Hydrology

Irrigated agriculture is a key activity for the long-term survival of humanenvironmental systems and the assessment of agricultural sustainability has been gaining increasing relevance. In spite of several proposals developed, there is not a holistic approach that can be generally applied to assess sustainability of irrigated agricultural areas. In this paper we present a framework and associated indicators for the assessment of sustainability of irrigated agricultural systems in different contexts and locations. The framework covers four main sustainability dimensions: environmental integrity, economic resilience and profitability, social wellbeing and good governance. This approach was tested in 10 agricultural areas in eight different countries that represent a wide variety of situations in terms of agricultural development, environmental conditions, socio-economic settings and political contexts, but that share the fact that water use is a critical aspect for agricultural development. The obtained results illustrate the usefulness of the proposed framework to obtain a holistic picture of sustainability in irrigated agriculture areas, even in situations

In the tropics, there is very little information on fish reproduction in intermittent streams and most of the studies are from the neotropic regions. In temporary rivers, environmental conditions are sharply contrasted and the variation amplitude of hydrological and physicochemical characteristics is high. In the Baoulé River (Mali), during the peak of the dry season, the remaining pools comprise only 10% of the total length of the river. During the wet season, there is a short (three months) but intense period of flooding. In this study, the reproductive strategies of 18 species of fishes were investigated in the upper reach of the Baoulé drainage. They belong to eight families, show variation in feeding guilds, and vary in size and habitat preferences. Fishes were collected from February 1985 to November 1988 using gillnets. Two main types of spawning strategies may be distinguished among these species. The first, the 'total spawners', have generally a short annual spawning period just before the flood. The second, the 'small-brood spawners', produce small batches of eggs at frequent intervals for most of the year. Most of the species inhabiting the Baoulé River exhibit a breeding strategy in relation to the flood seasonality. This type of strategy, common in harsh but predictable environments, favours a synchronous reproduction in phase with the optimal environmental conditions and the production of large number of juveniles that require no parental care. Concerning the Baoulé River, 12 variables related to life-history theory were measured for 18 species. Clustering of these species based on Euclidean distances resulted in two groups. The first corresponds to developed parental care, large oocytes and low fecundity (about a hundred eggs). Two species, Chrysichthys auratus and Sarotherodon galilaeus, belong to this 'equilibrium strategy'. Others species have a 'seasonal strategy', which is adapted to the harsh local conditions. In the Nilo-Sudanian area, most fishes appeared to be associated with a seasonal life history strategy that exploits an annual expansion of aquatic production. In the Baoulé River, the 'seasonal strategy'is characterised by high fecundity, absence of parental care, limited breeding season and for some species large adult size and upstream spawning migrations to floodplains.

Mediterranean evergreen oak woodlands of southern Portugal (montados) are savannah-type ecosystems with a widely sparse tree cover, over extensive grassland. Therefore, ecosystem water fluxes derive from two quite differentiated sources: the trees and the pasture. Partitioning of fluxes according to these different sources is necessary to quantify overall ecosystem water losses as well as to improve knowledge on its functional behaviour. In southern Iberia, these woodlands are subjected to recurrent droughts. Therefore, reaction/resilience to water stress becomes an essential feature of vegetation on these ecosystems. Long-term tree transpiration was recorded for 6 years from a sample of holm oak (Quercus ilex ssp. rotundifolia) trees, using the Granier sap flow method. Ecosystem transpiration was measured by the eddy covariance technique for an 11-month period (February to December 2005), partly coincident with a drought year. Pasture transpiration was estimated as the difference between ecosystem (eddy covariance) and tree (sap flow) transpiration. Pasture transpiration stopped during the summer, when the surface soil dried up. In the other seasons, pasture transpiration showed a strong dependence on rainfall occurrence and on top soil water. Conversely, trees were able to maintain transpiration throughout the summer due to the deep root access to groundwater. Q. ilex trees showed a high resilience to both seasonal and annual drought. Tree transpiration represented more than half of ecosystem transpiration, in spite of the low tree density (30 trees ha À1 ) and crown cover fraction (21%). Tree evapotranspiration was dominated by transpiration (76%), and interception loss represented only 24% of overall tree evaporation.

The melt cycle of snow is investigated by combining ground-based microwave radiometric measurements with conventional and meteorological data and by using a hydrological snow model. Measurements at 2000 m a.s.l in the basin of the Cor-devole river in the eastern Italian Alps confirm the high sensitivity of microwave emission at 19 and 37 GHz to the snow melt−freeze cycle, while the brightness at 6.8 GHz is mostly related to underlying soil. Simulations of snowpack changes performed by means of hydrological and electromagnetic models, driven with meteorological and snow data, provide additional insight into these processes and contribute to the interpretation of the experimental data.

