Clinical Psychology

Prevailing beliefs and attitudes encourage researchers and lay people to think almost exclusively in terms of the costs of pessimism and the benefits of optimism. This volume provides a forum for those involved with the study of optimism and pessimism to have an opportunity to examine these beliefs. The result is a critical survey that enables readers to recognize the importance of "balance" in understanding the relative powers of both optimism and pessimism. With a focus on the practical implications for therapy, contributors provide up-to-date reviews of the empirical foundations of these constructs. Particularly valuable is an examination of cultural, biological, and psychological factors related to optimism and pessimism. Through the diversity of views presented, the dynamic interplay between optimism and pessimism that reflects the fundamental tension and harmony found in life is illustrated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)

A science of positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions promises to improve quali~. ' of life and prevent the pathologies that arise when life is barren and meaningless. The exclusive focus on pathology that has dominated so much of our discipline results in a model of the human being lacking the positive features that make life worth living. Hope, wisdom, creativity, future mindedness, courage, spirituality, responsibility, and perseverance are ignored or explained as transformations of more authentic negative impulses. The 15 articles in this millennial issue of the American Psychologist discuss such issues as what enables happiness, the effects of autonomy and self-regulation, how optimism and hope affect health, what constitutes wisdom, and how talent and creativity come to fruition.

Sam Harris, in his book The Moral Landscape, argues that “science can determine human values.” Against this view, I argue that while secular moral philosophy can certainly help us to determine our values, science—at least as that word is commonly understood—must play a subservient role. To the extent that science can “determine” what we ought to do, it is only by providing us with empirical information, which can then be slotted into a chain of deductive (moral) reasoning. The premises of such reasoning, however, can in no way be derived from the scientific method: they come, instead, from philosophy—and common sense.

The rise of the social media and Internet in the 21st century has brought forth an anxious feeling among users known as Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), a form of social anxiety caused by the concern of not being in touch with the events in the cyber world. According to Ryan and Deci’s Self-determination Theory (SDT), people have increased their social media and Internet use in order to satisfy basic psychological needs. Hence, FoMO may be involved in the relationship between social media/Internet use and the satisfaction of certain psychological needs wherein one is anxious of being left out. Given the considerable extent to which Filipinos use the social media and Internet, a gap exists regarding the role that FoMO might play in social media use (SMU) and problematic Internet use (PIU) among Filipinos. Thus, the present study explored the relationship among FoMO, SMU, and PIU among Filipinos. A total of 1,060 Filipinos completed a test battery comprising of three scales to measure the said variables: Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) scale, Social Networking Time Use Scale (SONTUS), and Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Statistical analyses showed that FoMO is significantly related with both SMU and PIU and that fear of missing out is able to predict both social media use and problematic Internet use. Limitations and recommendations were likewise discussed to guide future research.

We review the literature on pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) and describe a significant criterion problem related to four inconsistencies in phenotypic descriptions and taxonomic models across clinical theory, research, and practice; psychiatric diagnosis; and social/personality psychology. This impedes scientific synthesis, weakens narcissism's nomological net, and contributes to a discrepancy between low prevalence rates of NPD and higher rates of practitionerdiagnosed pathological narcissism, along with an enormous clinical literature on narcissistic disturbances. Criterion issues must be resolved, including clarification of the nature of normal and pathological narcissism, incorporation of the two broad phenotypic themes of narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic vulnerability into revised diagnostic criteria and assessment instruments, elimination of references to overt and covert narcissism that reify these modes of expression as distinct narcissistic types, and determination of the appropriate structure for pathological narcissism. Implications for the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the science of personality disorders are presented.

