Languages and Linguistics

The ancient Egyptian and ancient Chinese writing systems represent two of the most sophisticated and complex scripts of antiquity. Although these systems developed independently, both employ semantic classifiers—
unpronounced signs that categorize and contextualize their associated words. This study examines the semiotic functions of semantic classifiers in these two scripts, highlighting their similarities while also addressing
their distinctive features. The analysis is conducted through multiple lenses, including the positional distribution of classifiers, the parts of speech they classified, their interchangeability, instances of multi-classification, and the semantic relations between classifiers and their host words. Furthermore, particular attention is given to the unique role of classifiers denoting concepts of “missing ability” or “deficiency.” The article concludes with a comparative discussion of Semantic-Semantic compounds (referred to as huìyì in traditional Chinese grammatology)
and their capacity to generate pictorial scenes within compound signs in the ancient Egyptian and ancient Chinese writing systems.

LINO , Sonia Regina Lamego. Guidelines for the institutionalization of knowledge management in the Federal Network of Vocational Education, Science and Technology, Brazil. 2013. 254 f. Thesis (Ph.D. in Engineering and Knowledge Management ) course -Graduate in Engineering and Knowledge Management,

Angelina Gaspar Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Catholic Faculty of Theology, University of Split, Croatia ABSTRACT This paper presents a corpus-based approach to semi-automatic extraction of English phrasal verbs, very productive, but complex and often non-transparent lexical units, via particles (prepositions, adverbs) they consist of and which are among the top-ranking functional words in the list of running words of the British National Corpus (BNC). The research is carried out on a comparable English corpus of publicly available legal texts consisting of 392 255 words and using WordSmith Tools 6.0. The evaluation of the system efficiency is conducted via the statistical measures of Precision, Recall and F-measure, whereas the list of phrasal verbs is checked against the reference source Cambridge Phrasal Verbs Dictionary (2015). The results show that the process of semi-automatic extraction of phrasal verbs requires a considerable human intervention as well as control...

O estudo aborda as escolhas linguísticas presentes na reescrita de textos produzidos por aprendizes novatos em contexto acadêmico e pela ferramenta ChatGPT. Tem-se por objetivo analisar essas escolhas linguísticas a partir do sistema lógico-semântico de expansão (HALLIDAY; MATTHIESSEN, 2004; 2014) presentes em versões reescritas de um mesmo texto. De natureza qualitativa e interpretativa, o corpus é constituído pela escrita e a reescrita de uma estudante de primeiro semestre de graduação e três versões produzidas pelo ChatGPT, visando à comparação dessas ocorrências. A análise enfoca a natureza das mudanças nos complexos oracionais de todas as versões reescritas, buscando compreender quais mudanças no sistema lógico-semântico são recorrentes. Os resultados mostram que a expansão por intensificação é priorizada pelo ChatGPT através do acréscimo de modificadores, o que difere das escolhas da estudante. O ChatGPT segue um padrão, iniciando com orações paratáticas estendidas (1^+2) e dá...

RESUMO Práticas de ensino de Português como Língua Adicional (PLA) em contexto acadêmico requerem contemplar usos desta língua em produções orais e escritas que envolvem diversos graus de abstração e complexidade semânticas. Essas práticas estão interligadas por dois aspectos: pelo modo como o conhecimento prático, horizontal e do cotidiano prepondera no ensino médio e o conhecimento teórico, vertical e abstrato no ensino universitário, pelo fato de se tratar de uma língua adicional. Esses desafios situam-se na dimensão da semântica que concebe essas práticas como ondas semânticas cujos princípios organizadores compreendem a gravidade semântica (GS) e a densidade semântica (DS) (MATON, 2013; 2020). O objetivo deste estudo é discutir como as ondas semânticas podem ser evidenciadas em um curso de PLA organizado em tópicos, ofertado para alunos do primeiro ano de graduação em uma universidade britânica. A análise contempla amostras do material didático e algumas tarefas implementadas p...

Learning a foreign language (FL) nowadays involves various contexts and resources, particularly because of the use of technological resources. The use of such resources and the diversity of tasks, situations and means to have contact with an FL can be placed in the context of blended learning. The purpose of this article is, therefore, to reflect on various possibilities of interaction and use of Portuguese as an additional foreign language by multilingual learners in a university context. To do so, it explored two projects implemented in the context of blended learning, which address different dimensions and skills in the FL. The hypothesis guiding the discussion is that the different perspectives of learning and using the language in virtual environments can help students become independent learners through the use of numerous technological resources now available. The results show the possibilities of language functioning in reading and writing in the context of blended learning ...

摘要：
　　After WWII, Koreans in Taiwan were repatriated to newly liberated Korea; however, not all left the island. According to “The Register of Korean Expatriates in Taiwan (臺灣韓僑登記名冊)” of 1947, 358 Koreans remained, including 48 young women who were heads of their households. Among these women, a third married local men, with another third labeled as “to be deported.” As the Nationalist government allowed Koreans to stay in Taiwan if they had a “proper job,” it is inferred that these women did not meet this requirement. Many had previously worked as prostitutes, with some believed to have been “comfort women” in the Japanese military.
　　Drawing on government archival documents from Academia Historica and the National Archives Administration, as well as personal interviews conducted with elderly members of the Korean community in Taiwan, this article explores the postcolonial lives of the young Korean women who remained on the island, whether by choice, chance, or coercion. Of the 48 women listed in the 1947 Register, only one is openly acknowledged as a former comfort woman, with two others allegedly so, while the rest may have worked as prostitutes.
　　This article challenges the binary distinction between “comfort women” and “prostitutes,” commonly viewed as distinct, if not opposing, categories. While different, the two groups share significant similarities. Both comfort women and prostitutes were trafficked overseas against their will and subjected to great hardship, and many comfort women were formerly prostitutes within the Japanese empire. The article concludes that these women were victims not only of Japanese imperialism and patriarchal forces that coerced them into prostitution but also of the Confucian ideals of female chastity, which hindered their return home after the war.
關鍵詞：Korean Diaspora, Comfort Women, Prostitutes, Japanese Empire, Colonial/ Postcolonial Taiwan, WWII

A. Filippone examined evidence for the meaning & origin of Old Persian dačara- \ tačara-,
which referred to either ‘palace’ or ‘temple’, maybe both. Its meaning depends on the function
of buildings with inscr. like :
Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya vazrka […] haya imam tačaram akunauš
‘Darius, the Great King […] who built this palace’
Based on cognates like P. taǰar ‘winter house, with oven and heater; treasury’, Sirǰāni teǰir
‘partition dividing inner spaces’ (see part C) the oldest meanings ‘enclosed building’ or
‘enclosure/division within a building’ seem needed, with some > ‘enclosure / division / fence(d
area)’. This supports a general meaning for dačara-, so its use for either ‘palace’ or ‘temple’
would not be prohibited, nor its clear use for one in one case imply the other in any other case.
She gives several past attempts for its origin, but theories of *tek- ‘run’ as ‘race course’ make
little sense. I see the only real choice as :
>
The *tač-derivation was challenged by Pakhalina (1987, pp. 157–158), who analyzed d/tačara- as
“a composite-word, i.e. *d/ta-čara-”, originally “house-castle, house-fortress” (*d/ta- < IE *
dem-, * dm̥ - “house”, *-čara- < IE kā̆l “to be fenced in”)
>
Since PIE *d(e)mH2- ‘build / house / etc.’ contained an *H but dačara- had no *mH > **a: in
Iranian, the d- \ t- variation must be related. It must have changed the position of *H :
*dmH2-kelo- ‘enclosed building’ > *Hdm-kelo- > *Hda-čara- > OP dačara- \ tačara- ‘palace /
temple?’
This ex. of *C > voiceless by *H fits in with ideas of Martin Joachim Kümmel, who has listed a
large number of oddities found in Iranian languages (2014-20) that imply the Proto-Indo-
European “laryngeals” (H1 / H2 / H3) lasted after the breakup of Proto-Iranian. PIE *H was
retained longer than expected in IIr., with evidence of *H > h- / x- or *h > 0 but also showing its
recent existence by causing effects on adjacent C. These include *H causing devoicing of
adjacent stops (also becoming fricatives, if not already in Proto-Iranian), some after metathesis
of *H. That irregular devoicing occurred in roots with *-H- allows a reasonable solution with *H as the cause, even if no all-encompassing rule can describe other details. Since variation in OP
dačara- \ tačara- is clear, among others between languages, optionality seems needed. Here,
common *dH- was avoided, likely due to syllabic *m in *dmH- > *Hdm-

