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2010, RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
Employing a unique panel of 691 private firms that accounted for 26% of total valueadded in manufacturing in Turkey, the paper explores the impacts of exchange rate volatility on employment growth during the period of 1983 -2005. The empirical analysis using a variety of specifications, estimation techniques, and robustness tests suggests that exchange rate volatility has a statistically and economically significant employment growth reducing effect on manufacturing firms. Using point estimates, the results suggest that for an average firm a one standard deviation increase in real exchange rate volatility reduces employment growth in the range of 1.4 -2.1 percentage points.
2022
Resulting the February 2001 crisis, Turkey switched to floating exchange rate system in the early 2000s. In theory, it is accepted that the floating exchange rate system not only absorbs shocks but also provides freedom in monetary policies for the central bank. In recent decades, however, variations in exchange rates and volatility have been larger than that of predicted by theoretical models, especially in the developing countries. Based on autoregressive-distributed lag (ARDL) bound test method, this article investigates the impact of exchange rate changes and volatility on the level of employment in Turkey by using quarterly data for a sixteen-year period covering 2004:Q1-2020:Q1. AR (1)-TGARCH (1,1) technique was used to measure exchange rate volatility. According to ARDL bound test results, while increases in exchange rate positively affects the level of employment, the exchange rate volatility affects it negatively. In addition, rise in exports provides positive support to the growth in employment level. Lastly , there is an inverse relationship between interest rates and employment level. These results indicate that the development in economic circumstances provides positive support to the investment enthusiasm of economic decision makers and that growing business volumes increase the number of employed people.
In this paper, exchange rate volatility and employment relationship is investigated for Turkey covering the period from January 2003 to February 2014 period. Exchange rate volatility is added to the model as an independent variable. In the previous researches, effects of exchange rate volatility have been used as an error term. Different from the previous studies, we added this variable to our model as an independent variable in order to analyze the effects of volatility on employment. In empirical analysis; firstly, co integration relationship between variables is analyzed. Then ARDL model is employed in order to investigate long and short term coefficients. In line with findings of the existing literature, the results of the ARDL model, we employed in this paper; reflect that exchange rate volatility negatively affects the employment. However, we found that the volatility coefficient is statistically insignificant. These results are thought to reflect the dynamics of the market, as the exchange markets are sensible to short term changes while labour markets are based on long term contracts.
Pressacademia, 2016
In this paper, exchange rate volatility and employment relationship is investigated for Turkey covering the period from January 2003 to February 2014 period. Exchange rate volatility is added to the model as an independent variable. In the previous researches, effects of exchange rate volatility have been used as an error term. Different from the previous studies, we added this variable to our model as an independent variable in order to analyze the effects of volatility on employment. In empirical analysis; firstly, co integration relationship between variables is analyzed. Then ARDL model is employed in order to investigate long and short term coefficients. In line with findings of the existing literature, the results of the ARDL model, we employed in this paper; reflect that exchange rate volatility negatively affects the employment. However, we found that the volatility coefficient is statistically insignificant. These results are thought to reflect the dynamics of the market, as the exchange markets are sensible to short term changes while labour markets are based on long term contracts.
ijetrm journal, 2023
The exchange rate is a major macroeconomic factor that affects trade between countries and the growth of each country's economy. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate is the rate at which a country's economic output grows. This rate shows how quickly a country's economy can grow. The growth rate in many countries is based on the real GDP. Studying how the exchange rate affects the GDP is very important. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of exchange rate volatility on economic growth in Turkey between 1999 and 2021. We have taken Twenty-three annual observations of two time series data with interval period extend from 1999 to 2021 in Turkey. The Granger causality test and simple regression model were used to examine the causal linkages between foreign exchange rate volatility and economic growth. According to empirical evidence, exchange rate volatility has a negative and statistically significant impact on Turkey's economic growth, and there is only one possible path for the causal relationship between exchange rate volatility and economic growth.
Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2020
In previous studies, exchange rate fluctuations have been an important factor affecting real sector of economies as economies have become more open. Most studies have focused on its trade impact. However, through different channels, exchange rate movements can also influence unemployment. This study aims to analyze the effect of exchange rate and its volatility on unemployment for Turkey over the period from 2005 to 2019 by using quarterly data. As a solution for possible endogeneity problem, VAR analysis was performed. Results show that although exchange rate fluctuations do not affect unemployment, exchange rate volatility significantly increases unemployment. Therefore, different policy measures should be employed to reduce exchange rate volatility or its effect on unemployment or both.
What drives exchange rate volatility, and what are the effects of excessive fluctuations in the exchange rate on economic growth in Ghana? These questions are the subject matter of this article. The results showed that while shocks to the exchange rate are mean reverting, misalignments tend to correct very sluggishly, with painful consequences in the short run as economic agents recalibrate their consumption and investment choices. About three quarters of shocks to the real exchange rate are self-driven, and the remaining one quarter or so is attributed to factors such as government expenditure and money supply growth, terms of trade and output shocks. Excessive volatility is found to be detrimental to economic growth; however, this is only up to a point as growth-enhancing effect can also emanate from innovation, and more efficient resource allocation.
The objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between the volatility of real exchange rate of own country and the G-3 countries (United States of America, Japan, and Germany/ or Euro zone) and the economic growth in developing countries. We draw a sample of African economies namely Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana, Malawi, Zambia and Mali and utilize quarterly data from the period 1980 -2013 which is divided into two periods -1980-2001 and 2002 -2013. We apply the residual based cointegration test of Kao and Johansen -Fisher combined cointegration test to detect the long run relationships among the variables. Finally, we employ the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares of Philips and Hansen to estimate the long run coefficients of the model. The main results are: the long run relationships among the variables are strongly stable in the period 62 but ambiguous in the period 2002 -2013. The financial system is underdeveloped and it negatively affects the economic growth in the selected African Countries. The own country's real exchange rate volatility tends to depress the economic growth in both periods. The G-3 countries' real exchange rate volatilities have mix results. While the Yen/Dollar and the Deutsche mark/Dollar improve economic growth, the Yen/Deutsche does not have any appreciable effect on economic growth in the developing African countries in the period 1980 . However, the period 2002 -2013, the G-3 countries' real exchange rate volatility tends to depress the economic growth in the developing African countries. These findings suggest that greater stability in international exchange rate system and lower G-3 currency volatility are desirable to promote higher growth in developing countries and which might reduce the possibility of occurrence of exchange rate crises.
2015
This thesis focuses on the effects and causes of exchange rate volatility in South Africa. These issues are analysed in three stand-alone but related papers. The first paper (Chapter 2) investigates the impact of real exchange rate volatility on employment growth in the manufacturing sector. The study contributes to the literature on the employment effects of exchange rate volatility in emerging markets given limited studies. This is done by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) counteraction approach which is able to estimate an error correction form of the model for the variables under investigation. This enables one to analyse the relationship between exchange rate volatility and employment growth. The advantage of this approach is that it performs better in small samples and works well even when the underlying variables are integrated of different orders. Employing quarterly time series data for the period 1995 . 2010, the analysis shows that real exchange rate volatil...
Journal of Economics and Management, 2019
Aim/purpose -Exchange rate volatility has remained a serious issue affecting economic stability, especially in developing countries. Thus, this study aimed at examining the impact of exchange rate volatility on economic growth in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach -The study employed the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model and the system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) technique to analyse the time series data from the period January 1980 to December 2017. The study used the Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Philips-Perron tests to determine the presence of a unit root and the Johansen co-integration test to establish the relationship among the variables in the study. Findings -The results of the estimates offer evidence that exchange rate volatility persists throughout the study period, and has a negative and significant effect on the economic growth of Nigeria. This result suggests that excessive volatility due to low inflows is inimical to the growth of the Nigeria economy. The findings of the study demonstrate a negative and significant relationship between inflation and economic growth. Moreover, while credit to the private sector and crude oil prices exerts positive and significant relationship with growth, the relationship between money supply, trade openness and government expenditure and economic growth is positive but insignificant. Research implications/limitations -Therefore, it is important for the government to pursue policies and programs that would help ensure exchange rate stability and boost local production for both consumption and export. In addition, a holistic program of economic reforms is important to complement the exchange rate policy and stimulate economic growth. Originality/value/contribution -The study shed some light on exchange rate volatility and confirmed its adverse effect and the importance of a stable environment on economic growth. In addition, the study introduced crude oil prices as a variable to the study of exchange rate volatility and economic growth from a developing country perspective.
