Legal Theory

The tradition of the oppressed teaches us that the 'state of [exception]' in which we live […] is the rule. We must attain to a [concept] of history that [corresponds to] this insight. Then we will [have before us as] our task to bring about [the true] state of [exception], and this will improve our position in the struggle against fascism. [The] reason fascism has a chance is that [its opponents confront it in the name of progress] as a historical norm. -The current amazement that the things we are experiencing are 'still' possible in the twentieth century is not philosophical. This amazement is not [at] the beginning of [a] knowledge[, if not that] the view of history [from which it derives] is untenable".

En este libro, el autor plantea un análisis del problema de la competencia a partir de dos abordajes: uno metateórico y uno teórico. En virtud de este análisis metateórico, el autor procede a un abordaje teórico del problema, es decir en la construcción de una teoría de la competencia, y de las normas de competencia, que, si bien tiene en cuenta lo analizado por otros autores, pretende ser superadora de dichos enfoques. A tal fin el autor presenta una teoría del concepto de competencia como un tipo de poder institucional que tiene dos modalidades, vertical y horizontal. En lo que a las normas de competencia respecta, presenta un modelo que contempla tres normas i) atributivas de la competencia de un sujeto; ii) modulativas de la competencia; iii) que determinan el procedimiento competencial. Dichas normas conforman un sistema constitutivo que determinan la competencia de un sujeto. Este enfoque de las normas de competencia permite analizar todo el fenómeno de la producción normativa, desde que a un sujeto se le concede la competencia y llegando a la producción de un acto normativo concreto.

Alejandro Calzetta es abogado por la Universidad de Buenos Aires y Doctor en Filosofía del Derecho por la Universidad de Génova. Ha dictado clases y dado seminarios en varias universidades de Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Croacia, Ecuador, España, Italia y Francia, entre otras. Ha publicado en revistas nacionales e internacionales y en obras colectivas.

מחקר זה מוקדש לתיאור של פרק בתולדות ההלכה באירופה הנוצרית של ימי-הביניים. הוא מתאר מושג הלכתי אחד – 'חזקה שאינה פוסקת'. מושג זה 'נולד' בעמק הריין של ראשית המאה ה-13, בתשובה הלכתית אחת ויחידה פרי עטו של ר' שמחה משפיירא. לטענתי, מושג זה מגלה דמיון מפתיע למושגים הרווחים במשפט הכנסייתי באותה תקופה. לו היה מתקבל, הוא היה פוטר את בתי-הדין הרבניים מהצורך לזמן עדי ראייה בכל הליך משפטי. במקום זאת, הוא היה מאפשר להם להסתמך על שלל ראיות קלושות וזמינות בהרבה – שמועות, מוניטין אישיים ומנהגים מקומיים.

This study examines an obscure chapter in the history of rabbinic law in late medieval Europe.  I contend that this concept represents a profound  innovation within the history of Halakha. Its adoption would have freed rabbinical courts from the need to summon eyewitnesses in every judicial process. I further argue that this concept reveals a remarkable similarity to principles prevalent in canon law.

Neste texto, ofereço orientações para estudantes em início de formação sobre como elaborar um projeto de pesquisa em filosofia do direito. Parto da constatação de que muitos projetos fracassam não pela ausência de ideias, mas por excesso de ambição e imprecisão conceitual. Critico especialmente a tendência de simplesmente descrever posições de autores sem a formulação de um problema filosófico autêntico. Defendo que um bom projeto deve isolar uma questão conceitual clara, propor hipóteses plausíveis e respeitar os limites reais do pesquisador em termos de tempo, domínio de idiomas e formação prévia. A clareza argumentativa, a contenção temática e a honestidade intelectual são destacadas como virtudes fundamentais. O texto busca, assim, oferecer critérios filosóficos, e não apenas formais, para orientar a construção de projetos mais rigorosos e viáveis.

Written words are deeply implicated in ‘law’, most centrally, court opinions. Strange that we call them ‘opinions’ because they are really edicts—words backed by violence.
The function of opinions coupled with violence is to create a reality. The creation process defines an enforced reality—a domination process.

Section 69 of the Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) criminalizes sexual intercourse obtained through deceitful means, including false promises of marriage without intent to fulfill them, false promises of employment or promotion, and marriage after suppressing identity. However, this section poses significant contradictions to other provisions, including Section 68 of the BNS, and raises concerns regarding its constitutionality. Furthermore, it introduces an ambiguity-if a false promise leading to sexual intercourse is illegal, does that imply a true promise under similar circumstances is legal? This paper critically analyzes Section 69 in relation to other legal provisions and constitutional principles, highlighting its potential misuse, vagueness, and inconsistency with fundamental rights. Literature Review A significant issue raised in the literature concerns the definition of "deceitful means," which Section 69 uses to describe fraudulent conduct leading to sexual intercourse. While the section clearly mentions false promises of marriage, it also expands the scope to include other types of deceit, such as false claims about employment or promotion, as explained in the section's "Explanation" clause.

