High Energy Physics

We assign the chiral fermion fields of the Standard model to triplets of flavor (family, generation, horizontal) SU (3) f symmetry, for anomaly freedom add one triplet of sterile right-handed neutrino fields, and gauge that symmetry. First we demonstrate that the resulting quantum flavor SU (3) f dynamics completely spontaneously self-breaks: Both the Majorana masses of sterile neutrinos and the masses of all eight flavor gluons come out proportional to the SU (3) f scale Λ. Mixing of sterile neutrinos yields new CP-violating phases needed for understanding the baryon asymmetry of the Universe. Second, the SU (3) f dynamics with weak hypercharge radiative corrections spontaneously generates the lepton and quark masses exponentially suppressed with respect to Λ. Three active neutrinos come out as Majorana particles extremely light by seesaw. The Goldstone theorem implies: (i) The electroweak bosons W and Z acquire masses. (ii) There are three axions, decent candidates for dark matter. Invisibility of the Weinberg-Wilczek axion a with mass ma ∼ m 2 π /Λ restricts the scale Λ from Λ ∼ 10 10 GeV upwards. Third, the composite 'would-be' Nambu-Goldstone (NG) bosons of all spontaneously broken gauge symmetries have their genuine composite massive partners: (i) One 0 + flavorless Higgs-like particle h accompanying three electroweak 'would-be' NG bosons. (ii) Two 0 + flavored Higgs-like particles h3 and h8 accompanying six flavored electroweak 'wouldbe' NG bosons. (iii) Three superheavy spin-zero sterile-neutrino-composites χi accompanying eight flavored sterile-neutrino-composite 'would-be' NG bosons. We identify χi with inflatons.

We gauge the experimentally observed flavor (family) index of chiral lepton and quark fields and argue that the resulting non-vectorial SU(3)F dynamics completely self-breaks. This breakdown generates fermion masses, which in turn trigger electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB). Suggested asymptotically free dynamics with an assumed non-perturbative infrared fixed point has just one free parameter and is therefore either right or plainly wrong. Weak point of field theories strongly coupled in the infrared, unfortunately, is that there is no reliable way of computing their spectrum. Because of its rigidity the model provides, however, rather firm theoretically safe experimental predictions without knowing the spectrum: First, anomaly freedom fixes the neutrino sector which contains almost sterile neutrino states. Second, global symmetries of the model, spontaneously broken by fermion masses imply the existence of a fixed pattern of (pseudo-)axions and (pseudo-)majorons. It is gratifying that the predicted both sterile neutrinos and the pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons are the viable candidates for dark matter.

We present an overview of the arguments which lead to the picture that at low temperatures the QCD matter not far above a critical confinementdeconfinement density exists in one of several distinct superfluid phases exhibiting the quantum behavior on macroscopic scales.

We assign the chiral fermion fields of three generations of the Standard model (SM) to triplets of flavor SU(3)_f symmetry, add one triplet of sterile right-handed neutrino fields, and gauge that symmetry. We demonstrate that the resulting asymptotically free, anomaly free quantum flavor dynamics (q.f.d.), strongly coupled in the infrared underlies the Higgs sector of SM and yields a number of testable predictions.

Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, exhibit number one is what the seraphs, the misinformed, simple, noble-winged seraphs, envied. Look at this tangle of thorns. -Humbert Humbert in Lolita by Vladimir The Levi-Civita symbol is arguably the simplest mathematical quantity of importance that one can imagine. In n dimensions, it carries n indices whose sole purpose is to keep track of the signs of various indexed mathematical quantities that it operates on. Unlike matrices, vectors and tensors, the Levi-Civita symbol (also called the permutation symbol) has no individual components of its own to speak of-the indices all act in unison, returning either 0 or ±1, depending only on how they're lined up. Nevertheless, the Levi-Civita symbol is ubiquitous in elementary vector and matrix algebra, though it also appears routinely in general relativity, quantum mechanics and even topology. Despite its apparent simplicity, textbook derivations of some of the Levi-Civita symbol's properties are notoriously hard to come by. Indeed, to the consternation of the student the symbol's properties are often just written down as if they were obvious. Here we provide a simple overview of the symbol's properties along with several of its applications, with particular attention given to basic derivations.

