Millimeter-wave massive MIMO: the next wireless revolution?
Payam Heydari2014, IEEE Communications Magazine
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MASSIVE MIMO FOR NEXT GENERATION WIRELESS SYSTEMS
Multi-user Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) offers big advantages over conventional point-to-point MIMO: it works with cheap single-antenna terminals, a rich scattering environment is not required, and resource allocation is simplified because every active terminal utilizes all of the time-frequency bins. However, multi-user MIMO, as originally envisioned with roughly equal numbers of service-antennas and terminals and frequency division duplex operation, is not a scalable technology.
MASSIVE MIMO : A next requirement for next generation
Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research, 2017
MIMO technology is a foundation for modern wireless networks. It stands for Multiple Input Multiple Output. It uses antennas that receives and transmits electromagnetic waves. Upcoming MIMO technology will add more bandwidth and add more capacity of clients. MIMO technology allows exploiting the directivity of signals. This is the reason why MIMO has become an enabling technology for current 4 th generation of mobile communication. Future generation of mobile communication system is fifth generation. These increases demands for higher data rates. One of most promising solutions for these challenges is Massive MIMO. It is MIMO technology with massive number of antennas i.e. hundreds and thousands of antennas for transmission at base stations. It appears to change the shape of future antennas dramatically. We might imagine a façade of building becoming huge array of multiple integrated antennas. In this paper we will learn more about massive MIMO. KeywordsSISO, MISO, MU-MIMO, M-MIMO, ...
Massive MIMO and Millimeter Wave for 5G Wireless HetNet: Potentials and Challenges
There have been active research activities worldwide in developing the next-generation 5G wireless network. The 5G network is expected to support significantly large amount of mobile data traffic and huge number of wireless connections, achieve better cost- and energy-efficiency as well as quality of service (QoS) in terms of communication delay, reliability and security. To this end, the 5G wireless network should exploit potential gains in different network dimensions including super dense and heterogeneous deployment of cells and massive antenna arrays (i.e., massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technologies) and utilization of higher frequencies, in particular millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies. This article discusses potentials and challenges of the 5G heterogeneous wireless network (HetNet) which incorporates massive MIMO and mmWave technologies. We will first provide the typical requirements of the 5G wireless network. Then, the significance of massive MIMO and mmWave in engineering the future 5G HetNet is discussed in detail. Potential challenges associated with the design of such 5G HetNet are discussed. Finally, we provide some case studies, which illustrate the potential benefits of the considered technologies.
Guest Editorial Special Issue on 5G Wireless Systems With Massive MIMO
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Performance analysis of multi user massive MIMO hybrid beamforming systems at millimeter wave frequency bands
Wireless Networks, 2021
Millimeter-wave (mmWave) and massive multi-input-multi-output (mMIMO) communications are the most key enabling technologies for next generation wireless networks to have large available spectrum and throughput. mMIMO is a promising technique for increasing the spectral efficiency of wireless networks, by deploying large antenna arrays at the base station (BS) and perform coherent transceiver processing. Implementation of mMIMO systems at mmWave frequencies resolve the issue of high path-loss by providing higher antenna gains. The motivation for this research work is that mmWave and mMIMO operations will be much more popular in 5G NR, considering the wide deployment of mMIMO in major frequency bands as per 3rd generation partnership project. In this paper, a downlink multiuser mMIMO (MU-mMIMO) hybrid beamforming communication system is designed with multiple independent data streams per user and accurate channel state information. It emphasizes the hybrid precoding at transmitter and combining at receiver of a mmWave MU-mMIMO hybrid beamforming system. Results of this research work give the tradeoff between multiple data streams per user and required number of BS antennas. It strongly recommends for higher number of parallel data streams per user in a mmWave MU-mMIMO systems to achieve higher order throughputs.
MmWave massive MIMO small cells for 5G and beyond mobile networks: An overview
2020
Promising technologies are being investigated to integrate them into the fifth generation (5G) and beyond mobile network systems. The main goal of these technologies is to evolve cellular networks that will significantly stress forward the limit of legacy network systems through all dimensions performance metrics. Some of the most potential key enabler technologies are millimeter waves (mmWave), massive multipleinput multiple-output (MIMO) and small cells (SC) systems. These sets of technologies will dramatically increase the network throughput, enhance the spectral and energy efficiency, increase the network capacity and improve the network coverage by using the joint capabilities of the huge available bandwidth in mmWave frequencies while achieving high multiplexing gains through the extreme antenna arrays gains and achieving full coverage network by network densification through small cells. In this paper we present a detailed overview of millimeter wave, massive MIMO, small cells, channel estimation, beamforming technology, signal processing techniques in mmWave, beyond 5G systems, challenges and future research trends.
