Greek Archaeology

This presentation illuminates the archaeologist Alice Leslie Walker Kosmopoulos and her considerable, underacknowledged, contributions to the 20th century archaeology of Greece. Kosmopoulos navigated obstacles throughout her career, many of which male colleagues under similar circumstances were not subjected. She was overshadowed by male colleagues, her contributions to studies and articles often were not (and are not) recognised. She was discriminated against, mocked, or bullied for her disability of hearing loss, her weight, and for negative social perceptions about her marriage to a ‘local’ Greek. Eventually, her position was terminated as male superiors attempted to bring her under their control or else drive her from the field: “Mrs. Kosmopoulos was subjected to arbitrary measures on the part of the responsible administration of the American School, which…deprived her in some measure of her rights to the first fruits of her own studies and her own discoveries resulting from excavations that she herself conducted at her own considerable expense” (Blegen C.W., 1950. Review of Kosmopoulos 1948, in The Classical Weekly 44.3, p. 40). Against such obstacles, it is remarkable how much Kosmopoulos achieved as a pioneer in the field; and all the more remarkable that she remains relatively unknown.

Born Alice Leslie Walker (1885), she completed AB (1906) and AM (1908) degrees at Vassar College. She earned the archaeology fellowship (1909) at ASCSA and remained a student there through 1914. She was assigned the publication of the pottery from the Corinth Excavations (1910), a task then so monumental that multiple scholars, including the director who reassigned it to her, had deemed the task hopeless. As part of the study, she conducted independent excavations at Corinth (1911-1935). Her work was pioneering, especially for the Neolithic period as she discovered and defined the first Early Neolithic material in Greece and first demonstrated connections between northern and southern Greek Neolithic material cultures. Some of the terminology she coined is still in use.

Parallel to her work at Corinth, Kosmopoulos earned a PhD at Berkeley (1917). Her dissertation on The Pottery of the Necropolis of Locrian Halae (1916, unpublished) was based on excavations she co-directed with Hetty Goldman (1911-1914). These were the first excavations directed exclusively by female archaeologists on Mainland Greece. The differential treatment afforded to Goldman, who remains well-regarded, is illustrative. Unlike Kosmopoulos, Goldman was not residing and working in Greece almost continuously for three decades. When Kosmopoulos noticed the appropriation or lack of acknowledgement of her work, she pushed back, fiercely, and was able, in some cases, to force rectification. Kosmopoulos’ continuous presence and strong will resulted in her male superiors labelling her a “nuisance” and eventually celebrating the “considerable effort in removing [such] nuisances from the [American] School” (ASCSA Archives, Administrative Records).

In this presentation, I discuss Kosmopoulos’ formative work, crucial for understanding aspects of Aegean prehistory, and her place in the historiography of female contributions to the archaeology of Greece. Alice Leslie Walker Kosmopoulos not only walked with male archaeologists whom we now consider giants in the field but was herself a giant on whose shoulders we now stand. She deserves to be recognised as such.

During the study of the complex found in Piazza San Francesco in Catania, it was possible to isolate some fragments of seated female figures that are still unique. Among the fragments preserved are the front parts of the bare feet and the complete forearms of the hands of at least two large seated figures. All the fragments in question have technical characteristics which suggest that the figures were constructed by joining an internal structure, probably made of wood, to limbs and heads made of clay. This paper attempts to reconstruct the figures, which are probably acropelina. This term refers to figures structurally similar to the more valuable acroliths, whose limbs were generally made of marble, as in the case of the acroliths of Morgantina, which are the best known examples of a sculptural tradition that was particularly widespread in western Greece. The final remarks discuss the meaning and function of such artefacts from a ritual point of view.

