Medieval Church History

Around 1879, a hoard was discovered in the village of Laz (Alba). The pieces were found under a rock near the village, in a hole covered with a slab and consisted of gold (a chain and rings), silver (two signet rings, a silver "crown" decorated with crosses, silver beads with flowers, a fibula, a bracelet, a belt, pearl-shaped beads) and coins. The discovery was described in detail by Albert Amlacher in 1889. On the basis of the Agnus Dei ring, we believe that the hoard is from the Middle Ages and was part of a Saxon female ceremonial garment worn by the elite of the Sebeș area. The hoard could have been hidden in the context of the Turkish raids in either 1438 or 1479.

В письме Иннокентия IV к Александру Невскому утверждалось, что перед смертью его отец, Ярослав Всеволодович, согласился принять послушание Римской церкви «через руки» Иоанна де Плано Карпини, папского посланника к монголам. Часто это сообщение ставится под сомнение или отвергается как недостоверное. Хотя в отчёте брата Иоанна нет прямых подтверждений указанному факту, другие сообщаемые им сведения позволяют сделать вывод, что папский посланник находился при умирающем князе до самой его смерти с целью провести последние обряды – причащение и соборование – по правилам Римской церкви. В результате брат Иоанн нарушил один из важных ритуальных запретов, действовавших у монголов: никто в течение года не мог посещать ставку хана, если он присутствовал при смерти другого человека. Тем самым папский посланник поставил под угрозу срыва свою дипломатическую миссию, что в значительной мере обесценило ее результаты.

Grußwort der Priörin von Kloster Preetz Es ist mir eine große Freude und Ehre, den nun dritten Band der 2022 ins Leben gerufenen Buchreihe Forschungen zu Kloster und Stift Preetz präsentieren zu können. Das hier vorliegende Buch, das sich Kloster Preetz im Mittelalter widmet, gibt der Leserschaft einen Überblick über die vielfältige Geschichte des Klosters, sein beachtliches Inventar und seine Kultur. Der Fokus des Bandes liegt auf der sakralen Baukunst und den historischen Kunstschätzen des Klosters. Singuläre Traditionen, die sich in Teilen bis heute bewahrt haben, machen Kloster Preetz zu einem einzigartigen Denkmal -nicht nur in der Region, sondern weit darüber hinaus. Diese Veröffentlichung ist das Ergebnis einer dreitägigen Tagung, die im September 2023 in Preetz stattfand. Als Tagungsraum diente die Klosterkirche. Welch idealer Ort, um sich wissenschaftlich mit diesem Gebäude, dem Herz des Klosters, und seinem Inventar zu beschäftigen! Forschung kann gar nicht anschaulicher vermittelt werden! Die Tagung war ein voller Erfolg. Zahlreiche Besucherinnen und Besucher sowie Kolleginnen und Kollegen aus fast ganz Deutschland von Kiel im Norden bis Würzburg und Leonberg im Süden, von Berlin und Halle im Osten bis Düsseldorf und Eschweiler im Westen sowie aus den USA nahmen teil und sorgten für rege Diskussionen sowie neue Denkanstöße. Die Beiträge bestätigen das Bild eines Klosters, das ein bedeutendes Zentrum des Wissens, des Glaubens und der Künste im norddeutschen Raum war. Es spielte eine entscheidende Rolle in der Gestaltung der mittelalterlichen Gesellschaft der Region, schließlich machte es im Zuge seiner Gründung das einst unbesiedelte Land südlich von Kiel bis an die Ostsee urbar und für Siedler erst interessant. Als geistliches Zentrum weiblicher Religiosität prägte es den holsteinischen Raum und darüber hinaus. Die Zeugnisse sind unübersehbar und werden in den Aufsätzen dieses Bandes vielschichtig beleuchtet. Dafür bin ich als Priörin des Klosters überaus dankbar und freue mich über den regen Zuspruch durch Forschende aus den unterschiedlichsten Disziplinen. Eine solche Tagung wäre ohne zahlreiche tatkräftige Menschen nicht möglich. Dazu zählen auch die im Hintergrund Verborgenen: die Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter des Adeligen Klosters Preetz sowie die vielen Helferinnen und Helfer der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel. Mein besonderer Dank geht an Prof. Dr. Klaus Gereon Beuckers, der vor einigen Jahren mit der Idee auf mich zukam, diese Mittelaltertagung und eine im Jahr darauf stattfindende Tagung zur Geschichte von Preetz nach der Reformation zu veranstalten. Seinem Engagement und seinen Kontakten in die Forscherszene ist die Umsetzung zu verdanken. Danken möchte ich auch dem Regionalhistoriker Prof. Dr. Oliver Auge, der beide Tagungsprojekte mit betreut hat. Allen Leserinnen und Lesern wünsche ich viel Freude mit diesem Band, der nicht nur ein wissenschaftliches Werk auf dem neuesten Stand der Forschung ist, sondern auch eine angemessene Würdigung der Bedeutung unseres Klosters und seiner Geschichte.

