 M) are investigated by various characterization techniques. Initially, the XRD pattern revealing the orthorhombic phase structure was well-matched with JCPDS file. Next, FTIR transmission spectrum confirmed the presence of Ba and SO4 stretching vibration molecules. The morphological studies of SEM evidenced at 1 and 2 µm scale level the successful preparation of rice grain (or nanorods) like nanostructures with the average diameter of ~73.5 nm (ethanol) and 222 nm (DI water). Also, the prepared sample elements were evidenced by the EDX spectra. This employed experimental study revealed that the DI water solvent with higher molar concentrations plays a crucial role in the morphology and size of BaSO4 nanostructures. In the future, these nanocrystalline materials could be find applications in antimicrobial activities.

Abstract
Calcium aluminate phosphor nanomaterials co-doped with europium and dysprosium, (CaAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+) were prepared using a facile solution combustion technique. The structural and optical properties were investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the presence of the monoclinic phase in all the samples. The Fourier-transform infrared analysis gave the expected chemical combustion results of the final product with few traces of Ca3Al2O6 impurities at low and very high Potential of Hydrogen (pH). The XRD patterns showed the presence of an impurity phase at low pH. This impurity phase was caused by preferential precipitation in the starting mixture due to a lack of homogeneity in the precursor mixture between the urea and metallic ions hence poor combustion. The diffraction angles of the major peaks shifted to lower 2θ for all the samples except for the sample synthesized at pH = 3.4 which shifted to higher 2θ. The crystallite sizes of the as-prepared samples were determined using the Debye-Scherrer equation. It was noted that there was variation in the crystallite sizes with a change in pH. The effect of pH was also observed in the Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) studies. It was also noted that the band gap increased with an increase in pH from 2.9 to 4.5. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs showed that all samples were agglomerated and had irregular shapes with pores and cracks. The study provides a simple route to synthesize CaAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ phosphors with the optimum synthesis pH producing the most crystalline sample for application in lighting devices.
Keywords: CaAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+, Phosphors, Nanomaterial, pH, Combustion synthesis

Nitrogen-doped graphene (NDG) nanofluids are prepared using a two-step method in an aqueous solution of 0.025 wt.% Triton X-100 as a surfactant with various nanosheets at several concentrations (0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 wt.%). This paper reports results of experiments on thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, and viscosity of the NDG nanofluids, as well as their convective heat transfer behavior flowing in a double-pipe heat exchanger. To assess the thermal properties, we used various water-based nanofluids as coolants to analyze the total heat transfer coefficient, convective heat transfer coefficient, the percentage of wall temperature reduction, pressure drop, and pumping power in a counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger. A novel MATLAB code carried out the calculations for Reynolds numbers between 5000 and 15,000 (turbulent flow) and nanosheet weight percentages between 0.00% and 0.06%. An increase in Reynolds number or the percentage of nanomaterial could perhaps enhance the heat transfer of the working fluid. As an example, using 0.06 wt.% nanomaterial in the base fluid led to 15.86% enhancement of the convective heat transfer coefficient in comparison with water. Nonetheless, the penalty in terms of the rise in the pumping power was rather small. For a particular material, increasing Reynolds number or nanomaterial weight percentage would augment pumping power. Power consumption, heat removal, and heat transfer rate were greater for nanofluids than for water in all investigated cases, for a particular pumping power. The average increase in heat transfer coefficient was nearly 16.2%. As a result, choosing NDG/water as the working fluid can improve the performance of double-pipe heat exchangers.

Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the antifertility effects of AgNPs synthesized using Tecomella undulata methanolic leaf extract in male albino Wistar rats. Methods: The AgNPs were synthesized and characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry, FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX and ZETA potential. The antifertility effects of AgNPs were evaluated, dividing 40 male rats into five treatment Groups, G-I treated with sterile distilled water and G-II, G-III and G-IV with 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg. B. wt/D of T. undulata AgNPs doses for 60 days. Followed by analysis of sperm parameters, fertility, reproductive organ and body weight, testosterone assays and other reproductive health parameters. Results: The characterization results indicated successful synthesis of AgNPs by their size, shape, crystallinity, elements and stability results. Antifertility activity of AgNPs, showed significant reductions in sperm parameters (P<0.05) and fertility, with minimal adverse effects on body weight and haematological parameters. Degenerative changes were observed in histoarchitecture of testis. Testosterone level was affected across various dose levels (P<0.01) and markedly reduction in tissue protein, cholesterol and sialic acid was observed. These parameters show a significant recovery in treatment Group-V. Conclusion: These findings suggest that AgNPs synthesized using T. undulata possess promising antifertility potential and can be used as a promising contraceptive agent.