El complejo residencial de Pla de Nadal fue excavado hace más 40 años, siendo su datación, interpretación y reconstrucción problemáticas en la investigación de la península Ibérica durante la transición de los siglos VII-VIII. Dos inscripciones halladas en sus excavaciones relacionan un edificio con el único personaje civil relevante que mencionan las fuentes históricas en esta área geográfica entre los siglos IV y VIII, el dux visigodo Teodomiro. Los textos latinos y árabes atestiguan su presencia como máxima autoridad en esta región y en la primera mitad del VIII.
Recientes análisis radiocarbónicos han corroborado la datación y adscripción epigráfica del edificio en este período. Por ello, su cronología aumenta la relevancia de la interpretación y contextualización del edificio principal, aspectos condicionados por el nivel de conservación y las características del hallazgo. A pesar de su elevado nivel de destrucción, se ha propuesto su adscripción a la tipología palatina tardoantigua, de patio central y cuatro cuerpos construidos a su alrededor.
La entidad del edificio principal ha planteado, tradicionalmente, que se trató de un edificio aislado – uilla, villa áulica, uillula, palacio, residencia rustica…- en el contexto de un entorno rural vacío. En contrapartida, defendemos que nos hallamos, en base a hallazgos arquitectónicos antiguos y recientes, que ante un modelo de poblamiento disperso en proceso de caracterización. Los datos actuales permiten plantear que este yacimiento pudo constituir la nueva residencial del antiguo dux provincial visigodo, posteriormente convertido en el gestor administrativo del nuevo Emir islámico. Se trataría de un nuevo asentamiento que substituiría a la ciudad visigoda amurallada, y en altura, de València la Vella, situada a unos 3500m de distancia y abandonada a finales del VII o inicios del VIII.

This book invites readers to explore bold correlations between the Hyksos dynasty and the House of Cadmus, and between archaeological scarabs and mythological genealogies, proposing that Greek, Egyptian, and Israelite traditions preserve shared memories of Middle Bronze Age events.

Note to Readers and Publishers:
I am currently seeking publishers and collaborative partners interested in helping me with publications and supporting the ongoing Historicity of Greek Myths series, including the present volume and upcoming titles:

Book I: Pre-Minoans and the Age of Kronos,
Book II: Hyksos and the House of Cadmus
Book III: New Kingdom and the Dynasty of Perseus
Book IV: Bronze Collapse and Age of Hercules,
Book V: Iron Age and the Return of the Heraclids.

These works aim to bridge myth and archaeology through fresh chronological synthesis and cross-cultural analysis.

This article presents an alternative linguistic interpretation of the so-called Trojan Seal inscription, dated to the Troy VI-VII archaeological period. Using the embriomorphemic theory developed by Petro Zheji, the inscription is read as a right-to-left sequence of syllabic morphemes rooted in ancient Albanian. This decoding yields a coherent semantic formula-'Ka më dha psh-y-be'-interpreted as 'There is a Mother who gives the breath/soul to the being.' The analysis challenges previous phonetic readings and aligns the inscription with metaphysical themes found in ancient Balkan and Anatolian traditions.

Madeleine Cavalier donne -par la rectitude de son parcours scientifique -un message toujours valable. Celui d'une chercheuse rigoureuse et exigeante qui, dans toutes les missions qui lui ont été confiées, a su montrer une professionalité qui fait honneur au métier d'archéologue. Elle a su ne pas oublier que la fouille archéologique donne d'abord des devoirs : loin d'être une aimable partie de campagne, elle donne à celui ou à celle qui la pratique une lourde responsabilité : celle de conduire l'intervention avec toute la précision nécessaire, celle de veiller au classement et à la conservation des matériels recueillis, celle de travailler à l'interprétation des données, celle enfin de rendre publics les résultats et d'assurer la valorisation des découvertes par leur exposition non seulement temporaire mais permanente des contextes et des collections. Rares sont ceux et celles qui ont réussi dans leur carrière à remplir tous ces difficiles missions. Par son long séjour en Italie, Madeleine a fait à elle seule beaucoup pour la collaboration francoitalienne : par l'exemple qu'elle a donné, sans prétention mais avec éclat. Elle s'est montrée toujours disponible aux autres, avec ce sourire que nous aimons. Ce volume est un affectueux témoignage d'admiration et de reconnaissance.

The 4 th century BC shipwreck of Mazotos lies at-44 m off the south coast of Cyprus. Archaeological work on the site started in 2007 by a team of the University of Cyprus and is still in progress. After eight excavation seasons a good part of the hull has been unburied, mainly at the fore part of the ship. Evidence thus far suggests that it was a round bottom ship, fastened with pegged mortise and tenons. Some distinctive features, such as the round bottom profile of the hull, the framing pattern, and the presence of tetrahedral recesses at the bow extremity, open the question of the ship's broader technological context, and underscore its important contribution to our knowledge on shipbuilding traditions in the eastern Mediterranean during the Classical period.

