International Macroeconomics

CADERNOS do DESENVOLVIMENTO, Rio de Janeiro, v. 12, n. 21, pp. 71-97, jul.-dez. 2017 | 71 3. Dados coletados por Carneiro (2002) mostram que diversos países "em desenvolvimento" ficaram excluídos dos primeiros anos da globalização financeira dos anos 1980, visto que os fluxos de portfólio, que passaram a ganhar protagonismo nas finanças globalizadas se dirigiram essencialmente para países desenvolvidos. 4. Contudo, foge do escopo deste artigo abordar a segunda perspectiva com profundidade. A década perdida: da restrição externa ao declínio do nacional-desenvolvimentismo brasileiro CADERNOS do DESENVOLVIMENTO | 73 irá abordar brevemente algumas reformas institucionais adotadas pelo Estado brasileiro ao longo da década de 1980, as quais devem ser analisadas em conjunto com as decisões de política econômica implementadas no mesmo período. Por fim, serão sintetizadas as principais considerações finais do artigo.

La inflación es uno de los fenómenos económicos más impopulares en la vida moderna para la opinión pública, demostrado por las encuestas y por los resultados electorales adversos a los gobiernos, que los electores furiosos y disgustados responsabilizaban por el crecimiento constante de los precios, en muchos países. El rechazo a la inflación no sólo tiene razones económicas, en su significado estrecho, sino también por el sentido de inseguridad y de indefensión que sufren los individuos, especialmente los de edad mayor, cuando estos procesos se convierten en parte de su vida diaria, minando no sólo sus ingresos –fijos para los jubilados y rentistas- sino también la cohesión social frente al Estado. Por otro lado, los inversionistas no se mueven a gusto en un ambiente inflacionario no esperado, y que no pueden incorporar en sus previsiones y en sus precios, causando así una ineficiente asignación de los recursos que retarda el crecimiento.

This paper provides the most comprehensive empirical study of the effectiveness of macroprudential instruments to date. Using data from 49 countries, the paper evaluates the effectiveness of macroprudential instruments in reducing systemic risk over time and across institutions and markets. The analysis suggests that many of the most frequently used instruments are effective in reducing pro-cyclicality and the effectiveness is sensitive to the type of shock facing the financial sector. Based on these findings, the paper identifies conditions under which macroprudential policy is most likely to be effective, as well as conditions under which it may have little impact.

Domestic sovereign bonds have become a growing source of government financing in Emerging Market and Developing Economies (EMDEs). This paper investigates the role of fiscal policies in determining domestic bond yields, and how this relationship varies depending on the debt structure. Specifically, the analysis highlights the interaction of fiscal policy with banking sector leverage and foreign investor holdings for government debt. A 1 percentage point increase in expected primary deficits results in a persistent increase in 10-year domestic bond yield by around 36 basis points over 2.5 years, with larger effects observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. This contrasts with external bond spreads which are more sensitive to external and global risk factors. The greater the reliance on domestic banks for deficit financing, the stronger the impact of loose fiscal policy on domestic bond yields. The shift in domestic debt financing towards domestic banks after the pandemic implies that sovereign yields have been increasingly interlinked with domestic banks' investment behavior implying potential financial sector risks in major EMDEs.

This work proposes a new approach to measuring the creation of finance
in excess of the quantity needed by the real economy, and to assess how
finance is distributed across sectors. The methodology is validated by
examining yearly changes that occurred in sectorial balance sh

In February of 2007 the British bank HSBC became the first to announce it had suffered major financial losses from the collapse of the subprime mortgage industry in the United States (USA). By September of 2007, another British bank Northern Rock started to run out of money as customers flocked to withdraw their funds (what economists call a "bank run"). These banks, like many others, had become intricately linked together with the investment funds that had financed the real-estate boom in the United States. The situation had been compounded by risky investments, like collateralized debt obligations, that underpinned mortgages and transnational credit flows. Over the previous thirty years of globalization the international financial system had geographically expanded and grown in size and thus ever more complex as more and more countries liberalized trade and opened their borders to flows of foreign investments. The financial crisis was shaped by imbalances in these international flows of investments, and by the unwinding of the Bretton Woods System that established the United States at the top of the international financial system by having mandated the dollar as the world's international reserve currency. The onset of neoliberal deregulation policies in the 1980s and 1990s helped foster further transnational movements of investments to the United States and its large liquid markets, which helped keep interest rates in the United States low. This cheap credit helped fuel the housing construction boom in the United States that combined with deregulation to foster the subprime mortgage industry (see Chapter 10).

The modern economy is based on technological innovation, which ensures the competitiveness and stability of countries. Investments in technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, Big Data and other Industry 4.0/5.0 technologies lead to economic growth, job creation and an improved quality of life. Countries that support these sectors become less dependent on external economic and financial crises, increasing their economic and strategic security. A long-term growth policy focusing on new technologies is crucial for building an economically strong economy that is resistant to various external factors and for ensuring the welfare and multifaceted security of citizens.