We revisit the simplest Bars-Yankielowicz (BY) model (the ψη model), starting from a model with an additional Dirac pair of fermions in the fundamental representation, together with a complex color-singlet scalar ϕ coupled to them through a Yukawa interaction. This model possesses a color-flavor-locked 1-form Z N symmetry, due to the intersection of the color SU(N ) and two nonanomalous U(1) groups. In the bulk, the model reduces to the ψη model studied earlier when ϕ acquires a nonzero vacuum expectation value and the extra fermions pair up, get massive and decouple (thus we will call our extended theory as the "X-ray model"), while it provides a regularization of the Z 2 fluxes needed to study the Z 2 anomaly. The anomalies involving the 1-form Z N symmetry reduce, for N even, exactly to the mixed Z 2 anomaly found earlier in the ψη model. The present work is a first significant step to clarify the meaning of the mixed Z 2 -[Z (1) N ] 2 anomaly found in the ψη and in other BY and Georgi-Glashow type SU(N ) models with even N .

This is the third of the series of articles on the large-N two-dimensional CP N -1 sigma model, defined on a finite space interval L with Dirichlet boundary conditions. Here the cases of the general Dirichlet boundary conditions are studied, where the relative CP N -1 orientations at the two boundaries are generic, and numerical solutions are presented. Distinctive features of the CP N -1 sigma model, as compared e.g., to an O(N ) model, which were not entirely evident in the basic properties studied in the first two articles in the large N limit, manifest themselves here. It is found that the total energy is minimized when the fields are aligned in the same direction at the two boundaries.

We describe the lowest Landau level of a quantum electron star in AdS 4 . In the presence of a suitably strong magnetic field, the dynamics of fermions in the bulk is effectively reduced from four to two dimensions. These two-dimensional fermions can subsequently be treated using the techniques of bosonization and the difficult manybody problem of building a gravitating, charged quantum star is reduced to solving the sine-Gordon model coupled to a gauge field and a metric. The kinks of the sine-Gordon model provide the holographic dual of the lowest Landau levels of the strongly-coupled d = 2+1-dimensional boundary field theory. The system exhibits order one oscillations in the magnetic susceptibility, now arising as a classical effect in the bulk. Moreover, as the chemical potential is varied, we find jumps in the charge density, oscillations in the fractionalised charge density and plateaux in the cohesive charge density.

We study various aspects of fermions and their chiral condensates, both in the bulk of AdS 4 spacetime and in the dual boundary theory. For the most part, we focus on a geometry with an infra-red hard wall. We show that, contrary to common lore, there exist boundary conditions in which the hard wall gives rise to a discrete, but gapless, fermionic spectrum. In such a setting, the presence of a magnetic field induces a bulk fermion condensate which spontaneously breaks CP invariance. We develop the holographic dictionary between composite operators and show that this bulk condensate has the interpretation of boundary magnetic catalysis involving a double-trace operator. Finally, we explain how one can replace the hard wall with bulk magnetic monopoles. In such a framework, magnetic catalysis can be viewed as a consequence of the Callan-Rubakov effect.

We continue the analysis started in a recent paper of the large-N two-dimensional CP N -1 sigma model, defined on a finite space interval L with Dirichlet (or Neumann) boundary conditions. Here we focus our attention on the problem of the renormalized energy density E(x, Λ, L) which is found to be a sum of two terms, a constant term coming from the sum over modes, and a term proportional to the mass gap. The approach to E(x, Λ, L) → N 4π Λ 2 at large LΛ is shown, both analytically and numerically, to be exponential: no power corrections are present and in particular no Lüscher term appears. This is consistent with the earlier result which states that the system has a unique massive phase, which interpolates smoothly between the classical weakly-coupled limit for LΛ → 0 and the "confined" phase of the standard CP N -1 model in two dimensions for LΛ → ∞.

We present a simple argument which seems to favor, when applied to a large class of strongly-coupled chiral gauge theories, a dynamical-Higgs-phase scenario, characterized by certain bifermion condensates. Flavor symmetric confining vacua described in the infrared by a set of baryonlike massless composite fermions saturating the conventional 't Hooft anomaly matching equations, appear instead disfavored. Our basic criterion is that it should be possible to write a strong-anomaly effective action, analogous to the one used in QCD to describe the solution of the U(1) A problem in the low-energy effective action, by using the low-energy degrees of freedom in the hypothesized infrared theory. We also comment on some well-known ideas such as the complementarity and the large N planar dominance in the context of these chiral gauge theories. Some striking analogies and contrasts between the massless QCD and chiral gauge theories seem to emerge from this discussion.

