Medieval History

Archaeological evidence from funerary contexts is largely ignored in current scholarship on the First Plague Pandemic, despite the important information that burials and cemeteries can provide about how plague might have affected societies. Skeletal (mainly dental) remains are used in the paleogenomic search for victims of plague (Yersinia pestis), but significant contextual information is to be gained from plague-positive graves through bioarchaeological study of the complete individual and their broader funerary context, both of which are largely absent from current scholarship. We argue that future scholarship on the First Plague Pandemic must bring burial archaeology to the growing body of evidence, and archaeologists themselves must lead or be involved in this research. We present three ways in which burial archaeology can be used effectively to study the impact of first-pandemic plague on individuals and communities: by reconsidering whether we should be looking for an archaeology of "crisis" for this disease event, by evaluating burial archaeology (especially of multiple burials) in its proper sociocultural context, and by examining bioarchaeological evidence from entire cemeteries where plague genomes are recovered in any quantity. We conclude by offering an example of how such archaeological evidence can be more inclusively and effectively incorporated into interdisciplinary plague studies, to the benefit of the field.

Celem publikacji jest opracowanie form upamiętnienia postaci Sługi Bożego, ks. Franciszka Strugały, którego życie i działalność stanowią istotny element dziedzictwa duchowego oraz kulturowego. Osoba ta, poprzez swoje czyny, nauczanie i świadectwo wiary, odegrała znaczącą rolę w historii wspólnoty, do której należała, a jej przesłanie pozostaje aktualne i inspirujące również dzisiaj. W artykule podjęta została próba przedstawienia różnych możliwości upamiętnienia tej wyjątkowej postaci, zarówno w przestrzeni materialnej – poprzez pomniki, tablice pamiątkowe czy nazwy ulic – jak i w wymiarze niematerialnym, obejmującym inicjatywy edukacyjne, wydarzenia rocznicowe czy działania popularyzatorskie. Analiza uwzględni przykłady upamiętnień w regionie oraz ich wpływ na społeczność lokalną i szerszą opinię publiczną.

This article analyses the petition and response process in late medieval Castile, focusing on petitions of grievance submitted to the Royal Council during the reign of Isabel I and Fernando II (r.1474–1504). Studies published in recent decades have revised our understanding of petitionary practices and their significance to systems of governance in medieval and early modern Europe. One persistent gap in this scholarship, however, concerns the ‘aftermath’ of petitioning — that is, the occurrences that followed the grant of petitions and the issuance of royal decrees in response. Drawing on the rich documentation that has survived from late fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century Castile, this article highlights the importance of studying the local spaces of interactions where beneficiaries of royal decrees tried to bring them into effect through acts of claims-making. The evidence from Castile is mobilized to illuminate the forms of negotiation and contestation that informed the presentations of ‘letters of justice’ issued by the Royal Council, the mechanisms used by the royal authority to enforce its commands, and the ways that factors such as speed, publicity and violence shaped the meanings petitioning assumed in different contexts of dispute. The analysis of petitioning bears implications for understanding royal power in the Castilian monarchy, drawing attention to a pattern of intensifying communications between the central royal government and non-elites. As they petitioned the Royal Council, thousands of Castilians sought empowerment in local disputes. At the same time, mass participation in the petitioning process played a major role in legitimizing royal power and furthering its embeddedness in the localities.

This book presents a thorough study of approximately 30 dictionary manuscript copies from Matenadaran’s Arabic-script Manuscript Collection for the first time. These manuscripts include Persian-Ottoman Turkish, Arabic-Ottoman Turkish, Chagatai - Ottoman Turkish, and Arabic-Persian-Ottoman Turkish dictionaries, where Ottoman
Turkish is considered as a primary, secondary or intermediary language. Additionally, three codices of commentaries on verse dictionaries (3 units), unique Armenian-script samples of some Arabic-script (Persian-Ottoman Turkish, Arabic-Ottoman Turkish) verse dictionaries from Matenadaran and the Monastery of Saint James in Jerusalem (3 units) were studied, described and subjected to original comparative examination. The study also observed correlations between verse dictionaries examined in this study and Armenian lexicography.

El siglo XVIII fue una centuria marcada por grandes cambios en el linaje de los condes de Aranda. La falta de herederos y la llegada de nuevos apellidos a la titularidad de la casa noble trajeron consigo un entramado de identidades que caracterizaron el devenir del linaje y aquellos espacios escogidos como residencia familiar. Condes y condesas de Aranda construyeron su cotidianeidad en palacios ligados tradicionalmente al linaje, grandes casas que se adecuaron a los gustos de la época e inmuebles de nueva adquisición cuyas ubicaciones, remodelaciones y diseños guían a través de una realidad cotidiana de la nobleza española en el Siglo de las Luces.