This research aims to explore and find the determinant factors as it is important for the development of group UPPKS management in Kecamatan Sukarami Palembang through a quntitative descriptive approach.The number of respondents was limited for 7 groups that are still active in Kecamatan Sukarami. The result showed that the cooperative effort influence to productivity. The findings of this study indicate that the lack of funds/start-up capital has not gained sufficient leverage; the absence of other sources of funding, in fact, almost all are individual business, so that managed such as savings and credit groups. Growing effort is being supported by additional capital that sought its own members, as well as the selection of profitable business activities. Group leader and members favored form of technical training, certain items are more salable. More individual businesses selling food and beverages are for their money-faster turnaround, rest handicraft products do not sell quickly,...

Research aims to determine impact of climate change as among the factors which affect the income palm sugar Farmers located in Karanggadung Village Petanahan Sub District and Rangkah Village Buayan Subdistrict, Kebumen District.Research include descriptive through surveys use of cluster sampling method. Total of 200 palm sugar Farmers located in Karanggadung Village Petanahan Subdistrict and Rangkah Village Buayan Subdistrict, Kebumen District became sample. Data analysis technique used for hypothesis test are Multiple Linear Regression, agribusiness analysis and descriptive statistics analysis.Results of analysis by use of Multiple Linear Regression showed that the independent variables age, production, business cost and The Man Working (HOK) simultaneously have a significant and positive impact on the income palm sugar Farmers. Results of palm sugar agribusiness analysis can be said sufficient daily for palm sugar Farmers located in Karanggadung Village, Petanahan Subdistrict and ...

Wars are not just fought with weapons but with resources. This paper presents a macroeconomic model of the Russia-Ukraine war, analyzing Ukraine’s resistance function and Russia’s territorial demand curve. While Western military aid prolongs Ukraine’s resilience, Russia’s shift to a war economy accelerates its territorial ambitions, potentially shortening the war but increasing Ukraine’s losses. The findings highlight the economic limits of prolonged resistance and question whether earlier negotiations could have reduced devastation. Ultimately, war is not won by firepower alone but by economic endurance.

Keywords: Ukraine war, war economy, military aid, economic resilience, territorial conflict, strategic endurance, macroeconomic modeling.

Głównym celem wieloautorskiej monografii jest ukazanie przebiegu i konsekwencji agresji Rosji na Ukrainę w wymiarze strategicznym, gospodarczym i wojskowym. W związku z tym zespół autorów – ekspertów w swoich dziedzinach – przeanalizował ten konflikt uwzględniając powyższe aspekty. Następnie, uwzględniając szeroki wachlarz zmiennych i czynników, głównie pozakonfliktowych oraz uwarunkowania i złożoność współczesnego świata określone zostały konsekwencje tej wojny. Należy podkreślić, że przeprowadzona analiza dotyczy pierwszego okresu konfliktu – od lutego do listopada 2022 r. – oraz czasu bezpośrednio poprzedzającego wybuch wojny – od września 2021 r., kiedy obserwowane były pierwsze przygotowania Rosji do agresji, a sporadycznie również wydarzeń po 2014 r., kiedy Rosja zaanektowała Półwysep Krymski, a od Ukrainy oderwana została część obwodu donieckiego i ługańskiego. Jednocześnie należy zakładać, że konsekwencje wojny oddziaływać będą przez wielu lat.
Dodatkowymi celami monografii było wyciągnięcie wniosków z przebiegu konfliktu oraz przedstawienie ewentualnych rekomendacji, przede wszystkim odnoszących się do modernizacji Sił Zbrojnych RP oraz polskiego przemysłu obronnego i jego zaplecza badawczo-rozwojowego. Choć wojna wciąż trwa, to jednak analiza jej dotychczasowego przebiegu obejmująca ponad 9 miesięcy, pozwala wysunąć znaczną liczbę konkluzji i wniosków. Wśród nich znajdują się takie, które mogły wynikać również z analizy ostatnich konfliktów w Europie i jej otoczeniu. Jednak znaczna ich część stanowi swoiste novum, co wynika z wybitnie odmiennego, od wcześniejszych konfliktów zbrojnych, charakteru wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiej.

Purpose: The objective of this research was to ascertain if the portion of the automotive industry that engages in non-tradable goods or export goods is the principal driving force behind the industry's expansion. The purpose of this paper is to fill the gap by focusing on the automotive industry as its principal area of investigation. Methodology: Productivity growth in the automotive industry was estimated utilizing an innovative hypothetical extraction method (HEM) for both the non-tradable goods sector and the export goods sector. Following that, the weighted multipliers approach is employed to allocate the productivity across the nontradable goods and export goods of the automotive industry. Findings: The findings indicate that the automotive industry maintains a strategy of development driven by exports. Production targeted for the domestic market is subject to significant limitations. Multinational automobile corporations tend to employ the strategy of exporting. The growth model of the automotive industry is significantly influenced by various institutional elements, including the Customs Union, taxes, and vertical integration. Originality: Although the automotive industry is an essential industry for exports, its growth model has not been comprehensively scrutinized. This study primarily focuses on investigating the growth model of the Turkish automotive industry and the institutional factors that influenced its strategic decisions.