A bronze siren cauldron attachment was identified at the Glencairn Museum in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania, and subsequently analyzed at MASCA at the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. There are approximatley 80 such cauldron attachments known, some of which are Near Eastern in origin and others thought to be made in Greece.  This cauldron attachment has stylistic and analytical similarities with the early Near Eastern examples, especially one from Toprak Kale near Lake Van, and likely dates to the second half of the 8th century BCE.

consiglio Nazionale delle ricerche -istituto per Beni di Scienze del patrimonio culturale. ** il presente contributo deriva, con gli opportuni aggiornamenti, dalla relazione tenuta durante il Seminario interdisciplinare sulla via Egnatia svoltosi a Lecce il 25 febbraio 2016 e organizzato dal dipartimento di Beni culturali e da quello di Studi umanistici dell'università del Salento. 1 Tra i lavori di sintesi più recenti si possono ricordare:

Περίληψη Θραύσματα ενόσ Θαλασσίόύ μίκρόκόσμόύ: ό Γλύκύσ λίμην καί τό εμΠόρίό στό ίόνίό κατα την μύκηναϊκη εΠόχη στην Ύστερη εποχή του χαλκού, ο Γλυκύς λιμήν, αρχαίος κόλπος στην κατώτερη κοιλάδα του ποταμού αχέροντα, διαδραμάτισε σημαντικό ρόλο ως λιμάνι στο ενεργητικό ναυτικό εμπόριο ανάμεσα στην ηπειρωτική ελλάδα και την κεντρική μεσόγειο. εκεί, στην περιοχή της μεταγενέστερης εφύρας και στο περιβάλλον της, ιδρύθηκε ένα μυκηναϊκό-ηπειρωτικό κέντρο. το καλά προφυλαγμένο λιμάνι και το γόνιμο φυσικό περιβάλλον, καθιστούσαν τον Γλυκύν λιμένα ένα από τα καλύτερα αγκυροβόλια στις ακτές της βορειοδυτικής ελλάδας. ό οικισμός συμμετείχε στα ναυτικά δίκτυα σε όλες τις κλίμακες, από τη τοπική έως την πιο απομακρυσμένη. στην παρούσα εργασία, ο ρόλος του Γλυκέος λιμένος σκιαγραφείται σε ένα σχήμα τεσσάρων γεωγραφικών κλιμάκων αυξανόμενου βεληνεκούς: «coastscape» («παράκτιο»), «maritime small world» («μικρός θαλάσσιος κόσμος»), «regional maritime interaction sphere» («τοπική σφαίρα θαλάσ-σιας διάδρασης») και «interregional maritime interaction sphere» («διεθνής σφαίρα θαλάσσιας διάδρασης»). Διαγράφω τα ίχνη ενός μικρού ναυτικού κόσμου στο ίόνιο πέλαγος, με συχνές επαφές των κατοίκων του Γλυκέος λιμένος ανάμεσα στις ακτές και στα νησιά. στο πλαίσιο των σχέσεων αυτών δημιούργησαν μία ντόπια βιοτεχνία με δέρματα βοοειδών και αναζήτησαν πηγές στύψης σε μακρινές περιοχές, όπως η ίταλία, για να εξυπηρετήσουν τις ανάγκες της βιοτεχνίας αυτής.

This paper offers an overview of the Greek pottery trade in the Middle Valley of the Guadiana River, an inland territory of the Iberian Peninsula. Despite its remote location from the coast, the findings of Mediterranean imports, specially of Greek tableware, are common in middle Guadiana's sites as a result of the important trade networks developed in southwestern Iberia between the beginning of the sixth and the end of the fourth century BCE. Our investigation provides an update of the Greek pottery record of the area, while defining the spread patterns of these products. In that way, we are able to reconstruct the inland distribution routes followed and some prominent variations in the import supply throughout the three centuries covered, hence evidencing the complexity and relevance of distant inner areas to fully understand the physiognomy of ancient Mediterranean trade.

La Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene è lieta di invitarvi alla conferenza “Kolaios of Samos, legendary Tartessos and Phoenicians and Greeks in the Iberian Peninsula", tenuta dal Prof. Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut).
 
L’evento si terrà Giovedì 10 aprile 2025, alle ore 19.00, nell’Aula Magna “Doro Levi”, in odòs Parthenonos 14.
 
La conferenza potrà essere seguita anche a distanza sul canale YouTube della SAIA, https://www.youtube.com/@scuolaarcheologicaitaliana6211
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Η Ιταλική Αρχαιολογική Σχολή Αθηνών έχει την τιμή να σας προσκαλέσει στη διάλεξη «Kolaios of Samos, legendary Tartessos and Phoenicians and Greeks in the Iberian Peninsula», την οποία θα δώσει o Καθ. Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut).
 
