Exchange bias
Ivan Schuller1999, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
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Abstract
We review the phenomenology of exchange bias and related effects, with emphasis on layered antiferromagnetic (AFM)-ferromagnetic (FM) structures. A compilation of materials exhibiting exchange bias and some of the techniques used to study them is given. Some of the applications of exchange bias are discussed. The leading theoretical models are summarized. Finally some of the factors controlling exchange bias as well as some of the unsolved issues associated with exchange bias are discussed.
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Role of the antiferromagnetic bulk spins in exchange bias
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
This "Critical Focused Issue" presents a brief review of experiments and models which describe the origin of exchange bias in epitaxial or textured ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic bilayers. Evidence is presented which clearly indicates that inner, uncompensated, pinned moments in the bulk of the antiferromagnet (AFM) play a very important role in setting the magnitude of the exchange bias. A critical evaluation of the extensive literature in the field indicates that it is useful to think of this bulk, pinned uncompensated moments as a new type of a ferromagnet which has a low total moment, an ordering temperature given by the AFM Néel temperature, with parallel aligned moments randomly distributed on the regular AFM lattice.
Perpendicular exchange bias in antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic nanostructures
Applied Physics Letters, 2004
Exchange bias effects have been induced along the perpendicular-to-film direction in nanostructures prepared by electron beam lithography, consisting of a ferromagnetic ͓Pt/Co͔ multilayer exchange coupled to an antiferromagnet ͑FeMn͒. As a general trend, the exchange bias field and the blocking temperature decrease, whereas the coercivity increases, as the size of the nanostructures is reduced.
Exchange bias in ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic bilayers with imperfect interfaces
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2006
The influence of an imperfect interface on exchange bias (EB) properties is investigated. Within the framework of the domain state model, the EB field H EB and the coercive field H C are determined using computer simulations, and they are found to depend strongly on the details of the interface structure. This dependence is sensitive to the dilution of the antiferromagnet (AFM) with non-magnetic defects in the bulk. For the optimal interface structure, giving greatest EB, the optimal dilution is found to be much less than that for an ideal-interface system, taking a value in better agreement with experimental results. Even without any defects in the bulk of the AFM the interface roughness leads to EB for thin antiferromagnetic layers, in accordance with the model by Malozemoff. Finally, the thickness dependence of rough-interface systems is found to differ significantly from that of ideal-interface systems.
Exchange-bias phenomenon: the role of the ferromagnetic spin structure
Physical review letters, 2015
The exchange bias of antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic (AFM-FM) bilayers is found to be strongly dependent on the ferromagnetic spin configuration. The widely accepted inverse proportionality of the exchange bias field with the ferromagnetic thickness is broken in FM layers thinner than the FM correlation length. Moreover, an anomalous thermal dependence of both exchange bias field and coercivity is also found. A model based on springlike domain walls parallel to the AFM-FM interface quantitatively accounts for the experimental results and, in particular, for the deviation from the inverse proportionality law. These results reveal the active role the ferromagnetic spin structure plays in AFM-FM hybrids which leads to a new paradigm of the exchange bias phenomenon.
Comment on “Thickness dependence of exchange bias and coercivity in a ferromagnetic layer coupled with an antiferromagnetic layer” [J. Appl. Phys. 94, 2529 (2003)]
Journal of Applied Physics, 2004
Magnetization field-dependences and the “exchange bias” in ferro/antiferromagnetic systems. I. Model of a bilayer ferromagnetic
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Field dependences of the magnetization and exchange bias in ferro/antiferromagnetic systems. II. Continuum model of a ferromagnetic layer
Effects of nonmagnetic metal additives in metallic antiferromagnets on exchange bias
Arxiv preprint cond-mat/ …, 2007
The effect of nonmagnetic metal additives in metallic antiferromagnets (AFMs) on the exchange bias (EB) has been investigated from a structural, magnetic and Monte Carlo simulation point of view in bilayers of Co 70 Fe 30 /(Ir 22 Mn 78 ) 1−x Cu x . Dilution by Cu atoms throughout the volume of the AFM Ir 22 Mn 78 give rise to an enhanced EB field (H EB ) for 5 K ≤ T ≤ 300 K. The thermoremanent magnetization of the AFM-only is also enhanced with dilution, shows qualitatively the same temperature dependence as H EB and is at the origin of the EB mechanism. Monte Carlo simulations based on a Heisenberg model and temperature dependent uncompensated AFM moments confirm well the experimental results.
