Language and Ideology

Language is both important for everyday life and fundamentally political because it embodies the original system of social and political institutions. This paper uses a comparative method to analyze four key elements: language, identity, language standardization, and dialect in Cambodia, Singapore, and China. The purpose of this paper is to investigate language policies at national, local, and international levels. This research examines three main factors. Firstly, it addresses how politics and language are related and how they function in Cambodia, Singapore, and China. Secondly, it investigates language standardization, reflecting how languages are organized to become standard. Khmer became the official language in Cambodia, while Singapore adopted a bilingual education policy in 1978. Furthermore, the National Language Movement in China promoted a standard language, leading to the policy change from guoyu ('national language') to Putonghua in the 1950s. Thirdly, this paper also explores the politics of standardization.

The idea of narrative hybridity was central to the work of the Russian literary theorist Alexander Veselovsky (1838Veselovsky ( -1906)), particularly to his unfinished work Historical Poetics. For Veselovsky and the Russian theorists who followed him, including Mikhail Bakhtin and Yuri M. Lotman, the boundary rather than the center is the site of hybridization and thus literary and cultural transformation. This article argues that this model of hybridization on the border can point in the direction of a synthesis between the theoretical impulse of contemporary attempts to conceive of a world literary system, with their scale and their concern with models of circulation, and those of postcolonial criticism and creolization theory, with their focus on hybridization and literary and cultural transformation on the periphery and mistrust of centripetal accounts of literary and cultural history. The article examines how Veselovsky's account of the role of narrative tradition and narrative hybridization on the periphery demonstrates the potential of geographic borderlands and periods of historical transition and borderline genres and is a useful touchstone for the work of scholars arguing for the redefinition of traditional understandings of center and periphery in literary history.

This article argues for intertextuality as a critical and analytic method f argument first a critique on structuralism and deconstruction has been presented. that both these theories are not adequate Ferdinand de Saussure which is not sufficient to understand the nature of text, author and the society in which they take place. It has been argued on the contrary that the idea of dialogicality proposed by Mikhail Bakhtin does seem helping us to resolve the issues which cannot be tackled by both structuralism and deconstruction. dialogicality gives birth to intertextuality which, as a suggestion, should be adopted for literary and critical practices. In the end part of this article a study of the novel presented to make the idea of intertextuality clear and forceful.

L’equivalencia de les funcions atributiva, apositiva i predicativa del participi, aixi com el seu valor absolut, tant en grec classic com en angles, es total. Aquesta breu comunicacio presenta les definicions pertinents i tot un seguit d’exemples que la il·lustren amb justesa. En la docencia del grec classic, el suport d’una segona llengua com ara l’angles representa sens dubte un recurs didactic valuos.

L’equivalencia de les funcions atributiva, apositiva i predicativa del participi, aixi com el seu valor absolut, tant en grec classic com en angles, es total. Aquesta breu comunicacio presenta les definicions pertinents i tot un seguit d’exemples que la il·lustren amb justesa. En la docencia del grec classic, el suport d’una segona llengua com ara l’angles representa sens dubte un recurs didactic valuos.

This study explored the reliability and validity of the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI) designed by when administered to students enrolled secondary education in Mashhad, Iran. To this end, the Persian version of the SISRI was administered to 344female grade three senior high school (G3SHS) students majoring in humanities, sciences, and mathematics. The subjection of the collected data to Principal Axis Factoring and rotating the extracted factors via Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. We found seven latent variables whose initial eigenvalues were one and higher, i.e., Purposive, Transcending, Contemplative, Meta-conscious, Theo-meditative, Theorizing, and Visionary. The inventory itself along with its Purposive, Transcending and Meta-conscious factors was found to be reliable. Since Contemplative, Theo-meditative, Theorizing and Visionary factors consisted of just one statement, their reliability could not be estimated. These four factors did, however, correlate significantly not only with each other but also with Purposive, Transcending and Meta-conscious dimension of spiritual intelligence. The results are discussed in terms of schema theory and suggestions are made for future research.

Predir la sort futura del català és una tasca complicada, a més d'una responsabilitat extraordinària. És complicat, perquè per determinar quin camí emprèn la llengua, abans s'ha de saber quines dades n'indiquen més encertadament el progrés o el retrocés. I és una responsabilitat per la vinculació històrica que s'ha forjat entre llengua i nació, sobretot des del segle xix. És a dir, ben bé es pot dir que pronosticar la mort de la llengua és tant com anunciar la fi de la identitat catalana. L'enquesta de la regió metropolitana de Barcelona (rmb) de l'any 2000 ha suscitat un viu debat periodístic. Diversos autors n'han fet una lectura basada en el retrocés progressiu de l'ús social del català. Això no obstant, cal assenyalar ja d'entrada que l'enquesta no permet analitzar l'evolució de l'ús social de la llengua -en el nostre estudi, el de fora del nucli familiar-, pel simple fet que no hi ha cap pregunta referent a aquesta qüestió. 2 El 3. Web de l'Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya. 4. Avui (13 setembre 2003).

ant per l'origen heterogeni de la població universitaris i la diversitat de pautes d'us lingüístic en les seves facultats, com per la peculiar situació de contacte de llengües que es dóna en el conjunt de Catalunya, la Universitat de Barcelona és una de les universitats lingüísticament més complexes del món occidental (Boix-Fuster 2000). El marc legal actual permet l'us indistint del castella i del catala a la docencia, mentre que l'angles a poc a poc hi va guanyant terreny. El catala, el castella i l'angles es perceben com elements enriquidors per a la formació de l'alumnat, pero aixo no es obstacle perque apareguin veus discrepants amb l'us de cada una d'aquestes llengües. Per aixo, a partir d'una recerca qualitativa'l hem preguntat a trenta-dos estudiants de la Universitat de Barcelona (UB), la primera universitat catalana, com copsen i resolen els reptes que els planteja el seu entorn sociolingüistic. En aquest article plantegem, en primer lloc, com es valora el fet que l'angles esdevingui llengua d'instrucció. Com veurem, tothom accepta que, en general, el nivell d'angles dels estudiants catalans és baix o molt baix i que aixo dificulta la mobilitat estudiantil o la comunicació en els casos en que la interacció es resol en 1. La recerca completa en que basa aquest article es troba a Boix-Fuster i Rosselló (2003).