Este trabajo presenta el análisis pluviométrico de estaciones pertenecientes a las cuencas de aporte a Yaciretá y es parte de las actividades previstas en el estudio “Provisión de la Red Hidrometeorológica y Sistema de Pronóstico de Caudales de Yaciretá”.El área de estudio abarca los tributarios del río Paraná en el tramo comprendido entre el río Iguazú y la sección Encarnación-Posadas, subdividida en 17 subcuencas del lado argentino y 17 subcuencas del lado paraguayo, que corresponden a los cursos más importantes. Se realizó una caracterización geológica y climatológica de la zona de estudio y se realizó el análisis del régimen de precipitaciones de 18 estaciones de Argentina y Paraguay, con las técnicas clásicas de distribución temporal de las series pluviométricas. La aplicación de las metodologías estándares permitió comprobar que las estaciones poseen un régimen hidrológico homogéneo ya que tanto los ciclos anuales observados como la magnitudprecipitada son similares.

A field study was carried out in three small shallow ice-covered lakes to study heat and mass fluxes and their spatial and temporal variability. During the main part of the winter, the heat flux at the ice-water interface, being of the order 0.5-1 W m-2, was dominated by conduction from water to ice and did not show any significant variations in time or space. The heat flux from sediments to water was the main source for the lake water heating during early and mid-winter, being depth-dependent and 1-4.5 W m-2 in early winter, and 0.5-3 W m-2 in late winter. A heat transport from shallow regions to deep parts was shown to occur during the winter, being of the same order as the vertical fluxes, and should thus be accounted for in any attempt to predict the temperature evolution7in an ice covered lake. The salt flux from sediments was found to be of the order 1-10 x kg m-2 s-'. A comparison of this flux with salt content changes indicates that the former is of the same order as the horizontal salt flux which is directed from shallow regions to the deeper parts of a lake during winter.

Air adalah komponen utama penyusun bumi dan sumber kebutuhan semua makhluk hidup, mulai dari manusia, hewan dan tumbuhan. Air mengalami siklus hidrologi yang terus berulang sepanjang waktu tanpa henti. Tapi waktu penyebarannya tidak merata, sehingga menyebabkan perbedaan ketersediaan air dari tahun ke tahun. Jumlah air di planet bumi adalah tetap. Air permukaan adalah bagian dari curah hujan yang mengalir di atas permukaan tanah menuju ke sungai, danau dan lautan. Daerah Aliran Sungai Metro meliputi wilayah administrasi Kabupaten Malang, Kota Malang dan Batu. Metro yang secara geografis terletak diantara 112 0 27' 53,6'' -112 0 37' 20,8'' BT dan 7 0 56' 14,8'' -8 0 10,57 2'' LS. Memiliki luas 29582,995 Ha atau 295.83 Km 2 . SIG merupakan sebuah system yang saling berangkaian satu dengan yang lain. Bakorsurtanal menjabarkan SIG sebagai kumpulan yang terorganisir dari perangkat keras computer, perangkat lunak, data geografi, dan personel yang didesain untuk memperoleh, menyimpan, memperbaiki, memanipulasi, menganalisis dan menampilkan semua bentuk informasi yang berefrensi geografis. Analisis ketersediaan air dilakukan dengan menghitung ketersediaan air permukaan dan air hujan. Air permukaan dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus rasional, rumus rasional mempertimbangkan koefien run off tata guna lahan, luas DAS dan intentitas curah hujan. Sedangkan ketersediaan air hujan dihitung menggunakan rumus curah hujan efektif. Alat dan data iv yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah seperangkat computer dengan software Arcview GIS 3.3, data curah hujan selama 10 tahun (2006 -2015) stasiun yang berpengaruh di DAS Metro, data debit sungai selama 10 tahun, peta sungai, peta topografi, tata guna lahan. Dari hasil perhitungan ketersediaan air permukaan dengan menggunakan metode rasional didapatkan bahwa ketersediaan air permukaan di DAS Metro tahun 2015 yakni 21,236 juta m 3 . Dengan outlet panggungrejo didapatkan air permukaan paling besar yakni 21,236 m 3 . Sedangkan air permukaan paling kecil di outlet Tlekung yakni sebesar 0,043 juta m 3 . Untuk hasil perhitungan ketersediaan air hujan berdasarkan curah hujan efektif di tahun 2015, didapatkan sebesar 261,61 juta m 3 . Dimana Desa Kucur memiliki ketersediaan air hujan terbesar yakni 42,85 juta m 3 . Sedangkan Kelurahan Oro-oro Dowo memiliki ketersediaan air hujan terkecil yakni sebesar 0,48 juta m 3 .

Orchards for growing apples in Lebanon occupy 19% of the fruit growing area of the country, and it is the main fruit crop of the mountain areas. The varieties introduced to Lebanon since the 50's are the “Golden Delicious” and the “Starking Delicious”. At the time, all the production was sold immediately after harvest. Currently, the market demands impose a delayed sale after storage. Several diseases have appeared in storage such as the Bitter pit and scald. This has led to a loss of fruit quality and subsequently the loss of markets. Our research seeks to improve the quality of the fruits so that they become consistent with market standards while using foliar fertilizers. An analysis of the main components directly influencing the quality of the apple was conducted (malic acid, brix levels, content of calcium, nitrogen phosphorus, potassium) with the effect of these fertilizers on the Apple caliber as the criterion base in marketing. Experiments have proven that the 4 foliar f...