Bu calismada toplumsal yasamin akilcilastirilmasindan (rasyonalizasyon) kaynaklanan bir ikilemin Turkiye ozelindeki izdusumleri modern metinler baglaminda tartisilmaktadir. Akildisilik (irrasyonalite), belirli bir tur akilcilastirmaya aykiri gerceklesen her turlu toplumsalligin niteligi olarak alinmaktadir. Tamamlanmamis bir modernlik fikri yerine bastan beri yanlis olan bir modernlik fikrinden hareket edilmektedir. Boylece aydinlanmadan beri Kita Avrupasi kulturunden dunyaya dayatilan bir ikileme deginilmekte ve Turkiye ozelindeki bir degerler baglaminda bu ikilemin neden oldugu psikolojik ve toplumsal sorunlara yogunlasilmaktadir. Buna elverisli bir dolayim yaratmak amaciyla tarih disi bir konumlanmanin aranildigi bu arastirmada, degerler egitimi ozelinde olmak uzere, modern Turkiye&#39;nin dusunsel tarihi ve hâlihazirdaki sorunlar tartismaya acilmaktadir. Bu noktada Turkiye&#39;nin mevcut deger sorunlari, sizofrenik bir icerimle anlamlandirilmaya calisilmaktadir. Cunku bu sorun, ...

Resumen • Una obra frecuentemente consultada por Jorge Luis Borges fue Matemáticas e imaginación, de E. Kasner y J. Newman, en la que se discute la teoría de los conjuntos (que es la rama de la matemática que estudia la relación entre conjuntos), propuesta por Georg Cantor , y mediante la cual se crea la aritmética trans nita (que va más allá de la nita) y se establece un sistema epistémico para representar los diversos niveles del in nito. Así, Cantor le asigna a esas in nitudes la primera letra del alfabeto hebreo, el Aleph, seguido de un determinado número, dependiendo del nivel de in nitud (Aleph-cero, Aleph-uno, etc.). Borges, de esa manera, teje varias de sus narraciones en las que se trata el tema del in nito y del absoluto: un ejemplo de ello es la colección de relatos bajo el título El Aleph, que abre con el cuento «El inmortal» y cierra con el que le da el título a la colección. El presente ensayo tiene el propósito de estudiar «El inmortal» bajo la óptica cantoriana, para hablar de un absoluto en particular: el yo, y sugerir que no es posible establecer un vocabulario nal o una de nición de nitiva sobre el tema en cuestión. Tal imposibilidad, propone Borges, está dada en parte por la nitud lingüística, mientras que por otro lado la falibilidad de la memoria juega también un papel crucial en todo intento de de nición. Sin embargo, como buen ironista, el autor a través de «El inmortal» es capaz de proveer una redescripción del tema mediante un lenguaje trans nito, sin pretender establecer un vocabulario nal sobre la materia, sino, al contrario, tratando de resolver ciertas paradojas a las vez que revela otras, promoviendo así el permanente diálogo entre las distintas disciplinas. Aunque el ensayo se enfoca en el análisis de «El inmortal», a n de desarrollar el problema propuesto, también estudia otros relatos contenidos en El Aleph, y utiliza un acercamiento teórico que se enmarca en la losofía de la lengua.

