Language and Identity

I am pleased to have been afforded the opportunity to offer my reflections on the articles included in the special issue of JALDA on what I will call "pre-paradigm" research. I borrow the concept from Kuhn (2012), which I believe appropriately describes the current state of affairs in SLA. Each article compares different aspects of SCT with other frameworks and methodologies in the field. An appealing aspect of the overall project is that contributions have adopted different perspectival lenses. In what follows, I will address each article individually. In some cases, I will expand upon what the authors argue and in others I will critique their arguments to encourage the authors to think more deeply about their proposal(s) and perhaps to bring to bear additional theoretical insights. For convenience, I have organized the seven articles into what I see as a coherent grouping. The criterion used was whether an article reflected more of a theoretical, empirical, or practical orientation.

Research on motivation in second language (L2) learning has progressed tremendously over the last several decades. Within the recent trend to investigate the socially situated context of motivation and the role of social processes in shaping individual L2 motivation, Sociocultural Theory (SCT) and Complexity / Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST) stand out in their contributions. Although researchers have attempted to combine SCT and CDST, there is an ongoing debate in the field of Applied Linguistics regarding the general compatibility of these two traditions. This article consists of a critical literature and theoretical review concerning how SCT, focusing on Activity Theory (AT), and CDST, focusing on the L2 Motivational Self System, address L2 motivation. We argue that SCT and CDST appear to be compatible superficially, since both portray L2 motivation as dynamic, complex, and arising through interactions between individuals and their environments. However, through a more in-depth examination, fundamental differences emerge not only in the context of L2 motivation, but also in the guiding theoretical principles of each research tradition. Ultimately, and arguing from an SCT perspective, we offer a critique of CDST and posit that these theories are not commensurable in their view of L2 motivation or in general.

تتناول هذه الورقة بالدراسة والتحليل الدور الذي تلعبه دولة قطر بوصفها وسيطًا محوريًا بين الغرب والحركات الإسلامية، مركّزة على الآليات السياسية، والاقتصادية، والإعلامية، والدينية التي توظفها في تفكيك السردية الأصولية وتحويلها إلى سردية وطنية متصالحة مع النظام الدولي. وتسعى الورقة إلى كشف البنية العميقة لهذا الدور بوصفه مشروعًا استراتيجيًا ذا أبعاد تتجاوز الوساطة التقليدية نحو هندسة خطاب ديني جديد يتماشى مع شروط الدولة الوطنية ومقتضيات التوازنات الغربية. وقد تم تحليل ثلاث حالات مركزية تمثل تجليّات هذا الدور (طالبان، حماس، الإدارة السورية الجديدة) مع استعراض السياسات القطرية في احتواء الأيديولوجيا الإسلامية الثورية عبر أدوات مباشرة (التمويل والإعلام) وأخرى غير مباشرة (الرموز المعتدلة، الخطاب الناعم، الدبلوماسية الثقافية). كما تقدم الورقة نقدًا معمقًا من وجهة نظر أصولية وراديكالية، وتحذّر من تعميم النموذج القطري على مناطق أخرى لما يحمله من تداعيات على الهوية العقدية والروحية والسياسية للأمة الإسلامية.

All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN-13: 978-0-7456-3755-6 ISBN-13: 978-0-7456-3827-0 (pb) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset in 10.5 on 12 pt Plantin by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshires Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Group, UK The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition.

The current study examined the effect of EFL teachers’ emotions on different aspects of their identity development including instructional, vocational and local identity as well as their teaching strategies. Following interval-contingent diary writing through a narrative approach, the stories of four novice EFL high school teachers were examined in the course of two months. Through content analysis and theme categorization of participants’ diaries, interview data as well as classroom observation results suggested that teachers’ emotional experiences affected their identity and instructional approaches that varied across different contexts. The results revealed four main themes: desperation and anxiety about student misbehavior affected teachers’ instructional and vocational identity, frustration with low salary and status affected their vocational identity, and frustration with lack of freedom of action as well as feeling of discomfort with school administration behavior influenced ...

This study aimed to revalidate the Foreign Language Identity Scale developed by Khodadady and Navari (2012) and explore the factors underlying the construct from theoretical as well as empirical perspectives. To this end, the scale was first analyzed linguistically and cognitively by employing the microstructural approach of schema theory. The analysis showed that the scale deals basically not with foreign but English language and was, therefore, renamed as English Language Identity Scale (ELIS). It was then administered to 381 students learning English at advanced levels in nine private and semi private institutes in Mashhad, Iran. The subjection of the data to Principal Axis Factoring and rotating the extracted factors via Varimax with Kaiser Normalization showed that the 30 statements comprising the ELIS loaded acceptably on six latent variables treated as cognitive genera in the microstructural approach, i.e., Idealized Society, Idealized Opportunities, Idealized Conditions, Idealized Connections, Idealized Character and Idealized Personality. The findings are discussed and suggestions are made for future research.