Performance Analysis in 5th Generation Massive Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Systems
2019
Fifth generation wireless networks guarantee significant capacity enhancement to suit more clients and services at higher information rates with better reliability while consuming less power. The deployment of massive multiple-input-multiple-output technology guarantees broadband wireless networks with the use of base station antenna arrays to serve a large number of users on the same frequency and time-slot channels. In this work, we evaluate the performance of massive multiple-input-multiple-output systems (MIMO) systems in 5<sup>th</sup> generation cellular networks in terms of capacity and bit error rate. Several cases were considered and analyzed to compare the performance of massive MIMO systems while varying the number of antennas at both transmitting and receiving ends. We found that, unlike classical MIMO systems, reducing the number of transmit antennas while increasing the number of antennas at the receiver end provides a better solution to performance enhance...
User-Centric Distributed Massive MIMO Systems: Is Scalability Beneficial for Indoor Environments?
2024
This work investigates the impacts on the performance of user-centric (UC) distributed massive multiple-input multiple-output (D-mMIMO) networks when following scalability requirements in indoor and outdoor environments. Initially, D-mMIMO systems used the canonical approach, connecting all radio units (RUs) to all user equipment (UEs), but this approach proved impractical. In response, scalable systems emerged, which require limiting the number of UEs that a RU can serve. Therefore, to investigate whether this scalability criterion is equally effective in indoor and outdoor environments, we first propose a strategy that guarantees a minimum number of RUs for each UE. Second, we present an approach that makes this scalability requirement more flexible by increasing the number of UEs that an RU can serve. The simulation results indicate that in an indoor environment, the network presents better spectral efficiency (SE) when more RUs serve the UEs. Also, the proposed method shows an increase in average SE compared to a scalable system and 47% less computational complexity (CC) compared to an unscalable one. Furthermore, flexibilizing the scalability requirement in the indoor environment allowed for the improvement of SE but increased CC. However, in the outdoor environment, for this same approach, there was a decline in SE and an increase in CC.
Limiting performance of massive MIMO downlink cellular systems
2016
Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) antenna technology can provide significant performance improvement for cellular systems in terms of both throughput and energy efficiency. It is widely recognized that inter-user interference can be eliminated with a large number of antennas because of the asymptotical orthogonality among users when linear MF (Matched Filter) downlink precoding is used in the eNodeB. In this paper, system level simulation performance for the downlink, based upon current LTE systems, provides an indication of the achievable potential system performance improvement by employing massive MIMO in future (5G) cellular networks. System simulations consider various performance limiting factors including non-ideal asymptotical orthogonality, transmit channel correlation, imperfect channel estimation and pilot contamination. It is demonstrated that even as the number of transmit antennas is increased to a large number, the accumulative effects of the non-ideal asy...
Massive MIMO Technologies and Challenges towards 5G
IEICE Transactions on Communications, 2016
Massive MIMO is widely recognized as an essential technology for 5G. Together with newly allocated spectrum (bandwidth) and network densification (small cells), it is expected to play a key role in coping with the ongoing explosion in data-traffic demand and services. Compared to 4G MIMO technologies, massive MIMO can offer large gains in cell spectral efficiency, which, in combination with small cells and additional bandwidth, can translate into vast gains in throughput per unit area. We briefly overview the most promising TDD and FDD operation modes for massive MIMO, and discuss their potential benefits and challenges considering operation over different tiers and frequency bands. TDD operation is naturally suited to massive MIMO and can offer "massive MIMO" gains, with simple in-cell processing, low overheads and low end-to-end latencies. We also briefly describe some important massive MIMO activities towards 5G, including standardization efforts, system development and experimental trials.
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METIS research advances towards the 5G mobile and wireless system definition
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2015
The Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society (METIS) project is laying the foundations of Fifth Generation (5G) mobile and wireless communication system putting together the point of view of vendors, operators, vertical players, and academia. METIS envisions a 5G system concept that efficiently integrates new applications developed in the METIS horizontal topics and evolved versions of existing services and systems. This article provides a first view on the METIS system concept, highlights the main features including architecture, and addresses the challenges while discussing perspectives for the further research work.