Enhanced exchange bias in ferromagnet/antiferromagnet multilayers
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2005
We study a series of NiFe ð10:0 nmÞ=½Ir 20 Mn 80 ð6:0 nmÞ=Co 80 Fe 20 ð3:0 nmÞ N multilayers with different numbers N of bilayers grown by DC magnetron sputtering. After field-cooling, SQUID and MOKE measurements show a sizable increase of the exchange bias field with N. X-ray specular and diffuse scattering data reveal no significant variation of the lateral correlation length and only a weak dependence of the vertical rms interface roughness on N. Atomic and magnetic force microscopy, however, show a strong reduction of the grain size accompanied by distinct changes of the magnetic domain structure. We conclude that the enhancement of the exchange bias effect is related to the shrinking of the domain size in the antiferromagnet due to the structural evolution in the multilayers. r
Exchange Bias Effect of Ferro-/Antiferromagnetic Heterostructures
2007
The exchange bias effect, discovered more than fifty years ago, is a fundamental interfacial property, which occurs between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials. After intensive experimental and theoretical research over the last ten years, a much clearer picture has emerged about this effect, which is of immense technical importance for magneto-electronic device applications. In this review we start with the discussion of numerical and analytical results of those models which are based on the assumption of coherent rotation of the magnetization. The behavior of the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic spins during the magnetization reversal, as well as the dependence of the critical fields on characteristic parameters such as exchange stiffness, magnetic anisotropy, interface disorder etc. are analyzed in detail and the most important models for exchange bias are reviewed. Finally recent experiments in the light of the presented models are discussed.
Coercivity and exchange bias of ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic multilayers
Physical Review B, 2005
For a model system consisting of a ferromagnetic layer exchange coupled to an antiferromagnetic layer with a compensated interface detailed mean field type calculations are performed. Both the coercive field and the exchange bias field are calculated. For the coercive field a rather broad enhancement around the Néel temperature TN of the antiferromagnetic layer is found irrespectively of whether the antiferromagnetic layer is structurally disordered or not, while exchange bias is only found for disordered systems. We show that the observed enhancement of the coercivity around TN also found experimentally and the occurrence of exchange bias are of different origin.
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Magnetic order of Cr thin films in Nb/Cr/Fe-nanoisland hybrid: A comparative study between magnetic and superconducting properties
Journal of Applied Physics, 2009
The exchange bias phenomenon in uncompensated interfaces: theory and Monte Carlo simulations
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2011
Colloquium: Opportunities in nanomagnetism
Reviews of Modern Physics, 2006
Highly asymmetric magnetic domain wall propagation due to coupling to a periodic pinning potential
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2015
Tuning exchange bias in Ni/FeF[sub 2] heterostructures using antidot arrays
Applied Physics Letters, 2009
Kinetic arrest and exchange bias in L10 Ni-Mn-Ga
physica status solidi (b), 2014
Biaxial anisotropy driven asymmetric kinked magnetization reversal in exchange-biased IrMn/NiFe bilayers
Applied Physics Letters, 2013
Hysteretic ferromagnetic resonance as a probe for coercivity, exchange bias, and loop asymmetry
Journal of Applied Physics, 2003
Coupling of Fe and uncompensated Mn moments in exchange-biased Fe/MnPd
Physical Review B, 2010
Phase evolution in [sup 57]Fe/Al multilayers studied through dc magnetization, conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy
Journal of Applied Physics, 2008
Electrical Control of the Exchange Spring in Antiferromagnetic Metals
Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 2015
Tailoring the spin direction of antiferromagnetic NiO thin films grown on vicinal Ag(001)
Physical Review B, 2006
Analysis of x-ray linear dichroism spectra for NiO thin films grown on vicinal Ag(001)
Physical Review B, 2008
Exchange bias effects in submicron antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic dots prepared by nanosphere lithography
Journal of Applied Physics, 2004
Lamellar magnetism: effects of interface versus exchange interactions of nanoscale exsolutions in the ilmenite-hematite system
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2005
Characterization of (Pt[sub 2 nm]/Co[sub 0.4 nm])[sub 3]/Pt[sub x]/IrMn[sub 7 nm] multilayers by tomographic atom probe: On the role of a Pt spacer
Journal of Applied Physics, 2009
Influence of Co layer thickness on the structural and magnetic properties of ({{\rm Pt}/{\rm Co}_{t{_{{\rm Co}}}}})_{\rm 3} /{\rm Pt}_{t_{{\rm Pt}}}/{\rm IrMn} multilayers
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2010
Fabrication of nanotweezers and their remote actuation by magnetic fields
Scientific reports, 2017
Perpendicular exchange bias in antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic nanostructures
Applied Physics Letters, 2004
Benefit of inserting a (Cu/Pt) intermixing dual barrier for the blocking temperature distribution of exchange biased Co/(Cu/Pt)/IrMn stacks
Applied Physics Letters, 2013
Large anomalous enhancement of perpendicular exchange bias by introduction of a nonmagnetic spacer between the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic layers
Applied Physics Letters, 2003
Tailoring the perpendicular exchange bias in [Pt/Co/CoO]n multilayer by tensile stress on curved substrate
Journal of Applied Physics, 2013
Magnetic behavior of systems composed of coupled ferromagnetic bilayers with distinct anisotropy directions
Physical Review B, 2006
Magnetic domain replication in interacting bilayers with out-of-plane anisotropy: Application to Co∕Pt multilayers
Physical Review B, 2007
Thermal activation effects on the exchange bias in ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic nanostructures
Physical Review B, 2005
Bimodal distribution of blocking temperature in exchange-biased ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic bilayers
Physical Review B, 2010
Origin and control of exchange-bias-like phenomenon in coupled ferromagnetic [Pt/Co]/NiFe bilayers
Physical Review B, 2011
Tailoring Size Effects on the Exchange Bias in Ferromagnetic-Antiferromagnetic 100 nm Nanostructures
Physical Review Letters, 2005
Structural analysis and magnetic properties of (Pt/Co)3/PttPt/IrMn multilayers
Physical Review B, 2009
Synthetic magnetoelectric coupling in a nanocomposite multiferroic
Scientific reports, 2015
Perpendicular Antiferromagnetic Ordering of Mn and Exchange Anisotropy in Fe/Mn Multilayers
Physical Review Letters, 2007
The antiferromagnetic structures of IrMn3 and their influence on exchange-bias
Scientific Reports, 2013
Vacancy-Driven Noncubic Local Structure and Magnetic Anisotropy Tailoring in FexO−Fe3−δO4 Nanocrystals
Physical Review X
Exchange bias and magnetotransport properties in IrMn/NiFe/FeMn structures
Physical Review B, 2008
Manipulation of competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic domains in exchange-biased nanostructures
Physical Review B, 2015
Interparticle interaction and crossover in critical lines on field-temperature plane in Pr_{0.5}Sr_{0.5}MnO_{3} nanoparticles
Physical Review B, 2010
Properties of epitaxial chromium dioxide films grown by chemical vapor deposition using a liquid precursor
Journal of Applied Physics, 2002
Chemically ordered MnPt ultrathin films on Pt(001) substrate: Growth, atomic structure, and magnetic properties
Physical Review B, 2012
Magnetic properties of Eu-Fe thin films
Journal of Applied Physics, 2013