Шемякина О.Д. У истоков национальной идентичности: русский опыт в сравнительно-исторической перспективе // Современные глобальные вызовы и национальные интересы : XVI Международные Лихачевские научные чтения, 19–21 мая 2016 г. — СПб. : СПбГУП, 2016. — С. 479–480.

es planteja com a objectiu respondre quins són els models de llengua que coexisteixen en els mitjans de comunicació al País Valencià i com es relacionen amb les ideologies. Més concretament, la hipòtesi principal que basteix és que la ideologia del parlant condiciona la tria del model de llengua. * Carles de Rosselló, tècnic en normalització lingüística i membre del Centre Universitari de Sociolingüística i Comunicació (CUSC-UB).

The article gives an overview of past and present intercultural communication studies based on a review of journal articles from the last decade. It also introduces a qualitative approach to studying cultural encounters and learning processes in organizations through narrative inquiry and narrative analysis. We propose that this narrative approach should be moved closer to the 1 Artykuł jest fi nansowany z programu "Mobilność Plus" (IV edycja) Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego (umowa nr 1310/MOB/IV/2015/0) w ramach projektu badawczego pt. "Wpływ czynników specyfi cznych kulturowo na efektywność komunikacji interkulturowej w środowisku biznesowym".

La traducció que presentem els seus autors, Jordi Redondo i Susana Sancho-Montés, pretén d'oferir la més completa col. lecció de texts grecs sobre la història antiga de l'actual País Valencià, en una versió rigorosa, a càrrec d'hel. lenistes amb experiència pel que fa a l'anàlisi d'obres historiogràfiques. L'existència prèvia dels corpora compilats per Schulten, Mangas & Plácido i Rabanal no ha suposat un referent clar per al present treball, i això per vàries raons: en primer lloc, perquè cap d'aquestes obres forneix, reunits i contrastats, els texts relatius a la història antiga del nostre territori; Schulten i Mangas tenen en ment la totalitat de la Península Ibèrica, mentre que Rabanal inclou nombrosos texts sobre Cartago Nova. Per altra banda, llevat del cas de l'equip de Mangas i Plácido, les traduccions adoleixen sovint d'una economia expressiva-tant al nivell sintàctic como al lèxic-que empobreix la versió obtinguda, sense oblidar tampoc la necessitat de comprendre els texts de l'època postclàssica des de la perspectiva de la història de la llengua grega que els és pròpia. Determinats trets de la koiné imposen una atenció especial, per tal de no banalitzar usos de llengua que tenen un valor concret. Enaltres, no falta a molts autors grecs una retorització que és unes vegades un element d'ordre estrictament literari, però que d'altres proporciona una informació suplementària sobre els agents històrics, sobre el context de les accions i situacions narrades, o sobre la recepció dels esdeveniments històrics a la mateixa època antiga. Finalment, convé de recordar que només l'autopsia de l'original per part del filòleg fa possible d'escollir les millors opcions d'acord amb la transmissió, sense menystenir tampoc aquelles intervencions que semblin escaients amb vistes a la millor restauració del text. El corpus que presentem inclou, a més a més, les cartes trobades a sengles excavacions arqueològiques a Pech Mau i Empúries, i que mostren una important corresponsió des del punt de vista comercial, però també des del sociològic, per la qual cosa hem inclòs ambdós texts, per bé que el primer no estigui directament relacionat amb les terres valencianes. Per raons semblants incloïm també els texts epigràfics, malgrat que són molt escassos i breus. Per a la nostra tasca hem tingut en compte edicions autoritzades, així com els comentaris més recents, alhora que hem consultat tota la investigació d'historiadors i filòlegs per tal de precisar aspectes de tota mena. Aquesta informació s'ha incorporat a les notes a peu de plana, tot i que d'una manera succinta. Els termes grecs s'ofereixen tambén transliterats, per tal de facilitar llur comprensió. Les traduccions de les cartes de Pech-Mau i Empúries i de les inscripcions, d'Apià, Artemidor, Ateneu, Cratí, Diodor, Dió Cassi, Dionisi d'Halicarnàs, Esteve de Bizanci, Estrabó, Filist, Hel. lanic, Nicolau de Damasc, els paradoxògrafs Vaticans, etc.

Ce qui est plus intéressant est il nous semble de montrer de quelle manière Nietzsche a utilisé ses connaissances, mêmes lacunaires, des philosophies de l'Inde ancienne non bouddhique, pour les faire servir ses propres intérêts philosophiques. Nietzsche n'est pas indianiste, mais s'il n'a pas, à l'instar de Schopenhauer ou sous l'influence de Paul Deussen, fait l'effort d'approfondir ses connaissances des philosophies de l'Inde, cellesci prennent place dans des contextes-clef de sa démarche. Mots clès : L'Inde ; le brahmanisme ; le bouddhisme. * O texto traduzido para o português encontra-se disponível nesta mesma edição da Revista Trágica. [Nota da Revisão Técnica]