Рассматриваются онтологические основания проблемно-ориентированных исследований. Констатируется, что проблемно-ориентированный процесс научного познания сопровождается двумя взаимообусловленными процессами: "субъективизацией объекта" и "объективизацией субъекта". Данные процессы идут виртуально. Сфера виртуальности выступает в качестве основного онтологического фона осуществления проблемно-ориентированных исследований. Подобное позволяет сохранить за наукой возможность считаться системой объективного знания. В то же время общество сохраняет существенные рычаги воздействия на развитие науки

The authors explore the reasons causing decreasing of competitiveness of education in Russia in the international educational industry. Their analysis is based on methodological principles of educational philosophy and competitiveness science. The authors formulate the reasons of education in Russia recession. Their formulations are based on the idea that the main goal of education assumes training a competitive individual able to perform social roles. The authors consider the main reasons as follows: inconformity of education quality to international standards and principles “longlife education” and “from age to degree”; lack of transparent state educational policy; partial non-continuous vertical and horizontal connections of education and science, industry and technologies and sometimes not legitimate image made by mass-media of Russia. The authors suggest measures able to improve the situation.На основе методологических принципов философии образования и конкурентологии авторы ис...

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), sometime referred to as female circumcision is one of the deeply rooted traditional and cultural practices which long existed in Liberia and the African continent. Various forms of the practice are still prevalent amongst a number of ethnic groups in Liberia. FGM is regarded as sensitive topic because of the high degree of secrecy surrounding its performance. In an attempt to study the practice of FGM in the Paynesville community, a standard questionnaire was administered to a sample size of 409 females in eight communities in Paynesville. The communities chosen were ELWA Community, Joe Bar, and 72nd, Jacob Town, Red Light/Gobachop, Pipeline, Soul Clinic, and Cocoa Cola Factory. Out of the 409 female interviewed, result of the study revealed that 43.03% (176) of the female interviewed practiced FGM. Ethnic groups that have the highest positive respondents included the Gbandi, Kpelle, Gio, Lorma, Vai, Mano, Bassa and Kissi. The Americo-Liberians, Kru, Sarpo and Grebo ethnic groups represented the highest negative respondents to the practice of FGM. A large proportion of the respondents was strongly against the practice of FGM for reasons ranging from painfulness of the act, difficulty during deliver, social, religious, physical and psychological trauma including fistula. Notwithstanding, some were supportive of the practice because of strong traditional influence and belief that it is part of their cultural heritage.

Teoria klaryfikacyjna wykładni prawa jako teoria uzasadnienia. Perspektywa psycholingwistyczna a pozytywistyczna koncepcja wykładni prawa * "Słowa mogą być jak promienie Roentgena; jeśli używać ich właściwie, przenikną wszystko. czytasz i słowa cię przeszywają". A. Huxley, Nowy wspaniały świat 1. Wprowadzenie pozytywizm prawniczy jest koncepcją prawa wewnętrznie zróżnicowaną na kilka stanowisk, które wykształciły się w czasie rozwoju tego nurtu myślenia o prawie, głównie na skutek krytyki ze strony przedstawicieli koncepcji prawnonaturalnych i realizmu prawniczego 1 , ale także współczesnych krytyk ze strony R. Dworkina i R. Alexy'ego 2 . Mimo to można wskazać pewne cechy charakterystyczne, które wyznaczają "pozytywistyczność" różnych teorii zaliczanych do pozytywizmu prawniczego (od teorii j. Austina poprzez R. iheringa, H. Kelsena i G. jellinka po H.l.A. Harta, n. Maccormicka i j. Raza): a) koncepcja ta zakłada, że przedmiotem prawoznawstwa jest prawo pozytywne, które należy badać za pomocą metody formalno-dogmatycznej, * Artykuł jest rozwiniętym zapisem wystąpienia na konferencji poświęconej pamięci twórczości profesora jerzego Wróblewskiego pt.

announced a unanimous decision of the United States Supreme Court, concluding that the United States Constitution supported the desegregation of public schools that had traditionally barred black children.' Four years later, in Cooper v. Aaron, 2 the Court again spoke in a single voice. This time, the Justices ruled that the State of Arkansas could not pass legislation that would undermine the Brown I decision The plan for integration devised by the local school board in Little Rock must go forward, the High Court ruled, despite the unrest that seemed to engulf the previously all-white local high schools scheduled to begin integration by admitting black teenagers. 4 With Brown I and then Cooper, the country's education system appeared poised to move from "separate but equal" to truly equal at the pace prescribed by the Brown H Court: "[W]ith all deliberate speed." More than fifty years later, on Thursday, June 28, 2007, the Supreme Court issued a much anticipated, sharply divided opinion concerning the conscious use of a student's "race" in plans to desegregate now de facto segregated public schools. 6 Chief Justice John Roberts, writing for the Court, found unconstitutional the race-inclusive methods used by the Seattle and Louisville public school officials who were attempting to create racially integrated schools.