Monodomain configurations due to bias effect in NiO/NiFe microstructures
Journal of Applied Physics, 2000
Antiferromagnetic domain size and exchange bias
Physical Review B, 2008
Origin of spontaneous magnetization reversal in exchange biased heterostructures
Physical Review B, 2007
Exchange-bias phenomenon: the role of the ferromagnetic spin structure
Physical review letters, 2015
Room temperature magnetoresistance and exchange bias in “314-type” oxygen-vacancy ordered SrCo0.85Fe0.15O2.62
Applied Physics Letters
Inert Gas Condensation of Iron and Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles
MRS Proceedings, 2002
Inverse magnetocaloric and exchange bias effects in single crystalline La 0.5 Sr 0.5 MnO 3 nanowires
Nanotechnology, 2013
Synthesis of self-assembled monodisperse 3 nm FePd nanoparticles: Phase transition, magnetic study, and surface effect
Journal of Applied Physics, 2008
Local Structure and Magnetism of Fe2O3 Maghemite Nanocrystals: The Role of Crystal Dimension
Nanomaterials
Novel spin lattice in Cu 3 TeO 6 : an antiferromagnetic order and domain dynamics
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2005
Spontaneous Zero-Field Cooling Exchange Bias in Ni–Co–Mn–Sn Metamagnetic Heusler Sputtered Film
Nanomaterials
Comment on “Cluster glass induced exchange biaslike effect in the perovskite cobaltites” [Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 162515 (2007)]
Applied Physics Letters, 2008
Exchange bias in a ferromagnet/antiferromagnet system with T[sub C]≪T[sub N]
Journal of Applied Physics, 2011
Comment on “Exchange bias in the layered cobaltite Sr[sub 1.5]Pr[sub 0.5]CoO[sub 4]” [J. Appl. Phys. 104, 023914 (2008)]
Journal of Applied Physics, 2009
Impact of magnetization easy-axis distributions on the ferromagnet-antiferromagnet exchange-coupling estimation
Physical Review B, 2008
Rotatable anisotropy and coercivity in exchange-bias bilayers
Physical Review B, 2002
Analytical solutions for exchange bias and coercivity in ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic bilayers
Physical Review B, 2000
Angular dependence of the exchange bias obtained from magnetization and ferromagnetic resonance measurements in exchange-coupled bilayers
Physical Review B, 2001
Rotatable anisotropy driven training effects in exchange biased Co/CoO films
Journal of Applied Physics, 2014
All-Electric Access to the Magnetic-Field-Invariant Magnetization of Antiferromagnets
Physical Review Letters, 2015
Manipulation of Exchange Bias Effect via All-Solid-State Li -Ion Redox Capacitor with Antiferromagnetic Electrode
Physical Review Applied
Tuning the Growth Pattern in 2D Confinement Regime of Sm2O3 and the Emerging Room Temperature Unusual Superparamagnetism
Scientific Reports, 2014
Influence of Ba doping on the structural and bonding characteristics of sol-gel prepared LaMnO3
DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2018
Monte Carlo study of a bilayer model for exchange bias using a magnetic glass exhibiting random magnetic anisotropy
Journal of Applied Physics, 2010
Critical size for exchange bias in ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic particles
Applied Physics Letters, 2005
Observation of Co/CoO nanoparticles below the critical size for exchange bias
Journal of Applied Physics, 2007
Characteristic temperatures of exchange biased systems
Journal of Applied Physics, 2007
Evidence for coexistence of exchange bias and exchange spring effects in oxidized Co nanocluster assembled films
New Journal of Physics, 2007
Exchange bias in a Co/CoO/Co trilayer with two different ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic interfaces
Physical Review B, 2012
Influence of finite size effects on exchange anisotropy in oxidized Co nanocluster assembled films
Physical Review B
Three-Dimensional Noncollinear Antiferromagnetic Order in Single-Crystalline FeMn Ultrathin Films
Physical Review Letters, 2004
On the limits of Reactive-Spark-Plasma Sintering to prepare magnetically enhanced nanostructured ceramics: the case of the CoFe2O4-NiO system
Scientific Reports
