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2012, Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika)
The paper presents key results regarding a possible reform of the Common Agricultural Policy direct payments, based on a scenario analysis by the CAPRI (Common Agricultural Policy Regionalized Impact) modelling system. Combining aggregate programming models at the NUTS 2 level with a global spatial multi-commodity model, it enables depicting the impacts of different policy and economic scenarios from regional to the global scale. The paper discusses simulated impacts on farm income and agricultural markets from implementing the European flat rate hectare payment corrected for the purchasing power disparities across the Member States while reducing the overall budget outlays for direct payments by 50% and dismantling the remaining coupled support to ruminants. The results are an outcome of a comparative static analysis against a reference scenario which assumes the Health Check policy in 2020. The model results suggest a drop of the agricultural gross value added by 9% at the aggreg...
Agricultural and Food Science, 2011
Policy harmonized (PH) approach allows for the quantitative assessment of the impact of various elements of EU CAP direct support schemes, where the production effects of direct payments are accounted through reaction prices formed by producer price and policy price add-ons. Using the AGMEMOD model the impacts of two possible EU agricultural policy scenarios upon beef production have been analysed -full decoupling with a switch from historical to regional Single Payment scheme or alternatively with re-distribution of country direct payment envelopes via introduction of EU-wide flat area payment. The PH approach, by systematizing and harmonizing the management and use of policy data, ensures that projected differential policy impacts arising from changes in common EU policies reflect the likely actual differential impact as opposed to differences in how "common" policies are implemented within analytical models. In the second section of the paper the AGMEMOD model's structure is explained. The policy harmonized evaluation method is presented in the third section. Results from an application of the PH approach are presented and discussed in the paper's penultimate section, while section 5 concludes.
2005
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has evolved throughout time reflecting the continuously changing concerns of European societies and its rural areas. The Mid-Term Review of the CAP, agreed on June 2003, represents a complete change in the way the EU support the farm sector. On the one hand, “decoupling” will make EU farmers more competitive and market oriented and, on the other hand, “cross-compliance” will ensure the respect of environmental, food safety and animal welfare standards. There is less emphasis on market and income support measures within Pillar 1 and an increasing importance of rural development programs. One of the particularities of the new CAP is that Member States have several options to implement the single payment scheme. That means that the CAP sets up the general guidelines but it will be for Member States and regions to decide the specific measures to adopt. The versatile nature of the new CAP will lead to a multiplicity of support schemes, rising the inte...
2011
The form and scope of direct payments under the Common Agricultural Policy are controversial for several reasons: high budgetary costs, unfair distribution between old and new Member States and weak argumentation of payments; consequently, they will have to be redefined for the period 2013-2020 and this calls for a need for policy impact assessment. The paper presents an analysis of the impact of different direct payments policy scenarios on the agricultural markets of the ten new EU Member States (NMS). The study is based on the AGMEMOD (AGricultural MEmber states MODelling) EU-27 dynamic econometric partial equilibrium models. The Baseline Scenario assumes that from 2013 on, the Single Area Payment Scheme would continue, dairy quotas would be abolished and some other policy instrument changes would take place as agreed in the 2008 Health Check policy conclusions. Preservation of the current policy would lead to further growth in production of most agricultural markets, resulting f...
Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy, 2015
The article presents the main aspects of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) while also exploring the contextual parameters and impact on agriculture and rural areas of the European Union (EU) member states. CAP is one of the most important policies of the EU, having for decades occupied the major share of the region’s budget and had profound effects on farm structures, agricultural employment and rural areas, as well as wider economic, social, political, environmental and cultural implications, for old and new member states. The article is organized in five sections. The introductory section offers a brief account of the basic dimensions of the newly reformed CAP, which suggest how the CAP is destined to evolve in the near future. The next section is dedicated to the analysis of farm structures, agricultural and regional employment, agricultural incomes and regional development. The third section deals with the evolution of the CAP objectives, as well as the drivers connected to the recent CAP reforms. Next, there is a comprehensive presentation of the CAP impact on agriculture and rural areas of the member states. Finally, a number of conclusions are drawn regarding the path dependency of the CAP and its continued inefficiency on lowering social and spatial inequalities in rural areas.