Sinopse internacional n. 17, abr. 2012 1) PANORAMA MUNDIAL O World Economic Outlook, divulgado pelo Fundo Monetário Internacional em abril, mostra as últimas projeções feitas pela instituição para o crescimento econômico mundial (Tabela 1.1). O documento ressalta que a economia global se vê em um processo gradual de recuperação no presente momento, porém ameaçado pela atual conjuntura na Zona do Euro e por outras fragilidades internas nas demais economias. Além disso, existem outros riscos à recuperação econômica, como os problemas relacionados à regulamentação financeira na Europa, a trajetória da política fiscal norte-americana e os fatores geopolíticos relacionados ao petróleo. O FMI prevê que o PIB global deve crescer 3,50% em 2012, ante 4,0% previstos anteriormente, em setembro. A redução da projeção de crescimento se deve, sobretudo, à situação na Zona do Euro, a qual deve apresentar uma pequena queda real do PIB neste ano como resultado do aumento dos riscos soberanos, dos efeitos da desalavancagem dos bancos sobre a economia real e dos impactos do processo de ajuste fiscal adotado pela maior parte dos governos nacionais da região. Além disso, é esperada uma desaceleração das economias em

PREFACE.
In an epoch defined by rapid technological advances, intricate global financial interdependencies, and a resurgent commitment to human rights and cultural dignity, the transformative work presented in this volume stands as a testament to the power of interdisciplinary collaboration and visionary leadership. This book, "Horizons of Economic Transformation: The Incomparable Synergy of Janet Yellen and Luis David Fernández Zambrano in the Evolution of Global Financial Governance," offers an expansive exploration into the realms of monetary policy, regulatory reform, and the fundamental interplay between economic stability and human development.

At the forefront of this intellectual endeavor is Janet L. Yellen, whose illustrious career has indelibly reshaped the contours of economic policymaking and financial oversight. As President of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System from 2014 to 2018, Vice President from 2010 to 2014, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco from 2004 to 2010, and Governor of the Board of Governors in the mid-1990s, Ms. Yellen has consistently demonstrated a rare blend of rigorous analytical acumen and profound institutional insight. Her leadership has been marked by a steadfast commitment to addressing systemic risks while championing the dynamic potential of markets—a duality that has driven both regulatory evolution and the safeguarding of economic stability in tumultuous times. Her scholarly contributions and policy innovations not only redefined the operational paradigms of the financial system but also inspired a generation of policymakers and academics to pursue a more nuanced understanding of economic governance.

Complementing this formidable legacy is Luis David Fernández Zambrano, Director of the Cátedra Cultura para la Paz y Derechos Humanos at the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Buenos Aires. Mr. Fernández Zambrano’s work, deeply rooted in the interplay between cultural values, social justice, and economic policy, provides a critical perspective that bridges the often disparate realms of financial regulation and human rights. His contributions underscore the belief that economic governance must be inextricably linked to the broader imperatives of cultural enrichment and societal well-being. Through his insightful analysis and fervent advocacy, he has illuminated the transformative potential of policies that are as much about promoting economic resilience as they are about nurturing human dignity and fostering inclusive growth.

This volume emerges at a critical juncture in our global discourse—one that demands an integrated approach to understanding and managing the complex dynamics of modern financial systems. The authors, through their combined expertise, offer a rigorous, multidimensional analysis that challenges conventional paradigms and calls for an innovative synthesis of economic theory, regulatory practice, and cultural insight. They argue persuasively that the evolution of global financial governance must not be viewed solely through the lens of technical reform or market efficiency; rather, it must be understood as part of a broader narrative that encompasses ethical responsibility, social progress, and the enduring quest for human flourishing.

The chapters that follow delve deeply into the intricacies of monetary policy, the mechanisms of financial contagion, the nuanced interplay between state intervention and market autonomy, and the pivotal role of legal frameworks in shaping effective regulatory regimes. They explore, with both scholarly precision and passionate clarity, how exceptional clauses and adaptive regulatory models—grounded in the wisdom of Aristotelian thought and enriched by contemporary interdisciplinary research—can serve as vital instruments for preempting systemic crises while simultaneously fostering an environment conducive to innovation and sustainable development.

As readers embark on this intellectual journey, they will be invited to reflect upon the profound contributions of both Janet Yellen and Luis David Fernández Zambrano—two visionary thinkers whose complementary perspectives have redefined our understanding of financial governance and its broader societal implications. Their work not only offers a blueprint for navigating the complexities of modern economic landscapes but also provides an enduring inspiration for those committed to building a more just, resilient, and inclusive global community.