Única edición en castellano autorizada por el autor y debidamente protegida en todos los países. Queda hecho el depósito que previene la ley n° 11.723. © Todos los derechos de la edición castellana reservados por Amorrortu editores S.A., Paraguay 1225, 7° piso, Buenos Aires. La reproducción total o parcial de este libro en forma idéntica o modificada por cualquier medio mecánico o electrónico, incluyendo fotocopia, grabación o cualquier sistema de almacenamiento y recuperación de información, no autorizada por los editores, viola derechos reservados. Cualquier utilización debe ser previamente solicitada. Industria argentina. Made in Argentina ISBN 950-518-454-9 < \ Dedico esta obra a Kathleen, Andrew y Gregory Haley. V índice general

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationship between groups of defense mechanisms (immature, neurotic and mature) and specific defenses in these groups and personality disorders on the DSM 5. It was searched for answers to these two questions in our research within the framework of this purpose, a) which defense mechanisms and which personality disorders are related to what level and in what direction (positive or negative) and b) which defense mechanisms predict which personality disorders. The research was carried out in a population sample of 242 persons, 136 of whom were female (56%) and 106 (44%) were male. The age range of participants was 18-64 (35.57±10.29). It were applied participants the Demographic Information Form, Coolidge Axis II Inventory Plus Turkish Form (CATI + TR) and Defence Style Questionnaire (DSQ). As a result of the correlation analyzes, it was found that all the PD's except the schizoid PD were related to the immature defense mechanism group in a significant and positive way, unlike the other defense mechanism groups (mature and neurotic). According to these results, it was seen that between PD's and especially immature defense mechanisms are relations in different combinations. Therefore, it has been seen that a profile of defense mechanisms's specific to each personality disorder can be created. The results of this study suggest that defense mechanisms should be taken into account in the aetiology, assessment and treatment of personality disorders.

RESUMEN:
En el presente texto se revisan las principales intervenciones basadas en el paradigma narrativo en el contexto del modelo sistémico. En primer lugar recapitulamos de forma somera, aún a riesgo de resultar excesivamente simplistas, la evolución del modelo sistémico para describir la manera en que este proceso acompaña el desarrollo de la óptica narrativa. En segundo lugar, nos centramos en la descripción del modelo de terapia narrativa de Michael White y el procedimiento de externalización, deteniéndonos en los principales pasos del proceso terapéutico e ilustrando cada fase con ejemplos clínicos con el objeto de dar al lector una visión detallada de las intervenciones narrativas al uso. Un último apartado está dedicado a reseñar la afinidad entre la teoría de constructos personales y las intervenciones narrativas destacando su relevancia para el futuro desarrollo del modelo sistémico.

Palabras clave: terapia familiar, terapia narrativa, externalización, constructos personales, integración en psicoterapia

ABSTRACT
In this article we review the main interventions based on the narrative paradigm in the context of the systemic model. Firstly, we briefly recapitulate, at the risk of being overly simplistic, the evolution of family therapy describing how this process accompanies the development of narrative practice. Second, we focus on the description of Michael White’s narrative therapy and his externalization procedure detailing every stage of the therapeutic process with clinical examples in order to give the reader a detailed view of common narrative interventions. A final section is allocated to describe the affinity between personal construct theory and narrative therapy highlighting its fruitfulness for the evolution of the systemic model.

Keywords: family therapy, narrative therapy, externalization, personal constructs, integration in psychotherapy"

This paper explores the relationship between covertly narcissistic parents and their adult children. Adult children of covert narcissists share many of the same behavioral characteristics, namely codependency, that adult children of alcoholics display, without a history of physical, sexual, or substance abuse in their family of origin. There is very little research about narcissistic parenting, narcissistic family systems, or the effects that this disorder may have on children. Of further concern is the fact that adult children who do seek therapy are often misdiagnosed with a variety of personality disorders or clinical syndromes. This paper examines the personality traits of covert narcissism and codependency in adult children who grew up in narcissistic family systems. A case is also made for the development of a workbook specifically written and designed to apply this information, through a series of assessments and exercises, which will assist individuals struggling to heal from this subtle form of child abuse.

Our lack of awareness of Being results in bewildering experience. The intrinsic inner radiance, the inner light of Being arises out of primordial luminous spaciousness, the unbound openness of unbound pure potentiality. When this primordial ground of Being is veiled and obscured by the lack of experiential awareness, we can be locked into dualistic experiences, and consequently the non-dual nature of the field of Being is experientially foreclosed. The sense of indivisibility of all phenomena and awareness is experientially foreclosed. The capacity to see into, feel into and see through the lucidity of phenomena as the very field of Being becomes foreclosed and densified. We then live contained in mind alone. There is no experience of the field of Being. Without the field of Being we easily become things and objects both to our self and to others.