Die Kirche St. Helena auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinde Demandice in der südwesten Slowakei ist auf der Anhöhe außerhalb
der Siedlung als alleinstehende Gebäude im Lokalteil Hýbec
(Bezirk Levice, Slowakei) situiert. Hýbec war im Mittelalter eine
selbstständige Ortschaft und hat den hießigen Adelsgeschlechte
gehört. Man hat bisher nicht gelungen, schriftliche Erwähnung
über die Kirche St. Helena aus dem Mittelalter zu finden, oder
sogar Nachrichten vom Verlaufe ihres Aufbaues. Die älteste vertrauenswerte Nachricht von der Kirche stammt erst aus dem Ende
des Mittelalters, aus 9. Februar 1526. Damals hat František aus
Kolárov in seinen Testament auch die Kirche in Hýbec einbezo
gen, derer er 1 Gulden legiert hat. In der Zeit der Kämpfen gegen
dem Osmanischen Reich im 16. – 17. Jahrhundert ist aus dem
selbständigen Sitz Hýbec eine zur Nachbargemeinde Demandice
gehörende Meierei geschehen. Aus der mittelalterlichen Kirche ist
eine Kapelle geschehen, zu derer nur Gelegenheitsprozessionen
geführt wurden. Anfangs 19. Jahrhundert wurde aus Initiative des
hiessigen Landsherren František Šimoni renoviert, der ein Mitglied
der kaiserlich-königlichen Kammer war. Nach der ersten Instand
setzung hat ein Blitz in die Kapelle eingeschlagen und die Herren
von Šimoni mussten eine zweite Rekonstruktion des Objekts
auszuführen. Seit der Hälfte des 19. Jahrhundert hat die Kapelle St.
Helena zu der beliebten  Wallfahrtsorten gehört. Das ganze Exterieur wurde im Jahre 1882 erneuert. Die letzte Interieur- und Exterieurrekonstruktion wurde in den Jahren 2000 – 2007 realisiert,
wann auch ein architektonisch-historische Erforschung verwirk
licht wurde. Inmitten der Nordfassade haben die Ausforschungen
die Existenz der Resten der stehenden Nordseite der ursprüngli
chen romanischen Kirche bestätigt. Ihr Unterteil wurde aus Stein
quadern ausgemauert und höher hat ein geputztes Ziegelmauer
werk fortgesetzt. Im Rahmen einer umfangreichen spätgotischen
Umbau Anfang 16. Jahrhunderts wurde der romanische Schiff auf
der Nord- und Westseite verlängert, wobei die längliche einschiffi
ge Bau des heutigen Grundrissausmasses entstanden hat. Der neue
Eingang auf der Südfassade wurde mit bisher gehaltenem Portal
geziert und Interieur wurde mit fünf Hochfenstern durchleuchtet.
Der Unterteil den Fassaden wurde mit einem vorgetretenen ge
mauerten Sockel umsäumt, der Polygonalschluss des Presbyteri
ums wurde mit einem Rippengewölbe geziert und von außen
wurde es mit fünf Stutzpfeilern gestützt. Spätere Umbauten aus
dem Ende des 18. und aus dem Anfang des 19. Jahrhundert haben
ausgedehnte statische Brüche eliminiert. Während der letzten
Denkmalerneuerung des Exterieurs wurde dem Bau eine spätgoti
sche Herrichtung der Fassade mit ockerroten Anstrichen der Öff
nungen zurückgegeben und die ungehaltene Stutzpfeiler wurden in
der Terrainniveau bezeichnet.