Finnic, t-elsewhere, it looks like a sound change. PU *st-would make the most sense, giving : *stulka 'feather' > F. sulka, Sm. *tolkē, Mh. tolga, Ud. tyly, Hn. toll, Mi. tovyl, CMi. towl, X. *tŏɣǝl > NX. tuhəł, Smd. *tuə However, there is another set of correspondences where s-appears in Finno-Lapp, t-elsewhere. It is unlikely that an oddity of nearly the same nature is unrelated. If due to a similar change, a related cluster would be needed. PU *str-would make the most sense (in that it is common, and others of the form *stC-are all less likely), giving : *strowe > *towe > En. to, Mi. tür, H. tó s., tavak p. 'lake', Kam. tu 'lake/river'; *sowe > Fi. *soo > F. suo 'swamp/bog/marsh/mire', Sm. *suońō If related to PIE, *srowo-'stream' > G. rhóos, etc., would certainly fit. Since PIE had many *styet Uralic has few cognates of s-vs. t-, it is likely that only secondary *st-and *str-( < *sr-) existed in PU. If a source of *stulka 'feather' can be found in an IE word that did not have *st-, but could somehow create secondary *st-, it would help support this idea. Based on PIE *skeido-'what cuts / blade / shoulder blade' > OI sciath m. 'wing', W ysgwydd f. 'shoulder', I think it's likely that : G. skáptō 'dig, delve', *skaptlaH2-> L. scapulae p. 'shoulders', PU *skawtla: > *skutla > *stulka 'feather' B. Zhivlov (2014) reconstructs Proto-Uralic vowels *ï ( > Samoyed *ï / *ë ) and a distinction between *a1 and *a2 (in final syllables of stems) in order to explain V-correspondences in words like PU *c^ïta1 '100' > F. sata, Hn. száz. He says : > The following correspondences can be established: 1) PU *a-a1, *ï-a1 > Mari CVCǝ nouns -Proto-Khanty low vowels^12 -Hungarian á -Proto-Samoyed second syllable *å (except *al/δ'a > *åjä) 2) PU *a-a2, *ï-a2 > Mari CVC nouns -Proto-Khanty high vowels -Hungarian a -Proto-Samoyed second syllable *ǝ (except *al/δ'a > *åjä) > Since some of these words are borrowed from IE, seeing that *c^ïta1 must be a loan from IIr. : PIE *tk^mtó-m '100' > IIr. *c^atá-m > S. śatá-m, Ir. *ćatə -m > Av. satǝ-m Its origin from Ir. *ćatəmakes it possible that if it was borrowed after loss of any contrastive stress in PU, it would be adapted as *ćatə ́ > *ćə ta. Either *ćïta was as close as speakers could get or *ï varied between /ï/ & /ǝ/ (not likely relevant here). Since this means *-a would cause lowering in Khanty, it makes sense that *-ï would cause raising. This removes the need for any new V's to be added to PU reconstruction. This might also provide some links with IE. Though IE having so many nouns in both *-aH2 and *-os would make looking for shared -V hard. For example, in PIE *g^hH2alghaH2 'stick / pole' > Li. žalgà, Gmc *galgō, PU *ćïlka, they are so close that an early loan from IE has been proposed by some, others say cognate. The Li. -à : PU *-a would support either, but Li. also has a variant -as < *-os. Since many nouns known to be cognate in IE can vary between a-& ostems, even within branches, this alone is not perfect evidence. However, in verbs like *khH2an-/ *khanH2-> S. khan-'dig', PU *kana-'to dig', the final *-a-suggests that *H2 > *a. If so, a close relation to IE is likely, since a-coloring is late. In the same way, PU *kalï 'fish', *kala-'to fish' is like L. piscis, piscārī. This is from PIE *-aH2-, which, again, only had *-afrom a late change. I also noticed that when IE cognates had *CH-, it seems that they > *CïH-. When *-H-> 0, *VV is fixed by either met. or V-deletion, which creates some of Zhivlov's exceptions where the V doesn't behave as expected : *wH2alg-> Gmc *walk-> OE wealcan 'to move round, revolve, roll, turn', ge-wealcan 'go, traverse', S. válgati 'amble, bound, leap, dance', PU *wïHalk-> *wïlka-'to go down' > Fi valkama 'haven', PMh/v. *valg-, Mr. *wåle-, Mi. *wï:γl-, X. *wāγǝl-~ *wï:γǝl-, Hn. vál-PIE *g^hH2algho-'stick / pole', Li. žalgà, Gmc *galgō 'pole', E. gallows, Ar. jałk 'rod, stick, staff, whip, switch (often for beating) / twig, branch', PU *j^ïHalgö > *j^ïlgʉ > *ćïlka 'sharp/ supporting stick' > PMh/v. *śalgǝ, Mh. sälgo 'stick', Mv. śalgo 'thorn / spine', Pm. *śol, Mi. *sï:γlā, NMi. sāgla 'lath / slat / splinter', X. *sāγǝl; [+tree/wood] PU *salka-puwe > Fi. *salkaw > *salko, F. salko 'pole', Sm. *ćuolkōj 'log', Hn. szál-fa *k^H2ank-> E. hang, S. śaŋke, PU *x^xank-> *x^ïxatk-> *ï(x?)kta-'hang up (a trap) / trap/ enclose' > Fi. *akta-, F. ahta-, Sm. *vuoktëńë, PMh/v. *avt-, Mr. *å/oktǝš, Pm. *ȯkt-, X. *ï:γǝt-, Smd. *ïtå-*pH2al-? > S. phal-'burst', PU *pïxal-> *pïlxa-> *pa/ïkka-'to burst' > Fi. *pakku-, X. *pāγ-, Hn. fakad-With this, and previous work (Whalen 2024a), some preliminary ideas on PU vowels can be made, also based on many *-we, many *Pu-, etc. : *o > *ö *e > *jï *ï > *u / *o near P (more specific conditions?) *jï > *ï (unless followed by (C)j ) *-ö > *-e if *o in the 1st syllable *wö > *we *öw > *ow *ö > *ε *-r > *-j *-n > *-j *-εj > *-ey > *-e *-ε-e > *-e-e *-ï-e > *-e-e more umlaut of several types *ε > *ʉ *-ʉ > *-a if *ʉ or *ï is in the 1st syllable *-ï > *-a if *ʉ or *ï is in the 1st syllable loss of contrastive stress stressed *ï > *a *ʉ > *ï C. Some PU words like *wete 'water' are so close to PIE that opponents of a genetic relation can only claim they were borrowed (which is unlikely for 'water', 'honey', 'bee', etc.). However, there are so many that don't look IE at all, some explanation is needed. I think several sound changes have changed the look of a few C's or CC's enough that those looking for simple correspondences don't notice them. I was working on IE branches with *y > d (Whalen 2025a), and I noticed that some proposed IE-U cognates showed *yK > kt. The PU forms are based on Helimski, Reshetnikov, & Starostin (with their numbers added for convenience), with my etymologies (except PIE *toygW-, PU *täktä 'bone', which they related on the basis of 'leg' in Altaic cognates) : *moyzgo-> E. mesh, PU 1823 *mäktV 'a kind of net; to spread a net' *H1oyko-> S. eka-'one', PU 147 *ükte *seykW-'sift / sieve', PU 916 *sokta 'to mix, sift' *(s)tigWno-m > OCS stĭgno 'femur', *(s)toygWo-> OI tóib 'side', Ar. t'ēkn 'shoulder', PU 1049 *täktä 'bone' (on basis of 'leg' in Altaic cognates) and *yKy > *kty > *kc^ > *c^k likely in : *loykWeye-'leave tr.', PU 456 *laćke-'to let go, release' and that *yKy > *kty > *c^k seems likely in : *loykWeye-'leave tr. / abandon', PU 456 *laćke-'to let go, release' With this, *laćke-seems to be related to *läkte-as tr. vs. intr., but no internal Uralic derivational system allows their differing -CC-to be explained. Knowing that changes next to *y, including metathesis, existed, it could be that *Ky and *Ty > *kt also existed. If so, *laćke-& *läkte-as relatives could be from PIE *-e-y-vs. *-o-ey-, which fit into the same scheme : *likW-ye-? 'leave intr.', PU 470 *läkte-, Finnish: lähte-ä 'to leave, go, go away, set off' *bhudh-ye-'to wake intr., notice', *bhoudheye-'to wake tr.', PU 1528 *pukta 'to wake (in)tr.', NSm. bǫk'te-'wake, awaken; disturb (sleep at night)', Mv. puvta-'to wake (someone) up, awake' *yekW-ye-, PU 199 *jukta-\ *jupta-' to speak, tell', F. juttele-'chat', Mv. jovta-ms 'to say, to tell a story', jovks 'tale', Hn. játsz-ik 'to play [all meanings]', játék 'toy, game' *yekWo-> L. iocus 'joke / jest / sport', *yekW-lo-> E. Yule *nuK-> LB -nu-ka 'stitching', *nuK-ye-> G. nússō 'stab / pierce', *neuK-ye-? > PU 1465 *ńüktä 'to pluck out' *matsyo-> S. mátsya-'fish', PU 585 *mükta 'a k. of fish', Mari müktǝ 'gudgeon / Gobio gobio', Z. mi̮ k 'Cyprinus leuciscus' A similar change of *nK > *tk in : *t(e)ng-> G. téggō 'wet / moisten', OHG dunkón 'soak / dip', *tokta 'diving bird' > X. taxtǝŋ, F. tohtaja \ tohtava 'Arctic loon / black-throated diver' *timka: ? > *tinka > L. tinca >> E. tench, PU *tïmkö > *tomke > *tonke > *totke > Mv. tutka, Mi. taxt-*k^H2ank-> E. hang, PU *x^xank-> *x^ïxatk-> *ï(x?)kta-Maybe the same for *dw & *kw > *kp > *kt : *laku-/ -w-'lake / pool', PU 458 *lakte 'bay' *kWe-dwoH3 ??, PU 229 *kakta ~ *käktä 'two' By adding several of these changes together, more specific oddities can be explained. If *nj > *j in : *gWhen-ye-'drive away / beat off', PU *kwïnjï-> *kwayï-'drive / hunt' *kauni-s > TB kauṃ 'sun/day', Turkic *kün(eš) 'sun/day', PU *kaunjï-> *ka(w)jï-'clear up' then *mj > *j might explain *medhyo-> PU *mjïtjï > *jotka 'middle' (with retained *j-j ). I've added some of these ideas to (Whalen 2024a), but I'll wait for a full revision until after I see what other sound changes seem to exist.