Η εκδήλωση θα πραγματοποιηθεί την Πέμπτη, 10 Απριλίου 2025, στις 19:00, στη Μεγάλη Αίθουσα “Doro Levi”, στην οδό Παρθενώνος 14.
 
Η διάλεξη θα μεταδοθεί και διαδικτυακά μέσω του YouTube καναλιού της ΙΑΣΑ: https://www.youtube.com/@scuolaarcheologicaitaliana6211
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The Italian Archaeological School at Athens is pleased to invite you to the lecture “Kolaios of Samos, legendary Tartessos and Phoenicians and Greeks in the Iberian Peninsula”, delivered by Prof. Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut).


The event will take place on Thursday, April 10, 2025, at 7:00 PM, in the Aula Magna “Doro Levi”, at 14 Parthenonos Street.
 
The lecture can also be followed online on the SAIA YouTube channel:
https://www.youtube.com/@scuolaarcheologicaitaliana6211

Ростов-на-Дону -Таганрог Издательство Южного федерального университета 2024 УДК 902+94 (4-11)(063) ББК 63.4+63.3(45)я431 Д25 Печатается по решению кафедры археологии и истории Древнего мира ЮФУ, протокол № 4 от 21 ноября 2024 г. Редакционная коллегия: д.и.н., доцент Е.В. Вдовченков, ответственный редактор (ИИМО ЮФУ); студент 3 курса ИИМО ЮФУ А.А. Яновский, зам. ответственного редактора (ИИМО ЮФУ); д.и.н., профессор А.В. Кияшко (ИИМО ЮФУ; ИИМК РАН); к.и.н., доцент Т.В. Богаченко (ИИМО ЮФУ); к.и.н., с.н.с. А.Л. Бойко (НМИДК); к.и.н., доцент А.В. Дедюлькин (ИИМО ЮФУ); к.и.н., доцент С.М. Ильяшенко (Институт археологии РАН); д.и.н., профессор С.С. Казаров (ИИМО ЮФУ); к.и.н., доцент А.Н. Коваленко (ИИМО ЮФУ); д.и.н., профессор А.В. Колесник (Донецкий национальный университет); к.и.н., преподаватель В.Б. Михайлов (ИИМО ЮФУ); преподаватель А.Ю. Чечина (ИИМО ЮФУ); младший научный сотрудник А.И. Степикин (ИИМО ЮФУ); младший научный сотрудник И.В. Белецкая (ИИМО ЮФУ); студент 3 курса П.И. Сумин (ИИМО ЮФУ); студент 3 курса Н.Е. Денисов (ИИМО ЮФУ); студент 2 курса И.Е. Андриянов (ИИМО ЮФУ); студент 2 курса А.Д. Марков(ИИМО ЮФУ); студентка 2 курса А.М. Наливайко ( ИИМО ЮФУ)

This paper studies a new late Attic production of cup-skyphoi in black-figure based on archaeological evidence from Western Mediterranean sites. First, a chronological review of the pottery record from mainland Greece is carried out, in order to establish a sound archaeological sequence for late black-figure cup-skyphoi, ca. 500-430 BCE. Secondly, the trade of these series towards the West is covered, distinguishing main distribution routes, trade sets and commercial agents. The findings from southern France and the Iberian Peninsula offer an interesting output: most Attic black-figure cup-skyphoi come from clear late-fifth-century contexts and do not match with preceding series. An in-depth study of this late western record reveals that we are in front of a stylistically coherent assemblage of dozens of vases produced by a previously unknown Attic workshop, now identified as the "Ullastret Group". The work of this group and its period of activity (ca. 430-400 BCE) is defined, attributing "hands" of potters-painters, decorative programmes and production sets. Eventually, this analysis sheds light on the extra and intra-territorial commercial dynamics of an Athenian workshop focused on peripheral markets and non-Greek audiences.