UDK:94(497.5)"11/12":72 Izvorni znanstveni rad Vladimir Peter Goss Professor Emeritus Sveučilište u Rijeci Ovaj prilog razmatra umjetničke pothvate hercega Kolomana, vladara Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije (1226. -1241.), koji prate Kolomanov rad na stvaranju vlastite »kraljevine« unutar zemalja krune sv. Stjepana te jedinstvene crkvene organizacije s novim nadbiskupskim sjedištem u Zagrebu. Te djelatnosti prati snažan umjetnički polet koji se odražava u novoj prijestolnici Čazmi, na Kolomanovu dvorcu Medvedgradu, ali i u manjim sredinama, a autor, na temelju povijesnih podataka i analize umjetničkih radova, zacrtava mogućnost Kolomanova utjecaja i na umjetnost Dalmacije. Taj izvanredni pothvat prekida Kolomanova smrt tijekom tatarske provale, a time se prekida i njegov plodni patronat u umjetnosti hrvatskoga prostora. Koloman, sin Andrije II., mlađi brat kralja Bele IV. (1235. -1270.) rodio se 1208. Umro je 1241. u Čazmi od rana zadobivenih u bitki s Tatarima na Šaju. U svom ne predugom životu Koloman je bio naslovni kralj Galicije (Haliča), okrunjen 1217. Usprkos neuspjehu da proširi arpadovsku vlast na Galiciju, Koloman je ostavio trag u istočnoslovačkom Spišu (Zips), što nije bez značaja za našu priču. Koloman nasljeđuje starijeg brata Belu kao herceg Slavonije, Dalmacije i Hrvatske 1226., kad Bela postaje suvladar, te na tom položaju ostaje do smrti. Od tog datuma počinje njegova briljantna karijera državnika i vojnika, veliki pothvat koji je nažalost ostao nedovršen. 1 U tom pokušaju da se stvori jaka državna tvo-1

In the north east corner of the nave at Worcester Cathedral, England, lies the tomb of John Thornborough (1551-1641), an Anglican bishop and chaplain to Elizabeth I. Thornborough was the Bishop of Worcester for twenty-three years, and among his connections was John Hall, the son-in-law of William Shakespeare. His resplendent Jacobean tomb was self-designed 14 years prior to his death and is decorated with ciphers and symbols. The published guide to Worcester Cathedral describes Thornborough as an alchemist "addicted to obscure and fantastic studies." It refers to his tomb as having "bewildering inscriptions on the canopy." It is a gem of a monument for the esoterically minded pilgrim.

The aim of the Collaborative Research Project ‘SOCIOMA – For a Medieval Sociology’, funded by the French National Agency for Scientific Research (2024-2028), is to write a history of sociological knowledge in Latin Europe from the 12th to the 15th centuries. This research differs from other works of social history by focusing on the study of classificatory thought, in order to show that such thought is not merely descriptive, but that it is a performative intellectual tool, a repertoire of social forms available to actors, a ‘technology of power’.

With this in mind, the first workshop of the SOCIOMA project (Oxford, Maison française d'Oxford, 11-12 December 2025) aims to examine the driving forces behind categorical thinking as applied to medieval society: what intellectual mechanisms or processes were used by social actors to define, circumscribe and name social categories?

Anath Ariel de Vidas, Gilles Havard, charges de recherche au CNRS Mondes americains. Societes, circulations, pouvoirs, XVe-XXe siecle Le seminaire, cette annee, s’est donne pour objectif de presenter les six axes de recherche du Mascipo (2010-2013). Le 5 novembre 2010 : presentation de l’axe de recherche « Histoire sociale et culturelle. Histoire comparee et croisee des societes coloniales americaines », sous la coordination de Cecile Vidal (EHESS) ; le 3 decembre 2010 : presentation de l’axe...

The essay describes the development of the theory of restoration and the development of cooperation between art historians, restorers, and technologists in Bohemia from 1919 to the present. Two institutions played an important role in shaping this process: NG Prague and AVU V Prague. The close cooperation between Vincenc Kramář, the director of the predecessor of today's NG Prague, and the restorer Adolf Bělohoubek was the basic starting point for intensive interdisciplinary cooperation. The principles of scientific restoration were later established by Bohuslav Slánský, on whose initiative a special school of restoration was established in 1947 at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague. In the years 1953–1956, he published the basic and still current handbook The Technique of Painting, which became the theoretical basis for the restoration of works of art in what was then Czechoslovakia. He built the field of restoration on a scientific basis and its concept was still monitored in the so-called Czech restoration school, consisting mainly of graduates of Bohuslav Slánský (Mojmír Hamsík, etc.). Recently, with the development of technological possibilities of non-invasive research, cooperation between art historians and restorers has become more intense and a result is a number of interesting exhibition projects.