Visions Towards 5G: Technical Requirements and Potential Enablers
Wireless Personal Communications, 2015
Compared to the previous generations of mobile networks, 5G will provide a significant paradigm shift by including beyond state of the art technical solutions, like very high carrier frequencies with massive bandwidths, extreme base station and device densities, and very high number of transceiver antennas. However, unlike the previous generations, it will also be highly integrative and backward compatible: combining the novel 5G air interface and spectrum together with legacy wireless systems like LTE/LTE-A and WiFi, in order to facilitate an umbrella of high-rate coverage and a seamless user experience. In order to support this advances in the radio interface, the core network will also have to reach unprecedented levels of elasticity and intelligence. Spectrum regulation will need to be rethought and significantly improved, whereas energy and cost efficiencies will become one of the key parameters that will steer the 5G design and development. This paper elaborates on the 5G related topics, identifying the key challenges for future research and preliminary 5G standardization activities, as well as providing a comprehensive survey of the current literature.
Antenna Arrays for Line-of-Sight Massive MIMO: Half Wavelength is not Enough
2017
The aim of this paper is to analyze the array synthesis for 5 G massive MIMO systems in the line-of-sight working condition. The main result of the numerical investigation performed is that non-uniform arrays are the natural choice in this kind of application. In particular, by using non-equispaced arrays, we show that it is possible to achieve a better average condition number of the channel matrix and a significantly higher spectral efficiency. Furthermore, we verify that increasing the array size is beneficial also for circular arrays, and we provide some useful rules-of-thumb for antenna array design for massive MIMO applications. These results are in contrast to the widely-accepted idea in the 5 G massive MIMO literature, in which the half-wavelength linear uniform array is universally adopted.
Massive MIMO Wireless Networks: An Overview
Electronics
Massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems use few hundred antennas to simultaneously serve large number of wireless broadband terminals. It has been incorporated into standards like long term evolution (LTE) and IEEE802.11 (Wi-Fi). Basically, the more the antennas, the better shall be the performance. Massive MIMO systems envision accurate beamforming and decoding with simpler and possibly linear algorithms. However, efficient signal processing techniques have to be used at both ends to overcome the signaling overhead complexity. There are few fundamental issues about massive MIMO networks that need to be better understood before their successful deployment. In this paper, we present a detailed review of massive MIMO homogeneous, and heterogeneous systems, highlighting key system components, pros, cons, and research directions. In addition, we emphasize the advantage of employing millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency in the beamforming, and precoding operations in single, and multi-tier massive MIMO systems.
Two-Step Multiuser Equalization for Hybrid mmWave Massive MIMO GFDM Systems
Electronics, 2020
Although millimeter-wave (mmWave) and massive multiple input multiple output (mMIMO) can be considered as promising technologies for future mobile communications (beyond 5G or 6G), some hardware limitations limit their applicability. The hybrid analog-digital architecture has been introduced as a possible solution to avoid such issues. In this paper, we propose a two-step hybrid multi-user (MU) equalizer combined with low complexity hybrid precoder for wideband mmWave mMIMO systems, as well as a semi-analytical approach to evaluate its performance. The new digital non-orthogonal multi carrier modulation scheme generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) is considered owing to its efficient performance in terms of achieving higher spectral efficiency, better control of out-of-band (OOB) emissions, and lower peak to average power ratio (PAPR) when compared with the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) access technique. First, a low complexity analog precoder is app...
Impact of Hardware Impairments on the Performance of Millimeter-Wave Massive MU-MIMO Systems with Distributed Antennas
2020 IEEE Eighth International Conference on Communications and Networking (ComNet), 2020
The impact of hardware impairments play an crucial role in any practical communication systems, yet they are generally omitted when investigating the performance of distributed massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems. In particularly, for millimeter-Wave (mm-Wave) bands, no study has been addressed yet. To overcome this limitation, in this paper a mm-Wave distributed massive multi-user (MU) MIMO system based-hybrid beamforming structure, in which the residual hardware impairments have been incorporated in the transmitter processing, is presented. At each base station (BS), a zero-forcing (ZF) baseband processing is designed over the effective channel to efficiently remove the multi-user (MU) interference. The results show that, relative to the co-located mm-Wave massive MIMO with the same antenna configurations, mm-Wave distributed MIMO achieves a significantly higher performance while reducing the impingement of hardware practical defects.