Experience lives and proclaims itself as the exclusion of writing, that is to say of the invoking of an "exterior", "sensible", "spatial" signifier interrupting self-presence. There is a story of tourism geography that begins with measuring flows of people as they go through points. In practice then this means charting of the movement of people as they pass through specific places -a story of "bums on seats", of number of overnight stays, durations of visits and distance travelled. This was then a geography of events -an event ontology of the measurable and visible. Emerging as a critique of this, so the story goes, is a geography of the construction of places through representations, a shaping of imagined landscapes. We should though quickly admit that this was not just a critique but also a reflexive recognition that the tourist industry was about precisely making and selling images. Perhaps the apotheosis of this is the "literary landscape" where, say, Britain is divided into Brontë country (west Yorkshire around Haworth), Austen Country (literary Hampshire as the local council has it), Lorna Doone Country (Exmoor), Hardy Country (Dorset) or more declassée Herriot Country (Yorkshire Dales around Thirsk), Heartbeat (North York Moors) or Catherine Cookson Country (South Tyneside), or to go further afield we might look at Anne of Green Gables (Prince Edward Island) or lately Captain Corelli's Island (the Ionian Island of Kefalonia). Even this quick selection starts to indicate ambiguities where say films or TV series overcode books, which as we shall see themselves may lean on other sources. This chapter asks a little more about the instability of producing destinations. Firstly, in terms of deconstructing tourism as a signifying system. That is to see tourism as precisely a form of geography -literally earth writing -or to put it another way as inscribing meaning on to the earth. However, this vision of tourism inscribing meaning on the world, making the world as text, has limits. Both the semiological approach and the managerialist mapping of flows to destinations we might argue see tourism as being about structures and orders imposed upon the world. What both these approaches share is quite a strong sense that tourism makes places and those places are delimitable and definable -and that tourism occurs out there. They produce oddly fixed versions of the world for a mobile and fluid process. As Oakes and Minca note in this volume, the tendency is to see places defined by immobility and travel as something that happens in a sort of non-place between them. The chapter asks whether a refashioned sense of the eventfulness of tourism might enable us to tell stories that see places as more unstable, as themselves involving movement, and track circulation as a constitutive activity of representations. In other words, it is going to suggest that at issue are not just the representational strategies and structures that code places, but the

Invited commentary on the republication of A Simplest Systematics as part of the Centennial celebrations of the journal Language. 

The publication of A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation by Harvey Sacks, Emanuel Schegloff and Gail Jefferson in Language in 1974 marked the beginning of what was to be a major shift in the way social interaction was to be conceived of and how it was to be studied across the social sciences and linguistics. Widely regarded as the foundational paper of Conversation Analysis (CA), the paper remains the most cited article in Language.

This chapter explores the historical concept of performative language and how it has evolved within linguistic anthropological thought up to the modern day. The discussion begins with J. L. Austin's understanding of the performative utterance in the 1960s and traces its conceptual lineage into Judith Butler's understanding of performativity in the 1990s. It then examines how Butler's performativity theory has been taken up by linguistic anthropologists in thinking about performative language, especially scholars of gender, race, and class, largely in conjunction with Silverstein's work on indexicality and indexical performance.

Ein Land in Südostasien, das den Ausländern so attraktiv ist. Das Epizentrum des Wachstums, das Epizentrum der Investitionen und so fort, sodass viele Ausländern sich konkurrieren, hin Geschäfte zu machen. Dabei müssen sie mit den Indonesiern zusammenarbeiten. Somit es den beiden

The study aims to gauge the syntactic complexity embedded in Algerian EFL students’ responses to epistemic questions. It involves an empirical inquiry that employs quantitative methods for answering the research questions and for testing the hypotheses. The main objectives are to determine the average score of syntactic complexity entrenched in students’ oral spontaneous production and to probe the significance of the difference existing between the mean scores of complexity elicited by referential and display questions (epistemic questions). Measuring syntactic complexity is based on the implementation of “analysis of speech units” (AS-units) into the examination of transcribed data corresponding to six EFL lessons delivered to third-grade students at two different Algerian universities. The results are derived from the analysis of 437 responses to epistemic interrogatives. The findings indicated that the average score of complexity embedded in the examined responses is equal to 0.56 which means that most of the answers did not involve clausal formations but were rather composed of phrasal and elliptical structures, indicating a tendency toward generating fragmented and concise responses. A very significant difference (p-value= .01) is found to be present between the syntactic complexity of students’ answers produced after display/referential questions, as a small to moderate effect size is reported vis-à-vis the impact of the epistemic nature (referential/display) of questions on complexity scores (Cohen’s d= 0.35). The main findings of the study imply that referential questions were more effective than their display counterparts in increasing the syntactic complexity of students’ oral production as the discrepancy in the complexity of output produced after the two questioning techniques can be noticeable. These insights can guide EFL teachers in selecting efficient questioning techniques that promote language development and better learning outcomes. Further research is warranted in the local context to delve deeper into the underlying mechanisms that govern EFL production and explore other potential factors that might have influenced the observed differences in syntactic complexity.

In the current context of high stakes testing, writing is gaining ground as an important measure of student achievement, as much for English language learners as for native English speakers. Research on the way a student’s first language affects the development of writing in English is emerging; however, we know little about how bilingual children negotiate meaning in terms of the primary language influence on writing (i.e. language transfer) and the construction of the student’s cultural identity. At times, these appear to be in conflict, that is, while students have limited abilities in English writing, they simultaneously write sophisticated and rich pieces that reflect their varied, cultural backgrounds and identities. In this paper, we present samples of data: a writing piece from one bilingual, Spanish-dominant secondary student in the process of acquiring literacy in English. Data from this study demonstrate the ways in which the student negotiated multiple identities despite...