the entire Korean Peninsula suffered from extensive flooding and landslides on being hit by Typhoon Rusa. Gangneung, a city on the east coast of the peninsula, was one of the most devastated areas, 870 mm/d being recorded on August 31, 2002 -the highest historical record -and a total rainfall of 898 mm recorded from August 31 to September 1. The heavy rainfall caused severe flooding in the region, inundating the entire urban area of Gangneung. The purpose of this study was to clarify by two methods the magnitude of the flooding in 2002 caused by Typhoon Rusa in the Gangneung Namdae River Basin. One was to compare the magnitude of flooding in Gangneung with flooding that occurred in Japan. The other was to estimate the actual areal rainfall in the Gangneung Namadae River Basin by rainfall-runoff analysis. The magnitude of the flooding in Gangneung was analyzed by means of equations of enveloping curves used to assess regional flood peaks in the Tohoku district of Japan. The equations used in Japan were applied to the Gangneung Namdae River Basin because the east coast area of the Korean Peninsula is considered to have climatic conditions similar to those of the Tohoku. Areal rainfall in the basin was reevaluated in order to examine the possibility of there have been much more rainfall than was recorded at observatories. This could be assessed by analysis of the water balance during the storm, as well as from analysis of radar rainfall data. In addition, rainfall-runoff was analyzed by means of a kinematic runoff model, and the calculated discharge estimated from observed rainfall data compared to the observed discharge. In another approach, areal rainfall throughout the Gangneung Namdae River Basin was estimated by means of a power-type Tank Model from discharge data recorded in Gangneung. The Gangneung Namdae River rises in the Taebaek Mountain Range, runs through the city of Gangneung after joining the Wangsan River, and then flows into the Japan Sea (Fig. ). The basin area is 258.7 km 2 , and length of the main channel is 32.9 km (Ministry of Construction and Transportation, Korea, MOCT). In this study, the area of focus was the region upstream of the urban area of Gangneung City, an area of 171.1 km 2 . This area is separated into two parts; upstream and downstream of the Gangneung Reservoir. The upstream area consists of two sub-basins; the Namdae River and the Wangsan River basins. The terrain of the study area is very steep with a elevation range of as much as 1,400 m, and the main channel is only 32.9 km long. Landuse in the area is mainly for agriculture and forestry. Rainfall and runoff data for flooding in the basin are available for August 30 to September 4, 2002. The Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) has installed two rain gauges at Gangneung and Daegwallyeong, and the MOCT has observed water levels at Gangneung. Water level data was converted to observed discharge by means of two rating curves determined by the MOCT (see Section 3.2).

Regional assessments of droughts are limited, and meticulous assessments over larger spatial scales are generally not substantial. Understanding drought variability on a regional scale is crucial for enhancing the resiliency and adaptive ability of water supply and distribution systems. Moreover, it can be essential for appraising the dynamics and projection of droughts based on regional climate across various spatial and temporal scales. This work focuses on drought analysis using a high-resolution dataset for three drought-prone regions of India between 1950 and 2016. This study also uses monthly values of the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI), incorporating Penman–Monteith approximation, which is physically based on potential evapotranspiration. Climate data are statistically downscaled and formulated to form a timeline for characterizing major drought events. The downscaled climate data hold a good statistical agreement with station data with correlation co...

Calabria and Sicily's Coast, particularly in the Messina Strait, is one of the most seismically active areas of the Southern Italy. Since 1783, there have been seven earthquakes with magnitude ranging between 6.0 and 7.2 These earthquakes have produced wide damages on the MCS Intensities scale of X or greater. The high rate of seismic activity in the region is related to the complex geologic setting resulting in a number of different sources of potentially damaging earthquakes.

Groundwater dependent ecosystems (GDEs) include valuable ecosystems such as springs, wetlands, rivers, lakes and lagoons. The protection of these systems and services they provide is highlighted by international agreements, i.e. Ramsar convention on wetlands, and regional legislation, i.e. the European Water Framework Directive. Groundwater provides water, nutrients and a relatively stable temperature. However, the role of groundwater in surface ecosystems is not fully understood. The ecosystem can depend on groundwater directly or indirectly, and the reliance can be continuous, seasonal or occasional. This has implications for the vulnerability of ecosystems, as some may be easily affected by external pressure. Conceptual models and quantitative assessments of how groundwater interacts with the environment are needed. GDEs are also threatened by different land use activities and climate change. Hence, we need to understand how GDEs are affected by changes in

Fluorescent natural organic matter at tryptophan-like (TLF) and humic-like fluorescence (HLF) peaks is associated with the presence and enumeration of faecal indicator bacteria in groundwater. We hypothesise, however, that it is predominantly extracellular material that fluoresces at these wavelengths, not bacterial cells. We quantified total (unfiltered) and extracellular (filtered at < 0.22 µm) TLF and HLF in 140 groundwater sources across a range of urban population densities in Kenya, Malawi, Senegal, and Uganda. Where changes in fluorescence occurred following filtration they were correlated with potential controlling variables. A significant reduction in TLF following filtration (ΔTLF) was observed across the entire dataset, although the majority of the signal remained and thus considered extracellular (median 96.9%). ΔTLF was only significant in more urbanised study areas where TLF was greatest. Beneath Dakar, Senegal, ΔTLF was significantly correlated to total bacterial c...

