Metropolis Aşağı Hamam Palaestra Geç Roma C Seramikleri

TÜBA-KED, 2021

In this research, I studied Eastern Sigillata A finds which were found during the excavations carried out in The Lower Bath Palaestra (Han Yıkığı) of Metropolis. The Lower Bath Palaestra is one of the important structures of the ancient city of Metropolis. Among the Eastern Sigillata finds from The Lower Bath Palaestra, it is identified that Eastern Sigillata A is the rarest group with 27 examples. The body sherds and small amorphous pieces among these examples are excluded in this study. 15 examples are classified depending generally on the typology of J. Hayes. 3 pieces which aren’t belong to the typology of J. Hayes are evaluated according to the typology of Patara. As the result of the classification, a total of 14 different forms belong to Eastern Sigillata A are determined. According to this classification, main forms are plates, bowls, craters and jugs. If the forms are chronologically sorted, the earliest example of Eastern Sigillata A pottery from the Lower Bath Palaestra is dated to the period between the second half of the 2nd century BC and 1st century BC. The latest example is from the 2nd century AD. Finds of the period between the second half of the 2nd century BC and 1st century BC are the most common Eastern Sigillata A examples of the building.

28. ORTAÇAĞ VE TÜRK DÖNEMİ KAZILARI VE SANAT TARİHİ ARAŞTIRMALARI SEMPOZYUMU, 2024

Bu çalışmada, İzmir’in Torbalı ilçesi sınırları içerisinde yer alan Metropolis Antik Kenti’nde, 2003-2019 yılları arasında Aşağı Hamam- Palaestra’da gerçekleştirilen sistematik kazılar ile ortaya çıkarılan Afrika Kırmızı Astarlı Seramikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Bu gruba giren 20 adet seramik seçilerek, 10 formdan oluşan bir form repertuarının oluşması sağlanmıştır. Bu grubun form repertuarının oluşturulmasında genel olarak J. Hayes’in tipolojisi örnek alınmıştır. Tespit edilen formların tamamı yiyecek servisinde kullanılan tabak ve kaselerdir. Söz konusu grupta saptanan formlara işlevsel açıdan bakıldığında Afrika Kırmızı Astarlı Seramikleri arasında bulunan kapalı kapların yerine farklı ebatlarda tabak ve kaselerin tercih edildiği görülmüştür. Aşağı Hamam- Palaestra yapısında bulunan en erken Afrika Kırmızı Astarlı Seramik örneği MS 2. yüzyıla tarihlenen Hayes Form 3B’dir. En geç örnek ise MS 570- 600 yıllarına tarihlenen Hayes Form 104B ile temsil edilen tabaktır. Buna ek olarak; Hayes Form 50, Form 58, Form 59, Form 61, Form 62, Form 67, Form 91 ve Form 103 gruplarına ait örnekler saptanmıştır. Üretildikleri süreçte metal kaplara gerek formları gerekse bezemeleriyle de öykünen bu seramikler; Kuzey Afrika’da Tunus’un merkezi ile kuzeyinde bulunan atölyelerde MS 1. yüzyıl ortalarından MS 7. yüzyıl sonlarına kadar üretilmişlerdir. Yapıda, Afrika Kırmızı Astarlıları sayısının ve form çeşitliliğinin artmaya başladığı tarih MS 4. yüzyılken; en yoğun görüldüğü tarih MS 5. ve 6. yüzyıldır.

Cedrus IX, 2021

In this research, the Eastern Sigillata B finds which were found during the excavations carried out in The Lower Bath Palaestra (Han Yıkığı) of Metropolis are presented. The Lower Bath Palaestra forms one of the important structures of the ancient city of Metropolis. Among the Eastern Sigillata finds from The Lower Bath Palaestra, the richest group, is the Eastern Sigillata B group with 127 examples. These finds are divided into two subgroups, ESB 1 and ESB 2, dependant on the typology of J. Hayes. Such a rich group of finds provides to a wide form repertoire, consisting of 17 forms. This form diversity is also important in observing the varia-tions and the imitations of some forms. Among these 17 forms, Mtr Lower Bath Palaestra Form 1-8 are classified as ESB 1 and Mtr Lower Bath Palaestra Form 9-17 are classified as ESB 2. The earliest example of ESB from The Lower Bath Palaestra is dated to the first half of the Ist century A.D. The latest example is dated to the IIIrd century A.D. Finds from the Ist century A.D. are the most common ESB examples from the building. According to the information obtained through this research, it is safe to say that during this time period Ist – IIIrd century A.D. Metropolis had strong commercial relations with both Tralleis and Ephesus, among the production centres for this pottery group.