Economic Change and Restructuring, 2015
Based on a micro-level dataset composed of 548 firms operating in Tunisian manufacturing industries, we examine the effects of exchange rates on employment over the period 1997-2002. The estimation of a dynamic employment equation using the system GMM technique suggests that employment positively responds to the depreciation of effective exchange rates and bilateral exchange rates vis-a `-vis the Euro and the US dollar. Moreover, the different elasticities of employment to exchange rates vary according to specific characteristics of firms such as the ownership structure, the international exposure, the size and the industries to which they belong. Finally, using different measures of volatility, we confirm that the exchange rate volatility significantly lowers the employment level in all categories of firms.
Economic Change and Restructuring, 2015
Based on a micro-level dataset composed of 548 firms operating in Tunisian manufacturing industries, we examine the effects of exchange rates on employment over the period 1997-2002. The estimation of a dynamic employment equation using the system GMM technique suggests that employment positively responds to the depreciation of effective exchange rates and bilateral exchange rates vis-a `-vis the Euro and the US dollar. Moreover, the different elasticities of employment to exchange rates vary according to specific characteristics of firms such as the ownership structure, the international exposure, the size and the industries to which they belong. Finally, using different measures of volatility, we confirm that the exchange rate volatility significantly lowers the employment level in all categories of firms.
Review of International Economics, 2015
This paper uses plant-level data from the manufacturing sector of Chile for the period 1995-2007 to examine the effect of real exchange rate (RER) volatility on imports of intermediate inputs at the micro level. Using input-output tables, we construct sector-level RERs relevant for input import decisions and find that increases in the RER and its volatility reduce the fraction of imported intermediate inputs used by plants, while plants' probability of importing is not affected. Thus, fluctuations in the RER affect the intensive margin of imports (the amount of inputs imported) but not the extensive margin (the decision to import).
2013
An article published by International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 4 No. 4; April 2013
ERN: Open Macroeconomics in Emerging Markets (Topic), 2016
In the era of technology advancement and rapid globalization, the relationship between real exchange rate and economic growth has become one of the widely discussed topics in economics. The relationship helps in understanding the economic structure of a particular country and guides policy makers in economic decision making and assumption based planning. This paper not only empirically investigates the impact of the exchange rate, but also it examines the impact of exchange rate volatility on the economic growth because country’s growth is highly influenced by exchange rate volatility. In the study, after investigating the presence of unit root in the time series of GDP, inflation and real effective exchange rate, Engle-Granger cointegration approach is used to explore Turkey’s economic growth and exchange rate volatility relationship, by using quarterly data for the period 1998:1-2014:4. The results provide evidence for the existence of both short and long-term relationship between...
Journal of Risk and Financial Management
The exchange rate is a key macroeconomic factor that affects international trade and the real economy of each country. The development of international trade creates conditions where volatility comes with the exchange rate. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of real effective exchange rate volatility on economic growth in the Central and Eastern European countries. Additionally, the effect, through three channels of influence on economic growth which vary on the measurement of exchange rate volatility, is examined. The study uses annual data for fourteen CEE countries for the period 2002–2018 to examine the nature and extends the impact of such movements on growth. The empirical findings using the fixed effects estimation for panel data reveal that the volatility of the exchange rate has a significant negative effect on real economic growth. The results appear robust with alternative measures of exchange rate volatility such as standard deviation and z-score. This pa...
Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah
This study examined the impact of exchange rate volatility on manufacturing sectors in selected sub-Saharan Africa from the period 1980 to 2015. Panel data regression analysis was adopted in the study. Panel pooled OLS, panel fixed effect and Dynamic Generalised Method of Moment models were used for the estimation. The pooled OLS result shows that Gross Domestic Products and physical capital have positive impact on economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa while trade openness, interest rates and exchange rate volatility have negative impact on manufacturing sector. The results from fixed effect and Dynamic Method of moment model shows that trade openness, interest rate and exchange rate volatility have negative impact on manufacturing sector.
Applied Economics, 2013
The aim of this article is to assess the role of real effective exchange rate volatility on long-run economic growth for a set of 82 advanced and emerging economies using a panel data set ranging from 1970 to 2009. With an accurate measure for exchange rate volatility, the results for the two-step system GMM panel growth models show that a more (less) volatile RER has significant negative (positive) impact on economic growth and the results are robust for different model specifications. In addition to that, exchange rate stability seems to be more important to foster long-run economic growth than exchange rate misalignment.
Journal of Economic Integration
This paper examines the impact of exchange rate volatility on economic growth. An empirical investigation based on a sample of 45 developing and emerging countries over the period of 1985~2015 is conducted using the difference and system generalized method of moments estimators. Findings suggest that the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity-based measure of nominal and real exchange rate volatility has a negative impact on economic growth. Also, the effect of exchange rate volatility depends on the exchange rate regimes and financial openness, that is, volatility is more harmful when countries adopt flexible exchange rate regimes and financial openness.
2020
The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of the real exchange rate (RER) on employment, and real wage using quarterly disaggregated data (ISIC Rev 4 classification) composed of 19 industries in Turkey from 2010 to 2017. In our study, we employed the Fixed Effect Model, where industry-specific effects are used to control heterogeneity within the sectors. Moreover, robustness is applied to get rid of the heteroscedasticity in the error terms. Our results find that the currency appreciation has a negative, however insignificant effect on employment; whereas it has a significant positive impact on real wage. Generally, the terms of trade has no remarkable impact on employment and real wages; however, the larger industries have a substantial adverse impact on employment. Nevertheless, the interaction between currency appreciation and the top 25 per cent larger industries indicates a moderate increase in employment. The findings reflect that the appreciation of the domestic cu...
Apuntes del Cenes
The objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of real exchange rate (RER) on employment and real wage using quarterly disaggregated data (ISIC Rev 4 classification) composed of 19 industries in Turkey from 2010 to 2017. This study employed the Fixed Effect Model, where industry-specific effects are used to control heterogeneity within the industry. The results reflect that currency appreciation negatively affects employment, though insignificant, whereas it has a remarkably positive impact on real wage. Although the terms of trade have no visible impact on employment and real wages, the study uniquely finds that the effects of the larger industries on employment are distinctly adverse. Nevertheless, the interaction between currency appreciation and the top 25 per cent larger industries indicates a moderate increase in employment. The findings reflect that the appreciation of the domestic currency causes employment to decrease at the industry level. The originality of this pap...
Cultura económica, 2022
This paper summarizes several research works which deal with the different effects that the volatility of exchanges rates has on the economy. Among those effects, the most studied have been the effects on international trade and economic growth. Over the last five decades, there has been a debate at the theoretical level and different views at the empirical level on whether the gains from flexibility got under flexible exchange rates outweigh the losses from increased uncertainty which often prevails in such environment of flexible exchange rates. In particular, the impact of exchange rate volatility, both on international trade and economic growth, has been often discussed. This paper attempts to summarize some of the main results of these debates, concerning, in particular, the empirical evidence thus collected.
International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 2018
This paper aims to examine the effects of exchange rate volatility on economic growth of West African English speaking countries. Macroeconomic data used for this study were obtained from World Bank Data Stream between 1980 until 2017 and analyzed using Stata 14 panel data regression analysis. The results obtained showed that the independent variable (real exchange rate) is statistically significant and negatively related to the dependent variable (GDP) in West African English speaking countries excluding time-invariant variables. This current study contributes empirically regarding the relationships between exchange rate volatility and economic growth of West African English speaking countries. From 1980-2017. The findings of this study will help the countries under review and other nations in general to improve on monetary policy; it could be used by the central bank of West African English speaking countries as a guide for effective monetary policy.
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