În Argumentul cărţii sale "Nostalgiile identităţii", autoarea Andreea Deciu formulează un set de întrebări care constituie miza lucrării: "[…] ce înseamnă a avea identitate personală? Cum sunt eu, ca persoană, recognoscibilă în timp de către ceilalţi? Cum sunt eu recognoscibilă mie însămi? Care este legătura dintre felul meu de a trăi în prezent şi trecutul ca depozitar al gândurilor, senzaţiilor şi intenţiilor mele? Cum mă redefinesc pe mine în fiecare moment semnificativ al vieţii mele, şi cum mă las construită şi redefinită de Celălalt, care la rândul său devine proiectul construcţiei mele?" În lumina acestor întrebări poate fi foarte bine abordată cartea autoarei franceze Annie Ernaux "Confesiunea adolescentei". Naratoarea de acum povesteşte despre "fata din 1958"-care nu este alta decât ea la 18 ani (adolescenta!)-ca şi cum ar fi o străină. Resimţită de ceilalţi "ca o anomalie, ca o abatere de la bunul-simţ, ca o perturbare", dispărută din conştiinţa lor, fata din 1958 stăruie în memoria naratoarei de azi, însă şi ea mărturiseşte: "Am vrut să o uit pe fata aceea." De ce? Pentru că sentimentul care a însoţit-o în acei ani a fost ruşinea. Ce anume generează ruşine la o adolescentă? Corpul şi manifestările sale, dorinţele, visurile.

The present work attempts an interpretation of Shakespeare's works under the main aspect of speech acts, language pragmatics and the thematisation of language action and its consequences in general. The aim is to develop a coherent overall interpretation of the plays from this partial aspect, also taking into account the subplots, which are often only seen as a reflection of the main plot, or other seemingly incidental comic scenes (comic relief). These speech acts are of course  conceivable in  the real  world, but  the  analysis  shows how they  are dramaturgically integrated into the respective plot or serve as material for Shakespeare's overarching themes, which run like a common thread through his work, i.e. in particular the presentation of the possibilities  and  dangers  of  language  itself.  Occasionally,  of  course,  such  speech  acts  also follow plotlines from the story of the drama, or speech acts are creatively taken up, for example, according to the pattern of the morality plays. However, they are always integrated into the overall structure of the play as meaningful for the language awareness of the audience and us
as readers. 
German version 2024.

This research paper is a study which attempts to explore comic books in general and Algerian manga in particular where emotions and thoughts are conveyed through sequential art. Framed under Sociolinguistics, the inquiry lays on the social motivations for code switching in Algerian manga in maintaining group identity, showing solidarity, and / or creating stylistic effects (sarcasm, irony, realism, etc....). The data under investigation represent chunks of speech uttered by characters of Houma Fighter, our case study, an Algerian manga where code switching is prevalent. These data are linguistically analyzed using the Markedness Model of Myers-Scotton. In light of Myers-Scotton’s model, it had been noticed that the author Said Sabaou not only delivers intentionality through his switches but, he also vehicles identity, social values and norms besides of providing accuracy and realism.

Pázmány Péter Catholic University organized an international conference titled ‘25 years of protecting languages – The past and the future of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages’ in Budapest on 23–24 November 2023. The conference was opened by a keynote lecture delivered by Fernand de Varennes, the former UN Special Rapporteur on Minority Issues. This was followed by thematic blocks on experiences and challenges related to the enforcement of certain provisions of the Charter, and an analysis of implementation in certain participating states. The speakers covered the international law context of the Charter and the protection of minorities and their languages, the protection and promotion of minority languages in education, media, judicial and administrative proceedings, and economic and social life, the implementation of the Charter in Hungary, Germany, Spain, as well as the work of the Committee of Experts over the past 25 years, including the evolution of its working methods and the ambivalences of state reporting practices. They also discussed the extension of the Charter obligations to Papiamentu, a minority language newly included under the Charter by the Netherlands.

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo describir las características morfosintáctica y semántica de los adjetivos en ralámuli (tarahumara), en especial las formas adjetivales identificadas en la variante lingüística hablada en Choguita, Guachochi, Chihuahua.

Latar Belakang penelitian ini adalah Indonesia memiliki berbagai etnis pribumi yang merupakan penduduk asli di Nusantara dan beragam etnis campuran yang pada awalnya datang ke Indonesia untuk menjajah atau sekadar berdagang. Contohnya adalah orang-orang Arab, India, dan Cina yang melakukan pelayaran untuk kemudian melakukan perdagangan dengan Indonesia hingga akhirnya ada yang menetap di Indonesia dan menikah dengan etnis pribumi. Dari ketiga etnis pendatang tersebut, etnis Cina merupakan etnis pendatang terbesar yang menetap di Nusantara. Sebagai akibat dari menetapnya di Nusantara pada masa itu, mereka memiliki keturunan yang biasa disebut etnis Tionghoa. Etnis Cina di Indonesia tersebar luas di beberapa pulau, seperti di Bangka (Sumatera), Singkawang (Kalimantan), dan juga beberapa kota besar lain di pulau Jawa, seperti Tangerang. Pada awalnya etnis Tionghoa datang ke Indonesia untuk melakukan migrasi. Para imigran dari Cina ini telah menyebar hampir ke seluruh pelosok dunia, termasuk ke Nusantara. Permukiman-permukiman kecil orang Tionghoa sudah ada di Indonesia jauh sebelum kedatangan orang Eropa, terutama di bandarbandar perdagangan di sepanjang pantai utara pulau Jawa. Menurut Coppel (1994: 21), ketika Belanda memantapkan kedudukan di Jawa, penduduk Tionghoa lalu bertambah banyak dan tersebar luas. Bahasa masyarakat Cina Benteng mengalami akulturasi dan mulai beradaptasi dengan budaya lokal. Misalnya dalam percakapan sehari-hari, mereka sudah tidak dapat lagi berbahasa Hokkian. Logat mereka bahkan sudah sangat Sunda pinggiran bercampur Betawi. Hal ini berbeda dengan masyarakat Cina di Singkawang (Kalimantan Barat) yang berbahasa Mandarin meskipun kehidupan kesehariannya banyak petani miskin (Jaya, 2011: 3). Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) bagaimana proses pergeseran bahasa pada ranah keluarga etnis Cina Benteng; (2) bagaimana pola pergeseran bahasa pada ranah keluarga etnis Cina Benteng, dan (3) apa saja faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya pergeseran bahasa Mandarin dialek Hokkian pada rana etnis Cina Benteng. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui proses pergeseran bahasa,pola pergeseran bahasa, dan faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya pergeseran bahasa Mandarin dialek Hokkian. Manfaat penelitian ini adalah untuk (1) manfaat teoretis adalah diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat, bahan masukan, dan sumbangsih pemikiran terkait dengan saran dan implikasai atas penelitian yg dilakukan dalam kajian sosiolinguistik; (2) manfaat praktis yang dapat diperoleh dari penelitian ini sebagai salah satu usaha pelestarian bahasa dan budaya etnis yang merupakan bagian dari budaya Indonesia. Landasan teori yang dikemukakan adalah mengenai sosiolinguistik, pergeseran bahasa, sejarah keluarga masyarakat Cina Benteng, dan Kedudukan dan Fungsi bahasa keluarga etnis Cina Benteng. Sosiolinguistik merupakan ilmu antardisiplin antara sosiologi dan linguistik, dua bidang ilmu empiris yang mempunyai kaitan sangat erat (Chaer, 2004: 2). Pendekatan penelitian sosiolinguistik akan berkaitan dengan menyelidiki hubungan antara bahasa dan masyarakat dengan tujuan mencari pemahaman tentang struktur bahasa dan bagaimana bahasa komunikasi tersebut berfungsi (Wardhaugh, 2006: 13). Ketika suatu kelompok tidak lagi memakai bahasa pertamanya dan bergeser atau pindah ke bahasa kedua yang lebih dominan, bahasa tersebut akan mengalami pergeseran bahasa (Suhardi , 2009: 52). Definisi pergeseran bahasa (language shift) menurut Chaer (2004:142) menyangkut masalah penggunaan bahasa oleh seorang penutur atau sekelompok penutur yang bisa terjadi sebagai akibat perpindahan dari satu masyarakat tutur ke masyarakat tutur yang lain. Menurut Nahir (1984) dan Marshall (1994), apabila bahasa telah mengalami kematian maka upaya pemertahanan bahasa tidak dapat lagi dilakukan dan ketika hal ini terjadi maka bahasa akan mengalami kepunahan . Pada kelompok imigran lebih sering terjadi suatu pergeseran bahasa jika dibanding dengan mayarakat aslinya disebabkan karena imigran berpikir bahwa mereka harus beralih ke bahasa masyarakat asli karena dianggap lebih berpengaruh bagi kelompoknya (Jendra, 2010: 142). Seperti pada masyakarat Cina Benteng di Tangerang, pada awalnya mereka adalah seorang pedagang yang datang ke Nusantara dengan cara melaut dan kemudian menetap di Nusantara hingga akhirnya bahasa mereka pun kemungkinan ikut bergeser mengikuti bahasa masyarakat pribumi. Menurut kitab yang mengulas sejarah Sunda berjudul Tina Layang Parahyang (Catatan dari Parahyangan), komunitas Cina di Tangerang sudah ada sejak tahun 1470 ketika rombongan Tjen Tjie Lung mendarat di muara Sungai Cisadane. Menurut Song (2009: 63), pada saat itu banyak laki-laki yang berasal dari Tiongkok menikah dengan wanita-wanita pribumi karena saat mereka bermigrasi, mereka dilarang membawa istrinya yang kemudian mereka memiliki