El concepte de resiliència, que en l'accepció etimològica llatina significava primigèniament 'saltar arrere, rebotar, reiniciar', s'instaura en l'àmbit humanístic, atenent paràmetres científics, per a designar la capacitat de reconstruir l'equilibri emocional o identitari després d'un esdeveniment traumàtic o advers, personal o, per extensió, col•lectiu. El fet cert és que el leitmotiv de la fractura vital o social com a motor de canvi ocupa un espai privilegiat en les escriptures contemporànies. En altres paraules: la capacitat de supervivència a determinades circumstàncies adverses, la recerca de l'estabilitat perduda o la construcció de nous i precaris equilibris en consonància amb la incertesa del nostre temps són temes candents, de màxima actualitat. L'objectiu d'aquest volum monogràfic coral és fer un repàs per la manera, o les maneres, si m'ho permeteu, en què es manifesta aquesta capacitat de resiliència en la construcció identitària contemporània del País Valencià, a través de la literatura, i en diàleg amb altres expressions culturals: com les escriptores i els escriptors valencians reflexionen sobre la supervivència cultural, personal i col•lectiva, en contextos d'adversitat ideològica; com es resisteixen als embats assimiladors i unificadors procedents del món que els envolta, i quina mena d'identitat contumaç en resulta, de tot plegat. En definitiva, es pretén analitzar, ara i ací, de quina manera s'articula el concepte de resiliència en llur obra, i en quina mesura aquestes figures i les seues produccions literàries subsegüents poden esdevenir, alhora, patró (o ins-DARI ESCANDELL MAESTRE meteu l'opinió, una estratègia, en cap cas premeditada, de resistència, però també de resiliència. Un acte d'afirmació d'uns escriptors i d'unes escriptores que sobreviuen, en el sentit no pejoratiu del terme, en un ambient advers i socioafectivament estressant. Fet i fet, aquestes inquietuds i patiments acaben generant, per a bé o per a malament, una literatura genuïnament característica.

Outside the border of countries whose language (English) is spoken as a mother tongue, English is used for different purpose from education, tourism, travel etc. to commerce, trade, shipping etc. as a common language globally. Thus, the importance of such a language is indispensable in order to provide communication and intelligibility. In line with this, it is inevitable that there is a mutual effect between the mother tongue of the speaker and foreign language spoken. This study aims to examine the role of English as a Lingua Franca in English Language Teaching in particular the effect on students' listening comprehension through two ESP coursebooks (engineering and aviation) and a case study. Also, it investigates the place of World Englishes in ELT. In relation to

This study deals with electoral politics and its relationship with Tumandarana System (a local landlordism) in Dera Ghazi Khan, a historic base camp of such a unique feudal system. This study is an exploration of Tumandars involvement in politics and elections of National Assembly and Provincial Assembly from 1988 to 2013. So, there is a scarcity of scholarly literature on this issue and this study is an attempt to fill this gap. The concept of Tumandar derived from Mangol history which means of ten thousand armed men. It has been modified time-to-time. Now, these Tumandars of Dera Ghazi Khan called as Tribal leader. Why Tumandarana System is dominating electoral politics of this region? This is a primary research question which have been explored. by applying qualitative and quantitative approaches and concludes that the patterns of tribal society are related to reliance upon horticultural system farming, having a strong grip over social economic resources. Tribal leaders have used this system to remain in power politics as well. Tribal leaders not only lead the tribe but, they are also political and administrative head of their tribe. Moreover, Tumandars or Tribal leaders create hurdle for vote casting and in the way of democratic system in district politics.

This study aims to investigate which form of Bengali, Chittagonian or Standard, is most commonly used by native Chittagong speakers in their everyday lives. In other words, it seeks to determine if there is a language shift and the maintenance of Chittagonian amid Standard Bengali's dominance. The native speakers of Chittagonian from 19 distinct locations in the Chittagong district participated in the study. The study's time frame was from May 2022 to August 2022, and 117 respondents were interviewed using a formulated questionnaire. Descriptive statistics is used for quantitative analysis. The study's findings demonstrate that language usage preferences vary depending on the context. According to the results, most respondents are comfortable using Chittagonian with family and in their neighborhoods. In contrast, Standard Bengali is widely used in education and public settings because it effectively conveys information. The study concluded that as most of Chittagong's local people continue to speak Chittagonian, it is not at imminent risk of being completely displaced. Although the Chittagonian language is shifting in education and public places, the transition is gradual, and the language is still safe. It indicates that Chittagonian is preserved by locals and will continue to be used for generations to come.