Joint Design of Massive MIMO Precoder and Security Scheme for Multiuser Scenarios under Reciprocal Channel Conditions
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
The exploration of the physical layer characteristics of the wireless channel is currently the object of intensive research in order to develop advanced secrecy schemes that can protect information against eavesdropping attacks. Following this line of work, in this manuscript we consider a massive MIMO system and jointly design the channel precoder and security scheme. By doing that we ensure that the precoding operation does not reduce the degree of secrecy provided by the security scheme. The fundamental working principle of the proposed technique is to apply selective random rotations in the transmitted signal at the antenna level in order to achieve a compromise between legitimate and eavesdropper channel capacities. These rotations use the phase of the reciprocal wireless channel as a common random source between the transmitter and the intended receiver. To assess the security performance, the proposed joint scheme is compared with a recently proposed approach for massive MIMO...
5G Network Coverage Planning and Analysis of the Deployment Challenges
Sensors, 2021
The 5G cellular network is no longer hype. Mobile network operators (MNO) around the world (e.g., Verizon and AT&T in the USA) started deploying 5G networks in mid-frequency bands (i.e., 3–6 GHz) with existing 4G cellular networks. The mid-frequency band can significantly boost the existing network performance additional spectrum (i.e., 50 MHz–100 MHz). However, the high-frequency bands (i.e., 24 GHz–100 GHz) can offer a wider spectrum (i.e., 400~800 MHz), which is needed to meet the ever-growing capacity demands, highest bitrates (~20 Gb/s), and lowest latencies. As we move to the higher frequency bands, the free space propagation loss increases significantly, which will limit the individual cell site radius to 100 m for the high-frequency band compared to several kilometers in 4G. Therefore, the MNOs will need to deploy hundreds of new small cells (e.g., 100 m cell radius) compared to one large cell site (e.g., Macrocell with several km in radius) to ensure 100% network coverage f...
60 GHz Wireless Link Implementing an Electronic Mixer Driven by a Photonically Integrated Uni-Traveling Carrier Photodiode at the Receiver
2018 International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP), 2018
We report the first 60 GHz wireless link implementing a uni-traveling carrier photodiode (UTC-PD) at the transmitter and a photonic integrated chip incorporating a UTC-PD at the receiver. In this demonstration, a 64.5 GHz signal carrying 1 Gbps on-off keying (OOK) data was generated by heterodyning two optical tones into the transmitter UTC-PD. The signal was transmitted using a 24 dBi gain parabolic antenna over a wireless distance of three metres before reaching an identical receiver antenna. At the receiver, an electronic mixer was used to down-convert the received signal into an intermediate frequency of 12.5 GHz. The local oscillator to the electronic mixer was provided by heterodyne mixing of two optical tones generated using a UTC-PD that is monolithically integrated with semiconductor lasers. The down-converted signal was acquired by a real-time oscilloscope for offline processing, which showed zero error bits in a 105 bit-long transmission.
CE-OFDM Schemes: Spectral Characterization and Optimum Performance
Wireless Personal Communications, 2017
Constant envelope orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CE-OFDM) techniques have been recently proposed to allow the use of power-efficient saturated amplifiers, since those signals do not have the high peak-to-average ratio of OFDM signals, but maintain most of the OFDM advantages. However, the nonlinear nature of the phase modulation process inherent to CE-OFDM schemes gives rise to both theoretical challenges (analytical difficulties due to the nonlinear processes involved) and practical challenges (spectral widening and possible performance degradation due to nonlinear distortion effects). In this work, we present accurate expressions for the average power spectral density of CE-OFDM signals. Making use of recent results that indicate performance gains associated to the optimum detection of nonlinearly distorted multicarrier signals, we also investigate the optimum detection of CE-OFDM signals considering both additive white Gaussian noise channels and frequencyselective channels with Rayleigh fading, providing theoretical expressions for the asymptotic gains as well as the correspondent approximate bit-error-rate results.