Civic benefaction formed an integral part of the civic culture in the ancient Greek and Roman polis. Especially in the second century CE under Roman rule, wealthy citizens would donate sums of money for religious rituals, the oil used in the gymnasium, or the construction of a public building. Some acts of benefaction created ephemeral events; others were material and lastingly transformed the urban landscape. In many cases, however, the benefactor was honoured by different social groups, associations, or civic institutions with a mixture of a golden crown, a (gilded) bronze or marble statue with an accompanying inscription recording their good deeds, or reserved seats at public events at the theatre. Benefaction was, as such, a multitemporal phenomenon. Using theories of time developed by American philosopher George H. Mead and British sociologist B. Adam, I will show the integrated multi-temporality of civic benefaction in the ancient polis in the Roman period. I will especially dive into the potential future-oriented thinking involved with benefaction and the effect this had on the nature of civic benefaction.

Епоха раннього заліза. До 60-річчя С. А. Скорого: зб. наук. пр. / Ін-т археол. НАН України; [ЦОДПА]. Київ, Полтава: Гротеск, 2009. 456 с.: 192 іл., 15 табл., 7 схем. (Серія «Археологія та древня історія України», вип. 1). – Рос. м.

ISBN 978-966-02-5429-9 – серия

ISBN 978-966-02-5430-5

Збірник наукових праць присвячений 60-річчю з дня народження Сергія Анатолійовича Скорого – відомого українського археолога, доктора історичних наук, професора, завідувача відділу археології раннього залізного віку Інституту археології НАН України. У статтях його друзів та колег з України, росії, білорусії, Молдови, Румунії розглядається коло актуальних проблем археології раннього залізного віку, пов’язаних із науковими інтересами ювіляра. /
The Early Iron Age. To the 60th Anniversary of S. A. Skoryi: Collection of Scientific articles / Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; [Center for the Protection and Research of Archaeological Monuments]. Kyiv, Poltava: Grotesk, 2009. 456 p.: 192 illus., 15 tables, 7 diagrams. (Series "Archaeology and Ancient History of Ukraine," Issue 1). – In Russian. 
ISBN 978-966-02-5429-9 (series) 
ISBN 978-966-02-5430-5 
This collection of scientific  articles is dedicated to the 60th anniversary of Serhii Anatoliiovych Skoryi, a prominent Ukrainian archaeologist, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, and Head of the Department of Early Iron Age Archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The articles by his friends and colleagues from Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, Moldova, and Romania address current issues in the archaeology of the Early Iron Age, reflecting the scientific interests of the honoree.

Alman Arkeoloji Enstitüsü'nün (DAI) Kısaltmalar Dizini'nde 'OLBA' şeklinde yer almaktadır. OLBA dergisi hakemlidir. Makalelerdeki görüş, düşünce ve bilimsel değerlendirmelerin yasal sorumluluğu yazarlara aittir. The articles are evaluated by referees. The legal responsibility of the ideas, opinions and scientific evaluations are carried by the author. OLBA dergisi, Mayıs ayında olmak üzere, yılda bir kez basılmaktadır. Published each year in May. KAAM'ın izni olmadan OLBA'nın hiçbir bölümü kopya edilemez. Alıntı yapılması durumunda dipnot ile referans gösterilmelidir. It is not allowed to copy any section of OLBA without the permit of the Mersin University (Research Center for Cilician Archaeology / Journal OLBA) OLBA dergisinde makalesi yayımlanan her yazar, makalesinin baskı olarak ve elektronik ortamda yayımlanmasını kabul etmiş ve telif haklarını OLBA dergisine devretmiş sayılır. Each author whose article is published in OLBA shall be considered to have accepted the article to be published in print version and electronically and thus have transferred the copyrights to the Mersin University (Research Center for Cilician Archaeology / Journal OLBA) OLBA'ya gönderilen makaleler aşağıdaki web adresinde ve bu cildin giriş sayfalarında belirtilen formatlara uygun olduğu taktirde basılacaktır. Articles should be written according the formats mentioned in the following web address. Redaktion: Doç. Dr. Deniz Kaplan OLBA'nın yeni sayılarında yayınlanması istenen makaleler için yazışma adresi: Correspondance addresses for sending articles to following volumes of OLBA:

The most pressing question in all linguistics: what was the secret real identity of the language of the Minoans? Proto-Greek? Proto-Weak. Semitic? Semitisn't. Luwian? Ludicrous. Hurrian? You better be hurryin' back to the drafting board. I bring you a new, fresh and bold hypothesis for the true identity of the Minoan language of Linear A, a hypothesis so startling that you might interpret it as merely a bit of humor at the expense of equally tenuous but quite serious proposals, an amateur linguistics paper in Minecraft if you will. Haha, unless…? Unless Minoan really is Elamite.