In the spirit of interdisciplinary inquiry and collective advancement, this volume stands as a clarion call for renewed collaboration among scholars, policymakers, and practitioners. It challenges us to transcend traditional boundaries and to embrace a holistic vision—one where economic innovation and cultural values converge to create transformative solutions for the challenges of our time. Ultimately, this work is both a tribute to the remarkable legacies of its authors and a beacon for future generations, illuminating a path toward a world where the principles of economic stability, social justice, and human dignity are inextricably intertwined.





https://www.federalreservehistory.org/people/janet-l-yellen
https://haas.berkeley.edu/faculty/yellen-janet/

´´Words of Gratitude´´

In expressing my deepest thanks, I wish to extend my sincere appreciation to my mentors—Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1980); Martha Minow; Román Faustino Fernández Adriano; Rosa María Zambrano Encalada; Luis Amparo Grimaldo Zapata; Tomás Várnagy; Sonia Winer; Daniel Elía; Hilton Arturo Checa Fernández; Jhanela Brigite Aguirre Obando; Laura Mercedes Grimaldo Hidalgo; Ángel Atuncar Gutiérrez; Richard Lovera Herrera; Mario Miranda Morales; Ítala Andrea Preguntegui Garrafa; Jesús Domingo Mavila Salón; Santos Vera Sandoval; Orlando Vera Sandoval; Miguel Ángel Ciuro Caldani; Jesús Ruiz; Enrique Fidel Verastegui Peláez; Josefina Miró Quesada Gayoso; Francisco Miró Quesada Cantuarias; Federico Fernández Adriano; Paula Olivia Rapetti; Rabbi Daniel Chapán; and Luis Alberto Sánchez Sánchez. Their collective wisdom and guidance have been instrumental in shaping my intellectual journey.

I am equally indebted to my earthly and spiritual parents, as well as to my dear friends and family, among whom I particularly acknowledge José Luis Pérez Chumpitaz and Guillermo Martín Morales Zambrano, whose steadfast support during challenging times has been a beacon of hope. I pray that God abundantly blesses their paths. I also extend my heartfelt gratitude to Luis Amparo Grimaldo Zapata, Ángel Atuncar Gutiérrez, Federico Fernández Adriano, and Santos Vera Sandoval, whose celestial guidance has been a constant source of inspiration in these demanding times.

Furthermore, it is with profound respect and admiration that I recognize my distinguished friend and esteemed colleague, Janet Yellen. Serving as the 78th United States Secretary of the Treasury since January 26, 2021, Ms. Yellen—born in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, and a renowned economist—has made history as the first individual in the United States to preside over the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2014–2018), lead the White House Council of Economic Advisers, and direct the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Her unwavering democratic vocation and exemplary leadership transcend contemporary ideological divides, serving as a model for generations to come.

This book is dedicated to all those citizens of goodwill around the world who, day by day, strive to advance their studies, work, and projects with honor, guided by the highest principles of humanity. My infinite gratitude is also extended to Almighty God, Hashem, whose invincible divine justice is celebrated in every corner of the universe. It is through His benevolent and infinite support that these accomplishments have been made possible. I offer my eternal thanks to each one of you—may God bless you all. Shalom to all, and eternal glory and praise be given to Hashem, or Almighty God the Father, throughout every corner of the cosmos.

Respectfully, 
Luis David Fernández Zambrano 
University of Buenos Aires (UBA-Argentina) 
February 19, 2025

The chapter by the celebrated Dr. Janet Yellen in this book is courtesy of JSTOR and conforms to its open access reprinting projects respecting all copyrights, Dr. Janet Yellen, confirmed in January 2021 as the first female Treasury Secretary of the United States, is no stranger to breaking glass ceilings. An economist with a lifelong commitment to making the American economy one that allows all workers to succeed, she was also the first woman to lead the Federal Reserve and the first person in history to be in charge of the Treasury Department, the Federal Reserve, and the White House Council of Economic Advisers. No wonder she had a rap song written about her in the style of those from the musical Hamilton! Janet Louise Yellen was born on August 13, 1946, in Brooklyn, New York. She was the younger child of her father, Julius Yellen, a family doctor, and her mother, Anna Ruth, an elementary school teacher. Most elite magnet public high schools were not open to girls when Yellen was growing up, but she excelled at her local Fort Hamilton High School, where she was the editor of the school paper and valedictorian. Yellen has discussed how growing up in a working-class neighborhood and seeing people who could barely afford to pay her father when they were out of work deeply influenced her, showing the "effect unemployment could have… on human terms." This is a lesson she has carried with her throughout her entire career.

Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar as estratégias que possibilitem o governo Lula recuperar sua popularidade e impedir a ascensão da extrema-direita ao poder no Brasil nas eleições presidenciais de 2026. A pesquisa Datafolha sugere que a inflação de alimentos é o “calcanhar de Aquiles” do governo Lula. O governo Lula está sendo responsabilizado indevidamente pela incapacidade do Banco Central em combater a inflação. Como o Banco Central demonstra incapacidade em combater a inflação, o governo Lula deveria assumir este papel para reverter a taxa de inflação visando recuperar sua popularidade e impedir o avanço da extrema-direita rumo ao poder nas eleições presidenciais de 2026. A primeira das ameaças que precisam ser enfrentadas pelo governo Lula diz respeito às taxas de inflação, em especial a de alimentos, responsável pela avaliação negativa do governo junto ás populações de baixa renda e à classe média. A segunda das ameaças que precisam ser enfrentadas pelo governo Lula diz respeito à  constatação de que grupos neofascistas contando com o apoio de setores da sociedade brasileira possam voltar a ameaçar a democracia brasileira ascendendo ao poder nas eleições presidenciais de 2026. Para evitar o fim do sistema democrático no Brasil com a ascensão ao poder do neofascismo em todos os níveis de governo, é preciso que seja constituída uma frente ampla democrática e antifascista no governo, no Parlamento e na Sociedade Civil para defender a Constituição de 1988 e lutar contra os atos das forças políticas de oposição ao sistema democrático que sejam contrários aos interesses da grande maioria da população e da democracia no Brasil.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui margin pemasaran beras.  Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah petani padi di kecamatan Moilong Kabupaten Banggai,  penentuan responden dilakukan secara sengaja dengan mempertimbangkan bahwa kecamatan Batui Selatan merupakan sentra produksi beras organic di Kabupaten Banggai, Analisis data yang digunakan adalah secara kuantitatif dengan menghitung margin pemasaran, hasil penelitian menunjukkan Saluran pemasaran beras dari petani diserahkan ke pedagang pengumpul dan langsung kepada konsumen.  Margin pemasaran beras sebesar Rp. 1000 rupiah dimana harga jual dari petani padi kepada pedagang pengumpul sebesar Rp 14.000 dan harga jual kembali ke konsumen sebesar Rp. 15.000. Hasil penelitian menunjukan efisiensi saluran pemasaran beras yang ada di Kecamatan Moilong memiliki nilai 40%, angka ini dibawah dari 50% yang berarti saluran pemasaran masuk kategori efisien.

Fra inizio settembre e fine novembre un flusso costante di notizie macroeconomiche prevalentemente positive ha rassicurato i mercati, convincendoli di un cambiamento di rotta dell'economia mondiale. Ciò nonostante, la fiducia degli investitori è rimasta fragile, come è emerso chiaramente verso la fine del periodo in rassegna, quando i prezzi delle attività rischiose sono bruscamente diminuiti di fronte al nervosismo suscitato dalla notizia che la società pubblica Dubai World aveva richiesto una dilazione di pagamento su parte del suo debito. Pur aspettandosi un proseguimento della ripresa, a tratti gli operatori hanno mostrato preoccupazione circa i tempi e la configurazione che questa avrebbe assunto, a causa dell'incertezza riguardo alla tempistica e al ritmo di rimozione dello stimolo monetario e fiscale, nonché dei rischi che ciò avrebbe comportato per l'attività economica futura. Tale sentimento è stato alimentato anche dalla disomogeneità della ripresa nelle varie regioni del mondo, che si temeva potesse accrescere il rischio di accumulo di squilibri perniciosi, e quindi comportare ulteriori difficoltà per i responsabili delle politiche.

Bu calismada, yukselen piyasa ekonomilerinde 1962-2006 doneminde resmen ilan edilen (de jure) kur rejimleri ile fiilen uygulanan (de facto) kur rejimleri arasinda bir farklilik bulunup bulunmadigi belirlenmeye calisilmis ve bu amacla alternatif bir kur rejimi siniflandirma yontemi gelistirilmistir. Ayrica 1973-1999 donemi icin soz konusu ekonomilerde “iki kutup hipotezinin” ve “dalgalanma korkusu hipotezinin” gecerliligi test edilmistir. Alternatif siniflama yontemi ile elde edilen bulgular ilgili donemde resmen ilan edilen ile fiilen uygulanan kur rejimleri arasinda ciddi farkliklar oldugu yonundedir. Bu alternatif yontemle elde edilen sonuclar yukselen piyasa ekonomilerinde iki kutup hipotezini destekleyecek bulgulara ulasamazken, dalgalanma korkusu hipotezini destekleyecek bulgulara ulasmistir

This research paper came as response to a plethora of corruption cases implicating senior officials in Southern African governments. Public media is awash with incidences of corruption in government departments and in the corridors of power. This is symptomatic of a serious bankruptcy in terms of

Entre los países emergentes los aumentos en el gasto público se han utilizado para superar periodos de recesiones, crisis económicas y como promotores del producto interno bruto (PIB). Sin embargo, no existe un consenso sobre el efecto que los aumentos del gasto público tienen para impulsar la actividad económica. En este sentido, el presente documento elabora un modelo estructural con vectores autorregresivos para cuantificar el efecto multiplicador que tienen el gasto público primario sobre el PIB mexicano en el periodo de 1993 a 2015. El principal hallazgo es que en México no existe evidencia estadística a favor de que el gasto público cree un efecto multiplicador para el PIB. Asimismo, el resultado es robusto a diversas especificaciones de los modelos bivariado y multivariado, y es consistente con la diferenciación entre gasto público corriente y de capital. Por otro lado, no se encuentra evidencia sobre efectos en el consumo privado y existen efectos negativos significativos para la inversión privada, por lo que se da un desplazamiento de esta inversión. Estos hallazgos apuntan a la necesidad de revisar conceptos de funcionamiento, manejo, eficiencia y calidad del gasto público en México. Lo anterior, permitiría generar evidencia para precisar aquellos mecanismos del gasto que funcionan para crear impactos positivos en la economía mexicana. * Número de rezagos óptimos. Fuente: Elaboración propia. * Número de rezagos óptimos. Fuente: Elaboración propia.