We invite you to propose a paper for the International Conference RESTORY on Small Communities Facing Danger. Strategies of Solidarity and Resilience Before the Modernity, to be held in the University of Coimbra (October 30-31, 2025). In this RESTORY meeting, we aim to focus on small communities, their approaches to education and knowledge transmission, and their internal solidarity practices at different stages of life, including preparations for death. In addition, we seek to examine the strategies employed by small communities to confront climatic, economic, or conflict-related hardships across diverse geographical and chronological contexts. We also wish to reflect on human resilience in overcoming adversity, as well as human responses to pain, famine, death, and loss, in order to contribute to the historical characterisation of individual and collective trauma in the past.
Please read the call in the following link: https://chsc.uc.pt/.../04/RESTORY-COIMBRA-MEETING-CFP.pdf
To formalise the application to participate in this meeting and editorial project, we request the submission of a title and abstract (c. 500 words) of the proposed paper, accompanied by a detailed curriculum vitae of the candidate, to the email address restorycoimbra25[at]gmail.com, by May 31.

Cercetarea și reconstituirea istoriei secolelor al VI-lea-al XI-lea în Transilvania rămâne deficitară, extrem de anevoioasă și riscantă. În lipsa izvoarelor scrise, treptat, s-a impus părerea că arheologia ar putea suplini carența informațiilor scrise. După decenii de "programe de cercetare", multe dictate de comandamente politice, constatăm astăzi că apetitul arheologiei pentru această epocă a scăzut simțitor în România. Explicit sau tacit arheologii care respectă deontologia cercetării au renunțat la ideea că arheologia ar reuși să umple golul de informație istorică pentru această perioadă. Astăzi, la nivel internațional, arheologia nu mai este o umilă ancilla historiae, este o disciplină distinctă, cu metode de cercetare proprii, încă din secolul trecut plasată de teoreticieni mai aproape de antropologie decât de istorie 1 . În acest context, în România, raporturile între istorie și arheologie sunt astăzi diferite în comparație cu ultimele decenii ale secolului al XXlea. Mai vechea tentație a arheologilor de a confirma informații scrise prin descoperiri arheologice este astăzi considerată o metodologie abuzivă și, în consecință, tot mai puțin acceptată în mediile de specialitate. Nici identificarea etnicului pe baza "culturilor" arheologice nu mai este frecventabilă astăzi 2 . Și totuși oare care ar putea fi calea de a ieși din această fundă-

Manuale curatorum predicandi - the treatise on the art of preaching written by Basel scholar Johann Ulrich Surgant in 1502 - is usually classified as a humanist and nearly proto-reformation work. The paper disputes this classification; it provides several analytical textual probes to show the deep dependence of the Manuale curatorum on the older scholastic tradition. Following on from former research, a few relatively well-known high and late medieval artes praedicandi are identified as the main sources of Surgantʼs writing. Moreover, the study aims to trace specific manuscripts or early prints in Basel libraries, which could have been directly used by the author-compiler.

DONNEMAIN-SAINT-MAMÈS (28), LA BRUYÈRE OUEST Occupations rurales de La Tène finale, de l'Antiquité et du haut Moyen Âge Auteurs CYRILLE BEN KADDOUR, RESPONSABLE D'OPÉRATION RICHARD LOPES, RESPONSABLE DE SECTEUR Code INSEE de la commune 28132 Numéro de l'entité archéologique 28.132.0089 Maître d'ouvrage COMMUNAUTÉ DE COMMUNES DU GRAND CHÂTEAUDUN FÉVRIER 2025 RAPPORT FINAL D'OPÉRATION ARCHÉOLOGIQUE SRA CENTRE-VAL DE LOIRE FOUILLE PRÉVENTIVE Arrêté de prescription 22/0607 DU 09 SEPTEMBRE 2022

Zie voor een uitgebreide toelichting van deze technieken p.248-249. afeelding©Saricon bv afeelding©Saricon bv Magnetometriedata: binnen de rode lijn zijn de ritmische refecties zichtbaar die te Radardata: de refecties in de 2 rode cirkels laten een duidelijke samenhang zien met de maken kunnen hebben met de voorganger van de schuilkerk. In de blauwe cirkel is de plattegrond van de kerk op de kaart uit 1821. In de blauwe cirkel is de locatie van de in locatie van de poer te zien die in 2018 is gevonden. 2018 gevonden poer te zien.