Dans son livre Le droit et son autre, Augustin Simard explore la logique de
la théorie critique du juriste et politologue allemand Otto Kirchheimer (1905- 1965) en se concentrant sur la question de la primauté du droit. Kirchheimer, qui fut doctorant de Carl Schmitt et collaborateur de l’Institut de recherche sociale (IfS), est surtout connu pour ses analyses des relations entre la politique et le droit: de ses travaux de l’entre-deux-guerres sur la juridicisation de la politique à son magnum opus de l’après-guerre, Political Justice (1961). Le livre de Simard suit chronologiquement la pensée de Kirchheimer, ainsi que le débat théorique (juridique et politique) de chaque époque : du Weimar de l’entre-deux-guerres (les deux premiers chapitres) à la prévalence du nazisme (chapitres trois et quatre), pour conclure avec la structure sociopolitique de l’après-guerre (le dernier chapitre). Dans ma lecture, j’essaierai de mettre en évidence les contributions de Simard à l’étude de l’œuvre de Kirchheimer,
que j’estime importantes, en suivant la structure du livre.

Kutatásunk az adózói döntések „fekete doboznak” számító hátteré
nek feltárására irányult, általánosítható magatartási mintázatok keresésére. Az elem
zés a Kúria nyilvánosságra hozott 2018–2023 közötti döntéseire épült. Az ítéletek
információit átültetettük a statisztikai adatfeldolgozás rendszerébe, így 39 változót
hoztunk létre. A változókat és azok összefüggéseit az SPSS statisztikai programmal
elemeztük. A statisztikai mintába 120 felülvizsgálati döntés került be, ezek megfele
lően reprezentálták az időszak felülvizsgálati ügyeit. Tanulmányunk – a statisztikai
tapasztalatok mellett – feldolgozta az adóelkerülésről megfogalmazott szakirodalmi
modelleket, és egyedi adótányállásokat is rekonstruált.

Nous nous proposerons dans les pages suivantes d'accompagner le lecteur dans un double décentrement. Tout d'abord nous nous intéresserons aux cultures juridiques des nations autochtones amériendiennes qu'on peut voir comme exemples types de sociétés fondées sur le cercle. Ceci nous permettra outre de nous familiariser avec leur culture juridique et une vision du cercle, de prendre conscience des défis qui se posent dans toute la problématique de nos relations avec les peuples autochtones de notre planète. Si les intégrations régionales, telle la construction européenne, on fait irrémédiablement basculer nos systèmes juridiques de la pyramide au réseau par l'enchevêtrement de systèmes juridiques multiples et pas clairement hiérarchisés, la reconnaissance des droits des peuples autochtones nous mène encore plus loin, puisque c'est avec des cultures juridiques entièrement différentes qu'il faut entrer en dialogue. On se trouve là en présence de la rencontre entre « pyramides » (droit moderne des États Nation, du droit international) et cercles (les cultures juridiques autochtones). Si on assiste dans la rencontre à une résauification nécessaire des pyramides en présence, on peut se demander si on ne pourrait pas essayer d'aller encore plus loin et de voir ce que nous pourrons apprendre des représentations en termes de cercle. Notre culture juridique moderne n'est pas l'horizon ultime de notre vivre ensemble et par rapport à nos problématiques contemporaines il peut être fructueux de s'ouvrir au dialogue avec des conceptions radicalement différentes. D'un point de vue occidental, il s'agit comme le préconise Étienne Le Roy (1999) de s'engager dans une démarche transmoderne approchant nos Droits contemporains en articulant le prémoderne, le moderne et le « postmoderne » en émergence. D'un point de vue interculturel, il s'agit de reconnaître avec Raimon Panikkar (1984 : 3) que de nos jours nulle culture ne détient à elle seule les solutions pour organiser notre vivre ensemble et que nous devons donc forcément nous engager dans un dialogue interculturel pour dégager de nouveaux horizons et pour nous permettre d'inventer de nouvelles formes du vivre -ensemble. Pour cette invention, nous ferons ensuite un second détour par le Tibet et son système juridique traditionnel afin de compléter notre première approche. En effet, le système traditionnel tibétain, à la différence des cultures juridiques amériendiennes, connaît aussi un droit écrit et une distinction entre droit religieux et laïque, ainsi qu’un gouvernement et une bureaucratie centralisée. Il allie cercle et pyramide puisque tout en étant fondé sur le symbolisme circulaire du mandala, il comporte aussi des éléments hiérarchiques. Il nous permettra ainsi de nous ouvrir à des conceptions de hiérarchies très enchevétrées et « bouclées » et permettra de dégager quelques éléments sur les notions de légitimité, d'autorité dans des contextes où il existe une distinction entre laïque et religieux et où coexistent des représentations circulaires et hiérarchiques dans la vision du monde et du Droit. Nous bouclerons ensuite notre boucle en tentant de dégager de nos pérégrinations des pistes pour repenser nos Droits à la hauteur des défis de l'interculturalisme et de la Paix et en harmonie avec ces deux symboles.