We revisit the study of singular points in the Coulomb branch of N = 2 SQCD in four dimensions with gauge group SU (N ). For certain choices of the mass parameters these vacua are not lifted by a mass term for the chiral multiplet in the adjoint representation. By using recent results about the M5 brane description of N = 1 theories we study the resulting vacua and argue that the low-energy effective theory has a simple Lagrangian description involving a free chiral multiplet in the adjoint representation of the flavor symmetry group, a system somewhat reminiscent of the standard low-energy pion description of the realworld QCD. This fact is quite remarkable in view of the fact that the underlying N = 2 SCFT (the Argyres-Douglas systems) are strongly-coupled non-local theories of quarks and monopoles. 1 e-mails: stefanobolo(at) gmail.com, simone.giacomelli(at)ulb.ac.be, konishi(at)df.unipi.

We present a holographic theory in AdS 4 whose zero temperature ground state develops a crystal structure, spontaneously breaking translational symmetry. The crystal is induced by a background magnetic field, but requires no chemical potential. This lattice arises from the existence of 't Hooft-Polyakov monopole solitons in the bulk which condense to form a classical object known as a monopole wall. In the infra-red, the magnetic field is screened and there is an emergent SU(2) global symmetry.

We revisit the study of singular points in the Coulomb branch of N = 2 SQCD in four dimensions with gauge group SU(N ). For certain choices of the mass parameters these vacua are not lifted by a mass term for the chiral multiplet in the adjoint representation. By using recent results about the M5 brane description of N = 1 theories we study the resulting vacua and argue that the low-energy effective theory has a simple Lagrangian description involving a free chiral multiplet in the adjoint representation of the flavor symmetry group, a system somewhat reminiscent of the standard low-energy pion description of the real-world QCD. This fact is quite remarkable in view of the fact that the underlying N = 2 SCFT (the Argyres-Douglas systems) are strongly-coupled non-local theories of quarks and monopoles.

We explore the idea that in some class of strongly-coupled chiral SU(N) gauge theories the infrared dynamics might be characterized by a bifermion condensate in the ad- joint representation of the color gauge group. As an illustration, in this work we revisit an SU(N) chiral gauge theory with Weyl fermions in a symmetric (ψ) and anti-antisymmetric (χ) tensor representations, together with eight fermions in the anti-fundamental representations (η), which we called ψχη model in the previous investigations. We study the infrared dynamics of this system more carefully, by assuming dynamical Abelianization, a phenomenon familiar from 𝒩 = 2 supersymmetric gauge theories, and by analyzing the way various continuous and discrete symmetries are realized at low energies. We submit then these ideas to a more stringent test, by taking into account some higher-form symmetries and the consequent mixed anomalies. A detailed analysis of the mixed anomalies involving certain 0-form U(1) symmetries a...

We revisit the study of singular points in the Coulomb branch of $\mathcal{N}=2$ SQCD in four dimensions with gauge group $SU(N)$ and odd number of flavors. For certain choices of the mass parameters these vacua are not lifted by a mass term for the chiral multiplet in the adjoint representation. By using recent results about the M5 brane description of $\mathcal{N}=1$ theories we study the resulting vacua and argue that the low-energy effective theory has a simple Lagrangian description involving a free chiral multiplet in the adjoint representation of the flavor symmetry group, a system somewhat reminiscent of the standard low-energy pion description of the real-world QCD. This fact is quite remarkable in view of the fact that the underlying $\mathcal{N}=2$ SCFT (the Argyres-Douglas systems) are strongly-coupled non-local theories of quarks and monopoles.

We present a simple argument which seems to favor, when applied to a large class of strongly-coupled chiral gauge theories, a dynamical-Higgs-phase scenario, characterized by certain bifermion condensates. Flavor symmetric confining vacua described in the infrared by a set of baryonlike massless composite fermions saturating the conventional ’t Hooft anomaly matching equations, appear instead disfavored. Our basic criterion is that it should be possible to write a strong-anomaly effective action, analogous to the one used in QCD to describe the solution of the U(1)A problem in the low-energy effective action, by using the low-energy degrees of freedom in the hypothesized infrared theory. We also comment on some well-known ideas such as the complementarity and the large N planar dominance in the context of these chiral gauge theories. Some striking analogies and contrasts between the massless QCD and chiral gauge theories seem to emerge from this discussion.