Amongst the large array of pseudepigrapha erroneously attributed to the «Doctor seraphicus» lies a peculiar poem in Leonine hexameters with a clear didactic and parenetic aim: in the manuscripts and in the learned modern scholarship it is variously called «De doctrina religiosorum», «De doctrina proficiendi», «De recte vivendi doctrina» and other similar titles. Its average quality, clear proof of a not-so-well-read production milieu, was not an obstacle to its fortune: the poem has a wide manuscript tradition – I managed to find at least 80 witnesses –, it was used by later authors, and it bears the attribution to Bernard of Clairvaux and Bonaventure. This article will investigate the reasons behind the latter ascription: in manuscripts where it can be found, the poem is always somehow linked with «Regula novitiorum», the Bonaventure work that aims to give practical directions for religious life teremost. Through a philological and historical analysis, I will examine the relationship between the two works and the motives of the inclusion of «De doctrina religiosorum» amongst Bonaventure pseudepigrapha.

Las relaciones entre el mundo bizantino y el latino occidental a lo largo de la Edad Media fueron, en gran medida, las relaciones de sus iglesias, constantes aunque irregulares a lo largo de los siglos, llenas de desconfianza y de desencuentros, aunque también con momentos puntuales de acuerdos y colaboraciones. Relaciones, por tanto tormentosas, como no podía ser menos, teniendo en cuenta la diferente evolución histórica de las dos antiguas partes Imperii: la occidental latina, fragmentada en una serie de reinos bárbaros de mayor o menor estabilidad y duración y la pars orientis, mayoritariamente aunque no de forma ŭnica, de habla griega y que conservó al menos la apariencia de una continuidad con escasas rupturas hasta mediados del siglo XV. En este trabajo sólo quiero plantear algunos problemas que permitan vislumbrar las causas de este progresivo alejamiento que desembocó en un primer cisma y hacer un somero estado de la cuestión. Tengamos en cuenta como reflexión inicial que en el terreno de la ideología política y de la concepción de sí mismo, el Imperio bizantino medieval se aferró a sus viejos símbolos continuistas. Sus s ŭbditos jamás se denominaron a sí mismos ni griegos ni orientales ni mucho menos bizantinos. Kazhdan escribía no hace mucho que Bizancio como denominación solo existió cuando no existía, es decir, antes de 330 y después de 1453 1 . Son muy puntuales y escasas denominaciones algo retóricas como oi byzantioi, que aparece en alguna ocasión en la Alexiada de Ana

During the first half of the sixteenth century, the legend of Pope Alexander III stepping on the neck of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa (r.1155-1190) became a popular image amongst anti-papal and Reformation literature. For centuries, this legendary episode had already been accepted as a historical event coinciding with the Peace of Venice of 1177, which, through the reconciliation between the pope and the emperor, marked the end of a nearly twenty year long papal schism. Initially the legend was invoked in a pro-papal spirit, as an expression of the papacy’s spiritual authority over the emperor. However, by the early sixteenth century, the legend was reinterpreted in an entirely new context, as a testament to the papacy’s corruption, and the emperor’s role in initiating reform, despite his prostration before the pope. In this presentation, I explored the various uses of the step-on-the-neck legend, through the examples such as the Volksbuchlein  of Frederick Barbarossa (Augsburg, 1519), and the pamphlet Bapsttrew Hadriani IIII. und Alexanders III. gegen Keyser Friderichen Barbarossa geübt… (Wittemberg, 1545) with a foreword from Martin Luther. The Volksbuchlein  in particular, has received insufficient attention, thus making it more worthy of scholarly attention. In particular, I give attention to the interplay between the legend of the pope trampling the emperor and late medieval prophecies of the last world emperor. Additionally, I discuss how the figure of Barbarossa came to experience a renaissance in historical reception, and why this episode was so effective in the context of early sixteenth century politics and religion in the Holy Roman Empire.

Este encuentro busca dar a conocer investigaciones históricas que contribuyan al conocimiento de la historia del cristianismo, a través de un acucioso trabajo con fuentes primarias.

Envío de propuestas de ponencias hasta el 31 de mayo de 2025.