Regional differences on Cyprus have been a sub- ject of scholarly discussion since the 1980’s. The physical environment in each locale impacts socio- economic and socio-political developments. Is there a factor upon which we have not focused enough attention? The clear differences between the rivers in mountain valleys and the Gialias river system in the Mesaoria plain suggest a new avenue of ex- amination. Clearly the inland cities developed dif- ferently from the coastal cities. Could the extreme differences between the rivers of the plains and the rivers of the mountain valleys be one factor that influenced this differential development? It appears that they very well could play a part in that varia- tion.
It is the rivers of the Mesaoria Plain that con- cern us here. The Gialias river is joined by the Alykos and the Pediaios rivers before flowing into Ammochostos Bay. Together, these create a riverine system flowing through a broad, relatively flat coun- tryside from the foothills of the Troodos Massif and meandering to the sea in contrast to the fast-flowing mountain streams in the west and south. The mean- ders and whorls visible today in the broad plains of
the Gialias river system must have changed many times over the millennia. Nevertheless, the basic routes connecting the copper-bearing pillow lavas (at the base of the Troodos Massif) to the sea must basically have remained the same.
One of the important ways in which the Mesao- ria plain river system differs from the mountain rivers is that, in a hot dry summer, the river beds often appear dry. In point of fact the water is not far below the surface, but it is not visible and the river beds afford travelers a clear route to the sea. In Dali, for instance, in the 1970’s one could often see men leading laden donkeys down the bed of the Gialias river toward the village of Potamia, the next village to the east. In ancient times – particularly when the island was more heavily forested – the clear river routes must have been even more impor- tant for the transport of goods. During years when the rivers were flowing all year round, goods could have been floated, even more easily than carting them or transporting them on donkey back.
There is evidence that copper production in Cyprus grew before 2000 BCE, which would be an added impetus for sites to develop inland near the
copper sources. Since the residents of Alambra- Mouttes were working copper before 2000 BCE,1 it is probable that the copper mined in that vicinity made its way to the east and south coasts’ trad-
Introduction
The location of the ancient city of Idalion has been known for over 150 years. A combination of fac- tors led to development of a city there. First among them was copper production. The nearby site of Alambra-Mouttes shows evidence of occupation – and copper-working – dating back as far as 2200 BCE.3 Cypriot copper was reaching Crete and the
ing ports via the concentrated settlement at Agios Sozomenos – perhaps “Ithal” of the Ramesses III inscriptions – the predecessor of Idalion.2

The involvement of the author with the subject of the ancient towers of the island of Ceos began around 2000. In 2005, the writing of a master’s thesis was completed, titled “Πύργοι, φυλάκεια και φρυκτωρίες στην ν. Κέα, από την Αρχαϊκή έως την Ελληνιστική Περίοδο” (Rethymno, 2005). More generally, however, the author’s engagement with the topic of ancient towers started as early as 1993. A crucial issue has been the existence of a network of towers on the island of Ceos. As a consequence, the author has also argued the issue of the existence of organized habitation in the countryside in connection with these ancient towers and the network they formed. This text serves to document the existence of an organized network of towers, guardposts, and beacons (φρυκτωρίες) on the island, based on the visual contact between them. The evidence arises from the graphical depiction of the longitudinal cross-sections between the towers (or tower sites), which were produced using an implemented digital terrain model at 1:50,000 scale.

The set of inscriptions known as the Naval Inventories of Athens (IG II2 1604-IG II2 1632) provide a wealth of information regarding the state of the Athenian navy in the fourth century BC. The inscriptions include the names of the triremes, of which 279 unique cases are preserved. This paper was developed around two questions: What kinds of names did Athenians choose for their warships? And is naming triremes a practice that goes beyond the practicality of keeping track of each ship? Firstly, the historical background is presented, followed by an investigation of triremes, both in technical characteristics and in the people comprising the crew. Furthermore, the triremes are described as complicated expressions of the society that built and used them, and hence, they are used as objects which lay the theoretical framework of this study. The names are presented in separated categories, resolving the first research question of this paper. Theories of psychology and sociology are employed, which helps to explain why naming warships is a tactic to enhance group cohesiveness. Sailors identify with the virtues and qualities of the 'personified' trireme, subconsciously developing their sense of belonging, improving their morale, confidence, and presumably overall performance, while fighting the world's toughest frontier.