Nəticə
2019-2021-ci illərdə ekspedisiya tərəfindən abidədə və onun ətrafında mövcud həyat şərai-tinin canlandırılması istiqamətində kompleks tədqiqatın aparılması üçün arxeoloji tədqiqatlar davam etdirilmişdir. Abidənin inşa tarixinin müəyyən edilməsi istiqamətində cənub divarın-da V qazıntı sahəsi müəyyən edilərək xam tə-bəqəyə qədər tədqiqi nəzərdə tutulurdu. Lakin qazıntı prosesi fərqli mənzərə ortaya qoymuş-dur. Müəyyən olunmuşdur ki, ötən tədqiqat mövsümündə (2017-2018) aşkar edilmiş birnef-li kilsə daha qədim özüllər üzərində inşa olun-muşdur. Aparılan arxeoloji tədqiqatlar nəticə-sində abidədə mövcud olan üçüncü tikinti qatı aşkarlanmışdır. Bu qatın dəqiq konturlarının müəyyən edilməsi istiqamətində aparılan dərin-ləşdirmə işləri nəticəsində müəyyən edildi ki, Tülü kilsəsi uzunluğu qərb-şərq isiqamətində 16,30 m, eni 10,50 m., olan düzbucaqlı formada tikilmiş daha qədim dini-ictimai tikili üzərində inşa edilmişdir. Üç nefli kilsə olduğu güman edilən tikilinin giriş qapılarından birinin cənub divarında olduğu müəyyən edildi. Bununla ya-naşı, üst qatda yerləşən, uzunluğu aynabənd ilə birlikdə 19 m, eni 6,70 metrlə 12,30 m arasında dəyişən bir zallı kilsənin ilk dövrlərdə cənub di-varında olan və hələlik bizə bəlli olmayan sə-bəbdən hörülərək bağlanmış giriş qapısının yeri müəyyən edilmişdir.
Memarlıq nöqteyi-nəzərən alt qatda yerlə-şən üç zallı abidə xristianlığın Suriya, üst qatda yerləşən abidə isə Bizans memarlığına yaxınlığı ilə xarakterizə edilir. Tədqiqatlarla müəyyən edilmişdir ki, üçnefli kilsənin şərq divarının cə-nub-şərq və şimal-şərq divarları qismən sökül-müş, altar (mehrab) hissəni əhatə edən mərkəzi divar tamamilə dağılmışdır. Bu hissədə tam da-ğılmanı sürətləndirən amil üst qatda bir zallı kilsənin fəaliyyəti dövründə aparılan inşaat və zamanla kilsə ətrafında davam edən dəfn pro-sesləri olmuşdur. Kompleksin memarlıq xüsu-siyyətlərini nəzərə alınmaqla üçnefli kilsə V-VI  əsrlərə, birnefli kilsə IX-X əsrlərə və bir zallı kilsənin şimal və qərb girişində inşa olunan ay-nabəndlər (narteks) isə X-XII əsrlərə aid edilə bilər.
Son üç ildə hər iki tikilinin xarici divarları boyunca aparılan arxeoloji tədqiqatlar nəticə-sində çoxlu sayda maddi mədəniyyət nümunə-ləri ilə yanaşı xristian dəfn ənənəsinə uyğun 55 torpaq qəbir və pərakəndə halda 300-dən çox insana məxsus sümük fraqmentləri aşkar edil-mişdir. Ümumilikdə sadə torpaq qəbirlər 46 (83,6%), kənarları çay daşları ilə qurulmuş tor-paq qəbirlərin sayı isə 9-dur (16,3 %). Mövcud qəbirlərin əsas (sonuncu) dəfnlərindən 33-ü (60%) yetişkin, 22-si (40%) uşaq və yeniyetmə-lərə məxsusdur. Tək dəfnli qəbirlərin sayı 44 (80%), ikincili (təkrar) dəfn aparılmış qəbirlər isə 11-dir (20%). Müxtəlif vaxtlarda təkrar dəfnlərin aparıldığı qəbirlər mövcud olsa da, eyni vaxtda qoşa dəfn sadəcə B 35 nömrəli qə-birdə həyata keçirilmişdir. Tülü qəbirstanlığın-da əllərin ilkin vəziyyətini mühafizə etmiş 25 skeletdən altı müxtəlif variant müəyyən edil-mişdir. Oval və düzbucaqlı formada qurulan ka-meraların genişliyi yetkin insanlar üçün 40-60 sm, uzunluğu isə 1,60- 2,70 sm arasında dəyi-şir. Bəzi qəbirlərdə ölü şəxsi bəzək əşyaları ilə bir yerdə basdırılmışdır. Qəbirlərdən aşkar edi-lən insan qalıqları antropoloji cəhətdən öyrənil-məsi üçün institutun fonduna təhvil verilmişdir.
Tülü kənd sakini Elşad Dabaxovun şəxsi həyətyanı sahəsində aşkar olunan abidə təkcə kilsədən ibarət deyildir. Aparılan yerüstü müşa-hidələr və yoxlama işlərinə əsasən kilsə ətrafın-da divar qalıqları müəyyən edilmişdir. Gələcək-də kilsə ətrafı divarlar və həyətyanı sahəsində yardımçı otaqların müəyyən edilməsi ilə komp-leksin tam tədqiqi yekunlaşmış sayıla bilər.

UDK:94(497.5)"11/12":72 Izvorni znanstveni rad Vladimir Peter Goss Professor Emeritus Sveučilište u Rijeci Ovaj prilog razmatra umjetničke pothvate hercega Kolomana, vladara Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije (1226. -1241.), koji prate Kolomanov rad na stvaranju vlastite »kraljevine« unutar zemalja krune sv. Stjepana te jedinstvene crkvene organizacije s novim nadbiskupskim sjedištem u Zagrebu. Te djelatnosti prati snažan umjetnički polet koji se odražava u novoj prijestolnici Čazmi, na Kolomanovu dvorcu Medvedgradu, ali i u manjim sredinama, a autor, na temelju povijesnih podataka i analize umjetničkih radova, zacrtava mogućnost Kolomanova utjecaja i na umjetnost Dalmacije. Taj izvanredni pothvat prekida Kolomanova smrt tijekom tatarske provale, a time se prekida i njegov plodni patronat u umjetnosti hrvatskoga prostora. Koloman, sin Andrije II., mlađi brat kralja Bele IV. (1235. -1270.) rodio se 1208. Umro je 1241. u Čazmi od rana zadobivenih u bitki s Tatarima na Šaju. U svom ne predugom životu Koloman je bio naslovni kralj Galicije (Haliča), okrunjen 1217. Usprkos neuspjehu da proširi arpadovsku vlast na Galiciju, Koloman je ostavio trag u istočnoslovačkom Spišu (Zips), što nije bez značaja za našu priču. Koloman nasljeđuje starijeg brata Belu kao herceg Slavonije, Dalmacije i Hrvatske 1226., kad Bela postaje suvladar, te na tom položaju ostaje do smrti. Od tog datuma počinje njegova briljantna karijera državnika i vojnika, veliki pothvat koji je nažalost ostao nedovršen. 1 U tom pokušaju da se stvori jaka državna tvo-1

Pre-Ro»>anesque expression is preceding the Romanesque style. The distingt>ishing features of t h e P re-Romanesque architecture are biwxiality, the absence of correspondence b etween the interior organization of space and that of t h e exterior u>all-surfaces, the presence of hidden inćerior t<nits undistinguishable from the outside, and spatial discontinuit y. The a u t hor e n u»>eraćes and exarnines i n d e t ai l t h e examples from Dalmatia, Switzerland, Spain, England, and Moravia, but he f i nds tl>e Pre-Ro»>anesque traits parćially in the architecture of the Eastern Christianićy too. From his pape>' e »>erges a picture of a s l o n >, gradual and t o r tuous ćransition of th e Medieval World f ro m ićs childhood and y outh to f ul l m a t u r i t y .