2015
Abstract: This paper presents a simulation analysis for EU agricultural policy scenarios based on the combined use of a PE (partial equilibrium) and a GE (general equilibrium) model. In order to draw upon the strengths of both model types, the PE model ESIM (European Simulation Model) and the GE model LEITAP are combined to analyze four agricultural policy scenarios until the year 2020, including a baseline with moderate reforms as well as a full liberalization of EU agriculture. Compared to the pronounced developments of the agri-food sectors under the baseline, the impact of policy scenarios is rather small. Real agricultural prices in the EU fall by about 20 % under the baseline, whereas the additional price decrease in case of full liberalization is only 14%. Agricultural supply in the EU is rather stable. Even under full liberalization, agricultural supply will not decline dramatically: it falls by about 10 % if compared to the baseline. The contribution of the agricultural and...
2017
The agricultural sector in Europe is heavily dependent on support payments made as part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). In 2013, a political agreement on a CAP reform was reached that led to the introduction of a Basic Payment Scheme (BPS). The agreement allowed for a wide range of implementations across EU member states with BPS implementation options ranging from models with flat rate per hectare payments determined at regional or national level, to models where existing historically determined payment rates per hectare transition towards, but not to, a flat rate per hectare. This paper explores the role that such payments and changes in their distribution could play in reducing farm income inequality in the UK and Ireland. Flat rate per farm payments are also considered here to explore how a more dramatic reform would reduce inequality. Movement towards flat rate per hectare payments does not uniformly decrease inequality of Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) in contrast to wha...
2011
Following the paradigm for reforming the current CAP, the first objective of this study is to give insights into the economic impact of post-2013 CAP measures at different levels of aggregation (e.g. EU, Member State and region). The post-2013 CAP measures included are directed towards income for the farmers, competitiveness, valuable areas and ecosystem services. The second objective is to analyse the impact of a scenario that combines the above mentioned post-2013 CAP measures. This study can be seen as a first attempt to quantify the transition to a CAP with more targeted measures at the European level and reveals considerable methodological and data challenges. A key finding is that the impact of the various measures is very different with regard to various economic indicators.
Agricultural Systems, 2018
Farm models are potentially relevant tools for policy impact assessment. Governments and international organizations use impact assessment (IA) as an ex-ante policy process and procedure to evaluate impacts of policy options as part of the introduction of new policies. IA is increasingly used. This paper reviews both the use of farm models in such policy IAs in the European Commission, and the development and use of farm models for policy IA by the scientific community over the past decade. A systematic review was performed, based on 202 studies from the period 2007-2015 and results were discussed in a science-policy workshop. Based on the literature review and the workshop, this paper describes progress in the development of farm models, challenges in their use in policy processes and a research and cooperation agenda. We conclude that main issues for a research agenda include: 1) better understanding of farmer decision-making and effects of the social milieu, with increased focus on the interactions between farmers and other actors, the link to the value chain, and farm structural change; 2) thorough and consistent model evaluation and model comparison, with increased attention for model sensitivity and uncertainty, and 3) the organization of a network of farm modellers. In addition, the agenda for science-policy cooperation emphasizes the need for: 4) synthesizing research evidence into systematic reviews as an institutional element in the existing science-policy-interfaces for agricultural systems, 5) improved and timely data collection, allowing to assess heterogeneity in farm objectives, management and indicators, and 6) stronger science-policy interaction, moving from a research-driven to a user-driven approach.
1990
This paper presents a technical description of the OECD's multi-sector, multi-country applied general equilibrium model -- the WALRAS model. This model has been developed with the explicit objective of quantifying the economy-wide effects of agricultural policies in OECD countries. The common specification of the model for the major OECD agricultural trading countries/regions (Australia, Canada, EEC, Japan, New Zealand and the
2009
The introduction of decoupled direct payments in the EU was a substantial change of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 2003. After decoupling direct payments from production, it has become evident that distributional objectives are the major justification of farm payments. There are three facets: the distribution of payments among farmers within member states, the distribution of payments among member states, and the distribution of household incomes within member states. All of them will be affected if the volume and allocation of funds for the CAP will be changed in the new financial framework of the EU. The paper addresses the first distributional aspects. We provide an overview of the development of past and present research and findings on the distributional aspects of direct payments. We use the theory of federal fiscal relations to identify the policy agendas that should be handled at the EU level, at national levels, and at sub-national levels. We analyse how measures o...