Latar Belakang penelitian ini adalah Indonesia memiliki berbagai etnis pribumi yang merupakan penduduk asli di Nusantara dan beragam etnis campuran yang pada awalnya datang ke Indonesia untuk menjajah atau sekadar berdagang. Contohnya adalah orang-orang Arab, India, dan Cina yang melakukan pelayaran untuk kemudian melakukan perdagangan dengan Indonesia hingga akhirnya ada yang menetap di Indonesia dan menikah dengan etnis pribumi. Dari ketiga etnis pendatang tersebut, etnis Cina merupakan etnis pendatang terbesar yang menetap di Nusantara. Sebagai akibat dari menetapnya di Nusantara pada masa itu, mereka memiliki keturunan yang biasa disebut etnis Tionghoa. Etnis Cina di Indonesia tersebar luas di beberapa pulau, seperti di Bangka (Sumatera), Singkawang (Kalimantan), dan juga beberapa kota besar lain di pulau Jawa, seperti Tangerang. Pada awalnya etnis Tionghoa datang ke Indonesia untuk melakukan migrasi. Para imigran dari Cina ini telah menyebar hampir ke seluruh pelosok dunia, termasuk ke Nusantara. Permukiman-permukiman kecil orang Tionghoa sudah ada di Indonesia jauh sebelum kedatangan orang Eropa, terutama di bandarbandar perdagangan di sepanjang pantai utara pulau Jawa. Menurut Coppel (1994: 21), ketika Belanda memantapkan kedudukan di Jawa, penduduk Tionghoa lalu bertambah banyak dan tersebar luas. Bahasa masyarakat Cina Benteng mengalami akulturasi dan mulai beradaptasi dengan budaya lokal. Misalnya dalam percakapan sehari-hari, mereka sudah tidak dapat lagi berbahasa Hokkian. Logat mereka bahkan sudah sangat Sunda pinggiran bercampur Betawi. Hal ini berbeda dengan masyarakat Cina di Singkawang (Kalimantan Barat) yang berbahasa Mandarin meskipun kehidupan kesehariannya banyak petani miskin (Jaya, 2011: 3). Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) bagaimana proses pergeseran bahasa pada ranah keluarga etnis Cina Benteng; (2) bagaimana pola pergeseran bahasa pada ranah keluarga etnis Cina Benteng, dan (3) apa saja faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya pergeseran bahasa Mandarin dialek Hokkian pada rana etnis Cina Benteng. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui proses pergeseran bahasa,pola pergeseran bahasa, dan faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya pergeseran bahasa Mandarin dialek Hokkian. Manfaat penelitian ini adalah untuk (1) manfaat teoretis adalah diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat, bahan masukan, dan sumbangsih pemikiran terkait dengan saran dan implikasai atas penelitian yg dilakukan dalam kajian sosiolinguistik; (2) manfaat praktis yang dapat diperoleh dari penelitian ini sebagai salah satu usaha pelestarian bahasa dan budaya etnis yang merupakan bagian dari budaya Indonesia. Landasan teori yang dikemukakan adalah mengenai sosiolinguistik, pergeseran bahasa, sejarah keluarga masyarakat Cina Benteng, dan Kedudukan dan Fungsi bahasa keluarga etnis Cina Benteng. Sosiolinguistik merupakan ilmu antardisiplin antara sosiologi dan linguistik, dua bidang ilmu empiris yang mempunyai kaitan sangat erat (Chaer, 2004: 2). Pendekatan penelitian sosiolinguistik akan berkaitan dengan menyelidiki hubungan antara bahasa dan masyarakat dengan tujuan mencari pemahaman tentang struktur bahasa dan bagaimana bahasa komunikasi tersebut berfungsi (Wardhaugh, 2006: 13). Ketika suatu kelompok tidak lagi memakai bahasa pertamanya dan bergeser atau pindah ke bahasa kedua yang lebih dominan, bahasa tersebut akan mengalami pergeseran bahasa (Suhardi , 2009: 52). Definisi pergeseran bahasa (language shift) menurut Chaer (2004:142) menyangkut masalah penggunaan bahasa oleh seorang penutur atau sekelompok penutur yang bisa terjadi sebagai akibat perpindahan dari satu masyarakat tutur ke masyarakat tutur yang lain. Menurut Nahir (1984) dan Marshall (1994), apabila bahasa telah mengalami kematian maka upaya pemertahanan bahasa tidak dapat lagi dilakukan dan ketika hal ini terjadi maka bahasa akan mengalami kepunahan . Pada kelompok imigran lebih sering terjadi suatu pergeseran bahasa jika dibanding dengan mayarakat aslinya disebabkan karena imigran berpikir bahwa mereka harus beralih ke bahasa masyarakat asli karena dianggap lebih berpengaruh bagi kelompoknya (Jendra, 2010: 142). Seperti pada masyakarat Cina Benteng di Tangerang, pada awalnya mereka adalah seorang pedagang yang datang ke Nusantara dengan cara melaut dan kemudian menetap di Nusantara hingga akhirnya bahasa mereka pun kemungkinan ikut bergeser mengikuti bahasa masyarakat pribumi. Menurut kitab yang mengulas sejarah Sunda berjudul Tina Layang Parahyang (Catatan dari Parahyangan), komunitas Cina di Tangerang sudah ada sejak tahun 1470 ketika rombongan Tjen Tjie Lung mendarat di muara Sungai Cisadane. Menurut Song (2009: 63), pada saat itu banyak laki-laki yang berasal dari Tiongkok menikah dengan wanita-wanita pribumi karena saat mereka bermigrasi, mereka dilarang membawa istrinya yang kemudian mereka memiliki

This is interesting in the context of the transition of kingdoms from the Rigvedic period (3500-1500 BCE) to the period of the Mahājanapadas (before and around the time of the Buddha, 600 BCE). As per google: "Mahajanapadas were sixteen powerful kingdoms and republics that emerged in ancient India around the 6th century BCE, marking a transition from tribal societies to organized states, and playing a crucial role in shaping the political, economic, and cultural landscape of the region."