Entre 1199 y 1376 se crearon en la actual provincia de Bizkaia (España) veintiún núcleos urbanos. Los primeros trabajos arqueológicos en los centros históricos de esas poblaciones se realizaron a partir de 1984. Desde entonces, la arqueología ha estado presente en ellos con mayor o menor intensidad. Cuarenta años después, parece razonable hacer un análisis reflexivo y crítico de las aportaciones realizadas por la arqueología al conocimiento histórico de esas ciudades. También perseguimos valorar si nuestro legado para las generaciones futuras es mayor, más diversificado y más plural que aquél que nos transmitieron como herencia.
Between 1199 and 1376, twenty-one urban centres were created in what is now the province of Biscay (Spain). The first archaeological studies in the historic centres of these settlements were carried out in 1984. Since then, archaeology has been present in them to varying degrees. Forty years later, it seems reasonable to make a reflective and critical analysis of the contributions made by archaeology to the historical knowledge of these cities. We also seek to assess whether our legacy for future generations is richer, more diversified and more plural than the one that we inherited.

When a solemnity in Lent falls on a Saturday, how does the liturgical celebration of that solemnity on Friday evening affect the penitential obligations of the Friday in Lent? I argue that the canonical obligations of the Friday are retained since the liturgical day does not begin the evening before, but instead simply the celebration of the day begins during the preceding day. Therefore the Friday obligations remain.

У раду је приказана историја Врањске епархије, односно Врањског
протопрезвитерата у првим годинама након инкорпорације ове територије у црквени поредак Православне цркве у Кнежевини Србији, са посебним нагласком на стање свештенства. Први део рада посвећен је напорима српских цивилних и црквених власти у циљу успостављања црквеног поретка у складу са важећим црквеним законима на територији Кнежевине Србије, са краћим освртом на период пре 1878. године, као и црквено-административим променама на територији наведене црквене области. Потом је указано на ниво образовања свештеника и њихово порекло, а осветљени су и напори да се свештеници додатно обуче за црквену службу. Последњи део рада доноси податке о храмовној структури на територији Врањског протопрезвитерата. Рад је написан на основу необјављене архивске грађе, објављених извора и
релевантне литературе.

L’histoire du couvent des Augustins de Limoux est encore mal connue. Cet article fait le point sur les recherches entreprises autour de deux évènements précis : dans une première partie, il sera question de la période d’installation des Ermites de Saint Augustin à Limoux au tout début du XIVe siècle puis de leur déménagement intra-muros après le passage du Prince Noir en 1355. On y explore aussi le soutien apporté à cette communauté au tournant du XVe siècle par deux de ses ancien profès devenus de grands officiers de l’Eglise au temps du Grand Schisme, Pierre Amiel de Brénac, évêque de Sinigaglia et patriarche d’Alexandrie, proche des papes Urbain V, Grégoire XI et Boniface IX, et Pierre Assalit, ancien évêque d’Alet et proche des papes Martin V et Eugène IV. La seconde partie est consacrée à l’analyse du retable du maître autel qui se dresse encore dans le chœur de l’ancienne église du couvent. Unique par la qualité remarquable de ses sculptures mais aussi par la culture religieuse et artistique dont il témoigne, cet ensemble, proche de celui conçu pour les Grands Augustins de Toulouse, se place parmi les œuvres majeures de la production artistique languedocienne du XVIIIe siècle.

The controversies about the existence of the soul have been dominant in human thought for centuries and represent an insurmountable challenge to human understanding. The core of the discussion in this work is centered on the difficulty of determining the existence, definition and immortality of the soul: Does the soul exist? What is the soul? Is the soul eternal? If human beings have an immaterial essence, we will seek to understand what it is and how this essence relates to the body, mind and physical world. The general objective is to examine and understand the definitions about the existence, essence, nature, permanence or ephemerality of the soul. For specific purposes, we will seek to organize the Platonic, Aristotelian, Augustinian and Thomistic considerations, analyzing their perspectives on the soul, as an immaterial essence of life, investigating how metaphysical thought and knowledge about the transcendence of the material world relate to the understanding of the soul.