The present analysis arises from the lack of literature centred on Margaret Thatcher's discourse before becoming Prime Minister. Therefore, this investigation analyses one of Margaret Thatcher's final speeches in the House of Commons as the Leader of the Opposition before becoming Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. By applying Van Leeuwen's Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework, this study aims to expose the thematic content, and discursive strategies used by Thatcher to criticise James Callaghan's government, socialism, and trade unions. This study suggests three main categories: (i) addressing trade unions, (ii) addressing socialism, (iii) and addressing Prime Minister Callaghan. The analysis reveals Thatcher's use of specific rhetorical strategies, including figures and facts, direct questioning of the Prime Minister, and allegories to defend her arguments. Additionally, this investigation emphasises how Thatcher's anti-socialist ideology and opposition to trade unions are embedded in her discourse. These findings contribute to understanding Thatcher's political ideology and its influence on her discourse. This qualitative study not only provides insights into Thatcher's beliefs as the Leader of the Opposition, but also sets a foundation for future comparative analyses of her speeches over her political career.

The purpose of this investigation is to analyse the strategies used in the discourse of Margaret Thatcher, specifically, the characteristics of her speech when she refers to her administration, the Opposition, socialism, and how she defends herself in this session led by the motion of no confidence in Her Majesty’s Government. This study, based on the principles of Critical Discourse Analysis, identifies five categories in Margaret Thatcher’s speech with instances that share a common characteristic: (i) addressing HM Government (Thatcher’s government) and/or the Conservative Party, (ii) addressing the Opposition (Labour Party) and/or Labour governments, (iii) comparing the Conservative Party’s governments and the Labour Party’s governments, (iv) addressing socialism and/or the USSR, (v) and the Prime Minister replying before being addressed. The analysis reflects the critical character of Margaret Thatcher against the Labour Party and socialism, identifying the Opposition as an enemy, and socialism in the same way; another reflection within the analysis corresponds to her determination to recall some of the achievements reached during her administration, this with the purpose of finishing her period as Prime Minister with a speech meant to be transcendental. Since this investigation identifies the five main categories in the speech of Margaret Thatcher in the context of an interpellation or debate, this investigation might serve as the foundation for future analyses focused on Margaret Thatcher and other Conservative and Labour leaders.

This paper explores the deployment of ‘banmal’ (informal speech)
in Korean startups aspiring to establish horizontal organizational
structures, delving into the underlying language ideologies. Fieldwork
in a startup encompassed the gathering of linguistic interaction and
metapragmatic discourses through online interactions and interviews.
As a result of the study, it was found that banmal is closely related to
the image of the company pursuing communication efficiency and
horizontal culture. However, dilemmas emerged when communicating
with outsiders and conflicts with existing familiar communication
norms. Furthermore, the members created a register of contrasting
characteristics called ‘pyoung-eh’(egalitarian language) as a way to
escape the image of ‘banmal’ associated with rudeness. This study
aims to elucidate how language ideologies shape and are shaped by
the notion of ‘horizontal’ culture and identity. With changes in
organizational culture and generational changes, it was found that
‘banmal’ does not simply exist as a fixed speech style in the speech
level system, but that its meanings and values are changing in various
ways. This paper highlights the multifaceted approach to understanding
corporate culture through studying linguistic practices. Anthropological
research on horizontal corporate culture pursued by startup companies
will provide an understanding and insight into cultural changes in
Korean society as well as corporate culture in the future.

Roland Barthes découvre le monde arabe en 1949, quand il enseigne comme vacataire à l'université d'Alexandrie. Si ce séjour lui donne l'occasion de rencontrer Greimas, qui l'initie à Saussure et à la sémiologie, le jeune professeur manifeste une grande indifférence à l'égard d'une terre si chargée d'histoire, qu'il s'agisse du monde pharaonique ou de l'Égypte moderne. Ce premier contact avec le monde arabo-musulman se solde par un échec : Barthes regagne la France en 1950. Ce sont les guerres et les combats de la décolonisation qui établissent un lien plus solide entre l'intellectuel français engagé et les pays arabes, c'est-à-dire principalement les trois pays du Maghreb, qui se débarrassent de la tutelle française et accèdent à l'indépendance, en

Resumen: Esta investigación revisa los ejemplos lexicográficos de los diccionarios escolares elaborados en Venezuela en el siglo XXI y se propone una tarea de doble alcance: (a) develar la representación del hombre a través de la colección de ejemplos de los diccionarios escolares; (b) precisar cómo se percibe la realidad masculina, si es que existe, y en qué campos léxico-temáticos se organiza. Desde el punto de vista teórico se apoya en Forgas Berdet 1999, Pérez 2000a, 2000b; Forgas Berdet y Herrera 2002 y Lledó 2004. En lo metodológico, es interpretativa y de naturaleza documental. El corpus seleccionado es el Diccionario de uso escolar Larense (DUEL). Para analizar su ejemplificación, seguimos dos trayectorias sugeridas en el estudio de Lledó (2004): en la primera, se vacían los ejemplos con referentes masculinos o con referentes mixtos del DUEL. En la segunda, se consideran estos ejemplos a través de categorías conceptuales. Los hallazgos evidencian que, en el ejemplo lexicográfico, se han filtrado estereotipos de uso, lugares comunes y, en síntesis, una cosmovisión que asocia al hombre a profesiones, oficios y cargos específicos.

The recent resurgence of exclusionary nationalism across the advanced capitalist world has caused historical scholarship on neoliberalism to reorient itself. Previous accounts of neoliberalism proved inadequate to theorize the hegemonic crisis that neoliberalism has been thrust into, prematurely rushing to declare neoliberalism dead. The task is to offer an interpretation of resurgent nationalism that can account for points of tension with hegemonic neoliberalism without underestimating the ways it lives on in the present. This essay critically reviews three books that offer distinct interpretations of neoliberalism’s enduring hegemonic crisis. If Melinda Cooper and Tehila Sasson’s respective works provide new critical perspectives on the history and present of neoliberal ideas, Jennifer Burns’s study offers an insider’s perspective on the pressures that neoliberalism is under from the nationalist right.