A Lens Array Multi-beam MIMO Testbed for Real-Time mmWave Communication and Sensing
Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on Millimeter-Wave Networks and Sensing Systems 2017, 2017
Millimeter-wave (mmW) wireless is a promising technology for meeting the Gigabit rate and millisecond latency requirements of emerging applications. This promise fundamentally rests on the large (GHz) bandwidths and high-gain/high-dimensional beamforming possible at mmW frequencies. While multi-beam multiple input multiple output (MIMO) operation is necessary for achieving spatial multiplexing, existing systems are limited to mechanically pointed horn antennas and single-beam phased arrays of moderate sizes. In this paper, we report the development of a new testbed architecture for multi-beam MIMO communication and sensing at mmW frequencies. The testbed uses a novel lens array for multibeamforming and data multiplexing. The paper provides a brief overview of the underlying beamspace MIMO framework, and presents initial measurement results to illustrate three key testbed functionalities: directional communication through the lens array; multiuser commmunication; and analysis of the measurement data, including channel measurements. CCS CONCEPTS • Hardware → Communication hardware, interfaces and storage; Digital signal processing; Beamforming; Emerging technologies; Analysis and design of emerging devices and systems; Emerging architectures; Emerging tools and methodologies;
Terahertz electronics: Application of wave propagation and nonlinear processes
Applied Physics Reviews, 2020
We review the recent advances on the implementation of electronic circuits that operate in the millimeter-wave (30-300 GHz) and terahertz (300-3000 GHz) frequency ranges. The focus of this article is on nonlinear phenomena in electronics. The different implementations of nonlinear circuits for the sake of millimeter-wave and terahertz signal generation are studied in this paper. The challenges of signal generation are examined and the benefits and limitations of different schemes of signal generation are discussed. It is shown that nonlinear devices such as electronic transistors exhibit major advantages enabling realization of low-cost and portable circuits for the emerging applications in these frequency ranges. We also review linear and nonlinear design methodologies employing the properties of electromagnetic waves. The electronic systems designed based on the presented ideas are shown to push the previously unbeatable limits of operation in millimeter-wave and terahertz frequency ranges. A discussion on remaining challenges and future directions concludes the paper.
An Efficient Low-Complexity Method to Calculate Hybrid Beamforming Matrices for mmWave Massive MIMO Systems
IEEE open journal of the Communications Society, 2021
In the context of a massive MIMO system, the number of RF chains increases prohibitively. To solve the problem, hybrid beamforming (BF) has been proposed. Nevertheless, the amplitude constraint of the analog part in hybrid BF limits achieving the optimal performance given by the optimal digital BF. Some studies have been conducted recently to relax the amplitude constraint by deploying multiple phase shifters and switches (that select phase shifters) in the hybrid beamforming structures. The tremendous number of switches in the structure makes the problem of switch state selection very complex. In this paper, we propose an efficient low-complexity algorithm to obtain the optimal switch states. In the proposed algorithm, we decompose the main problem into sub-ones to reduce the complexity and solve the problem using a finite search space. The results of our study suggest that the optimal solution will be attainable by searching through less than 1% of the search space, if the number of phase levels exceeds 14. Moreover, the proposed algorithm has the potential to perfectly implement linear beamformers, designed for fully digital architectures, in a hybrid structure, while applying the minimum number of RF chains. Finally, the simulation results prove the efficiency of the algorithm and confirm the sufficiency of the analog part of the BF to achieve the optimal digital BF performance just by applying a few number of fixed phase shifters. INDEX TERMS Millimeter wave communications, massive MIMO, hybrid beamforming, fixed phase shifter.
High isolation MIMO antenna for 5G C-band application by using combination of dielectric resonator, electromagnetic bandgap, and defected ground structure
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking
High isolation between massive MIMO antenna elements is one of the important parameters that improves antenna performance, especially for 5G communication applications. In this study, we propose a design to improve isolation between elements to enhance the antenna performance. The proposed solution to improve the performance of massive MIMO antennas is to use a combination of dielectric resonator, electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) and defected ground structure (DGS) techniques at the frequency band 3.5 GHz as the 5G frequency band under 6 GHz. The material used is FR-4 which has a dielectric constant ($${\varepsilon }_{r}$$ ε r ) of 4.3. Simulation results and measurements between antenna elements show an improvement in mutual coupling, widening the bandwidth and increasing the gain of the antenna. The proposed design using the dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) by MIMO 8 × 8 16 port—64 elements and the addition of EBG and DGS structures on the ground plane—has shown to suppress mutual ...