People abused by angry discipline as children, may tend to abuse or overly punish other people or themselves for perceived wrongs in their adult life. In some individuals, aggressive personality traits may be genetically inherited. The aggressive personality may feel weakened by having guidelines or boundaries for anger. Anger is a normal human emotion, and these guidelines can help express anger in a healthy way.

Donald Winnicott's radical existential psychoanalytic understanding of transitional awareness and transitional relatedness is an amazing and little used doorway for today's psychotherapist and psychoanalyst. In today's cognitive clinical culture we have become cognitions tampering with cognitions. Life as cognition. Existential Ontology Winnicott's creative understanding of our capacity for transitional awareness and transitional relatedness intertwines both our personal psychology and our innermost experience of our own existential ontology. Transitional knowingness intertwines both our mind and our primordial awareness field. Our field of awareness knows the field of Being since awareness is the field of Being. Transitional awareness intertwines both our mind and our psyche. Donald Winnicott's phenomenological understanding of the self radicalizes our sense of self from being a representational picture or cognitive affective schema or synthesis of disparate psychological part's to a fluid sense of self as a direct experiential felt sense of ongoing continuity of Being. Our knowingness though the medium of awareness, opens for us the direct knowing of the experience of Being. The experience of Being is for us our sense of natural spirituality. Our liminal transitional awareness field opens us into the immediate ongoing intimate experience of Being. This experience of Being is of Being within our very own self and of Being within our very own relational life-world. Ordinary Personhood We, as a most ordinary person, can experience the unfolding movement of the experiencing of Being within our own self as our self, and simultaneously, the unfolding experiencing of our own being as the being-ness of Being which is the Being of the world. As we experience the Being .

The book showcases the use of evidence-based psychotherapeutic psychosocial practices to assess and treat a range of psychological disorders….Chapters are clearly organized, concisely written, and full of information about the conceptual and empirical bases of the evidence-based practices….The Clinical Handbooksucceeds in offering its readers procedures for assessment, case formulation, treatment planning, and intervention strategies and techniques. Clinical vignettes and transcripts populate the pages, which serve to exhibit the integration of theory, empiricism, and real-world practice. These clinical illustrations further demonstrate how proficient use of evidence-based practices involves the principled application of techniques individualized to meet patients’ needs instead of rigid adherence to manualized treatments. This realistic portrayal of the skill required to render treatments effectively is refreshing….A very well-written and easy to use textbook. As a reference resource, it will serve students and therapists like a favorite cookbook, with pages soiling over time as they return to seek clinical recipes that will help them better serve their patients.”

—Journal of Psychiatry

It is not easy to understand the nature of the guru and understanding the nature of the guru can be bewildering. There is often bewilderment about the guru. One source of the bewilderment is that people think that the guru is an individual person and for most people the understanding that the guru is not a person has been foreclosed. The guru is not a person. And when people see and believe the guru is a person, such a belief will create illusions about the person whom they think is the guru, and their own relationship with the person whom they see as the guru will fall into various forms of the psychology of transference. Moreover, the true and pervasive nature of the guru will be concealed and the power of the guru limited and anthropomorphized, and politicized. To use Heideggerian language the ontic dimension will become the focus and the ontological dimension becomes foreclosed. In fact, the guru is not an entity, the guru is not a thing, and the guru is not even a being. The guru is the field of Being. The guru is the field of Being's manifestation of understanding, manifestation of protection and manifestation of self-revelation. The guru is the radiance of primordial awareness. The contemporary master of Kashmir Shavism, Swami Muktananda would teach, using the language of theology, " the guru is the grace bestowing power of God. " He would also say " The guru is your own innermost awareness and you must get beyond your mind to experience the guru as your own awareness. " Vehicle-ness It is also equally true that a person can be vehicle of the guru. Even you and I can be a vehicle for the guru. The light of the guru can manifest and shine forth through you and me, and through everyone. The power of the guru does not manifest only through institutional religious teachers as some would like you to think, but most often this manifestation is through

Observes that the published literature on resistance to organisational change has focused more on organisational issues rather than individual psychological factors. The present study investigated the role of both adaptive and maladaptive defence mechanisms in individual resistance. Surveys were conducted in nine organisations undergoing major change and responses were obtained from 615 employees. The results indicate that five maladaptive defence mechanisms are positively correlated with behavioural intention to resist change, namely, projection, acting out, isolation of affect, dissociation and denial. The adaptive defence mechanism of humour was found to be negatively correlated with resistance intention. Identifies two intervention strategies which can be used by management to address the effects of defence mechanisms on resistance during periods of change in organisations.