ROTROU LE GRAND ES HIJO DE GEOFFREY SEÑOR DE MORTAGNE EN EL DUCADO DE NORMANDÍA Y DE BÉATRICE DE ROUCY DE LA NOBLEZA DE CHAMPAÑA. PARTICIPÓ CON POCO MÁS DE 20 AÑOS EN LA PRIMERA CRUZADA DE MANERA DESTACADA Y HEROICA. COMPAÑERO DE TOMAS DE MARLE QUE FUE EL PRIMER CRUZADO EN ENTRAR EN JERUSALÉN. CASÓ CON MATHILDE, HIJA NATURAL DE ENRIQUE I, Y CON HARVISE DE SALISBURY RICA PROPIETARIA EN BERKSHIRE. SEÑOR DE TUDELA DESDE 1122 QUE CONVERTIRÍA EN UNA CORTE ALTERNATIVA CON FAMILIARES, AMIGOS Y PROSCRITOS DE LA CORTE DE ENRIQUE I.
LA VIDA DE ROTROU ENTRE EL AZAR Y LA AMBICIÓN TUVO UN IMPULSO ÉPICO Y LITERARIO BIEN PLASMADO POR ORDERIC VITAL, LA CHANSON DE ANTIOQUÍA Y EL ROLLAN A SARAGOSSA. PERO SU MEJOR FRUTO SERÁ LA PRESENCIA EN TUDELA DEL MONASTERIO DE NOTRE-DAME DU BEC.

En este artículo se estudian una serie de documentos relacionados con la Tença do Temple conservados en el Archivo de la Catedral de Santiago. El objetivo es profundizar en esta tenencia del cabildo compostelano no analizada de manera monográfica hasta ahora, y considerar a través de sus propiedades la antigua presencia de la Orden del Temple en la zona de la Terra do Salnés, Moraña y Arcos da Condesa (Pontevedra). En una primera parte se abordará el momento de la fundación de la tenencia tras la recepción del conjunto de bienes que habían pertenecido a los templarios, así como el pleito que el cabildo de Santiago mantiene por la posesión de este patrimonio con el conde de Lemos Pedro Enríquez de Trastámara y Gonzalo Pérez de Goyanes ante la Audiencia Real. En un segundo punto se analizará un inventario de la Tença do Temple producido en el siglo XV, copia de una fuente anterior, el cual recoge un listado de las propiedades que administraba. Este escrito no sólo nos proporciona una apreciación de los bienes y rentas de esta tenencia, sino que también nos aproxima a una idea de su anterior articulación en el patrimonio de la Orden del Temple.

La casata ligure dei Fieschi fu il ramo più importante della numerosa stirpe dei conti di Lavagna, un gruppo consortile composto da varie famiglie discendenti da uno stipite comune e che, intorno alla metà del XII secolo, ebbero diversi soprannomi distintivi, successivamente tramandati come

The article briefly examines encyclopedias and academic
reference publications about Tatars, prepared and published
by the staff of the M. Khasanov Institute of Tatar Encyclopedia and
Regional Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of
Tatarstan in the period from 1994 to 2024.

Conheci o professor Moisés Espírito Santo através de seu livro A religião popular portuguesa, quando comecei a estudar o processo de transnacionalização das religiões afro-brasileiras em Portugal, em 1995. Estive com ele, nessa mesma época, em uma rápida conversa, quando fui presenteado com suas publicações do selo Instituto de Sociologia e Etnologia das Religiões da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Ao longo dos anos passei a dialogar com ele sobre a recomposição do campo religioso português, modificado depois de 25 de abril de 1974, com a chamada Revolução dos Cravos, através de sua vasta bibliografia, em busca de compreensão das práticas religiosas lusas. Santo foi um dos primeiros sociólogos portugueses a se debruçar cientificamente e dar inteligibilidade sociológica e emográfica à cultura tradicional portuguesa. Permanece uma referência nos estudos de Sociologia da Religião em Portugal. Sua primeira especialização voltou-se para a Sociologia Rural, com a monografia Comunidade rural ao norte do Tejo, defendida na França (EHESS), em 1976. Deu continuidade à sua formação, com a Tese de Doutorado La religion paysanne dans le nord du PortugaL, defendida na mesma instituição, em 1979, fruto de pesquisa que resultou na publicação do clássico A religião popular em Portugal. Em seus estudos posteriores, voltou-se para as culturas do Mediterrâneo, a identidade mediterrânica das populações do território português, com as matrizes culturais fenícias/ cananéias/púnicas/cartaginesas comuns a todo seu território, mas com maior incidência no noroeste Português, algumas zonas de Trás-os-Montes e das Beiras. Dessas pesquisas emergiu um livro que causou polêmica com ecos internacionais: Os mouros fotimadas e as aparições de Fátima.

The paper tackles the question of balneological treatment available for the members of the Order of Preachers in Central Europe between 1650 and 1720. I took advantage of a strict record keeping procedure within the Dominican order, which required that all members obtain a written permission from the Father Provincial before taking any journey beyond local boundaries. As all the records were kept in so called "Provincial books" (Libri provinciae) it was possible to identify travelling permits issued for balneological treatment and collect data about visits to spas from the entire Czech Province.

Na temelju spisa Kaznenog suda u Dubrovniku iz tri desetljeća 1711/20, 1751/60. i 1791/1800, te drugih izvora istražuju se kazneni postupci u kojima se javljaju djeca i mlađi adolescenti. Utvrđuje se broj kaznenih postupaka u kojima su djeca i mlađi adolescenti žrtve ili počinitelji i njihov udio u ukupnom broju kaznenih djela. Uočavaju se podudarnosti kretanja ukupnog broja kaznenih djela i onih u kojima su sudionici pripadnici spomenutih skupina, naime pad broja najtežih zločina prema kraju stoljeća. Analiziraju se oblici kaznenih djela nad djecom, osobito onih najtežih, ubojstva, čedomorstva i silovanja, te istražuje postupak kaznenog suda prema žrtvama i počiniteljima kaznenih djela dječje i u nekoliko slučajeva rane adolescentne dobi. Rad ukazuje na odnos sudbene vlasti u zaštiti djece i adolescenata te postupanje zajednice u slučaju obiteljskog nasilja.