Arkhaia Anatolika 7, 2024

Knidos emerged as one of the most significant port cities of antiquity, thanks to its strategic location connecting the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas. This exceptional position not only made the city a regional hub but also established it as a center for international trade. Archaeological excavations spanning the Classical to the Late Antique periods have revealed that Knidos was not only a maritime trade center but also a prominent site of ceramic production. The extensive production of ceramics in the city highlights its commercial significance and economic scale. Particularly, Red Slip Ware, which was produced in large quantities, played a crucial role in Knidos’ trade relations with surrounding regions, underscoring the city’s prominence within international trade networks. Additionally, the imported ceramic vessels found in Knidos demonstrate that the city functioned as an active center for both consumption and distribution, beyond its role as a producer. This study focuses on the commercial activities of Knidos during the Late Antique period, aiming to delve into the economic and socio-cultural dynamics of the city. The research particularly evaluates Late Roman C Red Slip Wares discovered in the mainland section of the site. This ceramic group provides significant insights into Knidos’ active role in maritime trade with the coastal cities of Western Anatolia and its place within regional interaction networks. Moreover, the analysis of the form distributions and production techniques of these wares sheds light on the city’s internal trade network and the functional connections between its structures. In this context, the study seeks not only to explore the production and trade processes of ceramics but also to explain Knidos’ economic structure, external relations, and their influence on daily life. Analyzing Knidos’ trade connections during the Late Antique period contributes to a deeper understanding of trade networks both regionally and across the Mediterranean.

Asırlık Çınar Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2021

The ancient city of Metropolis lies on a hill between Yeniköy and Ozbey villages within the borders of modern Torbalı in Izmir. One of the most significant ruins of Metropolis is the Lower Bath-Palaestra located on the eastern slopes of the city. Excavations carried out between 2003 and 2018 reveal that this structure covers a extensive area. The building underwent architectural changes in different periods. In the first phase, while it was a small structure of 35 m x 12 m dimensions consisting of caldarium, tepidarium and frigidarium, in the Antonine Period it was enlarged by adding a new caldarium, service corridors, taberna, a square palaestra of 40 m2, and mosaic decorated porticoes. The third stage of construction is thought to take place in the after the 4th cent. AD, when the area ceased to be a bathhouse, and became a workshop. The subject of this study is the glass windowpanes identified during the excavations of the Metropolis Lower Bath- Palaestra mentioned above, specifically regarding the second phase of the building. The excavations revealed groups of glass fragments that belong to windowpanes on the structure. This study suggests the position of these glasspanes on the bath structure by analyzing where the fragments were found and how densely they were detected in these specific locations. Furthermore, the excavations also revealed fragments of window frames made of tuff stone that indicate the presence of windowpanes and glass panels of different sizes. From literary sources and archaeological data, it is known that large windows were widely used in bath buildings, where lighting and thermal insulation were of great importance in the Roman Imperial Period. The data obtained from the lower bath of Metropolis is an important example where this can be clearly demonstrated in Anatolian geography.

DergiPark (Istanbul University), 2023

Akdeniz İnsani Bilimler Dergisi (Mediterranean Journal of Humanities), 2024

• Bu makale ile birlikte öncelikle Syedra özelinde, daha sonra Dağlık Kilikia Bölgesi ile Anadolu Geç Roma seramik çalışmalarına katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır. • Syedra Büyük Hamam'dan ele geçen Geç Roma D seramiklerinin form ve işlevlerine göre sınıflandırılması yerleşime ait seramik kronolojisinin oluşmasını sağlayacaktır. • Geç Roma Dönemi'nde ticari faaliyete sahip olduğu bilinen Syedra'nın seramik üretimini gerçekleştirmiş olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Propontis ve Çevre Kültürleri Propontis and Surrounding Cultures, 2020