Flood is common in Pahang especially during northeast monsoon season from November to February. Three river cross station: Lubuk Paku, Sg. Yap and Temerloh were selected as area of this study. The stream flow and water level data were gathered from DID record. Data set for this study were analysed by using non-parametric analysis, Mann-Kendall Trend Test. The results that obtained from stream flow and water level analysis indicate that there are positively significant trend for Lubuk Paku (0.001) and Sg. Yap (<0.0001) from 1972-2011 with the p-value < 0.05. Temerloh (0.178) data from 1963-2011 recorded no trend for stream flow parameter but negative trend for water level parameter. Hydrological pattern and trend are extremely affected by outside factors such as north east monsoon season that occurred in South China Sea and affected Pahang during November to March. There are other factors such as development and management of the areas which can be considered as factors affecte...

The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of trends in extreme precipitation. (denoted MAXP and defined as the annual maximum daily precipitation depth) time series for coastal northern New England and to assess changes in the magnitude of the socalled "100-year storm". MAXP depths from 48 stations with long, continuous records in Maine, New Hampshire and Massachusetts were analyzed. At those same stations, the number of daily precipitation depths ≥ 2 inches (denoted as GT2in) was also quantified for each year. The seasonally-averaged MAXP was found to be fairly uniform throughout the year, but the frequency of MAXP is highest during August through October, the typical hurricane season in New England. The presence of trends in MAXP and GT2in was evaluated over four time frames

Throughout much of the arid Western United States, groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs; those in which the flora necessarily rely on surface expressions of groundwater) represent hotspots of biodiversity, providing pockets of rich mesic habitat in an otherwise arid landscape. Yet, despite their integral ecological role, little is known about the long term dynamic spatiotemporal response of GDEs in arid lands to both disturbance and climatic variability. Climate change and anthropogenic groundwater abstraction have combined to drastically alter the hydrologic regime throughout regions of the Great Basin. As such, anthropogenically induced or exacerbated hydrologic disturbance have placed springs, wetlands, phreatophytic flats and a slew of additional Great Basin GDEs under intense environmental stress. Given the ecological and economic value of the many ecosystem services these unique environments perform, improving understanding of their spatiotemporal dynamics such that resource...

Two thirds of hydrological observation networks in developing countries are reported to be in poor or declining condition. At the same time innovation in sensor technologies and data processing are presenting opportunities for enhancing observation networks that are not being realized. The World Meteorological Organization's Global Hydrometry Support Facility, or WMO HydroHub, was launched in 2016 to transform assistance to operational water monitoring agencies around the world. If successful, the initiative will increase the amount of hydrometric data available to researchers, catchment managers and water policy makers. To those unfamiliar with UN organizations, however, the nature of such initiatives, the reasoning behind the decisions taken to establish them and the mechanisms by which they try to deliver benefits for society, can be opaque. This paper adopts a novel dialogue-style format to explore the set-up of the WMO HydroHub and build awareness amongst those who ultimately may benefit from its approaches.

The climate change is a main parameter which affects the element of hydrological cycle especially runoff. Then, the purpose of this study is to determine the impact of the climate change on surface runoff using land use map on 2008 and daily weather data during January 1, 1979 to September 30, 2010 for SWAT model. SWAT continuously simulate time model and operates on a daily time step at basin scale. The results present that the effect of temperature change cannot be clearly presented on the change of runoff while the rainfall, relative humidity and evaporation are the parameters for the considering of runoff change. If there are the increasing of rainfall and relative humidity, there is also the increasing of runoff. On the other hand, if there is the increasing of evaporation, there is the decreasing of runoff.

The decrease in mountain snowpack associated with global warming is difficult to estimate in the presence of the large year-to-year natural variability in observations of snow-water equivalent (SWE). A more robust approach for inferring the impacts of global warming is to estimate the temperature sensitivity (λ) of spring snowpack and multiply it by putative past and future temperature rises observed across the Northern Hemisphere. Estimates of λ can be obtained from (i) simple geometric considerations based on the notion that as the seasonal-mean temperature rises by the amount δT, the freezing level and the entire snowpack should rise by the increment δT/Γ, where Γ is the mean lapse rate; (ii) the regression of 1 April SWE measurements upon mean winter temperatures; (iii) a hydrological model forced by daily temperature and precipitation observations; and (iv) the use of inferred accumulated snowfall derived from daily temperature and precipitation data as a proxy for SWE. All fou...

Pressure has recently been put on the water resources of Doukkala region, western Morocco, due to the development of agricultural and industrial activities, associated with strong demographic expansion. Doukkala's water resources must be better managed and remote sensing provides effective techniques for such an objective. This research illustrates the use of remote sensing for mapping the regional geology, surface hydrology and hydrogeology of the Sebt Brykine, regarded as a groundwater recharge zone for the populated plains of Doukkala. A moderate resolution DEM (30 m pixels and 25 m contour intervals) was needed for the hydrological and geomorphological characterization. These derivative products from DEM will also be useful for environmental studies and assessing possible impacts of climate change. Multi-sensor remotely sensed datasets (SPOT, Landsat, and radar images), were used to produce several thematic map layers at 1:100 000 scale: (a big improvement on existing 1/200000 maps), notably lithologies, geological structures, and drainage. These maps allowed the characterization of the regional aquifers and aquicludes for a better understanding of groundwater circulation. The construction of a groundwater recharge map highlighted pathways between zones of recharge and sites of abstraction. The results were checked and confirmed by measurement of data's fields. This research has led to improved rainfall water management, using dams, lakes and trenches, as well as better exploration and exploitation of groundwater resources.