Résumé
FR
La formation des militaires saoudiens en France est issue de différents facteurs historiques, sociaux et stratégiques qui ont influencé les relations entre l’Arabie saoudite et la France. Ces enjeux géopolitiques conditionnent les décisions politiques à l'échelle internationale. La mobilité socioprofessionnelle des militaires saoudiens a été encouragée par l'apprentissage des langues dans le milieu militaire. Leurs difficultés d'adaptation au changement socioculturel relèvent des communications interculturelles. Leurs représentations sur le nouveau contexte socioculturel peuvent entrainer des malentendus voire une incompréhension de la culture d'accueil. L'intégration des militaires saoudiens dans le milieu militaire français nécessite le développement d'une identité socioprofessionnelle. L’analyse du questionnaire soumis aux militaires saoudiens en formation en France a révélé certaines résistances au changement culturel, voire des attitudes qui ont limité leur intégration. A court terme, leur apprentissage des compétences socioculturelles leur permet de dépasser ces difficultés et d'accéder à de nouveaux savoirs et savoir-faire. A long terme, la réussite du transfert d'une nouvelle technologie dépend du contexte culturel d'accueil et de la formation professionnelle reçue. La recherche interculturelle a contribué à améliorer les rencontres internationales par la prise en compte du contexte d'origine des expatries et de leurs séjours dans le nouveau contexte socioculturel. Ainsi, la mobilité géographique et sociale devient une préoccupation de la recherche dans ce domaine. L’objectif principal est de mieux accueillir les militaires saoudiens en France et de garantir leur réinsertion dans leur milieu militaire d'origine.

This study investigates the identities and motivation of English language teachers at universities in Lahore, Pakistan, focusing on how these elements influence each other and change over time. Through interviews with 30 teachers, the research identified key aspects of their identities, including socio-political, academic, and professional dimensions, and noted differences based on academic background, public and private sector, and qualification. Teachers highlighted the importance of personality traits like humor and care, as well as skills like using instructional technology. They were motivated by the prestige of English in Pakistan and their connection to the global English-speaking community. The study also observed that experience leads to professional growth, linking teachers' identities to the broader status of English, hinting at linguistic imperialism.

Guliston davlat pedagogika instituti dotsenti, f.f.d N. Ayakulov taqrizi asosida THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTEXT PERCEPTION OF GENDER DISCOURSE Annotation In this article, it is revealed that to what extent is some languages are sexist, beginning with the reality that the women is also put under pressure through languages and, as it is in almost every social area, there is sexism against women in languages. The conceptual expressions (such as gender, sexist language, language and ideology) are brought out that the dimension and the quality of the world's languages and which perspectives the sexist language is usually seen. Gender discourse representing the opposite views has a side if political views have an effect on preferring sexist expressions. What is come into the view is that there is another cognition beyond social views in using sexist language. While there is no important difference in using sexist expressions according to the political views in some languages, they make a big contribution to the being the "secondary" and "other" of women.

Akha Ghanr is, for Akha communities, a “highly pragmatic system of customary law encompassing an entire way of life”, or it could be better described as “Ancestral ways”, acknowledging the role and leadership of their ancestors, something that is central to Akha identity and culture. How it has changed over time is the subject of Micah F Morton’s new book, Enchanted Modernities which explores the evolving role of Akha Ghanr within Akha societies across China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Akha Ghanr isn’t a religion in itself but rather an intricate set of ancestral cultural practices that shape Akha society. How Akha Ghanr has adapted to modernity and high rates of Christian conversion is a crucial part of this book, as is the role of neo-traditionalists seeking to both preserve Akha Ghanr and adapt it to the realities of modern life.

The term chung-kuk/chung-kuo (zhongguo) 中國 was made corresponding to 'China' only in the (mid-)twentieth century. It was not until after the People's Republic of China was set up in 1949 that zhongguo began to be used as a shorthand of the former, and the historicity of chung-kuk has yet to be clarified. One surviving record with its unequivocal reference to the term is Hunmin chŏng'ŭm ŏn-hae 訓民正音諺解 (Vernacular Annotation of Correct Sounds for Instructing the People) of 1459, published thirteen years after King Sejong's 世宗 promulgation of Hunmin chŏng'ŭm. According to the Annotation, chung-kuk, as the "seat of government of the Emperor" [中듕國•귁• 皇 帝•뎽:겨신나•라히•니], "has been referred to in our daily expressions as "south of the River"" [•우•리나•랏常썅談땀•애江강南남•이•라• • 니•라]. The new phonetic system, Chŏng'ŭm 正音, was necessary for nationwide efficiency because the speech sounds of local dialects had all been different from those of the central district [國之語音異乎中國]. Thus chung-kuk, during King Sejong's reign, must mean the seat of central government of the Chosŏn 朝鮮 dynasty. Furthermore, the royal palaces reputedly ascribed to those of Chosŏn are north of the Han River (漢江) in the capital city of southern Korea, whereas the historical Western Capital (西京) and Eastern Capital (東京) are located south of the Yellow River (黃河) and the Wi/Wei River (渭水). Down into the early twentieth century, chung-kuk was still spoken of by Chosŏn independence activists against Japanese colonialism: in April 1932, Yun Bong Kil 尹奉吉, as a member of Han Patriotic Corps (韓人愛國團), mentioned "enemy forces invading chung-kuk" [中國을侵略하는敵]. Considering the context, chung-kuk herein referred to cannot be found anywhere in the present-day Korean peninsula, nor was it the same one as in Liang Ch'i-ch'ao's 梁啓超 works. These issues have to be further examined to illuminate the authenticity of chung-kuk.