"Złączone na śmierć i życie" . Bliźniaczki syjamskie jako figury retoryki kulturow ej, społecznej i polityczej Był rok 1908, kiedy panna Kate S kinner z B righton ujrzała w ydany przez sie bie na świat owoc nieślubnej m iłości. M usiała wpaść w przerażenie: pokazano jej dwie dziew czynki na stałe ze sobą połączone -zrośnięte b io d ram i i częścią p o śladków. Oto podw ójna konfuzja: niezam ężna kobieta urodziła potw orne dzieci. W ybaw ieniem okazała się M ary H ilton, w łaścicielka lokalnego b aru , tru d n iąca się rów nież odbieraniem porodów. (W swym barze zwykła dawać pracę pannom , k tó re znalazły się w "trudnej sytuacji"). Zechciała wziąć do siebie te istoty -Kate oddała jej więc dw utygodniow e niem ow lęta, D aisy i Violet. Tak rozpoczyna się historia, którą da się opowiedzieć na różne sposoby. Siedząc losy bliźniaczek, zyskujem y w gląd w działanie swoistego m echanizm u społecznego, który form uje ludzkie biografie, nadaje im bieg, skłania do określonych wyborów, podsuwa pomysły na role do odgrywania na różnych scenach, ze sceną życia włącz nie. (Scenariusz życia istnieje tu w szczególnym stosunku do scenariuszy scenicz nych). M ożna też widzieć w tym przykład społecznej redefinicji przypadków odbie gających od norm y -w owym czasie autorytety m edyczne przejm ują władzę nad ludzkim spojrzeniem . D efiniują rodzaje patologii i osądzają szanse terap ii um ożli wiającej jednostce bezproblem ow e życie w społeczeństwie. Za chwilę biografia taka jak ta będzie niemożliwa, choć zroślaki pozostaną tem atem fascynującym, a infor m acje o przyczynach ich kondycji, relacje z ich rozdzielania i kadry z życia codzien nego pojawiać się będą na pierw szych stronach gazet i w program ach telewizyjnych. N iew ątpliw ie istnieje w iele ścieżek in terp retacji losów sióstr D aisy i Violet, ale zanim którąś podążymy, spróbujm y uchwycić po p ro stu niezw ykłą historię,

Rose-Marie Lagrave, directrice d’etudesMorgane Labbe, maitresse de conferencesJerome Heurtaux, post-doctorant Communismes et sortie du communisme Ce seminaire a reuni des etudiants et des jeunes chercheurs travaillant sur l’Europe centrale pour les amener a exposer et a discuter de leurs recherches en cours selon une perspective d’histoire croisee des communismes, et une approche reflexive sur les concepts de la transition postsocialiste. Cet angle methodologique s’est ouvert a une diversite ...

Pensando ai tanti libri scritti sulla Sindone di Torino , il primo dei quali di oltre cinquecento anni fa (la prima monografia dedicata alla Reliquia è infatti Sindon Evangelica, il trattato latino del 1581 pubblicato dal Barone Emanuele Filiberto Pingon), si potrebbe ritenere che la Chiesa non abbia mai espresso nessuna contrarietà riguardo i contenuti dei testi; ma non è così. Esistono infatti, nella storia della letteratura sindonica, almeno tre opere su cui il Sant'Uffizio e le autorità ecclesiastiche si sono espresse negativamente, censurando brani o interi capitoli e arrivando, in due di questi casi, persino a vietare la loro pubblicazione. Ed è all'esame delle vicende editoriali e dei contenuti di queste tre opere, che è dedicato il saggio "Da tenersi sotto chiave"-Tre casi di censura e mancata

У раду се анализира истицање Светог Гргура у повељама Стефана
II Котроманића и његових насљедника и покушава се одгонетнути њего-
ва улога у обликовању регионалне кохезије у средњовјековној Босни. На-
вођење Светог Гргура у интитулацијама банова није било само одраз њихо-
ве побожности већ и покушај интегрисања различитих територија које су
дошле под власт бана Стефана II Котроманића.

In this paper, we aimed to focus on the unusual intitulation found in the charters
of the Bosnian bans, from the period of Ban Stephen II Kotromanić, who,
in documents addressed to local recipients, was titled “I, Saint Gregory, named
Ban Stjepan”. By the end of his reign, this intitulation was reformulated so that
the Ban’s name appeared first, followed by the name of Saint Gregory. Although
scholars have suggested that this might have been a scribe’s error, we argue that
such a reference at the beginning of his rule was deliberate, prompted by the
political circumstances and Ban Stephen II’s struggle to strengthen his position
within Bosnia. Additionally, he undertook efforts to consolidate and conquer surrounding
regions, including Donji Kraji, Usora, Soli, Krajina, and parts of Hum,
where the invocation of the saint was necessary to facilitate the integration of
these areas under his authority. This helped create regional cohesion under the
protection of Saint Gregory, while simultaneously highlighting the role of the Ban
and his family. Once his position was sufficiently strengthened, the intitulation
was reformulated to present the Ban as both ruler and servant of Saint Gregory,
a formula that was subsequently adopted by his successors, including Knez
Vladislav and Ban Tvrtko. In this way, all regions retained a certain degree of
autonomy and distinctiveness, yet remained united under central authority as the
people and lands of Saint Gregory.