The literature on empathy, primarily from counseling and psychotherapy and secondarily from social and developmental psychology, is reviewed. Obstacles that may account for theoretical confusions and empirical difficulties in studying empathy are highlighted. The decrease in empathy research in recent years appears attributable to the lack of clear focus and effective research tools as well as the shift in interest from empathy to other concepts such as the working alliance. It is argued that there is a need to return to studying empathy. Researchers should distinguish between dispositional and experiential empathy and between intellectual empathy and empathic emotions and indicate whether they are examining therapist or client experience of empathy. Suggestions for future research are offered.

This is the entire book.

"Why Are Our Pictures Puzzles?" is an attempt to understand why scholars have begun writing at such tremendous length on individual pictures. Before the 20th c., one of the longest texts on a single painting was Vasari's description of Leonardo's "Last Supper." In the last forty years it has become common for historians to write entire books on individual artworks.

Why have we started experiencing images as so complex? Why do they seem to us like puzzles, waiting to be solved? Why doesn't it concern us that previous generations did not think of writing at such length?

This book also has a couple of chapters on what I consider to be psychotic behavior about images: compulsive sighting of supposedly hidden images, and a crazy art historical book about a painting written by Dalí. So I have tagged the book with psychoanalytic terms.

The book itself is still in print and in copyright, but I found a full pdf of this on the internet (for example on scribd), so I decided to post it on here on academia.edu, where at least it can have the correct context and links.

RESUMEN El propósito de esta revisión de literatura narrativa es presentar evidencias recientes sobre los efectos biopsicosociales de la meditación, mindfulness y algunas otras técnicas que requieren meditación y relajación en diferentes ámbitos de actividad humana. Se encuentran múltiples evidencias sobre los beneficios de estas prácticas en el bienestar general, estados emocionales disfuncionales, procesos cognitivos y sintomatologías físicas por enfermedades crónicas. La metodología utilizada fue identificar estudios basados en evidencias en éstas áreas. Específicamente, estudios con muestras aleatorizadas, población infantil y adolescente o pacientes clínicos, uso de grupos control y estudios mixtos cuantitativos-cualitativos. Seguida esta revisión, se realizan recomendaciones para investigaciones futuras, se requiere ampliar la investigación sobre instrumentos de medición en meditación y mindfulness. El perfil psicológico de personas entrenadas en estas prácticas y otras posibles variables intervinientes deben ser estudiadas pues no aparecen aún de forma relevante en la literatura científica.

Recent research suggests that romantic love may be literally addictive. Although the exact nature of the relationship between love and addiction has been described in inconsistent terms throughout the literature, we offer a framework that distinguishes between a narrow view and a broad view of love addiction. The narrow view counts only the most extreme, harmful forms of love or love-related behaviors as being potentially addictive in nature. The broad view, by contrast, counts even basic social attachment as being on a spectrum of addictive motivations, underwritten by similar neurochemical processes as more conventional addictions. We argue that on either understanding of love-as-addiction, treatment decisions should hinge on considerations of harm and well-being rather than on definitions of disease. Implications for the ethical use of anti-love biotechnology are considered.

"Psychological abuse is receiving increased attention focusing on its severe effects for the individual and for society as a whole. Despite the considerable amount of research, there is a lack of information on the role that psychopathology may play in the etiology, development and maintenance of the abuse. As can be seen in other papers in this special issue, there is scattered information regarding the potential role of anxiety disorders, and particularly the social anxiety disorder. To fill this gap, this paper reviews the state-of-art including studies examining or including the relationship between social anxiety and topics such as sexual abuse, couple abuse, bullying and mobbing, also covered in this special issue. Overall, findings indicate a strong correlation between social anxiety and vulnerability to psychological abuse, particularly to bullying and mobbing.