Lielbritānija pēdējo 20 gadu laikā ir kļuvusi par lielāko Latvijas emigrantu mītnes zemi. Šī grāmata ir analītisks stāsts par latviešiem, kuriem globālā neoliberālā kapitālisma ieprogrammētā darbaspēka kustība ir ļāvusi izmainīt savu dzīvi un iesakņoties Lielbritānijā — valstī ar ilgu imigrācijas un sociālās stratifikācijas vēsturi. Kādam Lielbritānija bija tikai īslaicīgs piedzīvojums, eksperiments, epizodiska sociālā statusa un personiskās varēšanas mēraukla, izrāviena brīdis, lai pēcāk dotos citur vai atgrieztos Latvijā ar jaunām prasmēm un uzlabotu materiālo stāvokli. Taču daudziem latviešiem Lielbritānija nozīmēja citādas dzīves sākumu, glābšanas riņķi un bezgalīgu iespēju salu. Šī grāmata ir par viņiem visiem, kas devās tur, kur tika solītas labākas iespējas būt laimīgiem.

Belinda Chang (Chang Yuan 章緣) is among the very few Taiwanese writers whose works focus on lives of overseas Taiwanese migrants. Since the 1990s, she has published ten collections of short stories and two novels in Chinese. Despite not residing in Taiwan, she has won several prestigious literary awards on the island. Chang, a transnational migrant born in Taiwan in 1963, moved to the US in 1990 and relocated to China in 2004. While Chang's works primarily revolve around personal issues of marriage and love from the perspectives of female characters, they also present the identity struggles and transformations of Taiwanese migrants in the two countries of settlement, showing the author's views of the complicated cultural-historical relationships among the US, China, and Taiwan. By examining how overseas Taiwanese characters negotiate their Taiwanese identities in different host countries in Belinda Chang's Confessions of the Woman in the Locker Room 更衣室女人的告解 (2018), this article argues that Chang presents overseas Taiwanese characters' "Taiwanese identity" as flexible and strategic in different social contexts, which is especially demonstrated in her narratives of Taiwanese characters' relationship to Chinese people.

Seit 1996 ist Deutsch nach Englisch die meistgelernte Fremdsprache in Polen, sowohl an Schulen als auch in Sprachkursen für Erwachsene. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es anhand der Auswertung einer Befragung am Institut für Angewandte Linguistik der Adam-Mickiewicz-Universität Poznań zu illustrieren, was polnische Studierende, die Deutsch als Erst- oder Zweitsprache wählten, zur Studienwahl bewog und was sie während des Studiums motiviert. Bei der Auswertung der Antworten des 3. Studienjahres BA und des 1. Studienjahres MA erwies sich, dass zwar bei der Studienwahl berufsorientierte Motive deutlich dominierten und intrinsische Motive eine geringere Rolle spielten, letztere aber dennoch relevant waren.

While closely related to collective rights, autonomy in a diverse society is about empowerment. It relates to the capacity to adopt one’s own (“auto”) norms or laws (“nomos”). This paper offers a brief reflection on the meaning of autonomy and on the groups which may legitimately and realistically claim forms of institutional autonomy. It then explores how the concept of “autonomy” can be translated into various forms of institutional design in contemporary states “blessed” with the asset of diversity. Advantages and disadvantages of various options are canvassed. The importance of trust-building mechanisms is also emphasised as a counter-balance for the segmentation which can result from otherwise legitimate schemes meant to promote the autonomy of certain culturally distinct groups.

This chapter presents a qualitative study of the ways in which European students share their thesis writing experiences. The data obtained through the interviews with students who recollect and discuss the process of writing bachelor's and master's theses will be interpreted from a linguistic perspective. Unlike other chapters in this book which concentrate on the content of interview accounts, this particular chapter will approach interviews not as details about what students do or think, but rather as objects for narrative and discursive analyses. The chapter will begin with an overview of the transcribed research interview followed by an analysis of the global pattern of its organization. Then, the discursive strategies and most prominent linguistic means used by the students to communicate the significant events of their writing experience will be identified, categorized and discussed.

Kunstenaars se individuele kreatiewe en verbeeldingryke projeksie help die mensdom om nuwe betekenis te heg aan hul “afwesige” verbeelding. In hierdie opsig verryk kunstenaars die mens se gemoedsgesteldheid teenoor die realiteit en dra kunstenaars by om die realiteit meer betekenisvol te maak.

Socialist Yugoslavia and Zambia became dynamic Cold War partners in the Non-Aligned Movement, with extensive cooperation in economic development, national defence, and international diplomacy. This article explores the roots of this "East-South" cooperation by looking at the pioneering contacts between North Rhodesian and Yugoslav trade unions in the late 1950s and early 1960s, showing how Yugoslav trade union officials opened up new perspectives for the Yugoslav organized labour movement as it reached out to the "global" at a time of rising decolonization and incipient non-alignment. Further, it offers a nuanced perspective on Cold War trade union internationalism and sheds new light on the politicization of the Zambian labour movement. The article shows that the national trade union federations and their officials on both sides were proactive sociopolitical actors, paving the way for future diplomatic contacts akin to "workers' proto-diplomacy".