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Massive MIMO will improve the performance of future 5G systems in terms of data rate and spectral efficiency, while accommodating a large number of users. Furthermore, it allows for 3D beamforming in order to provide more degrees of freedom and increase the number of high-throughput users. Massive MIMO is expected to provide more advantages compared to other solutions in terms of energy and spectral efficiency. This will be achieved by focusing the radiation towards the direction of the intended users, thus implementing simultaneous transmission to many users while keeping interference low. It can boost the capacity compared to a conventional antenna solution, resulting in a spectral efficiency up to 50 times greater than that provided by actual 4G technology. However, to take full advantage of this technology and to overcome the challenges of implementation in a real environment, a complicated radio system is required. The purpose of this work is to present the MIMO technology evol...
Analysis and Evaluation of Performance Gains and Tradeoffs for Massive MIMO Systems
Applied Sciences, 2016
Massive MIMO technique offers significant performance gains for the future of wireless communications via improving the spectral efficiency, energy efficiency and the channel quality with simple linear processing such as maximum-ratio transmission (MRT) or zero-forcing (ZF) by providing each user a large degree of freedom. In this paper, the system performance gains are studied in a multi-cell downlink massive MIMO system under the main considerations such as perfect channel estimation, imperfect channel estimation and the effect of interference among cells due to pilot sequences contamination. Then, mathematical expressions are derived for these gains i.e., spatial multiplexing gain, array gain and spatial diversity gain. After that, essential tradeoffs among these gains are considered under the effect of non-orthogonal interference, these tradeoffs are: spatial diversity gain vs. spatial multiplexing gain and array gain vs. spatial multiplexing gain. Simulation results show that the unbounded number of base station antennas boosts the array gain through concentrating the energy to spatial directions where users are sited, hence diminishing loss in array gain due to pilot contamination. The simulation results reveal also that massive MIMO strengthens the spatial multiplexing gain through increasing the number of served users via the same system resources in spite the effect of inter-cell interference. Finally, the spatial diversity gain is measured in term of outage probability and the simulation results show that raising the number of antennas will improve the outage probability. Meanwhile increasing the number of served users will lead to degrade the outage probability per user due to non-orthogonal interference from other cells.
Impact of Hardware Impairments on the Performance of Millimeter-Wave Massive MU-MIMO Systems with Distributed Antennas
2020 IEEE Eighth International Conference on Communications and Networking (ComNet), 2020
The impact of hardware impairments play an crucial role in any practical communication systems, yet they are generally omitted when investigating the performance of distributed massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems. In particularly, for millimeter-Wave (mm-Wave) bands, no study has been addressed yet. To overcome this limitation, in this paper a mm-Wave distributed massive multi-user (MU) MIMO system based-hybrid beamforming structure, in which the residual hardware impairments have been incorporated in the transmitter processing, is presented. At each base station (BS), a zero-forcing (ZF) baseband processing is designed over the effective channel to efficiently remove the multi-user (MU) interference. The results show that, relative to the co-located mm-Wave massive MIMO with the same antenna configurations, mm-Wave distributed MIMO achieves a significantly higher performance while reducing the impingement of hardware practical defects.
Millimeter wave Massive MIMO systems using Hybrid Beamforming
FOREX Publication, 2024
The goal of next-generation wireless systems is to support many users by achieving higher data rates and reduced latency. Multiple input and multiple output systems (MIMO) are utilized in order to achieve high data rates. Multiple antennas are employed by Massive MIMO systems in both the transmitter along with the receiver. A signal processing method known as beamforming is used on several transmitting and receiving stations in order to deliver and receive multiple messages at once. To increase spectral efficiency, hybrid beamforming using a uniform rectangular antenna array is used in this research work. The results of hybrid beamforming using different numbers of antennas are compared with those of fully digital beamforming. A comparison between signal-to-noise (SNR) and bit error rate (BER) is performed. Comparing hybrid beamforming to fully digital beamforming, simulation findings show that hybrid beamforming reduces computing complexity due to reduced number of RF links. Also observed that the spectral efficiency rises with an increase in the quantity of transmitting antennas.