In chapter 9 (Law) of his book Knowledge in a Social World (1999) Alvin I. Goldman conducts an insightful analysis of the nature of judicial process and defends two main theses. According to the first, truth (factual accuracy of judicial decisions) is (and ought to be) the central value in judicial process; according to the second, adversary process (characteristic for common law system) is a less effective mechanism of establishing facts (discovering truth) than quasi-inquisitorial process (characteristic for continental legal system). In this article both theses are confronted with the results of the research conducted within Law & Economics movement. The article defends the claim that whereas the first thesis of Goldman is, generally speaking, a correct one, even if it requires some modifications weakening its message, the second one raises serious doubts.

After a brief sketch of the history of philosophical pragmatism generally, and of legal pragmatism specifically (section 1), this paper develops a new, neo-classical legal pragmatism: a theory of law drawing in part on Holmes, but also on ideas from the classical pragmatist tradition in philosophy. Main themes are the "pluralistic universe" of law (section 2); the evolution of legal systems (section 3); the place of logic in the law (section 4); and the relation of law and morality (section 5). * This paper is based on a lecture given at the conference of the IVR (International Association for Legal and Social Philosophy) in Kraków, Poland, in August 2007. I have drawn here and there on two earlier papers (

Sumario: I. El Recurso extraordinario federal. II. La cuestión federal. III. La cuestión federal
simple. IV. Cuestión federal compleja. IV.1. Cuestión federal compleja de índole nacional
(art. 14, inc. 1, Ley 48). IV.2. Cuestión federal compleja de índole local (art. 14, inc. 2, Ley
48). IV.3. Conflictos directos e indirectos. IV.3.1. Conflicto directo. IV.3.2. Conflicto indirecto.
V. Conjunción de la cuestión federal compleja de índole nacional o local, con el conflicto
directo o indirecto. VI. Prescindencia de la cuestión federal. VII. Palabras finales.

A natural language is an organic living thing; and meanings change as words take on new, and shed old, connotations. Recent (post-Fregean) philosophy of language has paid little attention to the growth of meaning; radical philosophers like Feyerabend and Rorty have suggested that meaning-change undermines the pretensions of science to be a rational enterprise. Thinkers in the classical pragmatist tradition, however -Peirce in philosophy of science and, more implicitly, Holmes in legal theory-both recognized the significance of growth of meaning, and understood how it can contribute to the progress of science and to the adaptation of a legal system to changing circumstances. This paper develops these insights, and illustrates them by reference to (1) the growth of meaning of "DNA" from the identification of "nuclein" to the discovery of mtDNA almost a century later, and (2) the growth of meaning of "the establishment of religion" in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution from its ratification in 1791 to the present day. Arguing that the growth of meaning can indeed contribute to rationality, it also shows why narrowly formal models are inadequate both to science and to law.

October 2017) in honor of the publication of Professor Brian Z. Tamanaha's book A Realistic Theory of Law (2017). I hope it will be apparent, without my needing to dwell on them, that there are important affinities and points of connection between his approach and my own. ** Distinguished Professor in the Humanities, Cooper Senior Scholar in Arts & Sciences, Professor of Philosophy, Professor of Law, University of Miami. I would like to thank Mark Migotti for helpful comments on a draft; Andrea Meroi for information about the use of juries in certain provinces of Argentina; Damiano Canale for references to European legal scholarship; André de Tienne for correspondence about the dating of Peirce's sketch of the "labyrinth of signs"; and Barbara Cuadras, Pamela Lucken, Bianca Anderson, and Nicholas Mignanelli of the University of Miami Law Library for their help in finding materials and putting references in the correct form. 1.

Luận văn so sánh, phân tích, đánh giá các cách thức điều chỉnh hoạt động tài trợ của bên thứ ba trong tố tụng trọng tài đầu tư quốc tế, trên cơ sở đó, đưa ra khung pháp lý điều chỉnh phù hợp và đề xuất biện pháp để ngăn ngừa, hạn chế các ảnh hưởng, tác động tiêu cực đối với Việt Nam.

Intuitively, the disagreement is related to subjectivity. The aim of this paper is to show that the possibility of determining objective reasons explains the objectivity of the law despite of the disagreement. However, there are factors of resistance to the objectification of the reasons which explain the persistence of the disagreement.

The increased interest in law and capitalism has not translated into an engagement in legal scholarship with the transition-to-capitalism debate. This article contributes a critique of commercialisation approaches to the history of capitalism and law from a Political Marxist perspective. It argues that combining jurisdiction and legal form provides a more flexible conceptual architecture to account for early-modern juridical practices. Conceptually, this enables an encounter between the structural and subject-centred commodity-form theory of law (cftl) and the more granular, agentic, and class-centred Political Marxist approach. Empirically, exploring two key institutions-property and sovereignty-provides an opportunity to focus on their jurisdictional dimensions driven by specific class struggles and agencies. These reflect, through the concept of jurisdiction, the ruptures and discontinuities of the transition, while form analysis accounts for the more continuous and structural processes of key institutions shaping the apparent linearity of law.

