Gravitation

The Scale-Dependent Classical Synthesis (SDCS) unifies gravity, electromagne sm, and the strong and weak nuclear forces within a classical, rela vis c framework, elimina ng the need for quantum mechanics, dark ma er, and dark energy. Using a scalar field ψ and a tensor field A , the SDCS replicates quantum phenomena-such as wave-par cle duality, superposi on, entanglement, discrete spectra, and tunneling-through classical wave mechanics and local correla ons. Enhanced by a ψ-driven space me granularity mimicking quantum foam, a coupling term strengthening entanglement, and a radia ve correc on boos ng precision, the SDCS matches quantum mechanics' accuracy (e.g., QED's electron g-2) while surpassing quantum TOEs in simplicity, determinism, and empirical coherence. We challenge quantum believers to test the SDCS's predic ons, which promise to redefine physics' founda ons.

Retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected single-center database. Objective. We describe a modifi ed halo-gravity traction (HGT) protocol for patients with severe spinal deformities in West Africa, and assess the clinical and radiographic outcomes. Summary of Background Data. Three-column osteotomies are frequently used in the correction of severe spinal deformities; however, these can be associated with high complication rates and signifi cant risk for neurological injury. Preoperative traction is one modality used to obtain a partial correction prior to defi nitive fusion. Low numbers and variability of traction protocols, however, have limited previous reports of sustained HGT. Methods. All patients who underwent HGT in Ghana from April 2012 to August 2013 were reviewed. HGT was started at 20% body weight and increased by 10% per week until 50% body weight was reached by 4 weeks or thereafter as tolerated. Demographic variables, operative data, radiographic parameters, and health-From the

Гравитационное давление окружающей среды приводит к вырождению электронного газа и волн де Бройля в ядре Земли. Уплотнённые волны де Бройля теряют связь с частицами и становятся свободными нейтрино и антинейтрино. Осцилляции нейтрино порождают мюонные нейтрино и их соединения. Захват протонами нейтральных бозонов Z o дает начало ядерным реакциям. Восходящие потоки протонов и нейтронов обеспечивают низкотемпературный нуклеосинтез изотопов химических элементов вплоть до урана в ядре и мантии Земли за счёт бета-распадов. Окружающая среда электромагнитного поля расходует свою энергию на разогрев ядра и сборку ядер тяжелее железа.

The object of this paper is to present the application of the Basic Systemic Unit concept based on Euler's Relation that has permitted to deduce the fundamental equations of physics in a unified framework of reference, solving this way the great incompatibility between General Relativity and Quantum Physics. We begin with the formula of the pendulum as a real open system, and then present the Special Relativity in another approach, and then go on with General Relativity and finally with the deduction of the Schrödinger's wave equation. An important point to recall is that the BSU, is in fact a system or trajectory in the complex plane whose state must be determined, if we have relations of the two state variables of time and space; in the case of QM there is no way to determine its state as time and space cannot be related, so we have the Uncertainty Principle. Another point to recall is that the BSU is in fact a Quantum, as it remains the same in spite of change, because of the Isomorphic property of Euler's relation in which it is based.

Of the General Theory of Relativity it has been said that it is one of the most beautiful theories invented by man, in fact personally also at the time it impressed me a lot, which led me to study Tensor Analysis and to try to understand Riemannian Geometry, but the truth is that all that world seemed to me very complicated and therefore not very beautiful, and I understood why, when it was launched, it is said that only 12 people understood it. Enrique Loedel in his excellent book writes... "arriving at the same results obtained from the exact Schwarzchild solution... whose extremely simple structure does not agree with the extreme complication of the field equations, make us think of the possibility of obtaining such a solution in a simpler and more direct way"(7,pg318). It was this that motivated me, among others, to the present solution of the gravitational fields, after having applied the concept of Basic Systemic Unit in the derivation of the Pendulum Formula, of the Schrödinger wave equation and those of Special Relativity.