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution large companies and corporations have been an influence in politics and domestic economic policies.  As technology has brought the world together these entities are gaining influence when it comes to international relations as well.  Whether speaking of Banana Republics or Microsoft, the influence of multi-billion dollar transnational corporations is hard to ignore.  Multinational Corporations (MNC) or Transnational Corporations (TNC) in U.N. speak, have very few restrictions when it comes to how they operate and in some instances hold more sway than that of competing nation-states.  This creates complications as economic developments are intricately intertwined to state policies where MNCs do business.  As the global economy, and international relations for that matter, develop, there should be created a mechanism for holding accountable all players in the global system, to include MNCs, by advancing the current international structure to include asymmetrical parties as well.

The research is aimed at exploring Foreign Direct Investment and its impact on economic growth of Nigeria. The study covers 31-year period between 1985-2016. Simple ordinary least-square regression model is used to measure the effects and relationships between the independent variable and the dependent variable using E-views 9.0. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) serve as the independent variable while economic growth as the dependent variable. GDP, exchange rate, inflation rate, unemployment rate, total savings and interest rate were used as proxies for economic growth. Data on FDI, GDP, exchange rate, unemployment rate, savings and interest rate were retrieved from the CBN Annual Statistical Bulletin, World bank Report and National Bureau of Statistics. The stationarity property of a time series data can be examined by conducting unit root test in order to ascertain the stationarity or otherwise of the series variables (Akinola,2016). Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test due to Dickey and Fuller (1979, 1981), and the Phillip-Perron (PP) due to Phillips (1987) and Phillips and Perron (1988) were used to ensure the stationarity of the time series data i.e dependent and independent variable. The finding showed that there is a strong and positive relationship between FDI and economic growth in Nigeria. The government of Nigeria must put all hands-on desk, formulating policies and necessary reforms to ensure that foreign direct investments are attracted to benefit the populace at large. It also recommended that Institutionalized corruption both in private and public sectors must be fought, if the nation must attract FDI, we must change our ways of doing things.

Chuzaimah C, Sjarkowi F, Wildayana E, Yunita Y. 2019. Micro perspectives on land conversion implied problems in rawas sub-watershed in North Musi Rawas District, South Sumatera. In : Herlinda S et al. ( Eds .) , Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lahan Suboptimal 2019, Palembang 4-5 September 2019. pp. 228-235. Palembang: Unsri Press. Musi Rawas Utara District is included in the sub-watershed area (watershed) of Rawas, one of the 14 sub-districts included in the Musi River Basin. Factors influencing land conversion, among them are Sporadic Patterned Gradual Conversions where conversion patterns are caused by two main driving factors (economically less productive/beneficial land and the economic urgency of the convert). This paper aims to analyze the factors that influence the occurrence of land conversion from the micro side in the Rawas Sub-watershed area of North Musi Rawas Regency. This research was carried out in Maur Baru Village, Karang Dapo District and Rantau Kadam Village, Karang D...

This study attempted to investigate the effectiveness of the interest rate channel in the transmission of monetary policy by employing a structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model using sign restriction. It used a set of policy and non-policy macroeconomic variables based on monthly data spanning the period 2007 and 2020. The structural impulse response functions provided evidence to support the use of the MPR as a signaling rate for domestic interest rates but was, however, found to be ineffective in stabilizing prices or increasing output. Furthermore, results from the variance decomposition of the non-policy variables found the effect of exchange rate innovations to be more significant in explaining variations in the price level. The study, therefore, concludes that the effectiveness of the policy rate in stabilizing prices is dampened by shocks prevalent from the external sector. Given the importance of international trade, the study recommends aggressive exchange rate manage...

Ketahanan pangan juga dapat dikaitkan dengan sektor pemasaran untuk melaksanakan diversifikasi pangan. Salah satu pendekatan pada sektor pasar adalah pendekatan Structure, Conduct, dan Performance (SCP) yang mencakup dan mengkombinasikan semua aspek dari sistem pemasaran yaitu market structure, market conduct, dan market performance. Salah satu pangan yang berpotensi adalah ubi jalar karena tingkat harga yang fluktuatif di petani. Adapun metode pengambilan data sekunder dan primer dilakukan dengan wawancara, snowball sampling, dan simple random sampling. Setelah mengetahui kondisi struktur, perilaku, dan kinerja pasar di Kelompok Tani Hurip kita akan dapat mengambil tindakan yang mampu meningkatkan kesejahteraan petani sekaligus untuk meningkatkan ketahanan pangan.