Ośrodek Myśli Politycznej on human-made systems. Throughout history, natural law has evolved, from the reflections of Plato and Aristotle to the Christian Aristotelianism of the Middle Ages, particularly in the works of Thomas Aquinas, who merged faith and reason to argue that natural law reflects eternal, divine principles. In early modern philosophy, natural law's influence resurfaced through the works of thinkers like Grotius, Hobbes, and Pufendorf, who secularised the concept, enabling critiques of state power and the defence of universal human rights. Despite of the later challenges from positivism, exemplified by figures like Bentham and Kelsen, natural law remains a potent remedy against the erosion of human dignity, particularly in the face of totalitarian ideologies such as communism, Nazism, and radical Islam. These systems, which prioritise collective or ideological goals over the individual ones, have historically led to atrocities and the degradation of human worth. Natural law's universalism provides a robust defence against moral relativism and totalitarianism, reaffirming the inherent dignity of all individuals. Its principles, reflected in key legal documents such as the US Declaration of Independence and the UN Declaration of Human Rights, serve as enduring safeguards against the inflation or devaluation of human dignity in legal and political discourse.

Niniejszy artykuł stawia sobie za cel operacjonalizację ustaleń antropologii filozoficznej i etyki kard. Karola Wojtyły i Tadeusza Stycznia SDS w kierunku użyteczności dla nauki prawa. Ostatecznym celem takich badań jest wypracowanie w oparciu o myśl słynnych lubelskich filozofów personalistycznej doktryny prawnej, użytecznej w kontekstach legislacji i stosowaniu prawa. Niniejszy artykuł realizuje zasadniczo dwa cele. Pierwszym z nich jest odnalezienie personalistycznego sensu prawa, a drugim przedstawienie opisu wspólnoty prawnej wyłaniającej się z tegoż sensu. Cele te realizowane są w trzech krokach. Część pierwsza ma charakter wstępny i odnosi podejście prezentowane w artykule do teorii prawa naturalnego, druga poświęcona jest personalistycznemu sensowi prawa i stanowi próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak podmiotowość człowieka znajduje odzwierciedlenie w prawie. Część trzecia dotyczy obrazu wspólnoty prawnej, który wyłania się z personalistycznego ujęcia sensu prawa. Ideami przewodnimi takiej wspólnoty są godność osoby ludzkiej oraz solidarność z każdym człowiekiem.

No institution in the Middle Ages possessed an unitary sovereignty; there were sovereignties. These sovereignties were always contested. The people and institutions in which sovereignty resides in society have been contested since humans first constructed systems of government. A modern political scientist has defined sovereignty as "supreme authority within a territory" and has claimed his flexible definition covers the concept's long history (Philpott 2011: 561). A modern historian has argued that sovereignty is a "collection of claims and counterclaims" (Sheehan 2006: 4). The first definition would fit only some modern unitary nation-states and would not define the fragmented political, legislative, and judicial powers in medieval territories. The second is so abstract as to be meaningless. Even in modern states, sovereignty does not always reside in one place. In the United States supreme judicial, executive, and legislative authority is divided among three branches of government and among fifty states. In the Middle Ages territorial sovereignty was shared and had several different names in Latin. "Dominium," "imperium," "maiestas," "principatus," "potestas," and "iurisdictio" were the terms used to describe the power and authority that kings, princes, magistrates, and judges exercised in their offices. The most fundamental difference between the divided sovereignty of medieval territories large and small and the unitary sovereignty of some modern states was the medieval Christian Church's coercive authority and jurisdiction that penetrated every crack and crevice of Christendom and vied with secular authority everywhere after the eleventh century. The church and its courts exercised jurisdiction that was not voluntary and could not be resisted or

In this contribution, we consider how practitioners and academics working in the field of immigration, asylum and nationality law can cooperate more closely to achieve a shared goal: ensuring access to justice for asylum-seekers, refugees and other migrants. This project starts from the existing division and separateness that characterises today’s legal research and legal practice in key areas in the field. The need for a more structured engagement and fruitful conversation between the two cohorts animates this Special Issue. The contributions herein aim to spark debate, constructive dialogue and cooperation regarding matters of capital importance to the rights and realities of international protection applicants, and chart new terrain indicating a common direction for legal research and legal practice. The ambition is for each to relate to the other in more productive ways, with the purpose to more coherently develop the field and achieve the common objective of ensuring better access to justice. This Special Issue is, thus, conceived of as a channel of communication between the two communities, as a first step towards a collective culture of dialogue and mutual learning on complex protection claims. Our purpose is to jointly lay the foundations of a two-way ‘translational’ agenda, whereby practice-sensitive legal academic research translates into effective legal casework and academically informed legal practice contributes to transformative change at systemic level.