2014
This paper presents methodological development of MAGNET, a sophisticated agricultural variant of the well-known GTAP computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for representing the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Using original data on EU domestic support, it examines some likely macroeconomic effects in the European Union (EU) of the expected budget over the period 2014-2020. Results suggest that agreed budget cuts, in constant price, have limited impacts on EU and world markets, given the broadly non-distortive representation of present CAP policy.
Studies in Agricultural Economics, 2013
2008
This paper identifies major future trends and driving factors and perspectives and challenges resulting from them for European agriculture and food sectors until the year 2020. The focus of the paper is an analysis of key driving forces and the provision of a well developed reference scenario under the assumption of continued CAP reform and taking into account the framework discussions in the Doha Development Round. To assess the impact of policies the paper also examines a liberalisation (no support) and regionalisation (max support) scenario. In terms of policy options the paper shows that structural change process in agriculture is a long-term process that continues with or without policy changes. EU is facing an increasing diversity of structure and structural adjustment. The livestock sector faces important challenges and restructuring. Alternative policy settings may not produce very different effect on the overall production. However, the regional impact may prove to be more significant.
Sustainability, 2019
The European Union (EU) is an integrated alliance of equally treated Member States sharing mutual values, legal principles and markets. Close cooperation, deep integration and convergence are the major priorities for the EU. Anyway, these principles are not always reflected in the EU-wide policies which are implemented through financial support mechanisms. The direct payments financial support mechanism under the Common Agricultural Policy, the main instrument for promoting convergence in development of Member States’ agricultural sectors and rural sustainability, faces critique for failing to meet its objectives. One of the major deficiencies of the direct payments scheme is that it allocates more resources to already developed agricultural sectors of the older Member States and less resources to developing ones thus increasing the divergence among the Member States. The aim of this paper is to suggest new mechanisms for direct payment funds redistribution across the EU Member Stat...
2008
The 2003 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform radically changes the way the European Union (EU) supports its agricultural sector by decoupling direct payments. Production is no longer required to get the payment attached to Single Farm Payment (SFP) entitlements. However, the new scheme maintains a specific link between payments and hectares; in addition, SFP entitlements can be exchanged among farmers. These features question the way SFP entitlements should be regarded, hence modelled, i.e., as lump-sum transfers, area payments or… something else. We develop a microeconomic analytical framework which shows that the answer crucially depends on the total number of entitlements which are initially made available relative to the number of hectares, more specifically the number of cultivated hectares in a zero support regime, the number of cultivated hectares in a policy support regime trough per-hectare direct aids, and the number of cultivated or idled hectares in a policy regime w...
Patterns, 2021
Highlights d New dataset of V61 billion in public spending under the EU's largest budget item d Purpose and location mapped from 16 million individual payments in Europe from 2015 d Enables both detailed and aggregated analysis of agricultural spending d Dataset well validated and can be combined with outcome data to assess policy effect
2010
Using a dynamic multi-product partial equilibrium model, this paper first examines the potential impact of recent policy changes accruing from the mid term review (MTR) of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 2003, on the cattle and sheep sectors in Ireland. Second, it evaluates the potential impact of the implementation of a CAP, budget neutral, common EU flat area payment across all Member States. The European Commission has signalled that it will be evaluating current differences in the level of support between Member States as, for example, in the explanatory memorandum accompanying the Commission's Health Check proposals the Commission argues that it is "increasingly harder to justify the legitimacy of significant individual differences in the support level which are only based on past support" (CEC, 2008; p.18). This paper demonstrates how there are significant differences in the level of CAP payments per hectare across Member States, as generally farmers in more prosperous Western and Nordic countries receive a much higher level of payment per hectare than farmers in relatively poorer Central and Eastern European countries. In relation to Ireland, similar to most other EU-15 countries, farmers benefit from the current inequitable distribution of payments and the results indicate that any move towards equalising the level of payments per hectare will have a significant negative impact on agricultural production and net trade.
2017
The future design of the post-2020 CAP is under consultation and includes a wide range of policy options. This paper contributes to the analysis of policy alternatives by improving the CAP modelling with the Modular Applied GeNeral Equilibrium Tool (MAGNET) that allows the construction of a well-founded and plausible reference scenario (baseline) as well as diametrically opposed future visions of the CAP at the horizon 2030.
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