According to Einstein's Spacetime Theory, Gravitational Waves are "Spacetime Ripples". These ripples are distorted space which can cause oscillation to LIGO interferometer and such that interference signals can be detected. However, what exactly the spacetime is, how these ripples propagate and oscillate with LIGO interferometer remain unknown. In this paper, instead of "Spacetime Ripples", gravitational waves as the "Graviton Surges" in a combined graviton flux composed of two alternately blocking graviton fluxes emitted from a pair of rotating black holes (or mega stars) are proposed based on Graviton Radiation and Contact Interaction Theory. As a graviton flux meets a moving target object, dynamic graviton flux can be generated dependent on the speed of the target object and the relative direction between the moving target object and the static graviton flux observed at the parent object. Furthermore, according to Gravity Affected Wu's Spacetime Shrinkage Theory and Principle of Parallelism, Wu Unit Length (diameter) and Wu Unit Time (period) of Wu's Pairs (building blocks of the universe) in an object or event are dependent on the local gravitational field generated by either static graviton flux or dynamic graviton flux, as is the dimension, duration, velocity and acceleration of the object or event, as well as the wavelength and light speed of a photon. As a result, when Graviton Surges and Graviton Valleys in the gravitational waves hit LIGO Interferometer, different anisotropic light speeds can be produced in the two arms of LIGO interferometer subject to the dynamic gravitational field dependent on the effective mass of either one of the two black holes or two black holes caused by blocking in the rotation process between two black holes, and the direction between laser beams and gravitational waves (static graviton flux), such that interference can be generated and thus Graviton Surges and gravitational waves can be detected.

The investigation of distant galaxy formation and evolution is a powerful tool to constrain dark matter scenarios, supporting and in some cases surpassing other astrophysical and experimental probes. The recent completion of the Hubble Frontier Field (HFF) programme combining ultra-deep Hubble Space Telescope observations and the magnification power of gravitational lensing produced by foreground galaxy clusters has enabled the detection of the faintest primordial galaxies ever studied. Here we show how the number density of such primordial galaxies allows to constrain a variety of DM models alternative to CDM. In particular, it provides stringent limits on the mass of thermal WDM candidates, on the parameter space of sterile neutrino production models, and on other DM scenarios featuring particles in the keV mass range which is also supported by recent detections of a 3.5keV X-ray line. These constraints are robust and independent of the baryonic physics modeling of galaxy formation and evolution. Fuzzy DM (ultralight DM particles) results strongly disfavored.

Today, thanks in particular to the results of the ESA Planck mission, the concordance cosmological model appears to be the most robust to describe the evolution and content of the Universe from its early to late times. It summarizes the evolution of matter, made mainly of dark matter, from the primordial fluctuations generated by inflation around 10 -30 second after the Big-Bang to galaxies and clusters of galaxies, 13.8 billion years later, and the evolution of the expansion of space, with a relative slowdown in the matterdominated era and, since a few billion years, an acceleration powered by dark energy. But we are far from knowing the pillars of this model which are inflation, dark matter and dark energy. Comprehending these fundamental questions requires a detailed mapping of our observable Universe over the whole of cosmic time. The relic radiation provides the starting point and galaxies draw the cosmic web. JAXA's LiteBIRD mission will map the beginning of our Universe with a crucial test for inflation (its primordial gravity waves), and the ESA Euclid mission will map the most recent half part, crucial for dark energy. The mission concept, described in this White Paper, GAUSS, aims at being a mission to fully map the cosmic web up to the reionization era, linking early and late evolution, to tackle and disentangle the crucial degeneracies persisting after the Euclid era between dark matter and inflation properties, dark energy, structure growth and gravitation at large scale.

From a perspective of some 50 years or more, this paper reviews my recall of the early days of scalar-tensor alternatives to standard Einstein general relativistic theory of gravity. Of course, the story begins long before my involvement, going back to the proposals of Nordström in 1914, and that of Kaluza, Klein, et al., a few years later, so I include reviews of these seminal ideas and those that followed in the 1920's through the 1940's. This early work concerned the search for a Unified Field Theory, unifying gravity and Electromagnetism, using five dimensional manifolds. This formalism included not only the electromagnetic spacetime vector potential within the fivemetric, but also a spacetime scalar as the five-five metric component. Although this was at first regarded more as a nuisance, to be set to a constant, it turned out later that Fierz, Jordan, Einstein and Bergmann noticed that this scalar could be a field, possibly related to the Newtonian gravitational constant. Relatively little theoretical and experimental attention was given to these ideas until after the second world war when Bob Dicke, motivated by the ideas of Mach, Dirac, and others, suggested that this additional scalar, coupled only to the metric and matter, could provide a reasonable and viable alternative to standard Einstein theory. This is the point of my direct involvement with these topics. However, it was Dicke's prominence and expertise in experimental work, together with the blossoming of NASA's experimental tools, that caused the explosion of interest, experimental and theoretical, in this possible alternative to standard Einstein theory. This interest has waxed and waned over the last 50 years, and we summarize some of this work.