El abuso psicológico es una de las problemáticas que se encuentran desafortunadamente en vigencia y cuyas consecuencias negativas son nefastas para el individuo en particular y la sociedad en general. Aunque existe una considerable cantidad de información e investigación sobre este tema, aún se desconocen factores de riesgo a nivel de psicopatología. Como se ha observado en los artículos que preceden a éste, existen algunos indicios acerca del papel que puede estar jugando algunos trastornos de ansiedad y, más concretamente, el trastorno de ansiedad social, en el origen, desarrollo y mantenimiento del abuso. Como resultado, en este trabajo revisaremos aquellos estudios que han mostrado la relación entre presencia de ansiedad social y abuso sexual, abuso en la pareja, abuso escolar (bullying) y acoso laboral (mobbing), siguiendo, asimismo, el orden de los trabajos presentados en este monográfico. En general, los datos señalan que existe un cuerpo de evidencia que señala una fuerte correlación positiva entre ansiedad social y vulnerabilidad frente al abuso psicológico, en concreto con el abuso escolar y el acoso laboral."

Anecdotal reports indicated that some on-line users were becoming addicted to the Internet in much the same way that others became addicted to drugs or alcohol, which resulted in academic, social, and occupational impairment. However, research among sociologists, psychologists, or psychiatrists has not formally identified addictive use of the Internet as a problematic behavior. This study investigated the existence of Internet addiction and the extent of problems caused by such potential misuse. Of all the diagnoses referenced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1995), Pathological Gambling was viewed as most akin to the pathological nature of Internet use. By using Pathological Gambling as a model, addictive Internet use can be defined as an impulse-control disorder that does not involve an intoxicant. Therefore, this study developed a brief eight-item questionnaire referred to as a Diagnostic Questionnaire (DQ), which modified criteria for pathological gambling to provide a screening instrument for classification of participants. On the basis of this criteria, case studies of 396 dependent Internet users (Dependents) and 100 nondependent Internet users (Nondependents) were classified. Qualitative analyses suggest significant behavioral and functional usage differences between the two groups such as the types of applications utilized, the degree of difficulty controlling weekly usage, and the severity of problems noted. Clinical and social implications of pathological Internet use and future directions for research are discussed.

Distinctions among concepts and approaches to assessing social support are made, and published generic and specialized measures of social support are reviewed. Depending on study aims, investigators may be interested in assessing perceived or received support from the perspective of the provider, the recipient, or both. Whereas some measures inquire about the availability or mobilization of several kinds of supportive resources, others seek supplemental information about the membership and structural properties of the social network as well. Observational and self-reported measures of support are presented, along with brief and extensive measures. A final set of three support measures is highlighted, including their psychometric properties.

Full appreciation of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) requires both effect size data and individual rates of positive response. Response rates are particularly helpful for clinicians when choosing among treatment options. However, systematic reviews on cross-study response rates have not been conducted, possibly due to the absence of a standardized metric for calculating response rates. We conducted a systematic review of the treatment outcome literature to determine overall response rates to CBT for anxiety disorders and whether current methods of defining treatment response influence overall response rates. Our database search (2000-2014) resulted in 87 studies that reported response rates and included at least one CBT condition. Results showed that overall treatment response rates across anxiety disorders averaged 49.5% at post-treatment and 53.6% at follow-up. Response rates varied significantly as a function of the properties used to define them. Measures...

Carl Jung describes how the human unconscious is the hidden cosmological archetypal dimension of our being in the world. There is the personal unconscious that reflects personal history and experience either forgotten or foreclosed. There is another unconscious that is more primary, pre-reflective and cosmological in origin. In the language of the ancient Phenomenological Dzogchen tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, this existential dimension of archetypal manifestation is called the Sambogakaya realm of experience. This is the subtle realm of lucid forms of light and energy and vortices. These forms of light and energy field configurations become everything and anything. The Sambogakaya dimension manifests the Nirmanakaya dimension. The Nirmanakaya dimension is the actual experience of our self in contextual situations, unfolding through time and space as well as our unfolding of our personal psychological experience. Nirmanakaya is the dimension of our ordinary life world. Nirmanakaya is our being in the world. There is one more dimension. This dimension is the primordial foundational ground of everything and anything. In the ancient tradition of Dzogchen this is named as the Dharmakaya. Dharmakaya is the existential dimension of pure potentiality, pure creativity from which everything and anything manifests. Dharmakaya manifests the Sambogakaya. Dharmakaya is ground awareness, the ground of being. Dharmakaya is Being. Being is not a being but Being manifesting being as infinite numbers of numerous beings. All beings are the manifestation of Being. Dharmakaya is not an entity but manifests infinite numbers of entities.