En  este  artículo  exploramos  la  equivalencia entre evolución lingüística y evolución biológica  en  la  perspectiva  epistemológica  metafórica  del (neo)darwinismo  lingüístico  y  analizamos  en  las  columnas  sobre  la  lengua  (CSL)  la  pervivencia  de  estas ideas evolucionistas cuando se explican los cambios del español. Seleccionamos seis CSL, distribuidas entre  los  siglos  XIX, XX y XXI,  desde  los  inicios  del  género en la prensa española hasta la actualidad, atendiendo  a  que  su  publicación  coincida  con  la  consolidación  de  modelos  que  asumen  nuevas  perspectivas en  la  investigación  del  cambio  lingüístico.  Comprobaremos  la  desigual  influencia  del  (neo)darwinismo en  el  discurso  de  cada  columnista  que  analizamos, así  como  la  escasa  frecuencia  de  uso  de  metáforas biologicistas  asociadas,  excepto  en  algún  caso  en  el que se traslada lo genético-biológico a la génesis de la  lengua.  Finalmente,  concluimos  que  la  ideología evolucionista que subyace en algunas CSL se debe a la vigencia del principio del naturalismo en lingüística.

Drawing on language ideology (Irvine & Gal, 2000; Woolard & Schieffelin, 1994) as an analytical lens, I conduct a historical analysis of the sociocultural and political developments that led to the construction of Bangladesh as a nation-state and that have influenced people's attitudes and beliefs toward certain languages. I argue that analyzing the construction of language ideology is important, not only for the Bangladeshi context, but also in Bangladeshi diasporic communities, to understand language practices that have been shaped by the sociopolitical and ideological developments in their home country. Immigrants' language practices play a significant role in their language learning and settlement in the host society. Though Bangla language is at the heart of Bangladeshi nationalism (Kabir,1987), it is the shuddho (correct/standard) Bangla that is inculcated in the nation-building discourse. Despite nationalistic fervor around Bangla, in Bangladesh the English language has more importance in terms of functionality, power, and status. Additionally, Arabic is considered as a holy language in Muslim-majority Bangladesh. These ideological characterizations of the three languages index the identity of their users and shape their language practices and beliefs. Thus, analyzing the historical forces that contributed to the construction of the language ideologies can shed light on the language practices and language learning of Bangladeshi Bengali immigrants and their settlement. Revue de langage, d'identité, de diversité et d'appartenance (R-LIDA)

Bu çalışma, 1998 yılında ilk kez basılmış Micheal Cunningham tarafından yazılmış ve 1999 yılında Pulitzer ve Pen Faulkner ödüllerinin sahibi olan The Hours isimli eserin üç çevirisini konu edinmektedir. Üç kadının (Virginia Woolf, Laura Brown, Clarissa Vaughan) üç zaman dilimindeki (1923, 1951, 2001) anlatılarının kesişimini ortaya koyan The Hours toplumsal cinsiyet rollerini ve mekanlara hapsedilmiş kadınların, ataerkil hayat düzeni içerisindeki var olma çabalarını konu almaktadır. Çalışmanın bütüncesini, Can Yayınları tarafından 2000 yılında basılan Saatler isimli İlknur Özdemir tarafından çevrilen eser, Kırmızı Kedi Yayınları tarafından 2017 yılında basılan Saatler isimli yine Özdemir tarafından çevrilen eser ve Kırmızı Kedi Yayınları tarafından 2024 yılında basılan Saatler isimli Öykü Gizem Gökgül tarafından çevrilen eser oluşturmaktadır. Özdemir'in 2000 yılındaki çevirisinin Dünya Kitap Dergisi, Çeviri Ödülü'ne layık görülmüştür. Bu bilgilerden hareketle, bu çalışma söylemin dolaşıma girmesini sağlayan bir araç olarak çeviriyi incelemeyi ve ötekileştirici söylemin edebi dizgede nasıl yankı bulduğunu göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçlara, çalışmanın kuramsal çerçevesini oluşturan Nikolas Coupland (2010) tarafından ortaya atılmış ötekileştirici söylem stratejileri ile ulaşılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın yöntemsel bakış açısını eleştirel söylem çözümlemesi oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın giriş kısmından sonra, çeviri ve söylem ilişkisinden, öteki ve ötekileştirmeden söz edilmekte ve ardından kuramsal çerçeveye geçilmektedir. Kuramsal çerçeveyi takiben yöntem kısmına yer verilmiştir. Ardından kaynak metin ve erek metinler tanıtılmış böylelikle eserin artalanına inilmektedir. Çözümleme bölümünde kaynak metin ve erek metinler üzerine karşılaştırmalı nitel bir çözümleme gerçekleştirilmektedir. Çalışmanın tartışma ve sonuç kısmında, araştırma soruları cevaplandırılmaktadır. Çalışmanın sonucunda ise Özdemir'in çevirilerinde, Gökgül' ün çevirilerine göre daha fazla ötekileştirici söyleme yer verildiği vurgulanmıştır.

Language contact highlights the social dynamics that are crucial to understanding language change and the emergence of linguistic variation and complexity over time. As an analytic approach and field of linguistic anthropological inquiry, it reminds us that the study of language cannot be separated from an in-depth understanding of the social context of contact, highlighting the need to center the analysis of human social practices, interactional dynamics, and broader ideological frameworks in any inquiry of linguistic and social change. Understanding these social processes requires us to think less about individual linguistic forms and more about the range of communicative practices that emerge in zones of language contact. Because linguistic and communicative praxis are another form of social action, attention to the social dynamics of contact-which include the cultural contingencies of contact between speakers of different linguistic varieties, the interactions that emerge and constitute the context of contact, and the ideological frameworks that shape these interactions-are equally important in shaping language change and linguistic complexity over time. Foregrounding the social and cultural aspects of language contact also complicates assumptions around the boundedness of languages. Privileging speaker's orientations and understandings of their contact-influenced linguistic practices can challenge views of language as a bounded, discrete object or as a system of meaning-making that is disembodied from a social context.