Several procedures for obtaining rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationships for storm durations ranging from 10 min to 24 h and for several return periods were analyzed. The data recorded for the period 1966-1997 are from five different locations in southern Spain: one mountain, two inland, and two littoral stations. We analyzed the original equations of Wenzel, Bell, Chen and Témez, and other ones modified from the last two. The first step was to determine the parameters of each equation for each geographical location. Subsequently, the coefficient of variation (CV) and index of agreement (i a ) of each equation were calculated in order to compare their estimations for rainfall durations of less than 2 h and less than 24 h. The results show that there is not one equation which is best suited for all the geographical areas or rainfall durations. The reference method, Wenzel's equation, is the best for rainfall periods of less than 24 h, but only for the littoral and inland geographical areas. If Wenzel's equation is not taken into account, the modified Témez equation proved to be the best at generating series for mountain areas and for the two rainfall periods studied. Therefore, in a regional study of rainfall durations of less than 24 h, where only 24 h data are available, and with littoral, inland and mountain areas, the modified Témez equation is strongly recommended.

Accurate streamflow prediction is significant when developing water resource management and planning, forecasting floods, and mitigating flood damage. This research developed a novel methodology that involves data pre-processing and an artificial neural network (ANN) optimised with the coefficient-based particle swarm optimisation and chaotic gravitational search algorithm (CPSOCGSA-ANN) to forecast the monthly water streamflow. The monthly streamflow data of the Tigris River at Amarah City, Iraq, from 2010 to 2020, were used to build and evaluate the suggested methodology. The performance of CPSOCGSA was compared with the slim mold algorithm (SMA) and marine predator algorithm (MPA). The principal findings of this research are that data pre-processing effectively improves the data quality and determines the optimum predictor scenario. The hybrid CPSOCGSA-ANN outperformed both the SMA-ANN and MPA-ANN algorithms. The suggested methodology offered accurate results with a coefficient o...

Flood damage assessment and risk analysis are important issues in disaster management and mitigation. The planners cannot deal with emergency management and disaster relief because of the lack of timely (real time) flood inundation information. Meanwhile, the public also cannot quickly identify at-risk area and realize the potential threat. Therefore, it is very significant to develop an information system to predict, prepare and estimate the flood inundation to mitigate the flood disasters. This paper introduces a relative method to predict the area vulnerable to flood and to apply the results to prepare for protecting infrastructure and people within the related inundated area. The simulated results can be used to delineate the potential flood hazardous areas in large regions and then the damage from disasters can be reduced. This study focuses the way to predict the area vulnerable to flood by a 3-D numerical model calibrated with past records of inundation and geographic information available. The geographical information is used to build up the three-dimensional numerical grid and to support decision making for minimizing flood related damages based on the simulated results

Continuously monitoring and managing manganese (Mn) concentrations in drinking water supply reservoirs are paramount for water suppliers since high soluble Mn loads lead to discoloration of potable water. Traditional Mn management approaches involve water samplings and laboratory analyses typically on a weekly basis; if critical thresholds are exceeded, then appropriate treatment procedures are exploited. Despite the Mn level currently being manually sampled throughout the year, in subtropical monomictic lakes such as Hinze dam, critical Mn concentrations in the epilimnion, where the water is drawn, are typically recorded only during winter during lake circulation. Vertical profiling system (VPS) installed can continuously collect physical parameters such as water temperature, pH or dissolved oxygen, which determine the transport process of Mn in the lake. Therefore, a long-term historical database gives opportunities for the development of a data driven prediction model to autonomously forecast future Mn concentration values. In the present study, VPS and samplings data were collected and analysed, and prediction models applying nonlinear regression techniques and data-driven equations were developed and assessed; they were able to forecast future Mn concentrations from 1 to 7 days ahead with correlation coefficients higher than 0.83 on an independent test dataset. Importantly, the peak concentrations in the epilimnion during the lake destratification were accurately predicted. The model also displays the probabilities of the Mn to exceed certain key-thresholds, thus assisting operators in Mn treatment decision-making. Such a tool is very beneficial for the water supplier, since costly and time consuming water samplings for monitoring Mn concentrations can be avoided, thus relying only on the real time VPS-based model outputs.