Based on the freely-falling Unruh-Dewitt model, we study the influence of gravitational waves on the quantum multibody states, i.e. the twin-Fock (TF) state and the mixture of Dicke states. The amount of entanglement of quantum many-body states decreases first and then increases with increasing frequency of gravitational waves. In particular, for some fixed frequencies of gravitational waves, entanglement will increase with the increasing amplitude of gravitational waves, which is different from the usual thought of gravity-induced decoherence and could provide a novel understanding for the quantum property of gravitational waves.

This paper presents a new hypothesis that simultaneously addresses multiple unresolved problems in physics and cosmology: the origin of low initial entropy, the nature of dark matter and dark energy, the matter–antimatter asymmetry, early large-scale structures, the arrow of time, cosmic fine-tuning, and the apparent breakdown of unification.

By offering a unified explanation across these domains, the model aims to resolve the current cosmological crisis and connect phenomena that have long remained isolated. The proposal invites a fundamental rethinking of time, entropy, and the structure of the universe.

This paper delves into the intriguing intersection between the Ricci low and the Schwarzschild metric, focusing primarily on applying these concepts to time-dependent metrics for spherical bodies, such as stars. By exploring the dynamic nature of the Schwarzschild metric through the lens of Ricci low, we aim to provide insights into the evolving geometry of space-time surrounding massive objects. Our study seeks to enhance the understanding of how massive bodies, like stars, in luence the fabric of space-time over time, potentially impacting theories of gravity and cosmology.

Several quantum-gravity models of compact objects predict microscopic or even Planckian corrections at the horizon scale. We explore the possibility of measuring two model-independent, smoking-gun effects of these corrections in the gravitational waveform of a compact binary, namely, the absence of tidal heating and the presence of tidal deformability. For events detectable by the future space-based interferometer LISA, we show that the effect of tidal heating dominates and allows one to constrain putative corrections down to the Planck scale. The measurement of the tidal Love numbers with LISA is more challenging but, in optimistic scenarios, it allows us to constrain the compactness of a supermassive exotic compact object down to the Planck scale. Our analysis suggests that highly spinning, supermassive binaries at 1-20 Gpc provide unparalleled tests of quantum-gravity effects at the horizon scale.

Quasi-Periodic oscillations (QPOs) observed in the X-ray flux emitted by accreting black holes are associated with phenomena occurring near the horizon. Future very large area X-ray instruments will be able to measure QPO frequencies with very high precision, thus probing this strong-field region. Using the relativistic precession model, we show the way in which QPO frequencies could be used to test general relativity (GR) against those alternative theories of gravity which predict deviations from the classical theory in the strong-field and high-curvature regimes. We consider one of the bestmotivated high-curvature corrections to GR, namely the Einstein-Dilaton-Gauss-Bonnet theory, and show that a detection of QPOs with the expected sensitivity of the proposed ESA M-class mission LOFT would set the most stringent constraints on the parameter space of this theory.

How could time dilation happen? Is it because of the speed based on Einstein's Special Relativity? Or the acceleration (curvature of spacetime) based on Einstein's General Relativity? Or the gravitational force based on Gravity Affected Wu's Spacetime Shrinkage Theory? According to Gravity Affected Wu's Spacetime Shrinkage Theory and Principle of Parallelism, dimension (space), duration (time), spacetime (potential energy) and all other properties of an object or event including wavelength and light speed of a photon, as well as Time Dilation of a clock, are all dependent on the local gravitational field (more accurately, graviton bombardment strength). They are irrelevant to speed and acceleration of the object or event. Both Einstein's Special Relativity and General Relativity are wrong. In this paper, time dilations associated with altitude, pendulum swing and air bound flight caused by static graviton flux and dynamic graviton flux are studied and explained in detail. It is realized that time dilation is actually dependent on gravitational field caused by graviton bombardment through static graviton flux and dynamic graviton flux based on Graviton Radiation and Contact Interaction Theory.

The focus of the current research investigates the dynamical behavior of the universe within the framework of a new Bianchi type-I anisotropic, homogeneous astrophysical models with a modified theory of f (R, T ) gravity. The significant effect of the model is to find solutions to the field equations using Polynomial Deceleration Parameter (PDP) which is a powerful tool to analyze the cosmic expansion history. Through a combination of theoretical analysis and graphical representation, we explore the consequences of f (R, T ) gravity on the universe's evolution for r = 1 to 5 polynomial value of DP. Our study unveils intriguing features in the context of this modified gravity theory, shedding light on its impact on cosmic expansion, acceleration, and potential deviations from standard cosmological models. The graphical representations provide intuitive insights, enhancing our comprehension of the complex interplay between geometry and matter content in the universe. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the universe's behavior in alternative gravitational theories.