This amicus curiae brief, submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court in Students for Fair Admissions v. University of North Carolina, represents the collective voice of 1,246 American social science researchers and scholars from 381 academic institutions and research centers across the nation. Drawing on a robust body of empirical research and decades of expertise, the brief offers evidence-based arguments in support of UNC’s race-conscious admissions practices. The amici contend that such policies advance the educational benefits of diversity, including civic engagement, leadership preparation, and workplace productivity in multiracial settings. The brief demonstrates that UNC’s approach aligns with the compelling interests identified in Grutter v. Bollinger, and that race-neutral alternatives—such as percentage plans or socioeconomic indicators—remain inadequate for achieving comparable levels of diversity. Further, the brief challenges claims of academic mismatch and highlights the positive educational outcomes for underrepresented minority students at UNC relative to those at institutions with race-blind policies. Emphasizing the enduring impact of racial segregation and educational inequality in North Carolina, the amici argue that holistic, race-conscious admissions remain essential to fostering equitable access and realizing the full promise of higher education. This interdisciplinary brief underscores the consensus among social scientists that race-conscious admissions policies remain vital tools for ensuring meaningful representation and inclusion in public universities.

Les textes juridiques sont étroitement liés à une communauté linguistique et culturelle déterminée et reflètent le rapport de forces qui s'établit entre ses membres. Ce sont des textes d'une grande complexité qui obéissent à des conventions linguistiques assez rigides. Cependant, comme le soulignent , toute unité linguistique est porteuse d'un faisceau d'instructions sémantico-pragmatiques qui déclenchent une certaine orientation argumentative et reflètent un point de vue spécifique de la part du locuteur (Raccah 2005). Partant d'un corpus de textes composé d'arrêts de la première chambre civile de la Cour de Cassation française et d'arrêts prononcés par la Sala Primera de lo Civil del Tribunal Supremo espagnol, nous proposons d'analyser, d'une part, certains moyens expressifs employés dans ce type de textes pour se référer au locuteur et au responsable de l'arrêt et, d'autre part, certains marqueurs qui servent à articuler les différentes séquences textuelles. Dans ce sens, l'analyse contrastive des textes juridiques met en évidence que, sous une apparente objectivité, se dissimulent des points de vue caractéristiques de ce type de textes aussi bien au niveau macro-textuel qu'au niveau micro-textuel.

That the law is a complex of standards guiding human behaviour is a truism deeply rooted in legal thinking both in contemporary Continental European ‘Rechtswissenschaft’ and in Anglo-Saxon ‘Jurisprudence’. It goes without saying: The law makes normative demands on people and tells them what to do. The task of jurisprudence is (qua methodology) to work out how the requirements of law are to be interpreted, and (qua doctrine) to determine hermeneutically, systematically and in relation to individual cases, what the legal norms demand of the legal subjects. This basic assumption, together with its consequences for the understanding of legal scholarship, was questioned at the beginning of the 20th century within the Vienna School of Legal Theory. That the most interesting thing about law is its performance in the field of behaviour control & action guidance, and that this is primarily the concern of legal scholarship was said to be misleading. Instead, the focus on action guidance would have distracted legal scholarship from the law itself and made acute the need for a theory of law that does justice to law’s inherent workings. Such a clash of legal worldviews, which has hardly been perceived so far, will be investigated in this paper as a contrast between a ‘demand model’, fixated on the behavioural code of the law, and a ‘processing model’ of the legal, primarily interested in the self-regulation of law, that is: in the legal code itself.

educates leaders, informs public policy, and strengthens civic life through its graduate degree programs, research institutes and public outreach activities. By making the essential connection between research, practice, and informed public policy, the School is dedicated to improving the lives of people of all ages, in every county in Maine and every state in the nation. The Maine Statistical Analysis Center (SAC) operates as a collaborative service of the

En la legislación colonial decimonónica la distancia geográfica y las condiciones sociales se medían en grados de especialidad. El Sexenio democrático supuso el intento más serio y consolidado de llevar los principios liberales de la justicia peninsular a Ultramar, especialmente la clave de su construcción: la inamovilidad. El Decreto de 25 de octubre de 1870 trasladaba esta arquitectura metropolitana a las colonias, asimilándola a la Península “hasta el mayor grado posible”, si bien con las “convenientes distinciones” no solo entre la España peninsular y la ultramarina, sino entre las propias Antillas y las Filipinas. Así, a la especialidad antillana se sumaba un grado más de especialidad respecto al Archipiélago filipino. Lejos de reivindicarse una asimilación más acusada en relación con la Península, se alzaron voces reclamando mayores niveles de especialidad. A finales del Sexenio, sin embargo, la fortuna de la regulación ultramarina estaba decidida y en última instancia acabaría imperando una visión metropolitana que unificaría las especialidades ultramarinas para acabar negando en todas las islas la inamovilidad.   
La contribución explora este programa metropolitano y el devenir de aquellas medidas legislativas para la administración de justicia colonial, que dan cuenta, en el periodo de mayor consolidación constitucional del Poder judicial en la Península, de las verdaderas pretensiones, limitaciones e imposibilidades de una justicia común en los espacios más distantes y, por ende, más singulares, de una España colonial.