Researchers in the field of ESL and EFL are increasingly directing their focus towards the Global Englishes (GE) paradigm and its effects on teacher beliefs and practices. However, many teachers in Turkiye seem to lack a clear understanding of this paradigm, creating a significant research gap regarding GE awareness. To bridge this gap, this research investigated the effectiveness of a GE-based MA course in raising 17 English language teachers’ GE awareness through reflection on assigned readings throughout 14 weeks. Data collected through pre-course questionnaires and reflective reports written on assigned papers on various aspects of GE and analysed via descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis indicated that teachers’ low to moderate levels of GE awareness increased dramatically with engagement in reflective thinking and practice on the shift from a monolithic view of English to a bi/multilingual and dynamic one, a static view of culture to a dynamic and fluid one, native-speaker target to effective communicators and standard English-based assessment to performance-based assessment focusing on strategy use. The findings indicated a need for curriculum renewal, redesigned teaching materials, communication-oriented strategy teaching, and improved teachers’ awareness of alternative targets aligning with GE pedagogies.

This study investigates the practices of native, native-like and non-native English-speaking researchers in academic writing. The researchers developed a survey with Likert-type items, which were created using the researchers' personal experience, the bibliography of the field, and an initial open-ended questionnaire administered to 31 researchers. The resulting survey was validated through cognitive interviewing and piloting with 30 respondents. The validated version was administered to 249 respondents to gain comparative insights into how the three groups differ in their use of technology, strategies and dictionaries along with challenges they face in academic writing. The results globally indicated that non-native English-speaking researchers used strategies more frequently than native-like English-speaking or native English-speaking researchers. Similarly, non-native English-speaking researchers mostly preferred the integration of technology into academic writing process and dictionary use. However, all three groups of researchers experienced similar challenges in academic writing, which globally suggests that language per se is not enough for success in scholarly writing and publishing.

Thousands of non-native speakers have been taking international tests of English administered by long-established testing boards, such as ETC and PEARSON, for a wide range of purposes worldwide. These testtakers represent various Englishes of the Outer and Expanding Circle countries. However, little information is available as to the degree to which their Englishes are recognized and represented in the major international tests of English. Thus, this study explores the websites and policy materials that belong to universally distributed international English tests and further scrutinizes what Englishes are imposed on testtakers while measuring their proficiency through a documentary analysis approach. Informed by the content analysis of the textual data on the websites and the relevant documents and the multimodal study of the photographic data, the study indicates that there is not much recognition of the diversity of English speakers from non-Anglophone countries and their diverse ways of English use in the tests at the level of practice in particular, since they are rather standard English oriented for the desired practices. The findings suggest that the testing boards should adjust their rubrics and assessment criteria in line with the current sociolinguistic profile of their test takers whose ways of doing English are relatively different from NESs and standard English norms.

AMANCIO ISLA FREZ E L SISTEMA DE LA SUCESIÓN al trono en el primitivo reino astur ha sido motivo de una disparidad de opiniones que resumió Sánchez Albornoz en un artículo suyo que, como tantos otros, vino a sentar opinión sobre la cuestión 1 . El asunto básico era precisar si la sucesión se había producido por vía de herencia o por elección. En el fondo de la discusión estaba la caracterización del reino astur bien como una continuación del reino visigodo o como una realidad nueva. Para Sánchez Albornoz, aun destacando la originalidad del reino de Pelayo, la elección fue la práctica habitual de la monarquía astur a lo largo del siglo VIII. De esta manera, siempre según Sánchez Albornoz, se explicaba la zigzagueante transmisión del reino, lo que, además, concordaba con alguna mención de la elección en las fuentes, como ocurre en el acceso de Vermudo el Diácono, del que la Crónica de Alfonso III dice que in regno eligitur, o, según la misma crónica, en el de Ramiro, hijo del anterior. Sánchez Albornoz entendía estas electiones en un sentido rígido, en relación con una manera, también muy particular (e institucionalista), de considerar cómo se habían producido en el reino visigodo. Sánchez Albornoz estaba en lo cierto al destacar las dificultades que presentaba hacer equivaler la sucesión del siglo VIII con una herencia patrilineal. Por otra parte, matizaba la elección, reduciéndola a los descendientes de dos familias que hacían jugar a su favor su enorme prestigio surgido del propio origen del reino. 1

Se asume tradicionalmente que los infinitivos de las subordinadas sustantivas que complementan a los verbos no pueden construirse con sujeto expreso porque este no podría recibir Caso. En este trabajo se muestra que los verbos psicológicos constituyen una excepción sistemática a este hecho conocido. Se explica asimismo por qué la estructura abordada no corresponde a otras, largamente analizadas en la bibliografía, y se argumenta que sus propiedades fundamentales se reducen, en buena medida, a las relaciones de control. Se explica, finalmente, que la asigna-ción excepcional de Caso se daba a menudo en español antiguo (y se da hoy oca-sionalmente) en construcciones en las que el sujeto del infinitivo no está legitima-do por una relación de concordancia, sea esta explícita o encubierta.

La question du choix de la variété à enseigner se pose notamment dans le contexte minoritaire, comme c'est le cas pour la minorité rom en Serbie. L'enseignement exclusif du romani standard pourrait créer des tensions avec d'autres variétés. Dans le cadre d'une recherche sur l'enseignement/apprentissage du romani en Serbie, cet article propose un regard analytique sur le rapport des politiques linguistiques officielles en matière d'enseignement du romani et celles adoptées en classe. Il tente d'identifier la nature de ce rapport ainsi que les idéologies qui sous-tendent les choix linguistiques. L'article se base sur l'analyse des observations de classe de romani (vingt-quatre classes ont été observées) ainsi que des entretiens compréhensifs menés auprès d'élèves roms (dix entretiens de groupe), d'une enseignante de romani et du co-auteur des manuels et des programmes d'enseignement dans une école primaire en Serbie.