The present study gives a comprehensive portrait of the accusativalpassival type of the composite-predicate (or support-verb) construction in the history of Latin. Taking stock of properties shows them to only minimally serve as a touchstone distinguishing between Latin composite predicates and syntagmatically identical verb + direct object constructs. The intricate issue of idiomaticity and the prospects of establishing its parameters are discussed, concluding that although characteristics such as figurativity of the verb or direct-object incorporation indicate this status, the closed corpus of Latin securely allows only for a quantitative parameter, or familiarity, for this kind of a complex predicate. We are looking from the diachronic perspective at individual support verbs, primarily capere and habere, in the evolvement of their function and status-grammatical or lexical-phraseological-as well as at other sets of verbs, figurative ones and verbs otherwise departing from their basic meaning. The support verb emerges as the cardinal constituent of the construct, determining the function of the complex, and as considerably autonomous, being capable of representing, in anaphoric contexts, the entire construction. A reconsideration of the opposition between composite predicates and their monolexematic counterparts brings up again their added value as to exhaustiveness, clarity, perspective, and focus of the message conveyed through a composite predicate.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es intentar explicar diacrónicamente una aparente anomalía tipológica del sistema de vocales del Günün a Yajüch (abreviado GY; lengua también conocida como Gününa Küne, Puelche y otros nombres y sus variantes), idioma nativo otrora hablado en el norte de la Patagonia y en el sur y centro de la región pampeana argentina. El GY está emparentado con las lenguas Chon de Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego (Teushen, Aonekko A’ien, Selk’nam, Haush).
El inventario de fonemas vocálicos del GY incluye seis unidades (/a, e, i, ɨ, o, u/), dos de las cuales, las centrales /a/ e /ɨ/, se encuentran en casi el 90 % de las ocurrencias. Tal disparidad estadística con las demás vocales, parece poder ser explicada a partir de un estadio anterior al históricamente documentado (aquí llamado “pre-Günün a Yajüch”, abreviado pre-GY), en el cual la lengua habría poseído solamente esas dos vocales: es decir, suponiendo que en pGY había un sistema vertical de dos grados de abertura: */ɨ/ y */a/.
Como es frecuente en lenguas con este tipo de sistemas, cada una de las dos vocales pGY */ɨ/ y */a/ habrían desarrollado una cantidad de alófonos no centrales, en parte contextualmente condicionados. En lo que respecta a la vocal media alta */ɨ/, los entornos con consonantes labiales (sobre todo si la labial era la semiconsonante */w/) parecen haber sido particularmente favorables a la realización *[u], mientras que los ambientes con consonantes palatales habrían favorecido  la realización *[i].
Los procesos diacrónicos que habrían conducido a la fonemización de las vocales no centrales habrían sido fundamentalmente dos: el cambio y/o desaparición de los contextos en que se realizaban alófonos no centrales de la vocal */ɨ/, lo que explicaría el surgimiento en GY de las vocales /i/  y /u/; y la convergencia de alófonos no centrales de */ɨ/ y de */a/, proceso que estaría en el origen de la vocal GY /e/. En cuanto a la vocal GY /o/, la misma ocurre principalmente en transferencias léxicas de otras lenguas (como el Mapudungun y el Español), por lo que se trataría (al menos en parte) de un préstamo fonológico.

Sumarokov's «Monstrous» Variants: Remarks on the History of Reading, Education and Translation in Eighteenth-Century Russia. Sumarokov's translation practice, throughout his career, reveals a tendency towards "monstrous" solutions -contrary to the tradition of "common sense" translation -аn inclination to unexpected readings, fragmenting the text to the point of absurdity and appropriating it to the reader. This attitude towards translation can be explained by the orientation of St. Petersburg elites of the 1730s (as in the Noble Cadets Corps, where Sumarokov studied), towards Prussian educational models, including the linguistic school of the Halle pietist Johann Joachim Lange. The pinnacle of training in this school was a meticulous philological meditation on the biblical text that provided mystical insight. The significance of these textual practices for St. Petersburg culture of the mid-18th century is confirmed by the fact that the debate over Trediakovsky's translation of Lange's School Conversations in the late 1740s played a crucial role in crystallizing the aesthetic and authorial strategies of key St. Petersburg poets.

Komunikasi antara tenaga medis dan pasien memegang peranan penting dalam memastikan kualitas pelayanan kesehatan. Artikel ini membahas peran komunikasi efektif dalam interaksi medis serta menyoroti bagaimana kegagalan komunikasi dapat menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap diagnosis, terapi, dan kepuasan pasien. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan pragmatik, khususnya teori tindak tutur yang diperkenalkan oleh John L. Austin dan dikembangkan oleh John R. Searle, artikel ini menganalisis bentuk-bentuk ujaran medis sebagai tindakan komunikatif yang memiliki tujuan dan efek tertentu. Pembahasan meliputi klasifikasi tindak lokusi, ilokusi, dan perlokusi serta jenis-jenis tindak tutur seperti representatif, direktif, komisif, ekspresif, dan deklaratif. Studi ini menegaskan bahwa pemahaman mendalam tentang tindak tutur dapat meningkatkan efektivitas komunikasi medis, terutama dalam konteks budaya dan hubungan sosial tertentu, serta berkontribusi pada pendekatan holistik dalam pelayanan kesehatan.

This extremely Rare book is a seminal work in the comparative study of Semitic mythology, exploring the interplay between myth, religion, and historical tradition within ancient Hebrew culture. Originally written in German and later translated into English with the author’s own additions, the book applies philological and comparative methodologies to trace the evolution of Hebrew mythology in relation to other ancient Near Eastern traditions, particularly those of the Indo-European and Semitic worlds.

Goldziher challenges traditional religious perspectives by arguing that Hebrew myths, like those of other ancient peoples, arose from naturalistic and symbolic interpretations of cosmic and human phenomena rather than divine revelation. He examines linguistic parallels and shared mythological motifs between Hebrew, Indo-Iranian, Egyptian, and Mesopotamian traditions, demonstrating how elements of biblical narratives—such as those in Genesis and the prophetic literature—reflect underlying mythic structures rather than purely historical accounts.

A key argument in the book is that many biblical accounts, including stories of creation, the patriarchs, and early Israelite history, were shaped by an evolving mythological consciousness that was gradually reinterpreted within a monotheistic framework. Goldziher’s work also engages with contemporary 19th-century scholarship on mythology and folklore, aligning with the approaches of scholars like Max Müller in the study of solar myths and their transformation into religious traditions. Also this is very Relevant to the mind of a deep thinker in this 2025 year age that studies Ancient History to Religion to Metaphysics and theological functions in Cosmogony & great for the philologist & historian alike .