U radu se na temelju podataka sačuvanih u izvorima te iskaza kazivačica prikazuju promjene u strukturi konavoske obitelji Čeović od sredine XIX. do sredine XX. stoljeća. Opisuje se obiteljska kuća, način stjecanja baštine te konačna podjela imanja. Upućuje se na moguću povezanost biološkog rasta i gospodarskog potencijala te njihov utjecaj na promjenu strukture obitelji.

Kahire Radyosu'nun ilk programı olan Arapların Sesi radyo programı döneminin en etkili medya araçlarından birisiydi. Arap dünyasında medya politikasının başlamasına sebep olan söz konusu radyonun verdiği mesajlar 1950'li yıllarda bölgede siyasi haritayı yeniden şekillendirirken aynı zamanda Arap milliyetçiliği kavramının halk kitleleri tarafından benimsenmesinde etkili olmuştur. Öte yandan Kahire Radyosu'nda şarkıları yayınlanan Ümmü Gülsüm de Mısır'ın Pan-Arapçılığına üst düzeyde hizmet etmiştir. Bu çalışmada Arapların Sesi radyosunun, emperyalist ve sömürgeci devletlere karşı nasıl bir propaganda siyaseti izlediğine değinirken Abdünnasır'ın milli egemenlik, bağımsızlık, Arap birliği mesajları ve bu mesajlar çerçevesinde yürütmüş olduğu ideolojik kampanya ve Ümmü Gülsüm'ün bu kampanyaya katkıları temel araştırma yöntemleri ve ilgili literatür ışığında incelenecektir.

Anath Ariel de Vidas, Gilles Havard, charges de recherche au CNRS Mondes americains. Societes, circulations, pouvoirs, XVe-XXe siecle Le seminaire, cette annee, s’est donne pour objectif de presenter les six axes de recherche du Mascipo (2010-2013). Le 5 novembre 2010 : presentation de l’axe de recherche « Histoire sociale et culturelle. Histoire comparee et croisee des societes coloniales americaines », sous la coordination de Cecile Vidal (EHESS) ; le 3 decembre 2010 : presentation de l’axe...

Das vorliegende Arbeitspapier beschäftigt sich mit dem Zusammenhang von Territorialgrenzen, Personenkontrollen und Staatlichkeit. Im Zentrum der Betrachtung stehen der Wandel des Nationalstaates alter Prägung sowie die Veränderung der staatlichen Grenz-und Personenkontrolle unter Bedingungen der Globalisierung. Unter Globalisierung wird üblicherweise die Zunahme grenzüberschreitender Transaktionen und die Abschwächung der Kontrollfähigkeit des Staates für ein ganzes Spektrum von Faktoren und Ressourcen verstanden. Diese Behauptung wird anhand zentraler empirischer Befunde aus dem Forschungsfeld überprüft. Dazu wird die Entwicklung grenzüberschreitender Bewegungen zentraler Ressourcen (Informationen, Waren, Dienstleitungen und Kapital) dargestellt. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Frage aufgeworfen, ob im Hinblick auf Personenmobilität in gleicher Weise von einer Zunahme von Grenzüberschreitung und einem Weniger an Kontrolle ausgegangen werden kann. In der Globalisierungsdebatte stehen Thesen zum allgemeinen Kontrollverlust des Staates und zur Bedeutungsabschwächung von Grenzen im Hinblick auf die Bewegung von Personen den Thesen einer anhaltend großen Rolle nationalstaatlicher Grenzen gegenüber. In Abgrenzung dazu deuten unsere gesammelten Hinweise darauf hin, dass diese in ihrer Allgemeinheit postulierten Thesen zu kurz greifen, um die Breite der Entwicklungen zu beschreiben. Die Reaktionen des Staates auf diese Veränderungen scheinen den ersten Befunden nach vielfältiger zu sein als oftmals behauptet wird. Es werden sowohl Strategien der zwischenstaatlichen Kooperation und Makroterritorialisierung von Grenzen bei gleichzeitig erhöhtem Einsatz technischer Mittel und neuer Technologien als auch integrierte Ansätze der inneren und äußeren Sicherheit verfolgt. Ein allgemeiner Kontrollverlust des Staates kann jedoch auf der Basis unserer Erkenntnisse nicht ausgemacht werden, eher eine Veränderung der Formen und Inhalte der Kontrolle.

Based on the surviving sources, which constitute only a small part of the originally produced testimonies, one may be tempted to conclude that St. Stephen was identified as the first king of Hungary/Hungarians in the early 12th century. This happened, on the one hand, as a result of an error in the reading of the phrase (“pii regis” > “primi regis”) when the transumpt of the Pannonhalma foundation document was drawn up, on the other hand, whether it was influenced by an over-interpretation of a notation known from Pope Urban II’s letter addres- sed to King Coloman of Hungary in 1096, or due to the recognition of St. Stephen by the then-reigning king in his political agenda as a point of reference. These factors may have fostered the appearance of the motif of the first king in the thenstablished Legend of King St. Stephen, whose authorship is attributed to Hartvik, or the Legend of Prince St. Emeric. Pope Innocent III’s recommendation in the early 13th century that the legend of King St. Stephen, identified by scholars as a hagiography written by Hartvik, be read in churches is considered important for the spread of the motif of the first king. It affected not only the content of works of a historiographical nature, such as the chronicles of Thomas Archdeacon of Split and Martin of Opava, but also the texts of sermons preached in churches. Thus, the motif of the first, let’s add, canonized king could have been widely propagated by this means, especially in a situation where at the beginning of the same century in Hungarian chronicles as the ancestor of a dynasty described as “holy kings and princes” appeared the figure of Attila, not infrequently referred to at the time by the term “flagellum Dei”, bearing the royal title. Surviving testimonies from the 13th century reveal that part of the Hungarian elite regarded this figure with a clear distance, seeing a counterbalance to him in the person of King St. Stephen. Probably in the case of some sources, one must also reckon with the fact that the mention of St. Stephen as the first king of Hungary/Hungarians occurred to some extent naturally, given that in the meantime several coronations of successive rulers took place in Hungary. In the case of the spread of the motif of the first king of Hungary/Hungarians in the late medieval period, the overwhelming influence on the historiography of the Chronicle of Popes and Emperors by Martin of Opava is gripping, but one must also reckon with the influence of the texts of the legend and sermons dedicated to King St. Stephen, among others.

n las cuatro crónicas a las que nos referiremos, cuyos relatos históricos abarcan desde fines del siglo xiii hasta mediados del xiv, la realeza empleó determinados modelos discursivos para intentar legitimar su poder y lograr imponerse en el reino. Sin embargo, cada texto diseñó estrategias discursivas según las diversas circunstancias en las que cada monarca accedió al trono y según la finalidad que el cronista pretendía con su relato. Atribuidas todas a la multifacética pluma de Fernán Sánchez de Valladolid para ensalzar la figura del rey Alfonso XI, cada crónica cumplía un cometido diverso.