Those fascinated by the importance and complexities of languages in social life might look to psychology and especially social psychology for some insights". (Howard Giles) Abans de tot voldria donar les gràcies a tots els subjectes de la mostra que han participat en aquest treball voluntàriament sense cap retribució econòmica i han contestat el qüestionari, molt llarg, amb benevolència, generositat i zel. Igualment voldria donar les gràcies a tots els mestres i professors dels diferents organismes (Escola Oficial d'Idiomes, Escola d'Adults, i Centre de Normalització Lingüística) que m'han deixat dur a terme l'estudi a les seves aules, especialment a l'Agnès Llagostera i a la Montserrat Mas, del CNL de Girona, i a les mestres de l'Escola d'Adults de Girona, especialment a la Marta, la Carme, les Dolors i la Montse. També voldria agrair al Dr. Gardner, professor emèrit de la Universitat de Western Ontario (Canadà), un dels més prestigiosos experts en motivació arreu del món, la seva amabilitat i el seu interès per consultar i assessorar els resultats d'aquesta recerca. Igualment expresso el meu agraïment a les paraules d'ànim, ajut i consell de la Dra. Nuria Sagarra, de Pennsylvania State University (EUA), i al Dr. Tucker, de la Carnegie Mellon Pittsburgh (EUA), pel seu vistiplau i les seves suggerències en l'elaboració del qüestionari. No m'oblido dels del meu voltant, familia i amics de Girona i de Pensilvània, en especial els meus pares, el meu germà i en Benjamí, que han viscut l'evolució de la recerca i sempre m'han donat ànims i suport en els moments de desànim.

The aim of this study was to analyze the mistakes students made when using EBI in their papers. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach. Data collection is done using observation, documentation, and written recording with intralingual and condalingual techniques. The findings indicate that the paper contains many weaknesses in the implementation of the EBI, including spelling errors, improper use of large letters, misuse of prefixes, and misused use of bending letters.

This article discusses the Language Law of 24, 2009 in the context of social conditions of the Indonesian society, having implications on (1) the authority on formulating principles of Indonesian languange standardization (2) Its acceptance by the society, and (3) the challlenges to Indonesian language during the globalization era. The three issues are discussed by employing a critical discourse analytical framework focusing on textual aspect, discourse and social practical. In this context, the text of the Language Law is regarded as a constitutional discourse. Inside there is an ideological discourse function, meaning that the discourse constitutes a form of social practice and has dialectical relations to other social dimensions. Thus, its discourse practice analysis would provide us with a picture of creation and reproduction of power relations (the government formulating the law and its executing institutions, and society as its users. Keywords: language, law, challenge, discou...

This study aims to investigate which form of Bengali, Chittagonian or Standard, is most commonly used by native Chittagong speakers in their everyday lives. In other words, it seeks to determine if there is a language shift and the maintenance of Chittagonian amid Standard Bengali's dominance. The native speakers of Chittagonian from 19 distinct locations in the Chittagong district participated in the study. The study's time frame was from May 2022 to August 2022, and 117 respondents were interviewed using a formulated questionnaire. Descriptive statistics is used for quantitative analysis. The study's findings demonstrate that language usage preferences vary depending on the context. According to the results, most respondents are comfortable using Chittagonian with family and in their neighborhoods. In contrast, Standard Bengali is widely used in education and public settings because it effectively conveys information. The study concluded that as most of Chittagong's local people continue to speak Chittagonian, it is not at imminent risk of being completely displaced. Although the Chittagonian language is shifting in education and public places, the transition is gradual, and the language is still safe. It indicates that Chittagonian is preserved by locals and will continue to be used for generations to come.

Hukuk kuralları, hukuki kavramlar, soyut haklar, ilkeler ve hukukla ilgili diğer terimler somut olaylara uygulanırken bir yorumlama ve anlamlandırma sürecinden geçer. Ayrıca hukukun sınıf karakteri hakkında çok geniş bir literatür mevcuttur. Çalışma, hukuktaki yorumun sınıfsal bir niteliğe sahip olup olmadığı sorusuna dayanmaktadır. Cevap, Marksist söylem analizinde yatmaktadır. Çalışmanın iddiası, genel itibarıyla yorumun, özel olarak da hukuktaki yorumun sınıfsal bir karaktere sahip olduğudur. Çalışma, hukuk ve sosyal sınıflar arasındaki ilişkiyi, hukukun taraflı yapısını, söylem ve ideolojiyi araştırmaktadır. Sonrasında kapitalist ve sosyalist yargı pratiklerinde yorumu karşılaştırarak araştırmayı somutlaştırmakta ve Türkiye’deki mahkeme kararlarını incelemektedir. Hukukun sınıfsal niteliği yalnızca iş hukukunda belirmez. Söz konusu durum kapitalist ve sosyalist yargı uygulamaları arasındaki karşılaştırmada görülebilir. Ancak Türkiye’deki neoliberal yapısal dönüşümleri ve Türkiye’deki mahkeme kararlarının söylemsel analizini içeren bölüm, büyük ölçüde iş uyuşmazlıklarındaki durumu göstermektedir. Nihayetinde araştırmaya göre; hukukçular -özellikle çalışma kapsamında yargıçlar- yorumlayıcı faaliyetlerini sınıfsal bir tavırla, ideolojinin ve bir ideoloji olarak hukukun taraflı örtüsü altında, maddi gerçeklikle çelişen bir yanılsama içinde yürütmektedir./Legal rules, legal concepts, abstract rights, principles and other legal-related terms undergo a process of interpretation and meaning when applied to concrete events. Also there is a very wide literature on the class character of law. The study is based on the question of whether the interpretation in law has a class character or not. The answer lies in Marxist discourse analysis. The claim of the study is that generally the interpretation and specifically the interpretation in law has a class character. The study researchs the relation between law and social classes, the biased nature of law, the discourse and the ideology. After that, it concretizes the research with comparing interpretation in capitalist and socialist judicial practices, and analyzes court decisions from Turkey. The class character of law doesn't only appear in labor law. It can be seen in the comparison between capitalist and socialist judicial practices. But the chapter which contains neoliberal structural transformations in Turkey and the discourse analysis of court decisions from Turkey, mostly shows the situation in labor disputes. Finally according to the study; legal practitioners -especially judges in terms of the scope of the study- execute their interpretative activities within a class-biased behavior, under the biased veil of ideology and of law as an ideology, in an illusion that conflicts with material reality.