A comprehensive survey: Small cell meets massive MIMO
Physical Communication, 2018
The deluge of huge data demanding applications has imposed a challenge for next generation cellular system to support high data rate with reduced energy consumption besides ensuring good quality of service. Massive MIMO and small cells are the foremost technologies to address such challenges. Massive MIMO technique refers to deploying a very large number of antennas at the base station, and thus, improving energy efficiency and spectral efficiency of wireless networks. Small cell provides high data rate and good coverage with reduced transmit power by decreasing the distance between base station and user. This paper surveys state of the art of massive MIMO technique with small cell network. First, we discuss fundamental background for massive MIMO. Then, performance metrics and modeling tools for system analysis are studied. Next, details of enabling technologies to massive MIMO small cell network are stated in the paper. Finally, the paper highlights future challenges and research problems.
Massive MIMO Wireless Networks: An Overview
Electronics
Massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems use few hundred antennas to simultaneously serve large number of wireless broadband terminals. It has been incorporated into standards like long term evolution (LTE) and IEEE802.11 (Wi-Fi). Basically, the more the antennas, the better shall be the performance. Massive MIMO systems envision accurate beamforming and decoding with simpler and possibly linear algorithms. However, efficient signal processing techniques have to be used at both ends to overcome the signaling overhead complexity. There are few fundamental issues about massive MIMO networks that need to be better understood before their successful deployment. In this paper, we present a detailed review of massive MIMO homogeneous, and heterogeneous systems, highlighting key system components, pros, cons, and research directions. In addition, we emphasize the advantage of employing millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency in the beamforming, and precoding operations in single, and multi-tier massive MIMO systems.
Survey on Massive MIMO: Technology, Challenges, Opportunities and Benefits
YMER Digital, 2021
Wireless communication technologies have been studied and explored in response to the global shortage of bandwidth in the field of wireless access. Next-generation networks will be enabled by massive MIMO. Using relatively simple processing, it provides high spectral and energy efficiency by combining antennas at the receiver and transmitter. This paper discusses enabling technologies, benefits, and opportunities associated with massive MIMO, and all the fundamental challenges. Global enterprises, research institutions, and universities have focused on researching the 5G mobile communication network. Massive MIMO technologies will utilize simpler and linear algorithms for beam forming and decoding. As part of future 5G, massive MIMO technology will be used to increase the efficiency of spectrum utilization and channel capacity. The paper then summarizes the technologies that are used in massive MIMO system, including channel estimation, pre-coding, and signal detection.
Uplink millimeter-wave multi-cell multi-user massive multi-input multi-output systems
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2022
In this paper, we delve into the maximized spectral efficiency (SE) of millimeterwave (mmWave) multicell multiuser massive MIMO Systems for uplink transmission with low-resolution phase shifters (LRPSs). Millimeter-wave massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) is an important technology for upcoming cellular networks which will provide higher bandwidth and throughput than current wireless systems and networks. LRPSs are commonly used to minimize power consumption, maximize spectral efficiency and diminish the complexity of hybrid precoder and combiner. In this paper, we consider a hybrid analog-digital precoder and combiner design with LRPSs for mmWave multi-cell multiuser mMIMO systems for uplink transmission to spectral efficiency in terms of iterations. The proposed technique outperforms when compared to traditional optimization approaches concerning spectral efficiency and bit error rate (BER). We show through simulation results that our designs with LRPSs outperform standard iteration procedures. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Performance Improvement for Multi-User Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Systems
IEEE Access
In this paper, we study the problem of optimizing the performance of multiuser millimeterwave (mmWave) communications in three steps. The first one is given by the use of a new pilot mapping to reduce the inter-user interference effect and to perform more accurate channel estimation. In the second step, we designed a hybrid receiver that, based on the accuracy of the channel state information, chooses between the minimum mean square error (MMSE) and the multiuser regularized zero-forcing beamforming (RZFBF) receivers, to combine/precode the massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) signal. In the third step, we propose to improve the beam direction with a slight change in the azimuth angle during the uplink communications to increase the multiuser efficiency and reduce inter-user interference. Numerical results show the performance increase using the proposed solutions in terms of the spectral efficiency by comparing the MMSE, RZFBF, and hybrid receivers. INDEX TERMS 5G NR, antenna array, beamforming, channel estimation, massive MIMO, millimeter-wave. Research position with the Research Group on Telecommunications, Tecnológico de Monterrey. His current research interests include, FPGA-design, nonlinear RF/microwave device and circuits measurements and behavioral modeling, digital predistortion for power amplifiers linearization, and digital signal processing solutions for efficient wireless communication systems. He is a member of the Mexican National Researchers System (SNI).
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