Come osservò molto tempo fa Confucio, filosofo e leader spirituale cinese vissuto dal 551 al 479 a.C., "Segni e simboli governano il mondo, non parole o leggi!" La politica e la religione moderne hanno dimostrato che Confucio aveva ragione.
La religione come "sistema di simboli" è una caratteristica primaria della definizione di religione in cinque parti di Geertz, quindi il simbolismo sarebbe un buon punto di partenza, in particolare perché Chernus ha suggerito che la definizione di Geertz è universalmente accettata nelle scienze sociali.
Modello di simbolismo sociale di Elzbieta Halas: Halas afferma che "i gruppi esistono solo sulla base della simbolizzazione comune dei loro membri". "I processi di simbolizzazione... creano un ordine sociale, esprimono significato e controllano le azioni. I simboli non sono autonomi. Costituiscono strumenti di azione, indicando e drammatizzando le relazioni sociali"
D. Balaganapath osserva: "La base di ogni cultura e di ogni identità è determinata dalla sua stessa espressione simbolica comune consolidata". Il modello di Erica Hill come "comportamenti sociali dinamici inseriti nel contesto della vita quotidiana dei cacciatori-raccoglitori artici e credenze negli spiriti animali come "relazioni umane con il mondo naturale"; "I loro pensieri e azioni stabilivano e mantenevano relazioni con gli animali da preda e possono essere concettualizzati in modo più produttivo come comportamenti sociali dinamici inseriti nel contesto della vita quotidiana piuttosto che come atti rituali privilegiati". - e le credenze focalizzavano l'attenzione della comunità sull'attività di caccia-raccolta di animali.
Modello di Emile Durkheim: "Le forze davanti alle quali il credente si inchina non sono semplici energie fisiche, come quelle presentate ai sensi e all'immaginazione; sono forze sociali",
Modello di Ramon Reyes: "In sintesi, un ordine sociale e morale comprende i vivi, i morti, le divinità e gli spiriti e l'ambiente totale".

This paper offers an account of contract archaeology in Ithaca based on the author’s experience over two decades. The first part recounts the history of archaeology in Ithaca, highlighting how the quest for Odysseus has shaped the formation of the published archaeological record. The second part provides an overview of rescue fieldwork undertaken under contract, and discusses the results in their local and regional context.

The most prevalent criticism of AYP (Vol.1) has become that the monograph ultimately proves thick on theory but thin on actual evidence. This Chapter therefore represents the second of several, which works through the surviving inscription evidence beginning Archonship Kephisophom and running through Archonship Arkhippos II.

Two primary goals here: 1) Knowing what Calendar Equations ought have occurred aids greatly when working with recovered epigraphical evidence that display such equations. When any deviations surface, we can develop a thorough understanding of why they took place.

2) Show the ancient Athenian Calendar proves nowhere near as “chaotic” as assumed. Classicists can instead attribute most deviations to (simple) observational difficulties.

The insula 30 of Empúries is the last research project carried out in the Roman city. That insula is located between the Roman houses no. 1 and 2 and the city forum. Its excavation has provided the discovery of a public bath, which occupied the northern part of the insula, while the southern half was occupied by commercial premises.
Area 19 is a commercial premise excavated to the natural rock and shows a sequence dated from the building of a military camp structure on the hill to the abandonment of the city. When the Roman city was founded, this space was occupied by an atrium’s house and a dolium was placed in a service area for domestic purposes. However, the abandonment of the domus did not mean the end of the dolium’s usefulness, since it was reused in later phases, such as in the great reform dated to the Augustan period. At the time, it might have been used like a fullonica, until it was amortized in the Flavian period, based on a small pottery assemblage found inside.

This article examines public engagement with cultural heritage in Greece, specifically focusing on modern architectural monuments dating from the post-1830s. These monuments, hastily and unplannedly added to Greece's monumental reserves since the 1950s, form the core of this study. I analyse the cultural policy that influenced public reception, reactions, and interactions with heritage preservation efforts in Greece from the 1970s to the 2010s. My empirical data is drawn from twenty years of work with the interested public and my involvement with national and local heritage management authorities across Greece. The conclusions indicate that the stringent legal framework for heritage protection has alienated the public from preservation efforts, fostering either passive attitudes or opportunistic engagement driven by economic gain. This multifaceted response to cultural policy has contributed to the precarious condition of modern heritage in contemporary Greece.