The article provides a non-stationary dynamic problem of the seismic load effect on a dam-type body. The finite element method for the numerical solution of dynamic problems allows the equation of motion to be reduced to a system of second-order differential equations to displacements at the nodal points. The solution to this equation is based on the Newmark method. A non-stationary process in the Voigt body under the influence of seismic load is investigated. The results are compared with accelerograms obtained during the Gazli earthquake on a nine-point scale. Calculations were performed depending on the dimensions of the dam base. Analysis of the calculations showed that for large dimensions of the dam foot, the results almost coincide with the initial accelerogram; with a decrease in the thickness of the dam foot, the results differ significantly

The large-scale satellite data available for Umbria for the years 2019 to 2024 were analyzed.
The data analyzed for ground motions are related to 2 series: the “European Ground Motion Service” system https://egms.land.copernicus.eu/ for the years 2019 to 2023 (freely accessible) and the IRIDEEOS4LPA Lot 3 IRIDE EOS4LPA Lot3 Service system for the year 2024 accessible through authentication to authorized operators of the Umbria Region from March 2025.
The 13 large areas identified, which recorded ground movements from continuous and uniform satellite data from 2019 to 2024, can be grouped into 4 different causes of movement as follows:
• anthropogenic causes with subsidence due to the extraction of groundwater; areas with a total size of 60 square kilometers, equal to 0.7% of the regional surface area in densely populated and infrastructured areas.
• anthropogenic causes with subsidence due to the construction of infrastructure works; areas with a total size of 10 square kilometers, equal to 0.12% of the regional surface area in densely infrastructured areas.
• natural causes with subsidence due to the consolidation of soft and/or lake and/or marshy soils and/or alteration of slope deposits; areas with a total size of 17 square kilometers, equal to 0.2% of the regional surface area in densely populated and infrastructured areas.
• tectonic causes with subsidence concomitant with or subsequent to seismic sequences; areas with a total size of 283 square kilometers, equal to 3.34% of the regional surface area in areas with many capitals and localities.
If the causes persist, ground movements will continue, producing detectable and incidental effects on both human infrastructures, such as roads and buildings, and natural ones such as waterways and the related underlying catchment basins.
Overall, the regional territory affected by these movements is 4.4% (370 square kilometers) compared to the total surface area of the Umbria Region (8,464 square kilometers).
The increase in the subsidence speed in all the large areas identified, having human and/or natural causes of movement, could have a significant acceleration in conjunction with seismic sequences with earthquakes in epicentral zones close to the large areas and with a magnitude equal to or greater than 5.

Travel time is an important variable that influences the hydrologic response of watersheds. Hydrologic models often do not take the variation of slope along the flow paths, i.e. profile curvature, directly into account. In this study, using a kinematic wave-based model, the effect of profile curvature on the travel time in parallel hillslopes is investigated. Also, the profiles associated with minima travel times are derived. Moreover, the range of profile curvature for which this error becomes negligible is determined. Finally, a kinematic wave-based geomorphic index is derived which considers profile curvature and plan curvature. Given that a rather similar index has been previously developed, the two indices are compared. It is concluded that there is no universal rule about which type of profile (curvature, concave or convex) has the longer travel time. In fact, this strongly depends on the degree of curvature. However, travel times for convex hillslopes are generally more than ...

This research developed because, given the evidence of previous studies, it is necessary to determine the chemical quality of the water in the Quillcayhuanca and Shallap streams, which surround the city of Huaraz on its way to the Santa River, on the western slope of the Cordillera Blanca in Peru. In this sense, the investigated area is located at altitudes between 3524 m.a.s.l. and 4174 m.a.s.l. Twenty-four surface water samples were collected and analyzed for anions, metal, and total cations at the INGEMMET laboratory, Geological, Mining, and Metallurgical Institute of Peru. Likewise, geological mapping was carried out to identify the mineralized and chemically altered areas, evidencing the significant presence of sulfides (pyrite). The waters of the streams have been characterized as magnesium calcium sulfate, with SO4= anion contents of up to 181.10 mg/L in the Quillcayhuanca stream and 78.8 mg/L in the Shallap stream. Likewise, for both streams, an oxidized acid environment has...

Background: With continuing changes in climate and available water resources, it is necessary to track and understand the fluctuations in hydroperiod in wetland areas. Using remote sensing data, recorded variation over time, and connectivity between areas, the long-term change in wetland boundaries can be determined. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) was utilized to understand the absorption and storage of water. SAR Change Detection: • SAR sensors are able to penetrate a vegetation canopy to detect the presence of standing water • Characteristic enhanced (bright) radar signatures are observed, with high energy reflected from the forests in the flooded condition due to a “double-bounce” • The incoming energy bounces from the tree trunks to the smooth, high dielectric water surface and back to the sensor, with less energy absorbed than from a non-flooded forest • In the dry state, the reflected signatures are typically moderate, with a gray appearance in the image • Areas of high return...