In this review we present a thoroughly comprehensive survey of recent work on modified theories of gravity and their cosmological consequences. Amongst other things, we cover General Relativity, Scalar-Tensor, Einstein-Aether, and Bimetric theories, as well as TeVeS, f (R), general higher-order theories, Hořava-Lifschitz gravity, Galileons, Ghost Condensates, and models of extra dimensions including Kaluza-Klein, Randall-Sundrum, DGP, and higher co-dimension braneworlds. We also review attempts to construct a Parameterised Post-Friedmannian formalism, that can be used to constrain deviations from General Relativity in cosmology, and that is suitable for comparison with data on the largest scales. These subjects have been intensively studied over the past decade, largely motivated by rapid progress in the field of observational cosmology that now allows, for the first time, precision tests of fundamental physics on the scale of the observable Universe. The purpose of this review is to provide a reference tool for researchers and students in cosmology and gravitational physics, as well as a self-contained, comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to the subject as a whole.

Weak local exploitation capability of the gravitational search algorithm (GSA) and its slow convergence rate in final iterations have been demonstrated in the literature. This paper presents a modified GSA denoted here as the accelerated multi-gravitational search algorithm (AMGSA) that exhibits an improved convergence rate. In AMGSA, the simplex crossover (SPX) and the operator mutation of the breeder genetic algorithm (BGA) are incorporated with the multi-gravitational search algorithm (MGSA) to achieve an algorithm with a good exploration-exploitation balance. MGSA is adopted to prevent stagnation of the search into a local optimum (i.e. to improve the exploration capability), while the SPX and the BGA mutation operator are used to bias the search toward promising areas of the search space (i.e. to promote local exploitation). The performance of AMGSA is evaluated using several benchmark truss optimization examples. Results indicate that AMGSA not only exhibits an improved balance between the exploration and exploitation schemes but also shows competitive promise in effectively and efficiently solving large-scale optimization problems as it requires a significantly lower number of structural analyses compared to other algorithms that it is checked against.

De acordo com a teoria geral da relatividade, os corpos  se movem ao longo de caminhos geodésicos que são influenciados pela curvatura do espaço -tempo. Em minha teoria mais ampla dos gravitons, essa curvatura é entendida como a influência combinada da propagação e interação dos gravitons, mesmo que eles não possuam massa.  Este artigo sugere que as geodéssicas são trilhas formadas pelo movimento de densos fluxos de gravitons, que interagem entre si.

Obs: Durante o desenvolvimento deste trabalho original , foram utilizadas ferramentas tecnologicas para apoiar a estruturação do conteúdo e formatação de algumas expressões matemáticas , garantindo maior clareza e precisão na apresentação dos conceitos.

In the information-theoretic cosmology based on the evolution of dimensionality, 2-D structures arise before 3-D and maintain their essentially 2-D forms. This is confirmed by the presence of spiral galaxies in the early universe. Motivated by this fact, we consider the black ring, the 2-D analog of the hollow black hole. These and other geometries may be associated with signatures that can be observed.

We propose a cosmological model in which dark energy arises not as a static cosmological constant, but through dynamic energy transformation from decaying dark matter, radiation, and baryonic matter. This model maintains total energy conservation and introduces scaling laws that match current observational data on H(z), fσ₈(z), and Ω(z). Phantom crossing and late-time acceleration emerge naturally without fine-tuning or exotic fields. The framework challenges ΛCDM by offering a unified, evolutionary energy model grounded in physically motivated processes.

In the complete absence of ordinary matter, the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric in the dark energy-dominated era of late cosmological evolution features a constant curvature scalar (the Ricci scalar R) that is proportional to the cosmological constant Λ. Indeed, in the distant future the universe is expected to approach a pure de Sitter spacetime, in which stray high-entropy photons make up the bulk of the universe's energy. However, similar conditions may have also existed immediately following the Big Bang, when radiation from highly-relativistic neutrinos and photons comprised the majority of the energy in the expanding universe. If true, then it is plausible that the curvature scalar R was also constant in the radiation-dominated era of the early universe. This motivates the possibility of a metric that involves a constant R in the intervening matter-dominated era, which existed between some 50,000 years after the Big Bang and roughly four billion years ago, when dark energy began to overcome the dominance of gravitating matter. To investigate the consequence of a constant universal curvature scalar, the FLRW metric is derived from Einstein's field equations featuring both Λ and a constant R in the presence of non-interacting matter having a proper density ρ(t) and pressure P(ρ). The results indicate that the formalism is valid only for a relativistic fluid with the dimensionless equation of state parameters ω = -1 and ω = 1/3, corresponding to the very early and very late universe, respectively.

Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, exhibit number one is what the seraphs, the misinformed, simple, noble-winged seraphs, envied. Look at this tangle of thorns. -Humbert Humbert in Lolita by Vladimir The Levi-Civita symbol is arguably the simplest mathematical quantity of importance that one can imagine. In n dimensions, it carries n indices whose sole purpose is to keep track of the signs of various indexed mathematical quantities that it operates on. Unlike matrices, vectors and tensors, the Levi-Civita symbol (also called the permutation symbol) has no individual components of its own to speak of-the indices all act in unison, returning either 0 or ±1, depending only on how they're lined up. Nevertheless, the Levi-Civita symbol is ubiquitous in elementary vector and matrix algebra, though it also appears routinely in general relativity, quantum mechanics and even topology. Despite its apparent simplicity, textbook derivations of some of the Levi-Civita symbol's properties are notoriously hard to come by. Indeed, to the consternation of the student the symbol's properties are often just written down as if they were obvious. Here we provide a simple overview of the symbol's properties along with several of its applications, with particular attention given to basic derivations.

In 1919, the mathematician Theodor Kaluza began to play around with Albert Einstein's formulas for gravity. Out of curiosity, he reworked the equations to see how they would look in five, rather than four, dimensions. The exercise yielded an extra set of equations, which were the same as James Clerk Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic field. His idea of a fifth dimension had produced a mathematical unification of gravity and electromagnetism. Since Kaluza's calculations yielded an extra set of equations with Einstein's formulas for gravity, it's logical to assume that extending the number of known dimensions to five might also extend E = mc 2 . This article also visits conservation of mass and energy / mass-energy equivalence, Electromagnetism, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, the Matrix, Antigravitons, Incompleteness Theorems, New Irrationals, Calculus, Celluloid Motion, and Vector-Tensor-Scalar Geometry. And as the text accompanying Figure says, "The counterclockwise rotation does not have to encompass 360 degrees. It can be divided into single degrees -and even arcseconds which are 3,600 times smaller than a degree. Each arcsecond (or tiny part of it) could correspond to a separate dimension and the total dimensions might make up a temporal multiverse that's reminiscent of string theory, the cosmological framework that says particles are composed of one-dimensional objects called strings (a group of binary digits is called a single-dimensional bit string)." Finally, Heisenberg's Principle of Indeterminacy -in which the position and the velocity of a particle cannot both be measured exactly, at the same time, even in theory -is revised. Quantum uncertainty is changed into quantum certainty by software containing a new type of irrational number -actually, irrational equations -that's based on mathematics' Matrix and topology's Mobius strip, as well as being interdimensional. Ludwig Wittgenstein, an Austrian-British philosopher, once stated, "The limits of my language mean the limits of my world." Wittgenstein proposed that our understanding of the world is shaped by the language we use to describe it. This concept extends to mathematics, which can be seen as a specialized language. So, if a person has no doubt that 1 + 1 = 2, he or she can never arrive at a truly Unified Theory in which only one thing exists. The mathematical tools accepted in 2023 are indispensable in enabling advancements in technology and science that have transformed our lives but is incapable of fully describing Unification. Scientific history has shown that it can go partway. Scientists consequently assume it will eventually go all the way.

Relativistic mass theory is a fundamental concept in physics that describes how an object's mass changes with its velocity. In this research, we present a new theory that states that relativistic mass remains constant even at velocities close to the speed of light Relativistic Mass Theory: Challenges and New Theories

Imagine watching a tree grow. It starts from a single seed—a simple point of potential. Over time, it grows upward and outward, branching into ever-finer structures, shaped by internal pressures and external constraints. Similarly, this paper proposes a new framework, called 'causality mathematics,' in which everything in our universe—from particles and atoms to living beings—grows naturally from a simple seed: the flow of time itself. Just as a tree’s branches bifurcate into finer and finer structures, time’s natural exponential growth at the speed of e encounters internal feedback and resonance, causing it to split and twist into helical pathways. Remarkably, from these twists and turns, the universe's fundamental constants—π, α, c, G and the golden ratio Φ—emerge naturally in fractal repetition, explaining the deep order underlying reality. In this paper, we will explore a novel mathematical language designed to clearly and intuitively reveal how causality shapes the world we experience. As human beings, we have the ability to ignore cause and effect and the flow of time when we work within abstract spaces, like the space created by conventional mathematics. By redefining the mathematical structure to remove this human trait, it then perfectly reflects the structures we are trying to define.