We describe the lowest Landau level of a quantum electron star in AdS 4 . In the presence of a suitably strong magnetic field, the dynamics of fermions in the bulk is effectively reduced from four to two dimensions. These two-dimensional fermions can subsequently be treated using the techniques of bosonization and the difficult manybody problem of building a gravitating, charged quantum star is reduced to solving the sine-Gordon model coupled to a gauge field and a metric. The kinks of the sine-Gordon model provide the holographic dual of the lowest Landau levels of the strongly-coupled d = 2+1-dimensional boundary field theory. The system exhibits order one oscillations in the magnetic susceptibility, now arising as a classical effect in the bulk. Moreover, as the chemical potential is varied, we find jumps in the charge density, oscillations in the fractionalised charge density and plateaux in the cohesive charge density.

The Sakai-Sugimoto model is the preeminent example of a string theory description of holographic QCD, in which baryons correspond to topological solitons in the bulk. Here we investigate the validity of various approximations of the Sakai-Sugimoto soliton that are used widely to study the properties of holographic baryons. These approximations include the flat space self-dual instanton, a linear expansion in terms of eigenfunctions in the holographic direction and an asymptotic power series at large radius. These different approaches have produced contradictory results in the literature regarding properties of the baryon, such as relations for the electromagnetic form factors. Here we determine the regions of validity of these various approximations and show how to relate different approximations in contiguous regions of applicability. This analysis clarifies the source of the contradictory results in the literature and resolves some outstanding issues, including the use of the flat space self-dual instanton, the detailed properties of the asymptotic soliton tail, and the role of the UV cutoff introduced in previous investigations. A consequence of our analysis is the discovery of a new large scale, that grows logarithmically with the 't Hooft coupling, at which the soliton fields enter a nonlinear regime. Finally, we provide the first numerical computation of the Sakai-Sugimoto soliton and demonstrate that the numerical results support our analysis.

It is pointed out that phase structures of gauge theories compactified on non-simply connected spaces are not trivial. As a demonstration, an SU(2) gauge model on M^3 ⊗ S^1 is studied, and it is shown to possess three phases: Hosotani, Higgs and coexisting phases. The critical radius and the order of the phase transitions are determined explicitly. A general discussion about phase structures for small and large scales of compactified spaces is given. The appearance of phase transitions suggests a GUT scenario in which the gauge hierarchy problem is replaced by the dynamical problem of the stabilization of the radius of a compactified space in the vicinity of a critical radius

We propose a higher dimensional scenario to solve the gauge hierarchy problem. In our formulation, a crucial observation is that a supersymmetric structure is hidden in the 4d spectrum of any gauge invariant theories with compact extra dimensions and that the gauge symmetry breaking is directly related to the supersymmetry breaking.

We propose a higher dimensional scenario to solve the gauge hierarchy problem. In our formulation, a crucial observation is that a supersymmetric structure is hidden in the 4d spectrum of any gauge invariant theories with compact extra dimensions and that the gauge symmetry breaking is directly related to the supersymmetry breaking.

We propose a new formulation of lattice theory. It is given by a matrix form and suitable for satisfying Leibniz rule on lattice. The theory may be interpreted as a multi-flavor system. By realizing the difference operator as a commutator, we may obtain exact supersymmetric theories on lattice explicitly. Some problems such as locality and single flavor reduction are also commented.

We propose a new formulation of lattice theory. It is given by a matrix form and suitable for satisfying Leibniz rule on lattice. The theory may be interpreted as a multi-flavor system. By realizing the difference operator as a commutator, we may obtain exact supersymmetric theories on lattice explicitly. Some problems such as locality and single flavor reduction are also commented.

An obstacle to realize supersymmetry on a lattice is the breakdown of Leibniz rule. We give a proof of a no-go theorem that it is impossible to construct a lattice field theory in an infinite lattice volume with any nontrivial field products and difference operators that satisfy the following three properties: (i) translation invariance, (ii) locality and (iii) Leibniz rule. We then propose a way to escape from the no-go theorem by introducing infinite flavors, and present a lattice model of N = 2 supersymmetric quantum mechanics equipped with the full exact supersymmetry.