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Tra settembre e dicembre 2024 la curva dei rendimenti dei titoli di Stato USA ha registrato importanti movimenti: i rendimenti sulla parte corta della curva sono diminuiti, mentre quelli sulla parte lunga sono cresciuti. In questo numero di Fucino Flash esaminiamo i motivi di questi movimenti di mercato, apparentemente contraddittori rispetto alle più recenti mosse della Fed, e le loro possibili conseguenze sulla politica monetaria della BCE.

Dalam upaya mempertahankan capaian Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Tengah sebagai lumbung beras nasional guna menciptakan ketahanan pangan, maka diperlukan strategi untuk meningkatkan produksi padi ditengah penurunan produksi padi di Jawa Tengah. Faktor input produksi, berupa irigasi, pestisida, dan benih, merupakan faktor penting yang dapat memengaruhi produksi padi. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan irigasi, pestisida, dan benih bersertifikat terhadap produksi padi, serta pengaruh produksi padi terhadap ketahanan pangan rumah tangga petani di Jawa Tengah. Berdasarkan data Survei Pertanian Terintegrasi (SITASI) 2021, hasil estimasi menggunakan regresi linier berganda menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan irigasi, pestisida, dan benih bersertifikat berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan produksi padi di Jawa Tengah. Sementara itu, hasil estimasi menggunakan regresi logistik binomial menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan produksi padi dapat meningkatkan ketahanan pangan rumah tangga petani padi di Jawa Tengah. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan irigasi, pestisida, dan benih bersertifikat perlu dioptimalkan di berbagai wilayah kabupaten/kota di Jawa Tengah. Harapannya dengan produksi padi yang meningkat mampu mewujudkan ketahanan pangan rumah tangga petani di Jawa Tengah.

Rezervna valuta je međunarodno priznata i opšte-prihvaćena valuta, koja služi za pothranjivanje državnih i privatnih trezora, međunarodna spoljna plaćanja, izražavanje vrednosti u unutrašnjoj ekonomiji, ukoliko se radi o imovinama velike vrednosti (automobili, nekretnine), prilagođavanje i održavanje deviznog kursa, indeksiranje kredita i dugova država i trans-nacionalnih kompanija, izražavanje vrednosti na međunarodnom nivou i njihovo svođenje na jedinstvenu jedinicu, ekskluzivno izražavanje posebno oskudnih prirodnih dobara, poput ugljovodonika (pre svega nafte), zatim zlata, dijamanata, osnova međunarodnih poravnanja, kao i osnovna valuta za bankarske operacije, trgovinu i promet na najmoćnijim berzama sveta. Vekovima je kontrola međunarodnog sredstva plaćanja bila vitalan sastojak koji je definisao moćne civilizacije i njihovu sposobnost da dominiraju nad ostalim, slabijim nacijama. U srednjovekovnoj Evropi, pa sve do kraja 19. veka, države koje su kontrolisale monetu za poravnavanja ujedno su bile i ekonomski, vojno, kulturno i tehnološki superiorna društva, koja su uživala izuzetno visok kvalitet života, a u političkoj teoriji, ova društva su bila poznata kao Imperije (eng. Empire) 1 , a njihova spoljna politika je posledično okarakterisana kao imperijalisticka. Počevši od Grčke koja je emitovala prvu rezervnu valutu, grčku drahmu, te kasnije Rimske imperije, usled relativno nedovoljne umreženosti sveta, ova sredstva plaćanja ostala su relativno lokalizovana. Međutim, ekspanzijom prve globalne rezervne valute u Zapadnom svetu koja je dolazila iz Španskog carstva -španskim dolarom 2 , pa sve do poslednje evropske imperije, Velike Britanijesve su u jeku svoje dominacije bile monarhije. Sa Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, koja su prva Republika (predstavnička Republika) koja je preuzela žezlo globalne imperije od Velike Britanije početkom 20. veka, kontinuitet monarhističkih dominacija u monetarnom svetu je završen, ali izuzev političke i donekle institucionalne strukture, osnovne karakteristike Imperije su zadržane i u prvoj republičkoj globalnoj sili. Da bi se naglasila razlika između monarhističkih i republičkih sistema, reč Imperija kojom su se označavale evropske dominantne sile (kao sto su Špansko Carstvo, Francusko Carstvo, Portugalsko Carstvo, Prusko Carstvo (kasnije Nemačko Carstvo), Britansko Carstvo) je zamenjena terminom Super sila (eng. Superpower) za nemonarhističke sile, poput Sjedinjenih Država i Sovjetskog Saveza. Neretko, Velika Britanija se ubrajala u terminologiju super sile, uz SAD i SSSR.

Using panel structural VAR analysis and quarterly data from four industrialized countries, we document that an increase in government purchases raises output and private consumption, deteriorates the trade balance, and depreciates the real exchange rate. This pattern of comovement poses a puzzle for both neoclassical and Keynesian models. An explanation based on the deep-habit mechanism is proposed. An estimated two-country model with deep-habits is shown to replicate well the observed responses of output, consumption, and the trade balance, and the initial response of the real exchange rate to an estimated government spending shock.