Parion, which is a city of the Propontis, is now located within the borders of Kemer Village of Biga district in Çanakkale province. The archaeological excavations started in 2005 in the city, which was visited and localized by the European travelers since the 17th century. The settlement in this city, which is reported to have been established in the 8th century BC, lasted until the 13th century AD. The pottery evaluated in our study was obtained in gallery 5 during the excavations in the Roman Bath, which is an important public building where the social life of the city was shaped, in 2016. In our study in which 50 pieces of Late Roman Red Slip pottery were examined, evaluations were made about the use of pottery in the Late Antiquity in Parion with the help of Late Roman pottery. Accordingly, red slip pottery of the Late Roman Period found in room 5 in the Roman Bath was first classified, and especially its production sites and formal features were taken into account. They were grouped as Africa (Late Roman A, B) Phokaia (Late Roman C), and Late Roman Light Colored Ware, and information was provided about the clay and slip properties, decoration and production techniques of the material. With the pottery found in room 5, it was attempted to reveal the estimated usage time and the phases of the Roman Bath.

Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü dergisi, 2024

Camın üretimi ve kullanımı antik çağlardan itibaren gerçekleşse de yapı malzemesi olarak kullanımı ancak Roma dönemine denk düşmektedir. Dönemin pencere olarak kullanılan açıklıkların cam levhalar kullanılarak kapatılmasına M.S. 1. yüzyılda ilk defa rastlanmaktadır. Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi'nde pencere camının yoğunlukla hamam yapılarının sıcak odaları olan caldarium'larda ve dönemin konutlarında kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Metropolis Aşağı Hamam-Palaestra ve balneum kazılarından ele geçen Geç Roma dönemine ait pencere camı örnekleri arkeometrik yönden incelenmiştir. Örnekler öncelikle kataloglanıp fotoğraflanarak belgelendikten sonra mikroskop altında incelenerek fiziksel özellikleri ve üretim teknolojileri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Camların kimyasal yapısı Polarize Enerji Dağılımlı X-Işını Floresans Spektroskopisi (PED-XRF) analizi ile belirlenmiştir. Analiz sonucunda camların, döneminin en fazla örneğini oluşturan soda/kireç camı türünde olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Örneklerin yüksek SiO2 içerikleri, camların hem mekanik direnç ve dayanıklılığın hem de ergime sıcaklığının yüksek oluşuna işaret etmektedir. Aşağı Hamam-Palaestra yapısının pencere camları silindir üfleme iken balneum'da tespit edilenler döküm tekniğinde üretilmiştir. Yüksek orandaki K2O içeriği ile camlara bitki külünün eklenmiş olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Cam örneklerde renk veren elementler Fe, Mn, Cu ve Pb'dir. Ayrıca renksizleştirici olarak Sb'nin de örneklerin çoğunluğunun yapısına eklendiği görülmüştür. Camların yapımında safsızlık olarak camın yapısına taşınan hammaddelerden biri olan Al2O3 oranlarının örneklerde benzerliği, kullanılan kum ve/veya kuvarsın (SiO2) aynı kaynaktan geldiğine işaret etmektedir. Örneklerin Sr ve Zr içeriklerinin ışığında, örnek setine ait camların tümünün üretiminde çoğunlukla denizel kökenli kum kaynağının kullanıldığını söylemek mümkündür.

Arkhaia Anatolik 5, 2022

Andriake, the port settlement of Myra, was established in the southwest of the city, where the Andriakos Stream joins the sea (Çayağzı). Today, it is located within the borders of Demre district of Antalya city. During the excavations in the port, which started in 2009, a large number of archaeological finds were found. The majority of these finds consist of potteries. This study focuses on the Late Roman C Red Slip Wares, found in Andriake Port. Thirty-four pieces in this group of potteries produced in Phokaia were found in Andriake and divided into three main forms and six sub-types. In the classification performed in consideration of Hayes' typology, Hayes Form 2, 3, and 8 constitute the main forms, while Hayes Form 2A, 3B, C, D, E, and F constitute the sub-types. Form 3 plates are the majority group among the main forms. Examples of Form 3C and F constitute a large portion of these plates. Among the examined potteries, bowls are represented by a single example belonging to Hayes Form 8. Late Roman C Red Slip Wares found at Andriake are dated to the beginning of the 5th century AD and the first half of the 6th century AD. The reason for not finding this group of potteries in the settlement after the first half of the 6th Century AD stems from the fact that the Arab raids impacting the entire Mediterranean in the 7th Century AD also impacted Andriake. In addition to Late Roman C Wares, Phocaean pans dated between 1st and 3rd centuries AD were found in the port, indicating that Myra had traded with Phokaia through its port for a long time (from the 1st century AD to the 6th century AD).