Though controversial in its time, Mythology Among the Hebrews remains an essential reference for scholars of biblical studies, comparative religion, and the history of mythology, offering a critical foundation for understanding the mythopoetic elements embedded within Hebrew scripture.
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linguistics, Aramaic texts, mysticism, spiritual allegories, kabbalistic tradition, numerical symbolism, ancient symbology, dream interpretation, visions and prophecies, supernatural encounters, celestial beings, anthropological insights, pre-Israelite myths, biblical historiography, Semitic deities, ancient cults, mystery religions, temple theology, priestly traditions, sacred laws, divine attributes, covenant theology, faith and folklore, ancient wisdom, mythological archetypes, religious syncretism, hero myths, dragon myths, demon myths, goddesses, fertility myths, war deities, storm gods, sun worship, lunar deities, astral mythology, planetary gods, zodiac myths, cosmic order, world-tree myths, sacred numbers, symbolic gestures, talismans, relics, oracle traditions, priesthood roles, sacred oaths, sacrificial practices, magical rites, divination, omen interpretation, celestial myths, star lore, fire symbolism, water myths, primordial deities, ancestral worship, hero cults, giant myths, Nephilim, watchers, archangels, sacred poetry, wisdom psalms, prophetic metaphors, divine judgment, redemption myths, exile and return, wandering myths, holy mountains, Sinai tradition, desert deities, fertility cults, astral prophecy, divine punishment, myth and law, supernatural warfare, angelic hierarchies, chariot visions, heavenly ascent, paradise and underworld, infernal regions, sacred rivers, divine beasts, mythical creatures, unicorn myths, phoenix myths, leviathan, behemoth, Ziz, biblical allegory, Hebrew poetry, mystical chants, temple songs, sacred music, divine harmony, moral allegory, cultural diffusion, mythic parallels, hero’s journey, trials of faith, ritual purity, holy relics, hidden gospels, apocryphal texts, pseudepigrapha, lost books of the Bible, esoteric doctrines, temple mysteries, oracular wisdom, sacred banquets, priestly blessings, anointing rituals, covenant signs, divine wrath, heavenly signs, meteorological myths, wind deities, divine breath, 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theology, prophetic mission, divine authority, spiritual allegories, messianic interpretations, sacred revelations, divine wisdom, esoteric knowledge, temple inscriptions, historical prophecies, ancient chronologies, lost scriptures, biblical geography, divine metaphors, ancient Hebrew culture, ancient deities, spiritual rituals, sacred covenants, prophetic pronouncements, sacred lamentations, divine transformation, mystical interpretations, religious evolution, biblical narratives, spiritual enlightenment, temple purity, religious hierarchy, sacred artifacts, divine names, sacred priesthood, heavenly revelations, temple purification, mystical doctrines, supernatural prophecy, biblical mysticism, prophetic traditions, cosmic order, divine hierarchy, prophetic law, sacred utterances, divine holiness, temple anointing, religious rituals, celestial manifestations, supernatural doctrines, biblical interpretations, divine authority, mythic archetyp...

This thesis examines one of the most intriguing and much studied phenomena in Semitic known as the broken plural formation. It has a twofold goal. It documents the diverse shapes of broken plurals in the Muscat dialect of Omani Arabic. Furthermore, it provides a formal analysis to the shapes and vocalism contained in these word forms within Optimality Theory framework (Prince and Smolensky 1993; McCarthy and Prince 1993a & 1993b). Following proposals by , this thesis assumes that the distinction between the singulars and broken plural shapes is better represented as 'affixed mora (p)' attached at a certain locus in broken plural forms. The analysis of the vocalism characterizing broken plural forms addresses two distinct types of fixed vocalism: phonological and specified. Fixed vocalism is demonstrated to result from an interaction between conflicting alignment and CrispEdge constraints (It6 and Mester 1999) together with *Place markedness constraints.

This thesis examines one of the most intriguing and much studied phenomena in Semitic known as the broken plural formation. It has a twofold goal. It documents the diverse shapes of broken plurals in the Muscat dialect of Omani Arabic. Furthermore, it provides a formal analysis to the shapes and vocalism contained in these word forms within Optimality Theory framework (Prince and Smolensky 1993; McCarthy and Prince 1993a & 1993b). Following proposals by , this thesis assumes that the distinction between the singulars and broken plural shapes is better represented as 'affixed mora (p)' attached at a certain locus in broken plural forms. The analysis of the vocalism characterizing broken plural forms addresses two distinct types of fixed vocalism: phonological and specified. Fixed vocalism is demonstrated to result from an interaction between conflicting alignment and CrispEdge constraints (It6 and Mester 1999) together with *Place markedness constraints.

This study explores language attitudes towards the use of English slang in Indonesian social media platforms such as WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, the research focuses on teenagers and active social media users. Data collection methods include questionnaires, online interactions, and documentation, analyzed through purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The findings reveal that the most frequently used English slang types on social media are flippant, imitative, acronyms, and clipping. Popular slang terms include "kepo," "DM," "btw," "lol," "otw," and "fyi." Social media users prefer these terms because they are trendy, easy to use, and help create a sense of closeness and familiarity among peers. Moreover, these slang terms reflect contemporary language trends among Indonesian youth. This research highlights the sociolinguistic dynamics of English slang, emphasizing its role in digital communication and social identity. The study contributes to understanding how social media influences language attitudes and usage in Indonesia.

Pitṛmēdha (ಪಿತೃಮೇಧ) yajna-मे ध 'yajna, mēdhā 'dhanam' मे धा 'धन' (नै घण्टु क , commented on by यास्क, ii,10)-offering of perforated vessels principal instruments used by Pitr in their yajna-रत्नधातमं-yielding wealth for maritime trade (cf. Top, bottom registers Bactria silver vase) Perforated jars used in calcination of metal ingots collected in a basketcf. comparable images from Warka vase शतातृ ण्ण śatātṛṇṇā (ā), f. a jar or vessel having a hundred holes, ŚBr.; Vait.

Hoy en día los marcadores del discurso y, en concreto, los conversacionales, son objeto de atención de manera muy habitual en trabajos, publicaciones, congresos, etc. en torno al análisis del discurso. Asimismo, contamos con diccionarios especializados en la materia como el Diccionario de partículas, de Luis Santos Río (2003), el Diccionario de Partículas Discursivas del Español (en línea) o el Diccionario de conectores y operadores del español, de Catalina Fuentes (2009), que describen de manera muy completa las funciones de estas partículas. Con todo ello podría llegar a pensarse que poco más hay que añadir al amplio campo de estudio de los marcadores del discurso y su descripción, pero, sin duda alguna, aún no es así. En el ámbito de los marcadores Resumen: Este trabajo tiene como objetivo mostrar los resultados del análisis socio-pragmático aplicado al marcador conversacional vale, con una frecuencia de uso creciente en el español hablado en España y un progresivo alejamiento del lenguaje juvenil Su relativamente reciente gramaticalización como marcador con claras funciones pragmático-discursivas lo convierte en una partícula que aún no ha recibido una atención tan amplia como otros marcadores propios de la conversación. Teniendo en cuenta que la posición del discurso es un factor determinante a la hora de establecer diferentes tipos de funciones, se hará hincapié únicamente en los contextos iniciales de intervención, para distinguir posteriormente entre las principales funciones textuales e interactivas que puede desarrollar en español coloquial.

Mazahua has traditionally been said to be a head-marking language; spe-cifically, the grammatical subject is encoded in an index formalized in a proclitic. The purpose of this paper is to describe non-canonical subject marking. In this language, the non-canonical way the proclitic that paradigmatically encodes tense, mood, aspect, and person, in particular grammatical contexts, is realized as a zero, empty, or omitted morpheme. The language presents additional grammatical resources to exhibit the grammatical subject, such as morphemes of grammatical relation empha-sis, number, clausal closure demonstratives, and noun phrases. Several of these subject-encoding forms may co-occur in a clause. Information structure is a discourse property that is directly related to the identifi-cation of the subject encoded in a zero morpheme. The expression of the different types of topics allows to identify the reference of this discursive participant.

В этом эссе Уильям Клиффорд исследует природу реальности и сознания через понятия объекта, эджекта (eject) и разумо-вещи (mind-stuff). Он выдвигает идею, что вся материя, включая физический мир, состоит из элементарных единиц опыта — того, что он называет «материей разума» или разумо-веществом. Сознание, по Клиффорду, возникает не из особых субстанций, а из сложной организации этих базовых элементов. С этой точки зрения материя не отделена от сознания, а является его отражением, подразумевая, что Вселенная по своей сути соткана из разумо-вещества.