Tujuan penelitian yaitu untuk mengetahui pendapatan dan kelayakan usaha pemanfaatan lahan dengan tanaman cabe jamu (piper retrofractum vohl). Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni 2018 di Desa Desa Bajur Kecamatan Waru. Metode analisa data menggunakan analisis usahatani dan kelayakan usaha. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan usaha pemanfaatan lahan dengan tanaman cabe jamu (piper retrofractum vohl) yaitu sebesar Rp. 1.743.850 dengan nilai R/C rasio sebesar 1,79  artinya bahwa usaha pemanfaatan lahan dengan tanaman cabe jamu layak untuk di kembangkan / menguntungkan

Artikel ditulis oleh : Dena Amelia( 4624014 ) Artikel ini membahas tentang Negosiasi Waktu Dan Pekerjaan Rumah Tangga Dalam Masyarakat, Koto Baru merupakan salah satu kawasan pertanian tersubur di Provinsi Sumatera Barat karena letaknya berada di lereng Gunung Merapi dan dekat pula dengan Gunung Singgalang, hawanya sangat sejuk yang mendukung tumbuh suburnya palawija dan sayur-sayuran, sehingga wilayah ini ternal sebagai wilayah penghasil dari komoditi tersebut. Di samping wilayahnya yang subur juga didukung oleh letaknya yang sangat strategis yang didukung oleh jalan negara yang melintasi wilayah tersebut yang menghubungkan ke berbagai wilayah. Nagari Koto Baru terletak antara kota Padang

This paper will analyse the economic performance of six Western Balkan countries. Macroeconomic indicators have differences from country to country due to the government policies they have (Aryani et al., 2023). The economic performance of countries depends on global influences and the development model of some governments on how they use their country’s natural resources (Chutipat et al., 2023). The aim is to measure the economic performance index (EPI) for each country in this region. The paper methodology will have secondary data for the years 2010–2020. The EPI finding is constructed using the following indicators: unemployment, inflation, budget deficit, and economic growth. To do this, graphs, descriptive statistics, and regression models were used. In conclusion, based on conventional wisdom, the results show that countries that have performed better have shown increases in average private sector monthly wages and vice versa. Contrary to expectations, a larger population appe...

This study aimed to test the influence of Price, Product Quality, and Location on Mixue Purchase Decisions at The Hok. The population in this study was young people such as students at the university of Dinamika Bangsa, who were 18-30 years old. The approach used in this study is a quantitative approach that will be processed into SPSS applications as an analysis in this study. Researchers collected thi sample using online and offline questionnaires by filling in the available google form, where in the google form there are 17 questions that will be distributed to UNAMA The Hok students. The sampling method used in this study is the Simple Random Sampling method using Slovin formula. In the calculation using the Slovin formula, there were as many as 100 resppondents from the population that we took form UNAMA The Hok, Jambi students as many as 3.535. Findings from previous studies indicate that price has an impact on Purchase Decisions, Product Quality has an impact on Purchasing Decisions and Location has an impact on Purchase Decisions. Responses from previous research in the form of providing input for Mixue outlets to be able to continue to maintain Quality and can add understanding related to the importance of Price, Product Quality and Location in the Purchase Decisions, with input for Mixue outlets, it is expected to improve and maintain optimal Purcahse Decisions and can attract new customers to decide to buy Mixue at these outlets.

The target of soybean reself-sufficiency in 2020 is hardly to be achieved as the planting area sharply decreases and had low competitiveness. This study aimed to decide the agro-economic suitability condition and to identify the problems or opportunities of soybean development in the new extended planting areas. The study was conducted in five new areas, namely West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), South Sulawesi, South Kalimantan, North Sumatera, and Lampung. Which represent the new soybean planting area program in Indonesia. The problems and opportunities for soybean development were identified their internal and external factors. The results showed that the development map for each soybean new planting area was different, thus specific strategy is needed for each location. By calculating the competitiveness index of soybean to the competitor crops, it can be concluded that soybean competitiveness was yet weakwith the competitor crops were maize, cassava, peanuts, tobacco, peppers, onions, an...

We examine financial imbalances and macroeconomic policy in the EMU economies over the past two decades. Country-specific imbalances surged after the introduction of the euro and can be related to divergent monetary conditions as well as unsustainable economic developments. Given limitations to traditional macroeconomic policies, especially in a currency union, national macroprudential tools are key to address heterogeneous financial cycles.

Majority of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) applications require arithmetic blocks such as multipliers and adders for hardware realization of complex algorithms. Power consumption of arithmetic blocks need to be minimized by use of low power techniques. In this paper, an experimental setup is developed to identify the sources of power dissipation and remedies that can be adopted to minimize power dissipation in arithmetic blocks. Use of low power techniques such as Multi V t , variable V t , pipelining, geometry scaling and use of appropriate load capacitance have been used to reduce power dissipation. A 4-bit pipelined adder is designed and the power dissipation is reduced to 4.17µW from 9.6µW. The designed pipelined adder can be used for DSP applications.