Developing an efficient material as a counter electrode (CE) with excellent catalytic activity, intrinsic stability, and low cost is essential for the commercial application of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Photovoltaic properties of DSSCs fabricated with cost-effective, platinum-free CEs composed of various carbon allotrope mixtures-including graphite (GR), activated carbon (AC), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) films-were systematically investigated. DSSCs assembled with PEDOT:PSS/GR/AC showed an impressive photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 4.60%, compared to 4.06% for DSSCs with GR/AC CE or 1.66% for PEDOT:PSS alone or 6.56% for Pt under the illumination 100 mW cm-2 (AM 1.5 G) due to the superior electrocatalytic activity and the conductivity of AC and PEDOT:PSS. The fabricated carbon counter electrodes were extensively characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), Tafel measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The CV, EIS, and Tafel measurements indicated that the PEDOT:PSS/GR/AC composite film has low charge-transfer resistance on the electrolyte/CE interface and high catalytic activity for the reduction of triiodide to iodide than the GR/AC CEs. It is potentially feasible that such a carbon configuration can be used as a counter electrode, replacing the more expensive Pt in DSSCs.

The paper presents a simple one-step "green" approach to the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles. The magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized using fruit extract obtained from grape peels and grape pulp. The formation of magnetite nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), Mössbauer spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The crystallites sizes of magnetite nanoparticles are 7 and 14 nm for Fe3O4-peel and Fe3O4-pulp samples, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy images show that the samples consist of agglomerated nanoparticles. The synthesized magnetite nanoparticles showed good prospects for their use in magnetic hyperthermia. SAR values of 0.488 W/g and 1.330 W/g for Fe3O4-peel and Fe3O4-pulp samples, respectively. The maximum hyperthermia temperatures are 42.28 °C and 42.48 °C for Fe3O4-peel and Fe3O4-pulp samples, respectively. Studies of the catalytic activity of magnetite were performed in decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in a batch mode. The high catalytic activity of the synthesized samples makes them promising candidates for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in wastewater disinfection.

Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were obtained by the green synthesis method using extracts of grape peel and grape pulp. The obtained samples have been investigated by means of X-ray difraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM),
and Mossbauer spectroscopy. All samples contain pure CoFe2O4 with the cubic spinel structure of the space group Fd3m. XRD analysis indicates that cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized using grape peel extract and grape pulp extract have
crystallite sizes of~5 and~25 nm, respectively. Cation distribution and crystalline structure parameters of the samples were calculated on the basis of Mossbauer spectroscopy data. After annealing, the CoFe2O4 sample obtained with grape pulp
extract has a higher degree of inversion than that obtained with grape peel extract. The decrease in the degree of inversion is related to a decrease in the average size of crystallites. The CoFe2O4 sample synthesized using grape peel extract is a more
active catalyst for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The frst-order rate constants are 1.11·10−4 s−1 and 3.43·10−4 s−1 for the CoFe2O4-pulp and CoFe2O4-peel samples, respectively. A 100 mM H2O2 solution was decomposed to 97.4%. The
surface morphology of the cobalt ferrites remains unchanged after the catalytic decomposition of H2O2. The synthesized cobalt ferrites can be used in Fenton processes as stable magnetic catalysts.

In recent years, antimicrobial resistance in many human pathogens has become a serious health concern. Since infections with resistant pathogens cannot be treated with traditional antimicro-bial drugs, new strategies are necessary to fight bacterial infections. Hybrid nano-systems may provide a solution to this problem, by combining multiple mechanisms for killing bacteria to synergistically increase the effectiveness of the antimicrobial treatment. In this review, we high-light recent advances in the development of hybrid nano-systems for the treatment of bacterial infections. We discuss the use of hybrid nano-systems for combinational therapy, focusing on various triggering mechanisms for drug release and the development of biomimetic nanomateri-als. We also examine inherently antimicrobial nano-systems and their uses in preventing infec-tions due to wounds and medical implants. This review summarizes recent advances and pro-vides insight into the future development of antimicrobi...

MoS2 sheathed carbon nanotubes have been successfully synthesized using a hydrothermal route under controlled conditions. The resultant material was studied by XRD, EDS, HRTEM, and Raman spectroscopy. Advantages of the preparation presented here compared to other methods are: a) lower reaction temperature, b) high yield of sheathed nanotubes including ends and full body, c) simple process with non-toxic materials, and d) no damage inflicted to nanotubes.

CdTe buffer layers which were grown on (211)B GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy were subjected to two different etch treatments to quantify the crystal quality and dislocation density. The optical properties and thicknesses of the samples were obtained by ex situ spectroscopic ellipsometry. The surface morphologies of the CdTe epilayers were analyzed by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Nomarski microscopy before and after chemical etching. We compare the triangle-and trapezoid-shaped etch pits due to the Everson and Nakagawa etch solutions, respectively. Measured etch pit density (EPD) values of triangle etch pits were found in the 8 9 10 7 cm À2 to 2 9 10 8 cm À2 range, and trapezoid-shaped etch pits were found in the 1 9 10 7 cm À2 to 7 9 10 7 cm À2 range for samples with thicknesses <2 lm.

The goal of this research is to show that epoxy resin (ER) / coir fiber mats (CFM) hybrid composite laminates with nano-silica particle (NP) reinforcement improve mechanical characteristics and water absorption. Lately, it has been employed in automotive, aerospace, and structural industries where coir fiber-reinforced polymers are safe for ecologically friendly composite applications. The Compression - Hand layup technique is used to make the epoxy composites reinforced with natural coir fibres and nano-silica particles in various weight fractions (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% by weight). Mechanical parameters such as tensile, flexural, compressive, impact strength, thermal conductivity and also water absorption of composites are evaluated in this study. Scanning electron microscopy is also used to analyze the surface morphology of cracked surfaces (SEM). Hybrid nanosilica-coir fiber mat reinforced epoxy resin has decreased water absorption (percent) suggesting better mechanical qualities...