A KONSTRUÁLT "AKTUALITÁS" MINT KÉPZELET. AKTUALITÁS ÉS KORSZERŰTLENSÉG: A TERRORIZMUS AKTUALITÁSA 1 "A jövőnek vagy a múltnak, egy olyan kornak, amelyben szabad gondolkozni, amelyben az emberek nem egyformák, és nem kell magányosan élni -egy olyan kornak, amelyben van igazság, s ami történt, nem lehet meg nem történtté tenni: üdvözlet az egyformaság korából, a magányosság korából, Nagy Testvér korából, a duplagondol korából!" (Orwell) 2 "A televízió egy átkozott vidámpark. Egy cirkusz, egy karnevál, utazó akrobaták, mesélők, táncosok, énekesek, zsonglőrök, show sztárok, előadók és focisták. Ez az unaloműző ipar! De Önök ott ülnek nap mint nap, minden éjszaka, életkortól, bőrszíntől, vallástól függetlenül. Rajtunk kívül senkijük sincs. Kezdik elhinni a szemfényvesztéseinket, kezdik elhinni, hogy az a valóság, amit a tévében látnak, és a saját életük valótlan. Azt csinálja, amit a tévé mutat. Úgy öltözik, úgy eszik, úgy neveli a gyerekét, ahogy a tévében látja. Úgy is gondolkodik, mint a tévében. Ez tömegőrület! Önök mániákusak! Az istenért, Önök a valóság, és mi vagyunk az illúzió!" (Network) 3

The term chung-kuk/chung-kuo (zhongguo) 中國 was made corresponding to 'China' only in the (mid-)twentieth century. It was not until after the People's Republic of China was set up in 1949 that zhongguo began to be used as a shorthand of the former, and the historicity of chung-kuk has yet to be clarified. One surviving record with its unequivocal reference to the term is Hunmin chŏng'ŭm ŏn-hae 訓民正音諺解 (Vernacular Annotation of Correct Sounds for Instructing the People) of 1459, published thirteen years after King Sejong's 世宗 promulgation of Hunmin chŏng'ŭm. According to the Annotation, chung-kuk, as the "seat of government of the Emperor" [中듕國•귁• 皇 帝•뎽:겨신나•라히•니], "has been referred to in our daily expressions as "south of the River"" [•우•리나•랏常썅談땀•애江강南남•이•라• • 니•라]. The new phonetic system, Chŏng'ŭm 正音, was necessary for nationwide efficiency because the speech sounds of local dialects had all been different from those of the central district [國之語音異乎中國]. Thus chung-kuk, during King Sejong's reign, must mean the seat of central government of the Chosŏn 朝鮮 dynasty. Furthermore, the royal palaces reputedly ascribed to those of Chosŏn are north of the Han River (漢江) in the capital city of southern Korea, whereas the historical Western Capital (西京) and Eastern Capital (東京) are located south of the Yellow River (黃河) and the Wi/Wei River (渭水). Down into the early twentieth century, chung-kuk was still spoken of by Chosŏn independence activists against Japanese colonialism: in April 1932, Yun Bong Kil 尹奉吉, as a member of Han Patriotic Corps (韓人愛國團), mentioned "enemy forces invading chung-kuk" [中國을侵略하는敵]. Considering the context, chung-kuk herein referred to cannot be found anywhere in the present-day Korean peninsula, nor was it the same one as in Liang Ch'i-ch'ao's 梁啓超 works. These issues have to be further examined to illuminate the authenticity of chung-kuk.

Kesalahan berbahasa dalam kehidupan sosial bermasyarakat kini sudah dianggap hal yang lumrah. Norma kebahasaan yang salah sering kali di normalisasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kesalahan berbahasa yang beredar di masyarakat dengan metode penelitian kualitatif yang berisikan unsur-unsur kebahasaan yang memuat kesalahan berbahasa Indonesia dalam lingkup media massa.

yang dicanangkan dari Sadan Bahasa Nasional "Gunakanlah Bahasa Indonesia yang Baik dan Benar", tampaknya belum sepenuhnya diapresiasi dengan baik. Bahasa Indonesia dalam konteks Bahasa perundang-undangan selama ini banyak diperbincangkan oleh kalangan ahli bahasa. Hal ini karena Bahasa Indonesia dalam bidang hukum dan perundang-undangan ini cenderung memiliki gaya bahasa yang bersifat khusus, yang tidak mudah dipahami oleh pembaca pada umumnya. Sebagian contoh, pasal dan ayat dalam undang-undang, juga peraturan, atau surat keputusan seharusnya memberikan kepastian sebagaimana kepastian hukum. Namun justru bahasa (tepatnya: ragam Permasalahan hukum di Indonesia dewasa ini sungguh sangat cepat sekali bergulir dan mengemuka. Hal ini seiring dengan kesadaran masyarakat akan pentingnya "melek" hukum. Fenomena hukum ini kian menguat, ditunjang pula dengan semangat dan gerakan anti korupsi dan usaha pemberantasan korupsi oleh berbagai lembaga anti korupsi, seperti Komisi Pembrantasan Korupsi (KPK) yang semakin berani membongkar kasus-kasus kejahatan korupsi. Namun di balik masalah-masalah hukum tersebut, temyata ada sedikit masalah dengan ragam bahasa hukum di negeri ini, khususnya bahasa hukum dalam perundang-undangan Republik Indonesia. Slogan Kata Kunci: bahasa hukum, bahasa perundang-undangan, komunikatif, efektif Bahasa Indonesia dalam bidang hukum dan perundang-undangan memiliki gaya bahasa yang bersifat khusus. Adapun karakteristik ragam bahasa hukum adalah (1) bersifat lugas, tidak elastis, (2) jelas dan tegas, (3) bergaya bahasa instruktif, (4) kurang akomodatif, dan (5) bersifat khusus, susah dipahami pemabaca umum. Dengan performance bahasa hukum yang demikian itu, maka teks-teks bahasa hukum seringkali menimbulkan ambiguitas makna (multi tafsir) di kalangan masyarakat. Maka diperf ukan sebuah terobosan baru dan good will dari praktisi hukum untuk memberikan ruang bagi terciptanya bahasa hukum yang lebi/. !wmunikatif dan efektif di masa de pan.