Being of a fuzzy nature, learner-centeredness has been approached and grasped differently by teachers and teacher educators at various learning contexts. Despite its preponderance in educational arena since roughly half a century ago, learner-centered education (LCE) seems to still be surrounded by a myriad of misconceptions, delusions and uncertainties. Part of this haziness and perplexity in applying LCE appears to have resulted from lack of proper training with regard to its judicious implementation in compliance with the specific contextual features and requirements. Striving to establish a context-sensitive and culturally-responsive approach to LCE in the Iranian educational context, the researchers in the current study embarked on a training program for EFL teachers, in which the basic tenets of a learner-centered methodology were introduced through hands-on practice and involvement. Teachers’ conduct prior and successive to training workshops was screened via preand post-obse...

3 Abstract: The ability to write an effective summary might be regarded as one of the most important writing skills a college student is supposed to acquire. To gain an adequate level of expertise in summary writing, learners need to draw on sound strategies, among the least-heeded instances of which mention might be made of the use of overriding move patterns that configure any piece of academic writing. In an attempt to bring the educational/academic stakeholders into closer terms with the implications of move analysis for the partially- neglected, yet prominent skill of summary writing, the researchers in the current study amassed a corpus of 141 written summaries of 4 short stories from 55 BA English Literature students at Urmia State University. Resorting to a top-down approach in analysis of discourse, the researchers, then, went about the analysis of the obtained data based on the Swalsian definition of move. Later, in their hunt for the possible impact of writing power on th...

Parviz Alavinia (Corresponding Author) Faculty of Humanities, Urmia University Urmia, Iran ABSTRACT Though not a novel topic, supervision and its contribution to teachers‟ professional development has been given renewed attention in recent years. The constructive/destructive role supervision might play in teachers‟ instructional path has been addressed by a plethora of investigations, and the frequency and effect of different kinds of comments and feedback on teachers‟ conduct has also been explored in previous research. However, the findings of research on supervisory feedback and their effect still seem to be blurred. Informed by this need for further research into the issue, the researchers in the current study strived to investigate the proportion of comments given by supervisors to language teachers. In so doing, the researchers analyzed an existing corpus of supervisory report on 30 EFL supervisees, at a Language school in Gonbad-e-Kavoos, Iran. The sample was composed of 16 m...

The current study examined the effect of EFL teachers’ emotions on different aspects of their identity development including instructional, vocational and local identity as well as their teaching strategies. Following interval-contingent diary writing through a narrative approach, the stories of four novice EFL high school teachers were examined in the course of two months. Through content analysis and theme categorization of participants’ diaries, interview data as well as classroom observation results suggested that teachers’ emotional experiences affected their identity and instructional approaches that varied across different contexts. The results revealed four main themes: desperation and anxiety about student misbehavior affected teachers’ instructional and vocational identity, frustration with low salary and status affected their vocational identity, and frustration with lack of freedom of action as well as feeling of discomfort with school administration behavior influenced ...

La tesis que se defiende en este escrito es que las competencias investigativas impartidas en la educación media por parte del Programa de Articulación, entre la Educación Media y la Educación Superior FESAD-UPTC, posibilitan una inmersión primaria en el campo científico, a través de talleres y actividades de tipo investigativo como una forma de iniciación de los futuros jóvenes 1 Este artículo se desprende del desarrollo del proyecto de investigación en curso titulado «Aprendizaje cooperativo: una estrategia para el fortalecimiento de las competencias investigativas en la formación de jóvenes investigadores en la educación media», cuyo objetivo tiene que ver con el planteamiento de una propuesta dirigida al aprender haciendo. Asimismo, hace parte del proyecto de investigación «Pensamiento Complejo, Infancia y Educación: Miradas desde la Psicología y la Filosofía» con código SGI 2390-DIN-UPTC, desarrollado por el Grupo de Investigación Filosofía, Sociedad y Educación -GIFSE.

Tra le parole casa e cassa c'è una differenza quantitativa, cioè temporale. Se prendiamo una matita e la battiamo sul tavolo, in corrispondenza delle varie sillabe, pronunciando mentalmente le due parole, noi ci accorgeremo che i due colpi saranno più distanti se pronunciamo mentalmente la parola "casa", saranno più ravvicinati se li battiamo sul tavolo pronunciando mentalmente la parola "cassa". E se pronunciamo mentalmente le due parole in rapida successione (casa-cassa), è possibile che il terzo colpo, cioè quello della prima sillaba di "cassa", noi forse lo batteremo con più forza. Ma non sarà necessariamente così. E, se pure così fosse, questa maggior forza sarà un tratto fonetico secondario. Il tratto fonetico distintivo sarà sempre lo spazio temporale, più o meno ampio, che poniamo tra i vari colpi. (Manfredi Porena, 1908).

Folklor ve Törenleri. Yapı. Semantik. Uygulamalar" başlıklı bu yeni çalışması, kendi tarihi vatanlarının sınırları dışında, farklı bir yaşamlarını sürdüren Tuva etnik grubunun folklorik ve tören geleneklerinin günümüzdeki durumunu, halk kültürünü incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Günümüze değin Çin'deki Tuvaların kültürü hemen hemen hiçbi nedenle kitabın yazarı her şeyden önce, çağdaş folklor olarak analiz ettiği geleneği bütünüyle incelemek için elde ettiği verileri sistemleştirmiş, bu verileri daha geniş kültürel-coğra konuda üzerine düşen sorumluluğu en iyi seviyede, kaliteli ve özenli bir şekilde yerine T D D / J o f E L K ı ş / W i n t e r 2 0 1 9 / 1 4 T e h l i k e d e k i D i l l e r D e r g i s i / J o u r n a l o f E n d a n g e r e d L a n g u a g e s M u v a f f a k D u r a n l ı MUVAFFAK DURANLI

Il 19 febbraio 2015 faceva notizia la messa all'asta da parte della RR Auction di Boston, a partire da un'offerta base di 55 mila dollari, di una lettera di Albert Einstein: un anonimo collezionista avrebbe acquisito il prezioso cimelio -si sarebbe saputo il giorno successivo -per la cifra di 75 mila dollari. 1 La lettera (materialmente una cartolina), datata 17 luglio 1925 e indirizzata al fisico lucchese, docente alla Sapienza, Giovanni Giorgi, ha la particolarità di essere scritta in lingua italiana. 2 La notizia avrà messo al corrente non pochi lettori del fatto che il grande scienziato tedesco si cimentò in alcune occasioni con la nostra lingua, imparacchiata in gioventù durante alcuni soggiorni tra Pavia e Milano, in visita alla famiglia. Nel 1894 il padre Hermann aveva aperto in Lombardia, in società con il fratello Jakob e l'ingegnere italiano Lorenzo Garrone, una fabbrica di illuminotecnica. Albert era rimasto a Monaco, in casa di un parente, per concludere il triennio di studi al Luitpold Gymnasium, che tuttavia non porterà a termine perché abbandonerà anzitempo la scuola. 3 Il giovane Einsteinche sarebbe un giorno diventato, come è risaputo, uno dei più illustri e convinti esponenti del pacifismo internazionale -aveva maturato presto una forte avversione per l'impronta militaresca della scuola in Germania, organizzata in modo da infondere nei giovani un ferreo culto dell'autorità, secondo metodi che lo scienziato in seguito non avrebbe esitato a definire "da esercito prussiano". 4 Determinato a lasciare Monaco e la Germania, in vista delle vacanze natalizie del 1894 si fece fare dal medico di famiglia un certificato di esaurimento nervoso che gli consentì di allontanarsi dalla scuola e non farvi più ritorno. Raggiunta la famiglia in Italia, prese la deci-* Ringrazio Francesco Crifò, Rocco Luigi Nichil e Irene Rumine per una lettura in anteprima e le osservazioni che ne sono seguite.