This paper aims to demonstrate the potential value of combining sediment source tracing techniques with traditional monitoring approaches, when documenting the impact of improved land management on catchment sediment yields. It reports the results of an investigation undertaken in a small (1.19 km 2 ) agricultural catchment in southern Brazil, which was monitored before and after the implementation of improved land management practices. Attention focussed on 50 storm events that occurred between May 2002 and March 2006 and which reflected the behaviour of the catchment during the pre-change, transition and post-change periods. Improved land management, involving minimum-till cultivation and the maintenance of good crop cover, was introduced in early 2003. The traditional monitoring provided a basis for evaluating the changes in storm runoff volume, storm hydrograph peak and storm-period sediment load and mean suspended sediment concentration. The results indicate that both storm runoff volumes and peak flows associated with a given amount of rainfall provided evidence of a significant decrease after the introduction of improved land management. Storm-period sediment loads showed a similar reduction, with a reduction by as much as 80% for low magnitude events and of ca. 40% for events of intermediate magnitude. However, there was no significant change in mean suspended sediment concentrations, indicating that the reductions in sediment load were primarily the result of the reduced storm runoff volume. Sediment source fingerprinting was used to explore the changes in the relative and absolute contributions to the storm sediment loads from the three key sources,

The study focused on the geospatial analysis and modeling of borehole data for groundwater resource management in Damaturu Metropolis, Yobe State. Borehole data, including depth, static water level, and coordinates, were collected from Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (RUWASA) Yobe State and processed using ArcGIS 10.8. Additionally, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data from ASTER Global DEM (30m resolution) was utilized to derive surface elevation, slope, contour lines, and hydrological parameters. The borehole data were interpolated using the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) algorithm to generate continuous surfaces for groundwater flow analysis, while the ArcGIS Hydrology Toolset was employed to model groundwater movement. The findings revealed that Damaturu Metropolis has an elevation range of 374m to 401m above sea level, influencing both surface water flow and groundwater recharge. Borehole depths varied significantly from 12m to 132m, with deeper boreholes indicating confined aquifers and lower permeability zones. Static water levels ranged between 18m and 96m, in line with variations in topography and recharge conditions. Slope analysis categorized the area into five classes, with nearly flat terrains favoring groundwater storage and infiltration. The groundwater flow direction predominantly moved southward (21.9%) and eastward (19.4%), identifying major discharge zones in the region. Based on the geospatial analysis, it is recommended that boreholes in other parts of the state be geopositioned, with their locations recorded for GIS applications. This will facilitate effective monitoring and modeling of groundwater levels in a GIS environment. Regular measurements of water table elevations at multiple locations will enhance the understanding of groundwater flow patterns, ensuring sustainable water resource management in the State.

An existing dynamic model of the annual water balance is modified to account for two phenomena peculiar to arid climates, i.e. variable rainy season length, and soil desiccation during the dry season. Model parameter values are estimated for two locations in the Central Zone of Saudi Arabia and the cumulative distribution function of annual recharge from precipitation is found for two of the primary sedimentary aquifers outcropping in this zone. Results quantify the large uncertainty of annual recharge in such climates, and confirm the accepted notion that these aquifers are being "mined".

Considering the geographical location of Sri Lanka and the undersea earthquake prone regions in the world, it is clear that the country is exposed to tsunamis generated along the Sunda Trench located to the East, as indicated by the Indian Ocean Tsunami (IOT) in 2004 and subsequent tsunami alerts. Due to the IOT, more than two thirds of the coastline in Sri Lanka in the northern, eastern, southern as well as relatively sheltered western areas were subjected to inundation. However, it was clear in the aftermath of the tsunami, that the degree of damage along the coastal belt was not uniform, with some areas suffering severe damage and other areas suffering a lesser extent of damage, while in certain other areas, often not far away, there was no damage at all. The level of exposure of coastal areas thus exhibited a considerable variation even along a short stretch of the coastline. In view of these circumstances, it is important to assess the risk of potential tsunamis in order to dev...

Se describen los domos graníticos de la cuenca del rio Ridaura. Sus características geométricas se relacionan estrechamente con la disposición de las fracturas. Su génesis deriva de una fase subsuperficial, bajo un manto de alteración, presumiblemente desarrollada durante el Plioceno, y una fase de exhumación torrencial, que comprende desde el Plioceno terminal hasta la actualidad.

8 AVANT-PROPOS Les travaux présentés dans cet article ont ét6 réalisés dans le cadre du projet AGIR (Adaptation et Gestion des Intrants dans le Respect de l'Environnement) du programme AGROTECH de l'INRA. En accord avec le secrétariat de rédaction, cet article présente la synthèse en langue française de résultats dont la plus grande partie a fait l'objet de publications partielles en langue anglaise.

The temporal dynamics of transmission losses are illustrated during single events within a 150 km long arid channel reach of the Kuiseb River, Namib Desert, Namibia. This is facilitated not using a traditional water balance study but by applying a mathematical flow routing scheme with parameters not calibrated with runoff information. Transmission losses are deliberately excluded from the model so that actual transmission losses can be identified as the component of model simulations that plots significantly higher than the measured discharges at the downstream end of the reach. Results indicate that transmission losses concentrate during high discharge peaks and are minor during small to medium flows. This behaviour is attributed mainly to enhanced water losses in flooded overbank areas. Although the exact percentage of groundwater recharge from these waters cannot be quantified, the present study implies that single high magnitude flows are more important than frequent small to medium flows for providing recharge and thereby sustaining the riparian vegetation of large desert streams.