An obstacle to realize supersymmetry on a lattice is the breakdown of Leibniz rule. We give a proof of a no-go theorem that it is impossible to construct a lattice field theory in an infinite lattice volume with any nontrivial field products and difference operators that satisfy the following three properties: (i) translation invariance, (ii) locality and (iii) Leibniz rule. We then propose a way to escape from the no-go theorem by introducing infinite flavors, and present a lattice model of N = 2 supersymmetric quantum mechanics equipped with the full exact supersymmetry.

We investigate a model on an extra dimension S 1 where plenty of effective boundary points described by point interactions (zero-thickness branes) are arranged. After suitably selecting the conditions on these points for each type of five-dimensional fields, we realize the tiny active neutrino masses, the charged lepton mass hierarchy, and lepton mixings with a CP-violating phase, simultaneously. Not only the quark's but also the lepton's configurations are generated in a unified way with acceptable accuracy, with neither the see-saw mechanism nor symmetries in Yukawa couplings, by suitably setting the model parameters, even though their flavor structures are dissimilar each other. One remarkable point is that a complex vacuum expectation value of the five-dimensional Higgs doublet in this model becomes the common origin of the CP violation in both quark and lepton sectors. The model can be consistent with the results of the precision electroweak measurements and Large Hadron Collider experiments.

We investigate a model on an extra dimension S 1 where plenty of effective boundary points described by point interactions (zero-thickness branes) are arranged. After suitably selecting the conditions on these points for each type of five-dimensional fields, we realize the tiny active neutrino masses, the charged lepton mass hierarchy, and lepton mixings with a CP-violating phase, simultaneously. Not only the quark's but also the lepton's configurations are generated in a unified way with acceptable accuracy, with neither the see-saw mechanism nor symmetries in Yukawa couplings, by suitably setting the model parameters, even though their flavor structures are dissimilar each other. One remarkable point is that a complex vacuum expectation value of the five-dimensional Higgs doublet in this model becomes the common origin of the CP violation in both quark and lepton sectors. The model can be consistent with the results of the precision electroweak measurements and Large Hadron Collider experiments.

We investigate the following three consistency conditions for constructing string theories on orbifolds: i) the invariance of the energy-momentum tensors under twist operators, ii) the duality of amplitudes and iii) modular invariance of partition functions. It is shown that this investigation makes it possible to obtain the general class of consistent orbifold models, which includes a new class of orbifold models.

We investigate the following three consistency conditions for constructing string theories on orbifolds: i) the invariance of the energy-momentum tensors under twist operators, ii) the duality of amplitudes and iii) modular invariance of partition functions. It is shown that this investigation makes it possible to obtain the general class of consistent orbifold models, which includes a new class of orbifold models.

In this paper we consider pulsating strings in warped AdS 6 × S 4 background, which is a vacuum solution of massive type IIA superstring. The case of rotating strings in this background was considered in hep-th/0402202 and it was found that the results significantly differs from those considered in AdS 5 ×S 5 . Motivated by this results we study pulsating strings in the warped spherical part of the type IIA geometry and compare the results with those obtained in hep-th/0209047, hep-th/0310188 and hep-th/0404012. We conclude with comments on our solutions and the obtained corrections to the energy, expanded to the leading order in lambda.

In this work, we explore a well motivated beyond the Standard Model scenario, namely, R-parity violating Supersymmetry, in the context of light neutrino masses and mixing. We assume that the R-parity is only broken by the lepton number violating bilinear term. We try to fit two non-zero neutrino mass square differences and three mixing angle values obtained from the global χ 2 analysis of neutrino oscillation data. We have also taken into account the updated data of the standard model (SM) Higgs mass and its coupling strengths with other SM particles from LHC Run-II along with low energy flavor violating constraints like rare bhadron decays. We have used a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis to constrain the new physics parameter space. While doing so, we ensure that all the existing collider constraints are duly taken into account. Through our analysis, we have derived the most stringent constraints possible to date with existing data on the 9 bilinear R-parity violating parameters along with µ and tan β. We further explore the possibility of explaining the anomalous muon (g -2) measurement staying within the parameter space allowed by neutrino, Higgs and flavor data while satisfying the collider constraints as well. We find that there still remains a small sub-TeV parameter space where the required excess can be obtained.