Imagine time not as a single, relentless river flowing from past to future, but as a woven fabrictwo threads, intertwined, bending and folding under the forces of the universe. This isn't science fiction; it's the heart of a bold new idea called Bimetric Time Theory (BTT), which I've been developing to challenge everything we know about physics. If it holds up, it could unravel the mysteries of quantum weirdness, black holes, and even the cosmos itself, rewriting reality as we understand it.

The QST model universe in Minkowski space has one black hole of confined dark energy, triggering the emergence of gravity. In QST black holes consume spacetime at c having the same energy density which leads to a Cyclic universe & the release of confined energy & entropy.

Current scientific understanding assumes black holes ("BH") consume SpaceTime ("ST") and matter at c and confine that energy past the event horizon ("EH"). The mass then flows towards the BH singularity. BH create "curved spacetime" ("CST") around them described by General Relativity (GR). CST creates emergent entropic gravity (EEG) that extends in all directions at c. GR does not explain what ST is or how the ST field interacts with matter or a BH. Quantum mechanics (QM) describes all forms of known confined energy of matter in fields and describes the interactions between these fields but does not include explanation of quantized gravity. Both GR and QM explain matter and fields of energy density at any point in time and space. GR & QM do not explain spacetime and matter in fields as continuous moving, flowing, interacting energy domains. In GR, Matter and ST affect each other as separate energy fields but do not interact directly. In QST Energy is transferred, transformed and recycled between the ST and quantum field theory (QFT) domains changing forms of confinement and density which ends with dark energy (DE) confined in a black hole. ST & EM fields are confined by the universe and QFT fields use the strong and weak forces for energy confinement. This energy exchange between ST/QFT enables all force carrier interactions and maintains energy levels & input values of all fundamental particles of QFT.

We propose a model where local universes ("bubbles") emerge from a dynamic dark matter/dark energy medium ("cosmic soup"). This framework explains anomalous James Webb Telescope observations (e.g., mature galaxies at high redshift) as potential bubble interactions and predicts distinct signatures in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The theory extends ΛCDM cosmology while addressing its tensions with recent data through a novel hydrodynamic approach to multiverse formation.

Nous modélisons les interactions entre mode de gestion (régie ou délégation) et coûts d'exploitation des services d'eau potable afin de comparer leurs performances et la tarification. Nous estimons ces modèles sur des données de panel en France. Nous montrons que le choix de la collectivité locale dépend des coûts et des caractéristiques des services. Il existe une différence significative d'efficacité productive moyenne en faveur de la gestion déléguée mais les services en régie semblent plus performants sur les rendements de réseau. Les marges réalisées par l'exploitant sont expliquées par les caractéristiques des services, et celles du contrat dans le cas de délégation.

BackgroundAnemia is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency globally, affecting about a quarter of the world population. In Brazil, about one-fifth of children under five years of age are anemic. Previous case studies indicate prevalence rates much higher among indigenous peoples in the Country. The First National Survey of Indigenous People’s Health and Nutrition in Brazil, conducted in 2008–2009, was the first survey based on a nationwide representative sample to study the prevalence of anemia and associated factors among indigenous children in Brazil.MethodsThe survey assessed the health and nutritional status of indigenous children < 5 years of age based on a representative sample of major Brazilian geopolitical regions. A stratified probabilistic sampling was carried out for indigenous villages. Within villages, children < 5 years of age in sampled households were included in the study. Prevalence rates of anemia were calculated for independent variables and hierarchica...

We study a method to induce resonant transitions between antihydrogen [Formula: see text] quantum states above a material surface in the gravitational field of the Earth. The method consists of applying a gradient of magnetic field, which is temporally oscillating with the frequency equal to a frequency of transition between gravitational states of antihydrogen. A corresponding resonant change in the spatial density of antihydrogen atoms could be measured as a function of the frequency of applied field. We estimate an accuracy of measuring antihydrogen gravitational states spacing and show how a value of the gravitational mass of the [Formula: see text] atom could be deduced from such a measurement. We also demonstrate that a method of induced transitions could be combined with a free-fall-time measurement in order to further improve the precision.

Experimental tests of gravity performed in the solar system show a good agreement with general relativity. The latter is however challenged by the Pioneer anomaly which might be pointing at some modification of gravity law at ranges of the order of the size of the solar system. We introduce a metric extension of general relativity which, while preserving the equivalence principle, modifies the coupling between curvature and stress tensors and, therefore, the metric solution in the solar system. The "post-Einsteinian extension" replaces Newton gravitation constant by two running coupling constants, which depend on the scale and differ in the sectors of traceless and traced tensors, so that the metric solution is characterized by two gravitation potentials. The extended theory has the capability to preserve compatibility with gravity tests while accounting for the Pioneer anomaly. It can also be tested by new experiments or, maybe, by having a new look at data of already performed experiments.