У раду се анализира употреба појма законопреступници у дјелима српских писаца 13. вијека. У првом реду овај термин су користили Стефан Првовјенчани и Доментијан, за означавање негативних особина ликова који су устали против праведних личности и поретка заснованог на Божјем закону.

The paper presents the term lawbreakers (законопреступници, zakonoprestupnici) in the old Serbian writings of the 13th century. In the first instance, this term was used by Stephen the First-Crowned and Domentian, to denote the negative traits of the characters who stood up against righteous people. Lawbreakers were violators of state order and true faith, based on God's providence and mercy, which is poured out on the main protagonists of Christian history, to create justice in this world. The lawbreakers are Nemanja's brothers, such as Cain or Hanaan, Vukan is also a lawbreaker, then Borilo, who attacked the Serbian ruler, and Strez, who rebelled against him. Heretics are also designated by the same term, because they are not in orthodox faith and unanimity, that is, in the concordance and tradition of one holy, conciliar and apostolic church, thus they fell away from the law of God. The negative characteristics of lawbreakers are evil zeal, evil advice, disrespect, pride, envy, self-will, unreasonableness, which are opposed by the positive characteristics of calmness, meekness, modesty, zeal, cunning, common sense and willingness to sacrifice. Lawbreakers assume their will against God's will, and thereby endanger the order based on divine providence.

Em diálogo com novas referências historiográficas
e abordagens interpretativas sobre a História da Educação
na Idade Média, nossa intenção neste artigo é compreender
o significado da obediência e os seus tensionamentos em
ambientes monásticos e naqueles ligados a catedrais urbanas
entre as décadas finais do século XI e as iniciais do XII. Com
isso, acreditamos ser possível acessar os significados por trás
dessas ações cotidianas nos processos de formação dos mais
jovens que parecem indicar não a mera existência de rupturas ou
questionamento dos poderes vigentes a anunciar o surgimento
de algo novo como por tanto tempo se imaginou, mas a criação
de novas relações pessoais conectadas ao aumento de opções
de acesso a novos mestres então a oferecer seus conhecimentos
e uma mobilidade discente pouco comum até o século XI.
Assim, com base em passagens encontradas nos epistolários
de João de Salisbury (c.1120-1180), Anselmo de Canterbury
(c.1033-1109) e Bernardo de Claraval (1090-1153), entre outras
fontes, nosso intento é jogar luz sobre esses tensionamentos
na esperança de enxergar melhor o factível protagonismo
dos que ainda estavam em busca de aprendizagem e quais
eram as características destas, sobretudo em períodos de
grandes e profundas transformações como foi o século XII.

Within the framework of international diplomatic negotiations on Armenian
reforms (1912–1914), the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople, as the official
representative of the Armenian community in the Ottoman Empire, focused on
collecting statistical data on the number of Western Armenians, their proportion relative
to other ethnoreligious groups in Western Armenia, and compiling corresponding
reports.
This article examines the initiatives of the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople
to gather statistical data on Western Armenians from the signing of the Russo-Turkish
agreement on Armenian reforms on January 26 (February 8), 1914, until the outbreak
of World War I. The study is based on previously unpublished documents from the
archive of the Patriarchate’s Information Bureau

This paper explores the importance of rhetoric and how Augustine combined unique Christian features like love of the neighbor to the goals of rhetoric.  rhetoric should instruct, entertain, and move the audience to think and act differently.  I think Augustine did this very well.

The relations between the Holy See and the early Piast state between 965 and 973

The earliest mention of the relations between the Holy See and Mieszko’s I country comes from an epitaph on Bolesław Chrobry’s (destroyed) tomb. The epitaph mentions young Bolesław Chrobry’s stay in Rome, where he was possibly sent as a German hostage in 973. The earlier connection between the Holy See and the Polish Missionary Bishop Jordan, who was directly answerable to the Pope, is seen as problematic. As per medieval records, Jordan was ordained as the Bishop of Mieszko I’s country in 968, even though it is commonly assumed he was ordained bishop in 967. The event is connected with the transfer of the Saxon rebel Wichmann the Younger’s sword to Otto I. The author of this study strives to connect Jordan’s appointment as bishop with the establishment of the Archdiocese of Magdeburg. According to the existing evidence, Jordan’s nomination took place during the Synodeof Ravenna in April 967, which saw the adoption of new Church structures across the Slavic states. Since it was only the pope himself who was entitled to license the Christianization of pagans, the author contends that the relations between the Holy See and the early Piast state must have predated Mieszko I’s baptism.