Córdoba, septiembre de 2024 ii "Heredar no es un verbo pasivo, es una tarea, un acto pragmático. Una herencia se construye, se transforma siempre de manera retroactiva. Nos vuelve capaces, o no, de algo distinto a simplemente continuar; exige que seamos capaces de responder a, y de responder por, aquello que heredamos. Una herencia se realiza, lo cual quiere decir también que uno se realiza en el gesto de heredar. En inglés el término remember -recordarpuede dar cuenta de este trabajo que no es solo de memoria: 'recordar' y 'recomponer' (re-member)" (Vinciane Despret) "(...) trabajar un concepto significa hacer variar su extensión y comprensión, generalizarlo mediante la incorporación de rasgos de excepción, trasladarlo fuera de su región de origen, tomarlo como modelo o, a la inversa, buscarle un modelo; en síntesis, conferirle gradualmente, en virtud de transformaciones reguladas, la función de una forma" (Georges Canguilhem) iii A mi hermana, Manuela, para seguir tejiendo un diálogo interrumpido iv Quisiera expresar mi profundo agradecimiento a las instituciones que contribuyeron a esta tesis doctoral. El Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina (CONICET) financió esta investigación por medio de una beca interna que me permitió abrazar la práctica teórica como un modo de vida. La Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) me brindó una formación invaluable y un espacio para compartir algunas de las ideas que aquí desarrollo. En un momento donde peligran, es más urgente que nunca seguir luchando por su ampliación para que otrxs puedan habitarlas. También agradezco a mi director, Esteban Torres Castaños, por el acompañamiento en mi formación profesional, sostenido a lo largo de diez años en el marco de varios proyectos de investigación; y por insistir en el desafío de pensar el conjunto mundial desde (y para) América Latina. Un agradecimiento especial es para Roque Farrán, codirector de la beca CONICET, por la generosidad y dedicación en la lectura de estas páginas; por todas las charlas compartidas que me ayudaron a materializar este trabajo; y, fundamentalmente, por transmitirme el ethos que lo orienta: el deseo de anudamiento. A mi hermano, Ramiro, sostén imprescindible en todo lo que hago, por recordarme que la teoría, como la danza, es una práctica en movimiento. A mis padres, Silvia y Esteban, por su apoyo y amor incondicional. A Ignacio, por su disposición y ayuda. A Camila, pequeña gran compañera de vida, por su cariño diario. A Mariana Gutiérrez, Leila Jabase, Lucía Céspedes y Pablo Weber, por la escucha amorosa y porque en cada encuentro aprendo algo de sus modos de ver el mundo. A lxs estudiantes y docentes del Doctorado en Estudios Sociales de América Latina con quienes compartimos este largo trayecto, incluso en condiciones de pandemia. A amigxs y colegas con quienes coincidimos en distintos espacios académicos y de militancia que nutrieron este recorrido. A Graciela Leguizamón, por darme un espacio para convertir el dolor en deseo. v Índice Introducción……………………………………………………………… p. 1 La lectura como intervención……………………………………………… p. 1 Poulantzas y Althusser: el recomienzo de una polémica…………………... p. 4 Poulantzas y la sociología latinoamericana: un campo de discusiones…….. p. 6 El problema de la herencia: sobre el ethos de investigación……………….. p. 10 Retornar a Poulantzas: itinerarios de una pregunta………………………… p. 12 Estructura de la tesis………………………………………………………… p. 15 Capítulo 1. Una problemática materialista. De la lectura sintomática a la nodaléctica………………………………………………………………….. p. 17 1.1. La problemática materialista en la lectura sintomática de Althusser........ p. 18 1.2. La teoría de Poulantzas leída desde su problemática………………........ p. 25 1.3. La estructura nodaléctica de una problemática…………………………. p. 33 1.4. Consideraciones finales…………………………………………………. p. 40 Capítulo 2. La sobredeterminación. Una lógica nodal………………........ p. 42 2.1. La especificidad de la dialéctica marxista………………………………. p. 43 2.2. La contradicción sobredeterminada……………………………………... p. 50 2.3. Una reformulación nodal de la tópica…………………………………… p. 58 2.4. Consideraciones finales…………………………………………….

Desde principios del siglo XXI, diferentes periodos de protesta han tomado lugar en Chile. Más recientemente, destaca el denominado “estallido” de 2019-2020, que es considerado como el mayor alzamiento popular desde el retorno a la democracia en el país (Somma, 2021). Durante este contexto de protesta nacional, los manifestantes impugnaron el rol social de los medios tradicionales, acusándolos de sesgados, de desprestigiar el movimiento social y de alinearse con los intereses de las élites (Luna et al., 2021; Humeres-Riquelme et al., 2024). De manera similar, un cuerpo de estudios muestra que los medios hegemónicos se han orientado a socavar la legitimidad de las protestas chilenas (Cabello et al., 2018; Cárdenas y Pérez, 2017; Saavedra, 2023).De este modo, la presente tesis doctoral indaga en la representación de la prensa online sobre las protestas chilenas durante el lapso 2019-2021. Nos centramos en la metáfora, dado que se establece como un recurso que permite revelar comprensiones, evaluaciones e ideologías en el discurso (Simon-Vandenbergen, 2003; Charteris-Black, 2004). Así, se establecen como objetivos de investigación: (a) examinar de qué manera son representadas metafóricamente las protestas sociales en Chile por los medios de prensa digital del país durante el periodo comprendido entre el 18 de octubre de 2019 y el 31 de octubre 2021 desde una óptica conceptual y valorativa; y, (b) determinar los posicionamientos ideológicos que sustentan las representaciones metafóricas sobre las protestas sociales.La presente investigación corresponde a un estudio crítico del discurso (Fairclough y Wodak, 2000; Hart y Cap, 2014) con base tanto en la Teoría de la Metáfora Conceptual (Lakoff y Johnson, 2015 [1980]) como en el modelo de valoración (Martin y White, 2005). En cuanto a la metodología, se analiza un corpus de 175 textos mediáticos a través de un método inspirado en Charteris-Black (2004) e Imani (2022). También, se conduce un examen cualitativo-manual de 14 textos del corpus según la propuesta de Fuoli (2018). Como resultado, se establecen cinco conceptualizaciones metafóricas preponderantes, que representan a las protestas chilenas como una explosión, un espacio, un enfrentamiento, una luz o marca y una fuerza. Estas comprensiones comunican notoriamente posicionamientos ideológicos negativos sobre las manifestaciones sociales, enfatizando su desestabilización social y su eventual correlación con situaciones violentas, delictivas o trágicas. Se concluye que las representaciones anteriores responden a una práctica periodística que deslegitima la movilización social denominado paradigma de la protesta (Chan y Lee, 2019 [1984]; Lee, 2014).