The size of this gap can be controlled by the width and structure  of the structure, and given the structure of the nanoribbons, which are made up of graphene rings, their electrical conduction effect can be controlled by the magnetic flux passing through the rings of the nanotubes. If the width of the narrow graphene nanoribbon is changed, in this case from seven to nine atoms, a special region is created at the transition, because the electronic properties of the two regions are "protected" in a special, so-called topological, different way. And so, a new, very strong quantum state is created in the transition region.  This localized electronic quantum state can now be used as a key feature for the production of special semiconductors, metals or insulators - and possibly even as a feature in nanoelectronics.

For example, as the dimensions of a nanoporous material decrease, some mechanical properties of the material, such as strength, generally improve. This increase in strength does not occur only in the range of a few nanometers, and the strength of a material of a few tens or even hundreds of nanometers may be much greater than that of a large-scale bulk material. On the other hand, changes in some properties, such as color and magnetic properties, may occur in dimensions of only a few nanometers. "Atomic, molecular, and macromolecular scales" are used in the definition of nanoelectronics and "nanometer scale" in the definition of nanotechnology.In the definition of nanoporous logic, any material consists of three dimensions. If at least one of these dimensions is on the nanoscale (between 0 and 0.11 nm), this material is called a nanoporous nanostructured material. Also, the dimension that is not on the nanoscale is called the free dimension, because it can have any value.  Graphene is one of the most useful materials in the structure of nanoporous materials in the production of chips and nanoelectronic components. Apart from changing the properties of the material, there are other interesting features in nanoporous nanostructures.

By changing the size of nanoparticles, the distance between the energy levels in them changes. The smaller the size of the nanoparticles, the greater the distance between the energy levels, and the larger the size, the smaller the distance between the energy levels. This point makes it possible to adjust the distance between their energy levels by changing the size of nanoparticles in such a way that they absorb certain waves with specific frequencies. For example, the dimensions of nanoparticles of a certain type can be adjusted so that they absorb infrared, ultraviolet, radio waves, etc.  A catalyst is a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction (increases or decreases) but does not participate in the chemical reaction itself. A factor that has a great influence on the quality and performance of catalysts is a variable called its specific area. The larger the area of ​​a catalyst material, the better its catalytic properties.

The presence and interaction of nanotwins, geometrically necessary dislocations, and grain boundaries play a key role in the mechanical properties of nanostructured crystalline materials. Therefore, it is vital to determine the orientation, width and distance of nanotwins, the angle and axis of grain boundary misorientations as well as the type and the distributions of dislocations in an automatic and statistically meaningful fashion in a relatively large area. In this paper, such details are provided using a transmission electron microscope-based orientation microscopy technique called ASTAR™/precession electron diffraction. The remarkable spatial resolution of this technique (~2 nm) enables highly detailed characterization of nanotwins, grain boundaries and the configuration of dislocations. This orientation microscopy technique provides the raw

Liquid biopsy is an innovative, minimally invasive diagnostic tool revolutionizing cancer management by enabling the detection and analysis of cancer-related biomarkers from bodily fluids such as blood, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid. Unlike traditional tissue biopsies, which require invasive procedures, liquid biopsy offers a more accessible and repeatable method for tracking cancer progression, detecting early-stage cancers, and monitoring therapeutic responses. The technology primarily focuses on analyzing circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and other cancer-derived genetic materials. These biomarkers provide critical information on tumor heterogeneity, mutation profiles, and potential drug resistance. In clinical practice, liquid biopsy has demonstrated its utility in identifying actionable mutations, guiding personalized treatment strategies, and assessing minimal residual disease (MRD). While liquid biopsy holds immense promise, challenges related to its sensitivity, specificity, and standardization remain. Efforts to optimize pre-analytical and analytical processes, along with the establishment of robust regulatory frameworks, are crucial for its widespread clinical adoption. This abstract highlights the transformative potential of liquid biopsy in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring, emphasizing its role in advancing personalized oncology. Further research, clinical trials, and regulatory harmonization will be vital in realizing its full potential in precision cancer care.
Key words
Liquid biopsy, Cancer, Tissue biopsy, Personalized medicine.

The presence and interaction of nanotwins, geometrically necessary dislocations, and grain boundaries play a key role in the mechanical properties of nanostructured crystalline materials. Therefore, it is vital to determine the orientation, width and distance of nanotwins, the angle and axis of grain boundary misorientations as well as the type and the distributions of dislocations in an automatic and statistically meaningful fashion in a relatively large area. In this paper, such details are provided using a transmission electron microscope-based orientation microscopy technique called ASTAR™/precession electron diffraction. The remarkable spatial resolution of this technique (~2 nm) enables highly detailed characterization of nanotwins, grain boundaries and the configuration of dislocations. This orientation microscopy technique provides the raw