82.0 9"0 5/14" l ª Edición 2012 Reservados todos los derechos. De acuerdo con la legislación vigente, y bajo las sanciones en ella previstas, queda totalmente prohibida la reproducción y/o trnnsmisión parcial o total de este libro, por procedimientos mecánicos o electrónicos, incluyendo fotocopia, grabación magnética, óptica o cualesquiera otros procedimientos que la técnica permita o pueda permitir en el futuro, sin la expresa autorización por escrito de los propietarios del copyright.

Algunas notas sobre los espías en la literatura medieval española de los siglos XIII y XIV Lo que presentaré aquí consiste en unas primeras notas de lo que es un proyecto más amplio sobre el estudio del espionaje en la Edad Media: su vocabulario, sus estrategias, su inserción en el poder. El estudio de la teoría política del siglo XIV me ha llevado a observar cómo los reyes intentaban ejercer su poder y mantenerse en él valiéndose de todas las estratagemas que les ofrecía la nueva jurisprudencia. Incluso, los ajusticiamientos sin juicio previo eran, de acuerdo a los relatos cronísticos, justificados posteriormente con argumentos jurídicos: el rey imponía el derecho y, por ello, su sentencia no podía ser contestada. Pero hacer respetar la legislación también acarreaba numerosos conflictos entre el monarca y la nobleza levantisca, dificultando el gobierno y la reconquista. Cualquiera haya sido la relación entre los diferentes estamentos, se puede observar que todos los textos -poemas, crónicas, obras sapienciales, jurídicas y ficcionales-estaban profundamente imbuidos de la jurisprudencia y de las teorías políticas y teocráticas que ayudaban a conformar la imagen del soberano. 1 Incluso en algunos de los textos, se pondría mayormente en cuestión la imagen sacralizada del rey en aras de una creciente laicización, pero la ley y el dogma católico siguieron presentes para encauzar su figura. Sin embargo, fuera de todo contexto normativo, los reyes y la nobleza intentaron imponerse a través de métodos menos convencionales. Entre ellos, recurrieron frecuentemente al agente secreto. No bastaba aplicar el código jurídico para desbaratar una rebelión, mantenerse en el poder ni ejercerlo, o equipar la hueste para vencer la contienda o un levantamiento. En muchas ocasiones, el éxito de una medida política, una embajada, un acuerdo regional o internacional, un despliegue militar o sobre un descontento se debía a las conexiones, generalmente encubiertas, que el monarca, el señor o el clérigo tenían en lugares estratégicos. Un informe oportuno podía desbaratar la conspiración mejor planeada o destruir al enemigo más temible, o, simplemente, hacer retroceder cautelosamente en una decisión.

Ibn Battuta, the famous traveler of the 14 th Century who is celebrated all over the world for his travelogue "The Gift for Viewers: Curiosities of Cities and Wonders of Travel'' where he described the cultural practice of Sati in India. During his travels in Malabar and Delhi, he witnessed the process of Sati and made a detailed description of how some widows were burnt at the funeral of their husbands. This study will examine Ibn Battuta's observations and descriptions to identify the contexts that could establish such a cruel practice of Sati from a viewpoint of the structuralism theory.

Jewish Presence and Sociability in Late Medieval ltaly
This contribution aims to shed light on some of the issues surrounding the
contractualisation of the Jewish presence in the centre-north during the last centuries of the Middle Ages. In particular, using normative texts as a starting point, we attempt to analyze the discrepancy between theoretical aspects and the reality of the Jewish presence. The Jews of centrai and northern ltaly, unlike those of Rome and southern ltaly, whose presence was longstanding, represented a substantial novelty. Their arrivai therefore had to be negotiated on relatively new terms, which gave rise to some unprecedented situations. The documents presented here are intended to offer a few examples of how the Jews managed to integrate into the Christian world, not only in economie terms, but also through social relations that the authorities almost never managed to interrupt completely, al least until the first decades of the sixteenth century

The Slavonic Life of Saint Paul is tied up with the development of Slavonic
literature and is modeled on the Greek and Latin textual sources. It entered
the literary world of the Slavs with a tenth-century Slavonic translation that
emerged in Bulgaria, and over time, a rich textual and visual tradition devel
oped around the figure of St. Paul. At the same time, both visual and textual
sources were uneasy with what is assumed to be the mythological elements
of the Saint’s life, while his figure was used to address specific theological and
even local political sentiments. This chapter will first consider the Old Church
Slavonic textual tradition of St. Paul’s life before analyzing his visual representations in Medieval Serbian Lands.

A long list of German Protestant Reformers had their lives disrupted and their careers threatened by the so-called Augsburg Interim (1548-52), Emperor Charles V's attmept to restore religious unity to Germany by the forceful imposition of a slightly modified versionof Catholicism on the cities and principalities that had adhered to the Reformation. This essay focuses on the role of Johannes Brenz in the passive resistance to the Interim and its effective subversion in the duchy of Württemerg. But in so doing it compares and contrasts Brenz's experience in Württemberg with the significantly different experience of his friend, Philip Melanchthon, in Saxony.