Dealing with stormwater runoff from water quantity and water quality aspects has always been a category of necessary municipal infrastructure. Bioretention Cells (BRCs) are new features of this infrastructure. A BRC is a basin in the ground that consists of a surface bowl to initially capture runoff which can filter through a permeable media. The primary objective of BRCs is for water quality treatment but their contribution to water quantity control objectives of an overall stormwater design for a medium density subdivision is not fully understood. From 2011 to 2017, a low-density residential subdivision in the greater Toronto Area, Mosaik Glenway, was constructed as a pilot study. Its stormwater system includes three BRCs. The objective of this research is to use the results of monitoring and computer modelling of the Mosaik Glenway subdivision to help understand the contribution that BRCs can make to quantity control in stormwater management (SWM). Modelling results presented in this thesis demonstrate that BRCs can help mitigate the loss of infiltration due to urbanisation. Under favourable soil conditions, they may have the potential to fully mitigate the loss of infiltration due to urbanization. BRCs are also capable of reducing the amount of quantity storage normally required by traditional SWM facilities for a wide range of precipitation events, including large storm events, even if they are constructed in less-than-favourable soil conditions. Moreover, BRCs also have opportunities to reduce overall stormwater management infrastructure costs.

Current swine industry practice is to house animals in confinement facilities which capture and store feces and urine as slurry in pits below the production area. Additives and disinfectants may be introduced into the manure pits. This study was conducted to measure the effects of additives and disinfectants on temporal changes in swine slurry characteristics. Slurry from a commercial swine production facility in southeast Nebraska, USA was collected and transferred to 57 L reactors located within a greenhouse. Selected additives and disinfectants were added to the reactors and physical properties, chemical characteristics, and antibiotic concentrations were monitored for 40 days. Concentrations of dry matter (DM), total nitrogen (TN), phosphorus pentoxide (P 2 O 5 ), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) were significantly greater than the Control in each of the reactors containing additives. The reactors in which the additives MOC-7, More Than Manure®, Sludge Away, and Sulfi-Doxx were introduced had significantly greater values of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total volatile solids (TVS), total suspended solids (TSS), total solids (TS), dry matter (DM), TN, P 2 O 5 , Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu and chlortetracycline than the other additive treatments. Concentrations of TVS and TSS were significantly lower in the reactors containing Clorox® and Virkon™ than the other disinfectant treatments. The total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of 26,500 mg L À1 and pH value of 7.27 obtained for the reactors containing Tek-Trol were significantly greater than measurements obtained for the other treatments. Concentrations of chlortetracycline and tiamulin of 8840 and 28.8 ng g À1 , respectively, were significantly lower for the treatments containing Tek-Trol. The sodium (Na) concentration of 1070 mg L À1 measured in the reactors containing Clorox® was significantly greater than values for the other disinfectant treatments. The introduction of selected additives and disinfectants may influence certain physical properties, chemical characteristics, and antibiotic concentrations of swine slurry.

Current swine industry practice is to house animals in confinement facilities which capture and store feces and urine as slurry in pits below the production area. Additives and disinfectants may be introduced into the manure pits. This study was conducted to measure the effects of additives and disinfectants on temporal changes in swine slurry characteristics. Slurry from a commercial swine production facility in southeast Nebraska, USA was collected and transferred to 57 L reactors located within a greenhouse. Selected additives and disinfectants were added to the reactors and physical properties, chemical characteristics, and antibiotic concentrations were monitored for 40 days. Concentrations of dry matter (DM), total nitrogen (TN), phosphorus pentoxide (P 2 O 5 ), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) were significantly greater than the Control in each of the reactors containing additives. The reactors in which the additives MOC-7, More Than Manure®, Sludge Away, and Sulfi-Doxx were introduced had significantly greater values of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total volatile solids (TVS), total suspended solids (TSS), total solids (TS), dry matter (DM), TN, P 2 O 5 , Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu and chlortetracycline than the other additive treatments. Concentrations of TVS and TSS were significantly lower in the reactors containing Clorox® and Virkon™ than the other disinfectant treatments. The total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of 26,500 mg L À1 and pH value of 7.27 obtained for the reactors containing Tek-Trol were significantly greater than measurements obtained for the other treatments. Concentrations of chlortetracycline and tiamulin of 8840 and 28.8 ng g À1 , respectively, were significantly lower for the treatments containing Tek-Trol. The sodium (Na) concentration of 1070 mg L À1 measured in the reactors containing Clorox® was significantly greater than values for the other disinfectant treatments. The introduction of selected additives and disinfectants may influence certain physical properties, chemical characteristics, and antibiotic concentrations of swine slurry.

This work details how to estimate the Fracture Frequency (FF), ratio of a number of fractures divided by a sample length. The difficulty is that often, a part of the sample cannot be analyzed by the geologist because it is crushed, a characteristics of the rock strength that must also be considered for the Rock Mass Rating. After analyzing the usual practices, the paper describes the (geo)statistical link between fracturing and crushing and the resulting method to obtain a unbiased estimate of FF at a block or point support scale. Some concepts are introduced: "True" FF, "Crushed" FF, crushing probability and crushing proportion. The study is based on a real data set containing more than 13,000 samples. An appendix gives a very general formal demonstration on how to obtain an unbiased ratio estimation.