A new linguistic hierarchy emerged in nineteenth century colonial Bengal with the implementation of a centralised education system in the English language by the British and the codification of a new vernacular, sadhu-bhasha (standard Bangla). This new linguistic hierarchy paved the way for the social othering and linguistic marginalisation of several social groups, including Bengali-speaking Muslims. This study investigates the position of Bengali-speaking Muslims in this changed socio-linguistic landscape and explores the factors that contributed to its creation. The research highlights that Bengali Muslims navigated linguistic hegemonies shaped by the implementation of English, the promotion of standard Bangla and the pressure of Urdu, the language for asserting pan-Indian Islamic identity. This study explores the constant linguistic negotiations Bengali Muslims undertook in shaping their language of education. It traces how language became a source of social exclusion for them on the path to gaining formal education both inside and outside their community.

L’enseignement des langues étrangères accorde une grande importance au recit de vie comme un outil d’investigation sociologique. Nous avons redigé un tel petit recit de vie en se basant sur un entretien qui a eu lieu par skype étant donné que la personne interviewée se trouve au Gabon en Afrique.

Reviewed by Todd J. Allen (Kansai University) Durbidge's Language Learning, Digital Communications and Study Abroad -Identity and Belonging in Translocal Contexts explores the intersection of language learning strategies and digital communication tools in the experiences of Japanese high school students studying abroad in both anglophone and non-anglophone countries. The book explores several key themes, including multimodal approaches to learning and critiques of traditional views on study abroad (SA), instead advocating for a translocal perspective, which views SA as interconnected and fluid, transcending geographic boundaries. This perspective challenges the notion that SA destinations are homogenous spaces where sojourners are entirely immersed in the target language and culture. The author instead focuses on the evolving nature of identity formation and the development of a sense of belonging within translocal contexts. The book fills a crucial gap in the literature by shifting attention away from the higher education sector and explicitly focusing on Japanese high school students during their SA. In the Japanese context, research has primarily focused on university students due to the strong emphasis on internationalising higher education and the ongoing efforts to develop globally competent graduates. Conversely, high school SA experiences offer unique insights into identity formation and belonging, particularly as participants are often at a formative stage of their linguistic, cultural, and personal development. In addition to expanding the existing body of SA knowledge, the book examines contexts where English, though not necessarily the primary language of study, functions as a double-edged sword. While it can facilitate adaptation and integration when used as a lingua franca, it can also marginalise sojourners by limiting their opportunities to engage with local communities, thereby reinforcing their outsider status. The introduction outlines the book and discusses the author's positionality. He begins by connecting with his participants, highlighting his past experiences as a high school teacher in Japan and his active engagement in a foreign community, all while still being perceived as an outsider. He details the challenges Japanese high school students face, particularly the rituals and rites of passage they navigate before and after studying abroad, such as reestablishing their status as legitimate members of their peer groupinsights the author witnessed first-

ABSTARACT
The relationship between language and identity is a key component in applied
linguistics, sociology, communications and other related scholarly fields.
Furthermore, many researchers have focused on the English language dialects,
which given its unique and effective context allows for testing of this relationship.
The two concepts of language and identity have been addressed in many ways by
considering the related theoretical work as well. The research has been carried out
as a case study selecting a large sample around the world. Examined briefly how
they use English language and the differences which made another dialect of
English. In order to do this few countries have been studied thoroughly and the
vocabulary, pronunciations grammar rules and other relevant language base
components have also been studied to bring out the relationship between language
and identity. The main source of data collecting was referring internet recourses
due to covid 19 pandemic. This paper presents an overview of existing research,
theories, and opposing perspectives related to the relationship between language
and identity.  The study has been aimed to demonstrate the dialects of English, by
presenting the relevant data in support of the relationship between language and
identity.

Maqolada hozirgi zamondagi iqtisodiy-siyosiy, ijtimoiy-madaniy omillarning rivojlanishining tilning me’yorlashuvi ta’sirida tilda intellektuallashuv va demokratlashuvning shakllanishi masalasiga bag‘ishlangan. Asosiy e’tibor bugungi kuni jamiyatlarda sodir bo‘layotgan globalizatsiya, internasionalizatsiya, intellektualizatsiya, urbanizatsiya, demokratizatsiya, normalizatsiya va standartizatsiya xodisalarining muloqot madaniyatiga ko‘rsatadigan ta’siriga qaratilgan.

Die vorliegende Masterarbeit untersucht die Wirksamkeit der psychologischen Komponente des Pazuru-Konzepts auf die emotionale und soziale Entwicklung von Kindern im Grundschulalter. Ziel der Studie war es, zu ermitteln, ob gezielte interventionelle Maßnahmen zur Stärkung des Selbstbewusstseins und der Selbstwahrnehmung einen positiven Einfluss auf die psychische Entwicklung von Drittklässlern haben.

Aufbauend auf einem interdisziplinären theoretischen Rahmen, der Erkenntnisse aus der Entwicklungspsychologie, Psychomotorik und humanistischen Ansätzen integriert, wurde das Pazuru-Konzept in Form eines strukturierten Crashkurses implementiert. Die empirische Untersuchung erfolgte mittels eines prä-/post-/Follow-Up-Designs, wobei die Effekte der Intervention anhand eines standardisierten Lehrerbeurteilungsinstruments (LSL) systematisch erfasst und ausgewertet wurden.

Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die praxisorientierte Förderung durch das Pazuru-Konzept signifikante Verbesserungen in den Bereichen Selbstwahrnehmung, Selbstkontrolle sowie angemessene Selbstbehauptung bewirkt. Diese Befunde unterstreichen die Relevanz eines interdisziplinären Ansatzes in der sonderpädagogischen Förderung und liefern wertvolle Erkenntnisse für die Entwicklung präventiver Maßnahmen im schulischen Kontext.

Die Arbeit leistet somit einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Optimierung pädagogischer Interventionen und zur Förderung eines ganzheitlichen Entwicklungsansatzes, der sowohl kognitive als auch emotionale Dimensionen der kindlichen Entwicklung berücksichtigt.

This study explores the challenges and strategies employed by teachers in English-Medium Instruction (EMI) within Saudi Arabian medical education. Using a robust mixed-methods design, it integrates quantitative questionnaire data with qualitative insights from interviews across diverse institutional settings. The findings reveal complex linguistic challenges, including oral communication barriers, teachers' limited familiarity with students' first language (L1), and wide-ranging English proficiency levels among learners. Pedagogical difficulties, such as managing time and addressing the needs of large, diverse classes, further complicate teaching in EMI contexts. Despite these hurdles, teachers demonstrate resilience and adaptability, employing strategies such as simplifying language, integrating L1 selectively, and utilising repetition and examples to facilitate understanding. Effective classroom management techniques further support student engagement and comprehension in linguistically diverse environments. The study underscores the critical need for targeted institutional support, including specialised teacher training and curriculum development that aligns with the linguistic and pedagogical demands of EMI. It advocates for an approach that recognises the value of L1 alongside English in fostering content mastery and improving learning outcomes. These findings contribute actionable insights for enhancing EMI practices in Saudi Arabia and other global contexts where similar challenges persist.

Resumen: Este artículo hace un recorrido por la obra de Cristina Burneo Salazar. En él, se propone que, partiendo de una investigación en la que se trata de analizar lo que supone la acrobacia bilingüe que traza la poesía de Alfredo Gangotena en términos poéticos y políticos, la autora comienza a desarrollar una obra en la que, como operación fundamental, se impone un ejercicio de situación corporal y política. Su obra, que recorre el ensayo académico y la poesía, acaba optando por una nueva forma que, por su mayor complejidad dialéctica, expresa mejor ese ejercicio de ubicación, de toma de partido: la crónica poética. El artículo analiza como una crónica poética que trae al debate, dialécticamente -en el sentido lukacsiano -, polémicamente, significaciones profundas sobre las cuales el imaginario actual ejerce violencia, ocultándolas: las luchas de la sexualidad diversa, las de la militancia antiminera, las ancestrales del pueblo shuar.

This research paper presents a better understanding of the adjectives with the suffix-al, which will be given the similarities and differences between the adjectives in English and Albanian language The present papers deal with adjectives with prefixes and suffixes in general, while the dominant explanation in this paper is in-depth because there is only the suffix-al that will be studied the most. In this paper, examples of adjectives with suffix-al are taken from the novel The Great Gatsby by Francis S. Fitzgerald. Also, the same examples are found in the Albanian translation (by Stavri Pone) where a comparative analysis of this type of adjective from English to Albanian is made. The adjectives with the suffix-al are analyzed and the following conclusion is reached: out of a total of 15 examples with the suffix-al excerpted from the novel The Great Gatsby, the following equivalents were found when translated into Albanian; 40% of the adjectives are translated with the suffix-al/e, 40% are translated with suffixik/e, and 20% are translated with the suffix-shëm. The similarity of these English adjectives and their translation into Albanian is that the suffix-al with 40% when translated into Albanian stays as a suffix. In 40% of cases adjectives take the suffix ik/e, while in the rest of the cases adjectives take the suffix-shëm. Unlike most differences that English adjectives undergo when translated into Albanian, the ones used in this paper do not differ much in terms of suffixes. So suffixes stay as such with the only difference that into Albanian they change the type of suffixes. Consequently, this paper should be useful for Albanian students of English as a foreign language, as well as for Albanian teachers and researchers of English as a foreign language.

The paraliturgical songs of Greek‑Catholics in the Carpathians are a powerful testimony to the cultural‑religious memory of this community. The most convincing proof of their religious and cultural integrity is the fact that they spontaneously and memorably sing and recite the prescribed prayers, liturgical texts and the relevant parts of the services. Even in the creation and use of paraliturgical hymns, they concentrate on emphasizing their own cultural integrity and awareness. Folk religiosity is evident in a number of paraliturgical songs in which fasting and penitence are depicted. The study is materially limited to Cyrillic manuscript song collections from the 18th and 19th centuries, which are related to the environment of eastern Slovakia. The paraliturgical songs of the pre‑Lenten and Lenten period among Greek Catholics in the Carpathian Mountains are dominated not only by the Biblical stories of the Publican and the Pharisee, of the Prodigal Son, of the terrible or Last Judgment, of the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise, of Christ’s Passion and entombment, but also, and above all, by the vivid folk understanding of the value of returning to God’s embrace.