Force-Free Electrodynamics (FFE) is known to describe the highly magnetized plasma around pulsars and astrophysical black holes. The equations describing FFE are highly non-linear and the task of finding a well-defined analytical solution has been unyielding. However, FFE can also be understood in terms of 2-dimensional foliations of the ambient 4-dimensional spacetime. The study of the foliations can provide significant insights into the structure of the force-free fields and such foliations can be exploited to generate new null and non-null solutions. In this paper, we present several nonnull solutions to the FFE equations in the Kerr spacetime obtained by applying the aforementioned methods of non-null foliations.

A semi-analytic approach is developed for dealing with the tau-lepton flux emerging from the Earth, induced by the incident high energy tau neutrinos interacting inside the Earth for 10 5 ≤ E ν /GeV ≤ 10 10 . We obtain results for the energy dependence of the tau-lepton flux coming from the Earth-skimming neutrinos due to the neutrinonucleon charged-current interaction. We illustrate our results for several anticipated high energy astrophysical neutrino sources such as the AGNs, the GRBs, and the GZK neutrino fluxes. The tau lepton fluxes resulting from rock-skimming and ocean-skimming neutrinos are compared. Such comparisons might render useful information for the spectral indices of incident neutrino fluxes.

The silicon matrix detector is the charge measuring system of the Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter (ATIC). ATIC is designed to measure the elemental energy spectra of Galactic cosmic rays at energies above 50 GeV/nuc. The silicon matrix must determine the elemental identity of each incident cosmic ray in the presence of backscatter from the interactions of those cosmic rays in ATIC's calorimeter. To accomplish this, the matrix is a mosaic of 4480 silicon detector pads, each 1.5 cm by 2 cm. Each pad is individually readout and pulse height analyzed. The design of the matrix will be described and the results from a CERN accelerator calibration will be presented.

We propose a model where local universes ("bubbles") emerge from a dynamic dark matter/dark energy medium ("cosmic soup"). This framework explains anomalous James Webb Telescope observations (e.g., mature galaxies at high redshift) as potential bubble interactions and predicts distinct signatures in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The theory extends ΛCDM cosmology while addressing its tensions with recent data through a novel hydrodynamic approach to multiverse formation.

In this paper we discuss the theory of conformal change of some special Finsler spaces namely C-reducible, semi C-reducible and C2-like five dimensional Finsler spaces with constant unified main scalar. We have obtained the values of main scalars and v-...

Chirality plays an important role in understanding the dynamics of quantum field theories. In this paper, we study the dynamics of models where renormalization group flows change the chiral structure of the theory. We introduce model building tools and construct models with a variety of chirality flows: from the appearance of new massless composite matter, to the development of mass gaps to completely general changes in the chiral matter content. The stability of chirally symmetric vacua is sensitive to the interplay between non-perturbative dynamics and deformations necessary to generate chirality flows. In particular, we show that chirality flows can be easily induced by deformations of s-confining models. On the other hand, in the absence of true s-confinement, the required deformations destabilize chirally symmetric ground states.

The cross sections for inclusive and Mueller-Navelet dijet production are measured as a function of the rapidity separation between the jets in proton-proton collisions at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ s = 2.76 TeV for jets with transverse momentum pT> 35 GeV and rapidity |y| < 4.7. Various dijet production cross section ratios are also measured. A veto on additional jets with pT> 20 GeV is introduced to improve the sensitivity to the effects of the Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov (BFKL) evolution. The measurement is compared with the predictions of various Monte Carlo models based on leading-order and next-to-leading-order calculations including the Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi leading-logarithm (LL) parton shower as well as the LL BFKL resummation.

Increasing the ion beam current and/or the beam duty factor are normally the most cost-effective solutions for increasing the production rate of accelerator facilities. Accordingly, many accelerator laboratories have projects that involve an increase in ion beam current. Higher beam currents often come with an increase in the ion beam emittance. High-power accelerators, however, need to remain serviceable, which limits the acceptable beam losses throughout the high-energy part of the accelerator and often puts a limit on the acceptable emittance increase. This overview discusses the current status of some H -injectors, and the requirements of some upgrade projects, as well as how those requirements could be met.

This article provides a definition of a subdifferential for continuous functions based on homological considerations. We show that it satisfies all the requirement for a good notion of subdifferential. Moreover, we prove sublinearity, a Leibniz formula and an approximation result. This work fits in the framework of microlocal analysis of sheaves for C 0 symplectic problems and application to Aubry-Mather theory.

The Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) is under construction at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), with commissioning of the facility expected in late 2022. The Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD) has been designed to operate at NICA and its components are currently in production. The detector is expected to be ready for data taking with the first beams from NICA. This document provides an overview of the landscape of the investigation of the QCD phase diagram in the region of maximum baryonic density, where NICA and MPD will be able to provide significant and unique input. It also provides a detailed description of the MPD set-up, including its various subsystems as well as its support and computing infrastructures. Selected performance studies for particular physics measurements at MPD are presented and discussed in the context of existing data and theoretical expectations.

A search is presented for charged Higgs bosons in the H± → τ ± ν τ decay mode in the hadronic final state and in final states with an electron or a muon. The search is based on proton-proton collision data recorded by the CMS experiment in 2016 at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1. The results agree with the background expectation from the standard model. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set on the production cross section times branching fraction to τ ± ν τ for an H± in the mass range of 80GeV to 3TeV, including the region near the top quark mass. The observed limit ranges from 6 pb at 80 GeV to 5 fb at 3 TeV. The limits are interpreted in the context of the minimal supersymmetric standard model m h hod − scenario.

We obtain the low-lying energy-momentum spectrum for the imaginary-time lattice four-Fermi or Gross-Neveu model in $d+1$ space-time dimensions ($d=1,2,3$) and with $N$-component fermions. Let $\kappa>0$ be the hopping parameter, $\lambda>0$ the four-fermion coupling and $M>0$ denote the fermion mass; and take $s\times s$ spin matrices, $s=2,4$. We work in the $\kappa\ll 1$ regime. Our analysis of the one- and the two-particle spectrum is based on spectral representation for suitable two- and four-fermion correlations. The one-particle energy-momentum spectrum is obtained rigorously and is manifested by $sN/2$ isolated and identical dispersion curves, and the mass of particles has asymptotic value $-\ln\kappa$. The existence of two-particle bound states above or below the two-particle band depends on whether Gaussian domination does hold or does not, respectively. Two-particle bound states emerge from solutions to a lattice Bethe-Salpeter equation, in a ladder approximation. Within this approximation, the $sN(sN/2-1)/4$ identical bound states have ${\cal O}(\kappa^0)$ binding energies at zero system momentum and their masses are all equal, with value $\approx -2\ln\kappa$. Our results can be validated to the complete model as the Bethe-Salpeter kernel exhibits good decay properties.

Distinguishing between prompt muons produced in heavy boson decay and muons produced in association with heavy-flavor jet production is an important task in analysis of collider physics data. We explore whether there is information available in calorimeter deposits that is not captured by the standard approach of isolation cones. We find that convolutional networks and particle-flow networks accessing the calorimeter cells surpass the performance of isolation cones, suggesting that the radial energy distribution and the angular structure of the calorimeter deposits surrounding the muon contain unused discrimination power. We assemble a small set of high-level observables which summarize the calorimeter information and close the performance gap with networks which analyze the calorimeter cells directly. These observables are theoretically well-defined and can be studied with collider data.

In this paper we define and study the moduli space of metric-graph-flows in a manifold M . This is a space of smooth maps from a finite graph to M , which, when restricted to each edge, is a gradient flow line of a smooth (and generically Morse) function on M . Using the model of Gromov-Witten theory, with this moduli space replacing the space of stable holomorphic curves in a symplectic manifold, we obtain invariants, which are (co)homology operations in M . The invariants obtained in this setting are classical cohomology operations such as cup product, Steenrod squares, and Stiefel-Whitney classes. We show that these operations satisfy invariance and gluing properties that fit together to give the structure of a topological quantum field theory. By considering equivariant operations with respect to the action of the automorphism group of the graph, the field theory has more structure. It is analogous to a homological conformal field theory. In particular we show that classical relations such as the Adem relations and Cartan formulae are consequences of these field theoretic properties. These operations are defined and studied using two different methods. First, we use algebraic topological techniques to define appropriate virtual fundamental classes of these moduli spaces. This allows us to define the operations via the corresponding intersection numbers of the moduli space. Secondly, we use geometric and analytic techniques to study the smoothness and compactness properties of these moduli spaces. This will allow us to define these operations on the level of Morse-Smale chain complexes, by appropriately counting metric-graph-flows with particular boundary conditions.