La minoría cristiana sometida al poder islámico ha sido uno de los temas recurrentes de la historiografía medieval desde el siglo XIX. Un asunto complejo pero de gran interés, sobre todo en cuanto al papel de este grupo como heredero de una tradición previa al 711 que se conserva y se va transformando durante la época andalusí. Sin duda este trabajo constituye una referencia sobre estos estudios ya que recoge su estado actual, las principales fuentes a considerar y propone algunas posibilidades de investigación para el futuro. La presente obra se concibe como una recapitulación de los estudios sobre los cristianos de al-Ándalus que sirva de punto de partida para una investigación de mayor alcance sobre estos grupos. Para llevar a cabo lo que es un extenso estado de la cuestión, el autor ha abordado una serie de temas que son los que más interés han despertado en los historiadores, y que sirven de hilo conductor para los distintos capítulos. Así, en primer lugar se atiende a las cuestiones terminológicas y conceptuales sobre los cristianos sometidos al islam andalusí y a su tratamiento historiográfi co. Una vez tratadas las cuestiones de nombre, el autor pasa a considerar la situación jurídico-social de los cristianos durante las distintas etapas de gobierno andalusí. El tercer punto se refi ere a las diversas perspectivas historiográfi cas sobre la arabización de los mozárabes y su progresiva incorporación al contexto cultural islámico. A continuación, se analiza el fenómeno de los "mártires voluntarios" como una expresión de la percepción de los propios cristianos de su situación en territorio musulmán. Esta perspectiva se invierte en el quinto y último asunto examinado, la percepción de la minoría cristiana por los musulmanes, al cual se dedica más espacio ya que es la línea de estudio que el autor pretende iniciar con esta obra. Como complemento se añaden un par de capítulos sobre cuestiones complementarias que pueden resultar de utilidad para futuros investigadores. En primer lugar, se dedica un espacio a las perspectivas de investigación, poniendo de manifi esto algunas carencias al tiempo que se plantean preguntas para que sean resueltas conforme avance la investigación. A continuación, además de una bibliografía general, se incluye una recopilación cronológica de las principales fuentes árabes y latinas sobre los cristianos de al-Ándalus, con un breve comentario de cada una de ellas y sus correspondientes ediciones. CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.u vided by Anuario de Estudios Medievales (Institución Milá y Fontan -CSIC)

Por otra parte, es tambien una gran satisfacciOn que el Institute pueda editar nuevamente la Revista Estudios de Historia de EspaPia, que no salia a la luz desde la jubilacion de su hacedora, la "Doctora", como cariflosamente la llamamos sus discipulos. Debo agradecer esta edicion, en primer lugar, a todos aquellos prestigiosos investigadores, que confiaron en nosotros y nos entregaron su colaboracion desinteresada:

Orietta Da Rold and I have been investigating European paper preserved in the Cairo Genizah. So here’s a thread on what watermarks can tell us about how paper moved from Europe to Egypt in the Middle Ages and Early Modern period. Pictures taken at Cambridge University Library.

Il 17 marzo 1993, era un mercoledì, lo ricordo assai bene, nel tardo pomeriggio incontrai per la prima volta il prof. Rino Avesani. Avevo appuntamento con lui in piazza della Chiesa Nuova, a Roma naturalmente. Ero stato appena nominato Preside della Scuola Superiore di Studi Medievali e Francescani della Pontificia Università Antonianum e la mia prima, obbligata, preoccupazione fu quella di prendere contatto con i docenti indicati sommariamente, in modo approssimativo, in una sorta di lista cartacea del programma della stessa Scuola. Decisi di usare il criterio alfabetico e contattai per primo proprio il prof. Avesani. Elegantissimo, indossava uno spezzato non spezzato. Tanta signorilità mi mise subito a disagio. Io non indossavo l'abito religioso e certo ero tutt'altro che elegante, ma lui fu davvero accogliente. In seguito, dopo che eravamo divenuti amici, mi comfessò, con un po' di ilarità, la sua meraviglia per il fatto che non avessi il saio francescano almeno al primo incontro; meraviglia destinata a rimanare tale per molti anni, nonostante i suoi reiterati e affettuosi ammonimenti. Avevo con lui da parlare del corso di "Latino medievale" da tenere presso la nostra Scuola e, per l'occasione, mi ero anche un po' documentato sul suo conto. Ben poco di ciò che avevo appreso della sua persona servì in quel primo incontro. Mi salvò dal mio imbarazzo il deciso riferimento al lavoro di padre Cenci, padre Cesare Cenci, altro veronese (nato a Costalunga Monteforte d'Alpone più precisamente nel 1925 e Rino Avesani nato a Quinzone nel 1931), a noi carissimo in vita ed oggi in paradiso. Ho ancora chiaramente impresso nella mente quell'incontro: ebbi modo di parlare di un francescano conventuale Giovanni Giocondo, veronese vissuto a cavallo dei secoli XV-XVI, che avevo incontrato qualche tempo prima in un lavoro seminariale con il p. Cenci, appunto. Avesani si meravigliò e, concentrandosi per

This study aims to analyse the actions of Fernando Afonso de Albuquerque, Master of the Order of Santiago, in the context of the embassy to England between 1384 and 1386, with a particular focus on the seal used by this envoy. Albuquerque played a decisive role in the negotiations that resulted in the Treaty of Windsor (1386), being one of those responsible for consolidating the Anglo-Portuguese alliance. The
research focuses on the analysis of the seal affixed to the treaty, understanding it not only as an instrument of authentication but also as a symbolic expression of his authority and political legitimacy. Through the exploration of the seal’s iconography and composition, as well as its placement within the sigillographic practices of the Order of Santiago, the study seeks to deepen the understanding of the role of this object in
medieval diplomacy, highlighting the intersection between diplomacy and
sigillography as a practice for affirming power and authority. The study thus aims to offer new insights into the use of seals as instruments of political communication and reinforcement of royal sovereignty in the medieval context, emphasising the close relationship between diplomatic practices and sigillographic traditions.

The paper presents the results of a reevaluation of Mykola Charleman's views on the distinction between the names tur (the aurochs) and żubr (the European bison), as well as his claim that the latter name came to designate the European bison after the extinction of the aurochs. Charleman based his argument on evidence from the Old Rus' Latopis and a Byzantine chronicle describing events from the mid-12 th c. However, a critical review of the sources has led to the rejection of the Ukrainian zoologist's claims. An analysis of related publications and correspondence sheds light on how and when the researcher made this error. The paper further illustrates how scholars from various disciplines uncritically adopted Charleman's fl awed conclusions. Finally, the study calls for new, critical analyses of Niketas Choniates's History, emphasizing the importance of a critical approach to evaluating the work of our predecessors.