This insightful book analyses how judges’ intellectual traits and personalities impact the rule of law and the proper performance of judicial roles. Focusing on times of crisis, the book discusses manifestations of judicial character under internal and external pressures, social unrest, and attacks on judges when their status, independence, and impartiality are under strain.

Chapters consider the fundamental question of what constitutes a good judge, delving into the emerging field of virtue jurisprudence and exploring its connections to virtue ethics. Expert authors reflect on personal qualities that may be especially helpful in hard times, including courage, lawfulness, prudence, integrity, perseverance and empathy, and situate these attributes in the context of European, constitutional and administrative courts. Ultimately, the book argues that the law, as applied by the courts, is greatly impacted by judicial character, the notion of which is best understood through the lens of virtue theory.

Contributors include: Lawrence B. Solum, Amalia Amaya, Hans Petter Graver, Tomasz Tadeusz Koncewicz, Jerzy Zajadło, Leszek Leszczyński, Mateusz Stępień, Natasza Szutta, Tomasz Widlak, Marcin Michalak, Adrian Zaorski

Since the economic development has arisen as a model, some critical positions have emerged, both from theoretical aspects and in its terms of measurement. A non worthless set of indexes and indicators, so called alternatives, has been produced, building up an important basis of quantitative information. Examples of them are: Genuine Progress Index, Social Progress Index, Human Development Index, Basic Capacities Index, Gender Inequality Index, and Happy Planet Index. Each proposal contains innovative elements: new approaches or social components as gender and environmental issues, and more recently include also subjective aspects. This paper contains a critical systematization of indicators and indexes of objective/ subjective nature. A comparison is made and also statistical correlation for Latin-American countries.

New Perspectives on Jewish Law combines the detailed work characteristic of scholarship on Jewish law with an orientation towards its broader academic and cultural significance. It shifts the study of Jewish law from its focus on legal doctrine and history to legal theory, achieving in the process a more sophisticated understanding of law that will benefit both the legal academy and Jewish studies. By employing the framework of legal theory, it similarly corrects an over-emphasis on the metaphysical presuppositions and philosophical implications of Jewish law, which has tended to cast it as exceptional relative to other legal systems. Moreover, it answers to old-new anxieties about law, often symbolized by Judaism, raised by contemporary feminists and by philosophers who are animated by recent interpretations of Paul through actual engagement with the Jewish legal tradition.

The volume consists of three parts. The first focuses on the critique of positivism, its implications, and the new directions that it opens up for the analysis of Jewish law. The second part takes stock of recent methodological developments in the study of Jewish legal texts and investigates the relation between Jewish law and the disciplines, including history, literary theory, ritual studies, the digital humanities, as well as traditional approaches to Jewish learning. It concludes with a reflection on these interdisciplinary contributions from the perspective of legal theory. The third part explores the connections among Jewish law, philosophy, and culture critique. It assesses the relation or lack thereof between Jewish law and modern Jewish thought, and examines specific issues of philosophical interest, including truth and normativity. It also investigates the image of Jewish law in the contemporary critique of law as well as how Jewish law could productively contribute to that debate. It concludes with a reflection on these studies from the perspective of philosophy of law.

Összefoglalás. Horvát Barna (1896-1973) az újkantiánus ismeretelméletet és módszertant, valamint az angolszász indíttatású pragmatikus-empirikus processzuális (jog)szemléletet "egybenéző" szinoptikus társadalom-és jogbölcselete a magyar polgári eszmetörténet egyik vitathatatlanul legeredetibb, ugyanakkor a nemzetközi és hazai jogtudomány által legellentmondásosabban megítélt elmélete . A tudós kora társadalom-és eszmetörténeti szituációját, benne saját személyiségét s ennek teoretikus végiggondolását mint "testet öltött paradoxont" éli át és értelmezi. E tanulmány annak bemutatására vállalkozik, hogy a szükségszerűség és szabadság, tény és érték között feszülő hiatus irrationalis szinoptikus áthidalása segítségével Horváth hogyan alapozza meg a társadalom fogalmát, annak különböző objektivációit, fejlődési törvényszerűségeit, továbbá az azt kutató szociológia szerkezetét. Kulcsszavak: tudásszociológia, szükségszerűség és szabadság, társadalmi és természeti környezet, magatartás, társadalmi objektivációk, eljárás, egyenes/ csökkenő arányú fejlődés, szinopszis Abstract . Ocean in the drop, drop in the ocean. Barna Horváth, the sociologist of law Barna Horváth's (1896-1973) synoptic social-and legal philosophy, that coexamines the neo Kantian epistemology and methodology together with the pragmatic-empirical (legal) perspective motivated by the Anglo-Saxon tradition, is one of the undisputedly most unique theory of the Hungarian bourgeois intellectual history, however, it is judged most controversially by the international and domestic jurisprudence. The scientist is experiencing and interpreting the social-and intellectual historical situation of his age and his own personality within it, and also the thinking through of this as "embodied paradox". This study aims to reveal how Horváth, with the help of the synoptic bridging of the high tension of the 'hiatus irrationalis' that is between necessity and freedom, and fact and value, establishes the concept of society, and the various objectivations, and principles of its progress, and furthermore, he lays the grounds of the structure of sociology that analyses it .