The preponderance of social networking sites such as Facebook, Youtube and others, have altered the way in which people interact socially in the real world. In fact, much more can be said about the impact of these modern technologies on the basic structure of human personality: the id, ego, and super-ego. The paper proposes a psychosological theory that modifies Sigmund Freud's (1923) basic relationships and interactions of the id, ego and super-ego in his Psycho-analytic Theory. It is claimed that an individual's engagement with virtual reality (social networking) portends a segregation of the super-ego from the id and ego. In a virtual world, social interactions are not constrained by societal norms and standards (super-ego) so that the tendency is for the id (instincts and drives) to merge with the ego (what is real) and they become indistinguishable. The sociological implications of this theory are also explored in this paper.

Embodiment or embodied awareness is a way of understanding the body. The body is not simply the external body, the body is the lived body. Both the 10 th century Kashmir philosopher Abhinavagupta and the contemporary French phenomenologist Merleau Ponty have a similar view of the lived body, or better 'lived' embodiment. A person may have a most beautiful external objective body but minimally lived in. Embodiment allows us to understand and conceive of the body as a way of living, experiencing and of perceiving through the medium of our embodiment. The body is the medium of the field. A person perceives not simply through eyes and ears alone, but through the whole body. Our body is an instrument of perception. Our body is an instrument of knowingness. The embodiment of awareness is the lived embodying of primordial awareness that liberates our being in the world. The embodiment of awakened awareness pulsates in resonance with and within Being itself.

Yoga is a way of life comprising mental, physical and spiritual attributes to achieve holism, meaningfulness, excellence and completeness in all walks of human functioning. It entails energizing and fuelling processes which lead an individual to make a balance in his/her personality and incite him/her to achieve greatest social, psychological, spiritual and moral coordination juxtaposed with most creative and productive functioning at individual, family, community, societal, national, international and cosmic levels. The present paper attempts to explicate and assess the role of yoga and yogic practices in achieving, preserving and promoting mental health. The curative, preventive and promotive role of yoga and yogic practices in mental health and human functioning have been discussed and substantiated. The major psychotherapeutic practices and techniques based on yoga and yogic practices have been discussed in length. In addition, the mechanisms through which the yoga and yogic practices exert their influences on mental health and human functioning have also been given sufficient place based on scientific findings of psychological science. The conclusions of this endeavor demonstrate that the real

We have two ways of knowing. Our mind knows forms, things, both subtle and gross. Faces, hands, buildings, trees, math formulas, mind knows subject and the mind knows otherness. The mind knows dualities, the mind knows me and you, us and them, and this and that. Mind knows time, mind knows the past, the present and the sense of the future. The mind knows things and entities, the mind knows beings, infinite numbers of beings and things. The mind knows difference. The mind thinks conceptually, feels affectively, imagines through imagery, the mind has sense and the mind has memory. The mind knows dualistically.

This article is aimed to oversee the rule and significance of cash waqf in Indonesia as a new social tool to alleviate poverty. Library research is employed to analyze the development of cash waqf in Indonesia. Cash waqf is introduced as a new concept of waqf to solve many social problems in society. In Indonesia it has been legalized by both Islamic scholar and national law so that Muslims have a chance to maximize its utilization. To improve and extend cash waqf functions for social purposes it is important to every waqf organization to develop its human resources capacity, mainly in its professionalism, commitment, and understanding of cash waqf importance for development.

In this chapter, we begin with the historical and conceptual background of phenomenological psychology. We then highlight some of the major methodological principles that guide phenomenological research in psychology. After a discussion of procedures that typically are involved in empirical research, we illustrate the orientation by describing a particular application of these methods.