I bollandisti, padri dell'agiografia moderna, non amavano particolarmente i processi di canonizzazione. E dal loro punto di vista non avevano torto. Dossier immensi, difficilmente controllabili e tutto sommato scarsamente utili a ricostruire ciò che a loro stava più a cuore: le coordinate agiografiche, la "verità" storica del santo e magari, ove possibile, anche la sua esperienza religiosa e spirituale. L'interesse per i processi di canonizzazione come fonte storica è tutto sommato abbastanza recente: il vero punto di svolta si può indicare nel 1981, anno in cui uscì il grande libro di André Vauchez, La sainteté en Occident aux derniers siècles du Moyen Age. D'après les procès de canonisation et les documents hagiographiques (Rome, École française de Rome, 1981), un saggio esemplare non solo per la straordinaria vastità e ricchezza di materiali vagliati dall'autore, ma anche per la rigorosa lezione di metodo da lui offerta, la capacità di far dialogare la storia della chiesa e degli sviluppi della disciplina canonica con le tradizioni popolari, le pratiche e le credenze, in pratica un grande affresco dell'orizzonte mentale e religioso dell'uomo medievale. Se per la Sede apostolica la politica della santità fu uno snodo decisivo, anche a livello simbolico, nell'affermazione della plenitudo potestatis papale, il nuovo istituto giuridico della canonizzazione, per quanto controllato, gestito e amministrato dall'alto, doveva diventare un tramite formidabile per far emergere anche i mondi "altri", quelli che etnologi e antropologi chiamano i territori del margine o della liminalità. I processi si sono così imposti come un luogo strategico di investigazione dei dislivelli culturali e delle complesse interazioni tra cultura dotta, chiericale, e cultura popolare, tra oralità e scrittura, centro e periferia. Polarizzazioni che non vanno pensate come blocchi distinti: da questi dossier emerge una vivace tensione dialettica, una sorta di dinamica creativa tra culture diverse, non sempre e non necessariamente contrapposte. Serviva insomma un'apertura a dimensioni nuove e più articolate della ricerca storica per apprezzare in maniera adeguata il valore di queste narrazioni prolisse, debordanti, persino ripetitive, ma che si offrono all'analisi dello studioso quali veri e propri textus textes, testimoni globali di un'epoca, anche nelle implicazioni di una storia socioculturale e linguistica nel senso più ampio del termine. Quando mai e in quale fonte è dato sentire la voce dell'uomo della strada, esiliato dalla scrittura e dalla memoria? In queste narrazioni tutta una folla anonima e silente trovava finalmente una sua scena, un diritto di parola. Per questo le inchieste canoniche sono state analizzate anche in funzione di usi storiografici differenti rispetto a quelli più squisitamente agiografici. Si vedano a questo proposito le riflessioni di Arnold Esch, che ha offerto saggi importanti sull'uso "non agiografico" dei processi di canonizzazione (A. Esch, Tre sante e il loro ambiente sociale a Roma: s. Francesca Romana, s. Brigida di Svezia e s. Caterina da Siena, in Atti del simposio internazionale cateriniano-bernardiniano. Siena, 17-20 aprile 1980, a cura di D. Maffei e P. Nardi, Siena, Accademia senese degli intronati, 1982, pp. 89-120). Si è così valorizzata la loro ricca documentazione nello studio della topografia e della geografia culturale, delle forme di organizzazione sociale e della vita quotidiana, della civiltà materiale e del costume, e non ultimo, anche della storia della medicina.

This article aims to explain why, in some European representations of the Annunciation, a bundle of rays of light comes from the mouth of God the Father toward the head/ear of the Virgin Mary’s. In order to find a satisfactory answer to this problem, the author first studies a series of biblical, patristic, theological, and liturgical sources referring to the supernatural human conception of the Word of God in Mary’s immaculate womb. He then analyzes twelve images of the Annunciation that present this peculiarity. Finally, through a comparative analysis between the doctrinal texts and these exceptional images, the author concludes that the latter illustrate as visual metaphors the textual metaphors contained in the writings of some Church Fathers, medieval theologians, and liturgical
hymnographers; that is to say, the beam of rays of light emitted by the mouth of the Most High to the Virgin’s head/ear metaphorizes the human conception/incarnation of the Word of God in the virginal womb of Mary