Demographic analysis of transgender identification in the United States indicates that white individuals constitute the majority of adults who identify as transgender. However, relative to their overall population sizes, trans-identification appears slightly more prevalent among Black and Latino individuals【237†source】. This suggests that cultural and social influences play a significant role in gender identity adoption, reinforcing the argument that trans-identification is shaped by external societal factors rather than being an inherent biological phenomenon. The presence of trans-identification within racial groups in differing proportions aligns with the argument that gender identity is influenced by access to progressive gender ideology, educational exposure, and affirmation-seeking behaviors. Understanding these disparities provides additional context for evaluating the societal and psychological factors driving trans-identification. This study employs desk research, which involves researching, retrieving data, evaluating articles and data, and reprocessing information collected from official sources. The primary purpose of desk research is to identify and summarize previous studies, reports, and documents to develop a new theoretical framework. This research critically examines the foundational claims of trans-identification, exposing contradictions and evaluating their implications within broader social and scientific contexts by systematically analyzing existing literature across biological, psychological, and sociological disciplines.

This paper examines the biological, physiological, psychological, and sociocultural dimensions that challenge the concept of a complete transition between sexes in the context of trans-identification. It evaluates inherent differences in muscle physiology, skeletal structure, and neurological architecture, revealing immutable human biology characteristics unaffected by hormonal or surgical interventions. Additionally, the analysis investigates the sociocultural layers of trans-identification, including the pursuit of minority status, affirmation-seeking behaviors, the reinforcement of regressive sex-based stereotypes, and the divisive tactics employed in advocacy.

A novel term, Induced Ideological Maturity (IIM), is introduced to describe the premature imposition of complex sociocultural ideas, such as gender identity, onto young children—raising profound ethical and developmental concerns. Furthermore, the discussion critiques the contradictory language emerging from trans ideology, such as terms like "cisgender lesbian men," which undermine linguistic clarity and societal understanding of gender.

The findings emphasize the urgent need to distinguish subjective notions of gender identity from the immutable realities of biological sex. This paper calls for a critical evaluation of the intersection between biological and sociocultural dynamics in trans-identification, addressing ideological contradictions, advocacy challenges, and developmental concerns such as Induced Ideological Maturity (IIM). By presenting these realities through an evidence-based framework, this analysis provides a foundation for guiding policymakers, educators, and clinicians in navigating the complexities of trans-identification and confronting its broader societal implications.

Koncepti i “Perëndimit” [lat: Occident] dhe ai i “Lindjes” [lat: Orient] si vendndodhje dhe pozicionim gjeografik, i ka rrënjët e veta në qytetërimin Greko-Roman të Europës dhe është i lidhur gjithashtu me ardhjen aty të besimit Kristian. Por veç kuptimit gjeografik, termi “Perëndim” ka edhe një tjetër kuptim që është ai kulturor dhe ka si vendndodhje rajonet e gjithë Pellgut Mesdhetar dhe rrethinat e saj, (Athina dhe Roma citohen shpesh si krijuesit e kësaj kulture). Vetë Qytetërimi Perëndimor Europian, në përsosjen e vet, u mbështet në traditën që gjeti te disa qytetërime akoma më të hershme. Lindja dhe zgjerimi i perandorive luajti nje rol të veçantë për këtë gjë sepse me kalimin e kohës, ato e shoqëruan zgjerimin e tyre në Lindje e më pas në Perëndim, duke u shtrirë në rajonet bregdetare të Mesdheut dhe Detit të Zi duke i pushtuar ato, e më pas, me tërheqjen e tyre, lanë ndikim të madh në disa prej qytetërimeve të vjetra të Lindjes së Afërme si Fenikia, Kartagjena, Mesopotamia dhe Egjipti. Ndër to, qytetërimi më i hershëm që luajti rol të padiskutueshëm në zhvillimin e Qytetërimit Perëndimor ishte ai i Mesopotamisë, i cili konsiderohet shpesh si “Djepi i qytetërimit”.
Nga përdorimi i gjerë i termit “Kulturë Perëndimore”, dihet tashmë se ai i referohet normave sociale, vlerave etike, zakoneve tradicionale, besimeve fetare, objekteve të veçanta, artefakteve të gjetura, sistemeve politike, teknologjisë, etj. Në mënyrë të veçantë, Kultura Perëndimore përfshin në vetvete së pari ndikimin kulturor Kristian Biblik, me mendimin shpirtëror, zakonet dhe çdo traditë tjetër morale dhe etike; së dyti, ndikimin kulturor europian përsa i përket traditave artistike muzikore, folklorike, etike dhe orale; së treti, ndikimin kulturor klasik Greko-Roman në art, filozofi, letërsi, trashëgimi, etj. Koncepti “Kulturë Perëndimore” lidhet me kuptimin klasik të botës perëndimore dhe në këtë kuptim, kjo kulturë është prirje drejt principeve letrare, shkencore, politike, artistike dhe filozofike që e veçojnë atë nga qytetërimet e tjera. Ajo karakterizohet nga një mori temash legale e traditash artistike, filozofike, letrare, etj. Atë e gjejmë psh. në trashëgiminë e Helenëve, Latinëve, Keltëve, Gjermanëve, Sllavëve, Hebrenjve dhe grupeve të tjera etnike dhe gjuhësore, e po kështu te Kristianizmi, i cili luajti një rol të madh në formëzimin e Civilizimit Perëndimor duke filluar, siç besohet, prej të paktën shekullit IV.

O curso oferece ferramentas teóricas e práticas para entender como a enunciação constrói a subjetividade dos falantes, não apenas como pessoas que se reconhecem na interação hic et nunc, mas também como herdeiros impessoais de uma cultura, composta por conteúdos estereotípicos e marcada pelos conflitos interpretativos.