The results predicted by Newtonian gravity and general relativity are compared regarding the field produced by an infinite gauge string with constant density λ. A simple gedankenexperiment is suggested to stress the remarkable differences between these two theories. The existence of the usual Newtonian limit is discussed in this case.

Summary of the long term data taking, related to one of the proposed next generation ground-based gravitational detector’s location is presented here. Results of seismic and infrasound noise, electromagnetic attenuation and cosmic muon radiation measurements are reported in the underground Matra Gravitational and Geophysical Laboratory near Gyöngyösoroszi, Hungary. The collected seismic data of more than two years is evaluated from the point of view of the Einstein Telescope, a proposed third generation underground gravitational wave observatory. Applying our results for the site selection will significantly improve the signal to noise ratio of the multi-messenger astrophysics era, especially at the low frequency regime.

Objectives: To investigate the effects of age, gravidity, and gestational age on peripheral malaria parasitemia and functional T helper (Th) cell heterogeneity in pregnant women. Methods: Maternal age, gravidity, and gestational age were recorded and peripheral venous blood collected from 175 women attending antenatal clinics in south western Cameroon between March and September 2002. The blood was checked for malaria parasitemia by light microscopy and plasma levels of interleukin (IL)‐4 and human interferon (IFN)‐γ were measured by indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Malaria parasites were detected in 45 (25.4%) of 174 women, with rates similar for different age groups, trimesters of pregnancy, and gravidity. The geometric mean parasite density was 565, and parasite density was significantly higher in younger than in older women. For all groups combined, the mean IL‐4 level was significantly higher than the mean IFN‐γ (P = 0.0004), irrespective of the presence and...

Background In the subgroup of bedridden hydrocephalic patients with ventriculo-peritoneal shunts and gravitational valves, we occasionally observed persisting hydrocephalic complaints even when mechanical or infection-related obstruction was excluded. Methods To investigate the cause of these hydrocephalic symptoms, in vitro and in vivo analyses were used to determine valve opening, intra-abdominal and hydrostatic pressure of an Aesculap-Miethke 10/40 cm H 2 O gravitational valve at different angles of upper body and head inclination. Findings Since hydrostatic pressure is lacking, the resulting intra-ventricular pressures are shown to peak up to 27 cm H 2 O in supine patients with head, but not upper body inclined. Conclusions We conclude that in the subgroup of bedridden patients with ventriculo-peritoneal shunts and gravitational valves, upright posture is a prerequisite for proper cerebrospinal fluid drainage.

Background In the subgroup of bedridden hydrocephalic patients with ventriculo-peritoneal shunts and gravitational valves, we occasionally observed persisting hydrocephalic complaints even when mechanical or infection-related obstruction was excluded. Methods To investigate the cause of these hydrocephalic symptoms, in vitro and in vivo analyses were used to determine valve opening, intra-abdominal and hydrostatic pressure of an Aesculap-Miethke 10/40 cm H 2 O gravitational valve at different angles of upper body and head inclination. Findings Since hydrostatic pressure is lacking, the resulting intra-ventricular pressures are shown to peak up to 27 cm H 2 O in supine patients with head, but not upper body inclined. Conclusions We conclude that in the subgroup of bedridden patients with ventriculo-peritoneal shunts and gravitational valves, upright posture is a prerequisite for proper cerebrospinal fluid drainage.

Static, spherically symmetric solutions of axi-dilaton gravity in D dimensions is given in the Brans-Dicke frame for arbitrary values of the Brans-Dicke constant ω and an axion-dilaton coupling parameter k. The mass and the dilaton and axion charges are determined and a BPS bound is derived. There exists a one parameter family of black hole solutions in the scale invariant limit.

We present cosmological solutions for (1 + 3 + n)-dimensional steady state universe in dilaton gravity with an arbitrary dilaton coupling constant w and exponential dilaton self-interaction potentials in the string frame. We focus particularly on the class in which the 3-space expands with a time varying deceleration parameter. We discuss the number of the internal dimensions and the value of the dilaton coupling constant to determine the cases that are consistent with the observed universe and the primordial nucleosynthesis. The 3-space starts with a decelerated expansion rate and evolves into accelerated expansion phase subject to the values of w and n, but ends with a Big Rip in all cases. We discuss the cosmological evolution in further detail for the cases w = 1 and w = 1 2 that permit exact solutions. We also comment on how the universe would be conceived by an observer in four dimensions who is unaware of the internal dimensions and thinks that the conventional general relativity is valid at cosmological scales.