The appearance of this book was predictable, given the concerns and publications of Cătălin Borangic from the last decade. The combination of several studies and articles of the author in this volume, otherwise scattered through various publications, some difficult to obtain, has several advantages. On one hand, we were able to logically arrange and analyze the multitude of aspects regarding the various categories of curved weapons and, on the other hand, in the meantime, a lot of other information was accumulated, and his experience increased, so that it was possible to highlight new sides of the problematic or nuance others already addressed.
I agreed to make this brief presentation of the book for several reasons. First of all because some aspects of the phenomenon have worried me over time, then because the author is my doctoral student with a topic that includes many problems in this volume and, finally, because we collaborate in highlighting and analyzing the characteristics of some types of Dacian curved weapons or the publication of older discoveries, which are still unknown. 
The purpose of the book is clearly expressed by the author: “The present work aims to gather at a maximum of historical, artistic and archaeological information regarding the curved weapons used by the Dacians, to clarify, where appropriate, the terminology, the origin, the spread, the ethno-cultural footprint and, finally, to be constituted in a database from which to be able to continue the research, being aware that this study is only a stage of the project to reconstruct theDacian military phenomenon ” (p. 4).
According to the stated purpose, the summary highlights both the multitude of categories of information used, as well as the various aspects approached by the author: from those regarding the origin, typology, chronology and area of spread of curved weapons used by Thracians, to those of social and psychological interpretation or of experimental archeology. The author has used, practically, all the categories of existing information, from the archaeological discoveries to the written sources or the iconographic representations, including from the coins, taken from publications or from the Internet.
Given the multitude of issues he set out to address, some topics inevitably were less well documented and analyzed (for example, those regarding the origin of curved weapons and their significance, the weapon-weapon ambivalence of parts or frames or the cultural-archaeological and historical events in the south of the Danube).
In contrast, the wide-ranging analysis of curved weapons, from the southern Balkans to Transcarpathia, and over a long period of more than half a millennium to highlight some interesting aspects of these categories of weapons used by the Thracians.
The difficulties encountered were many. A lot of archaeological discoveries lack context, so the possibilities of precise dating or more detailed interpretations are greatly reduced. The written sources are extremely few and ambiguous, for some chronological intervals the categories of information are out of phase, so they cannot be corroborated. For example, from sec. VII-VI B.C., we have only weapons of a certain type, especially from the north of the Danube. The archaeological discoveries are more numerous for the century II-I B.C., but other categories of information are missing. The vast majority of iconographic representations come from the century II-III A.D.. Most weapons are from tombs, but for the sec. I B.C. tombs are missing, as weapons discoveries in cities, temples or places of worship are rather scarce. Due to these reasons, often conclusions with general validity or detailed observations could not be issued. Cătălin Borangic tried to fill these gaps in documentation by using historical logic and analogies in other areas, duplicated by experiments.
The essential observation of Cătălin Borangic is the appetite of the entire Thracian lineage for curved weapons, of various sizes and shapes, from the southern Balkans to the northern Carpathians, and this consequence for a period of over half a millennium must have had profound motivations. It is evident that this option had both objective causes, namely their effectiveness, but also some psychological ones, which proved to be the most suitable for the psychology and the way of fighting the Thracians.
"Whether the curved weapons have changed the psychological structure of their users, or, more likely, the Thracian warrior mentality has found in the curved arms the right extension of their martial inclinations, it is certain that a human-weapon link has succeeded in shaping the trajectory”. Thracians through history ”.
This close connection between the Thracian nation and their curved weapons has become a commonplace in antiquity, a way of ethnic identification is a phenomenon well argumented by the author. It cannot be by chance that on two of the most famous monuments erected by the Romans - the Trajan's Column in Rome and the Triumphal Monument at Adamclisi - the Dacians often appear in battle scenes with different types of curved weapons or they are depicted as trophies.
The various categories of curved weapons known in the area of the Thracians from the huge rhomphaea and mahaire characteristic of the southern Balkans, to the Dacian falx or the sica daggers typical of the Dacians or the knives and sickles benefit from thorough analyzes, in which the technical and typological characteristics are highlighted, as well as their modalities of use in combat, including the consequences on the enemies.
Cătălin Borangic often went through the analysis of the physical characteristics of the curved weapons, referring to their handlers - from a military, social, religious, psychologic and identity point of view - sometimes with remarkable results. Of course, these sensitive aspects are always arguable, but they must be addressed nevertheless, to understand the complexity of the phenomenon, as assessing the weapon without its user does not make any sense whatsoever.
Welcomed and clarifying are two other sections of the book, namely experimental archeology and how to use curved weapons in combat. The experiments not only provided useful information regarding techniques and workshops, but the ways of obtaining them allowed the necessary processing time and their likely costs to be estimated, resulting in some invaluable clues as to who could afford to procure them. Then, from the use of different types of curved weapons in battle, with enemies using the same types of weapons or with those used by the Roman army, a number of valuable information could have been obtained, both to understand their notoriety in antiquity and to fill in the gaps in the written sources.
Cătălin Borangic proves to be a good connoisseur of the technical and typological aspects of weapons or of their use in combat.
In our opinion, some formulations go beyond the data we have about the society and the general behavior of the Thracian people, so the expressions should have been more nuanced. Among them we mention: "the Thracians were well-known warriors", "the Dacian warrior society, with a mind inclined towards heroism", "that detachment with which the Thracians regarded dying in general, but especially the Geto-Dacians", "the mysterious world of the Danube warriors" , a civilization with deep military accents ”etc. But perhaps in a book that addresses not only the specialists, but also the people of culture who want to know the history, as the author wishes, the "more accentuated" formulations could be justified.
The illustration of the book is varied and generally of good quality, so it well documents the author's analysis and appreciation.
Undoubtedly, the book is a success, and its author deserves to be congratulated both for the careful analysis of the different categories of curved weapons, as well as for trying to decipher the psychological springs that determined the Thracians to use them with a predilection or for highlighting magical meanings and their religious.

El objetivo que perseguimos con esta “crónica histórica de una villa toledana”, es aportar datos suficientes sobre el pasado de nuestro municipio. Con este propósito realizamos un estudio completo y exhaustivo en obras literarias, censos, mapas y documentos oficiales de las distintas épocas, que nos permitiera descubrir la verdadera historia de Valmojado.

En esta publicación de 2025 se ha corregido el error de fecha observado en el texto del estudio original, página 22: (…) nombró al lugar de Valmojado e hizo notificar a Diego López Indiano y Antonio López Antón, Alcaldes Pedames convocasen el Consejo General,  lo que executaron y se celebró  el 7 de enero de 1934.

Evidentemente se trataba del 7 de enero de 1734.

Señala que la lógica contemporánea, en cuanto se refiere a las relaciones del &quot;condicional&quot; e &quot;implicación&quot;, se funda esencialmente en los logros de las discusiones sobre el problema de los condicionales entre los filósofos megáricos y estoicos, allá por el siglo III a. c. Expone como objetivo fundamental de la lógica establecer con toda claridad y rigor posible bajo qué condiciones una oración se sigue válidamente o no se sigue válidamente a partir de un conjunto de premisas; o lo que es lo mismo, bajo qué condiciones ésta implica o no implica a aquella. Sostiene las siguientes interrogantes: La lógica moderna ha aportado algún concepto realmente nuevo de implicación lógica?, Cuál es el aporte de la lógica moderna a este respecto aparte del simbolismo

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır

The essay describes the development of the theory of restoration and the development of cooperation between art historians, restorers, and technologists in Bohemia from 1919 to the present. Two institutions played an important role in shaping this process: NG Prague and AVU V Prague. The close cooperation between Vincenc Kramář, the director of the predecessor of today's NG Prague, and the restorer Adolf Bělohoubek was the basic starting point for intensive interdisciplinary cooperation. The principles of scientific restoration were later established by Bohuslav Slánský, on whose initiative a special school of restoration was established in 1947 at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague. In the years 1953–1956, he published the basic and still current handbook The Technique of Painting, which became the theoretical basis for the restoration of works of art in what was then Czechoslovakia. He built the field of restoration on a scientific basis and its concept was still monitored in the so-called Czech restoration school, consisting mainly of graduates of Bohuslav Slánský (Mojmír Hamsík, etc.). Recently, with the development of technological possibilities of non-invasive research, cooperation between art historians and restorers has become more intense and a result is a number of interesting exhibition projects.