Nous sommes bien rentrés au pays de la savane. Le voyage fut long et nous ramena finalement des brumes bruxelloises aux orages tonitruants du ciel africain en cette période d'hivernage. Moment vert où la nature se revêt de son manteau vert, où le fleuve grossit et inonde toute la terre et nous invite à continuer notre voyage aérien sur ses flots pour rejoindre le village. Nous étions partis pour l'ailleurs, délaissant l'appel des travaux champêtres, à la recherche d'une connaissance du droit si nécessaire au développement de nos pays. Et nous voilà de retour attendant impatiemment le moment où notre pirogue arriverait à bon port et où un grand cortège nous accueillerait en lançant des cris de bienvenue « hayyoo, hayyoo » et nous accompagnerait jusqu'à la cour de notre concession. Et qui voilà ? Fama, notre cousine, qui nous lança : « Et qu'y a-til maintenant dans vos têtes ? Vous êtes devenus des toubabs, spécialistes du droit ? Vous vous rappelez encore au moins de moi ? Des droits que me confère la tradition de vous apporter de l'eau mais aussi de vous chahuter au passage ? Comme nt était votre séjour ? Que vous at on appris ?» C'est ainsi qu'en arrivant à la concession nous n'avions déjà plus de salive pour raconter nos exploits bruxellois quand notre cousin Bada Hamidou nous dit : « J'ai pensé à vous récemment. Je lisais Amadou Hampâté Bâ qui racontait le fameux procès de Tidjani Thiam. Vous connaissez cette histoire ?-Non, mais il faudra que tu nous la lises et nous donnerons notre avis de spécialistes. »

«Le droit est-il source, affluent, alluvion ou aboutissement des changements sociaux ? Qu'est-ce, pour vous, qu'une approche du droit "en contexte" ? Quels en sont les enjeux, les atouts et les limites ? »
Ces questions adressées aux auteurs de ce numéro de la Revue interdisciplinaire d’études juridiques révèlent un point de vue particulier caractérisé par un double ancrage. D’une part, elles pointent vers des approches interdisciplinaires du droit, des approches qui tentent de le saisir, non pas de manière « pure », mais dans son lien à ses contextes sociaux, historiques, politiques, culturels... D’autre part, elles s’inscrivent dans le paradigme du droit. L’existence de ce dernier est postulé a priori. Ses modalités d’existence peuvent ensuite être approfondies par le théoricien du droit. Ces questionnements s’inscrivent ainsi dans une théorie critique du droit telle que promue depuis de nombreuses années par François Ost et 1
Michel van de Kerchove . Mais comment ces questions apparaissent-elles quand on est de « l’autre côté » ? Quand on se pose ces questions dans des contextes autres, où le droit n’est pas la référence principale, voire où un tel concept n’existe pas ? Quand on se repose ces questions, en revenant chez nous, mais avec un regard altéré par la rencontre avec l’Autre ?

This document provides a comprehensive examination of the legal provisions established under the BNS, 2023 (பி.என்.எஸ், 2023), which repealed the IPC, 1860 (ஐ.பி.சி, 1860). It details Sections 34 to 44, focusing on the right to private defense outlined in Section 34 (பிரிவு 34) and the specifications regarding the defense of one's body and property as per Section 35 (பிரிவு 35). The analysis reflects the legal parameters defining an individual's entitlement to safeguard themselves and others against bodily harm and property infringement. Additionally, it highlights the significant legal transition from the previous IPC framework to the updated provisions within BNS, providing insights into the implications for self-defense laws, criminal justice practices, and the protection of personal rights. This structured evaluation is intended for academic discourse, contributing to the understanding of contemporary legal standards in the context of criminal law.

This paper discusses the renewal undertaken by Islamic thinkers in contemporary maqasid discourse. Despite their differences, two main developments can be identified: First, the shift towards rationalizing Sharia and excluding or even eliminating its devotional aspect; and second, the redefinition of the maqasid, expanding their number and interpretations. Through presenting different models of new interpretations of the maqasid, the researcher demonstrates how modernity has influenced this new maqasid discourse, not by adopting modern concepts, but by acquiring the fluid nature of modernity itself. The most significant transformation was the shift of maqasid into a flexible and malleable tool, capable of being used to either approach or distance from modern values. With this fluidity, maqasid often reflected the jurist's ideological, social, and psychological biases, whether consciously or unconsciously. This represents a hindrance to the systematic structure of Islamic jurisprudence and its ability to provide the necessary societal regulation.