The variational field equations of Brans-Dicke scalar-tensor theory of gravitation are presented in a Riemannian and non-Riemannian setting in the language of exterior differential forms over 4-dimensional spacetime. In Rosen coordinates, the equations of motion of non-spinning test masses are considered in a gravitational plane wave setup and detailed to interpret a scalar field α as a candidate for dark energy for negative values of the Brans-Dicke parameter -3/2 < ω < 0 .

This chapter addresses the fields generated by mass and charge, along with other fundamental elements such as curvature and frequency, conceptualized as a single unified field. These elements, whether at rest or in motion, generate two types of interrelated fields, similar to what occurs in electromagnetism.
It analyzes how Planck units and the geometrical system of units simplify physical expressions, allowing wavelengths, energies and forces to be described by fundamental constants. In addition, the concept of "energy element" is introduced, defined as any physical magnitude capable of being expressed in terms of length or distance based on universal constants.
General expressions are presented for forces and fields generated by energy elements, both at rest and in motion. These expressions, derived from the proposed theoretical model, allow concepts such as gravity and electromagnetism to be extended to a more general framework that includes moving elements.
The chapter concludes with the generalization of Maxwell's equations and the formulation of gravitomagnetism, showing how the forces between elements of energy at rest and in motion can be unified into a consistent theoretical system. The potential of this approach to link classical and modern field theories is underlined.

It is understandable that in 1916 Einstein was unable to explain his postulate c=const, that in the case of the lightning and the train that moves on the railway embankment he still tacitly implied that the inertial coordinate system which is at rest has advantage over the one in motion. In serious scientific journals, there are no tries of explanations of this postulate, but it is strange that even today, at popular lectures, Einstein&#39;s explanation is taken as valid. It isn&#39;t difficult to show that his explanation is not valid; it is difficult to find the right explanation without trying to form an alternative theory. The article is dedicated to this goal. The found explanation will also serve to explain, for example, the EPR-paradox without any “spooky action at a distance” or “hidden variables” (Einstein’s expressions). And this is not the only example where it can serve.

In 1905, Einstein was not able to explain his postulate c=const differently than only by symmetry. If a person moves an electrical conductor in the presence of a magnet, current will appear in the conductor. If the person moves the magnet now in the presence of the conductor, the current will again appear in the conductor - regardless of the fact that he homocentrically explains that it is once because of the electromotive force, another time because of the magnetomotive force, depending on what he holds in his hand. Yes, the unique electromagnetic force is transmitted at the same speed whether the magnet or conductor coordinate system is stationary. Equal and symmetrical. And precisely because of that equality, that is, mutual relativity, that Einstein’s explanation with the train and lightning on the railway embankment is not valid. Because of tacit homocentrism also the twin paradox is only a pseudo paradox, because of a misunderstanding of the postulate c=const. The real explana...

This study introduces the Negentropic Stabilization Index (NSI) as a novel framework for modeling galactic dynamics. NSI is evaluated against MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics) and classical Newtonian gravity by analyzing the rotation curves of spiral galaxies such as NGC 3198 and the Milky Way. The model incorporates an entropy-based stabilizing potential that captures core dynamics without invoking dark matter. Comparative results include MSE-based performance metrics, correlation heatmaps with baryonic surface density (R² = 0.63), and visualized rotation curves. The findings suggest NSI provides a physically grounded and statistically consistent alternative to existing paradigms. This dataset includes the full LaTeX article, statistical results in CSV format, rotation curve plots, and supporting heatmaps.

This paper is an attempt to find an answer in the matter of expanding universe from the time variance of the gravitational constant point of view. We took as reference the equivalent variation of the gravitational constant of a static universe and report the observational data to it. The equivalent variation of the gravitational constant of a static universe is estimated in a reference universe hypothesis. An expanding force is balanced by an attracting force and this is the basis from which we can establish a formal time variance for the gravitational constant in two cases. The first one correspond to an expanding universe, hence this case can’t be a reference for our evaluation. The second case corresponds to a static universe and it is the same as a de Sitter universe. This is the reason why this case can be a reference case. Thus the observational data smaller than our reference theoretical value, are linked to a collapsing universe and the observational data greater than the sa...

This paper is an attempt to generalize the well-known expression of the gravitational potential for more than three dimensions. We used the Sneddon-Thornhill approach of the Newton’s theorem and then the results are passed through the filter of Poisson’s equation. The comparison with other theories implies some restrictions, but the overall results are valid until the experiment will disprove them.