Anomalous ferromagnetism in TbMnO[sub 3] thin films
Journal of Applied Physics, 2009
Designing ferroelectric/ferromagnetic composite with giant self-biased magnetoelectric effect
Applied Physics Letters
Exchange bias and memory effect in double perovskite Sr2FeCoO6
Applied Physics Letters, 2012
Magnetic Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Efficient Hyperthermia
Nanomaterials, 2015
Effect of surface pinning on magnetic nanostuctures
Physical Review B
Unconventional switching behavior in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/La0.7Sr0.3CoO3 exchange-spring bilayers
Applied Physics Letters, 2014
Thickness dependence of exchange coupling in (111)-oriented perovskite oxide superlattices
Physical Review B, 2016
Decoupling exchange bias and coercivity enhancement in a perovskite oxide exchange spring bilayer
Physical Review Materials
Observation of enhanced exchange bias behaviour in NiCoMnSb Heusler alloys
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2009
Role of the stability of charge ordering in exchange bias effect in doped manganites
Scientific Reports
Magnetic Phase Separation in Diluted Magnetic System: Zn1−x Fe x O
Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2017
Anisotropic pinned/biased magnetization in SrRuO3/SrMnO3 superlattices
The European Physical Journal B, 2005
Long-term stability and thickness dependence of magnetism in thin (Cr0.5Mn0.5)2GaC MAX phase films
Materials Research Letters
Exchange biasing of ferromagnetic Cr-doped GaN using a MnO overlayer
Journal of Applied Physics, 2005
Exchange-spring mechanism and Griffiths-like phase in room-temperature magnetoelectric Ni–BaTiO3 composites
Materials Advances
Exchange bias effect in BiFeO3-NiO nanocomposite
Journal of Applied Physics, 2014
Noncollinear antiferromagnetic states in Ru-based Heusler compounds induced by biquadratic coupling
Physical Review Materials
Correlation between Exchange Bias and Pinned Interfacial Spins
Physical Review Letters, 2003
Ferromagnetic behavior and exchange bias effect in akaganeite nanorods
Applied Physics Letters, 2015
Atomic-scale control of magnetic anisotropy via novel spin-orbit coupling effect in La2/3Sr1/3MnO3/SrIrO3 superlattices
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016
Synergy effects of magnetic silica nanostructures for drug delivery applications
Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2014
{"__content__"=>"Complex strain evolution of polar and magnetic order in multiferroic BiFeO thin films.", "sub"=>{"__content__"=>"3"}}
Nature communications, 2018
Cooperative spin freezing and the pinning assisted thermoremanent magnetization in Ni2.04Mn1.36Sn0.6 alloy
Journal of Applied Physics
Influence of elastically pinned magnetic domain walls on magnetization reversal in multiferroic heterostructures
Physical Review B, 2015
Temperature dependence of the training effect in electrodeposited Co/CoO nanotubes
Journal of Applied Physics, 2013
Scaling behavior of the exchange-bias training effect
Physical Review B, 2007
Temperature dependence of the training effect in a Co∕CoO exchange-bias layer
Physical Review B, 2005
Exchange Bias Training Effect in Coupled All Ferromagnetic Bilayer Structures
Physical Review Letters, 2006
Investigating Electric Field Control of Magnetism with Neutron Scattering, Nonlinear Optics and Synchrotron X-Ray Spectromicroscopy
International Journal of Modern Physics B, 2012
Exchange bias between magnetoelectric YMnO[sub 3] and ferromagnetic SrRuO[sub 3] epitaxial films
Journal of Applied Physics, 2006
hcp -Co Nanowires Grown on Metallic Foams as Catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
Exchange biased magnetoresistance based spin-transport sensor
Journal of Applied Physics, 2004
Micromagnetic calculations of bias field and coercivity of compensated ferromagnetic antiferromagnetic bilayers
Journal of Applied Physics, 2003
Resonant Soft X-ray Reflectivity in the Study of Magnetic Properties of Low-Dimensional Systems
Magnetochemistry
Probing the magnetic state of Fe/FeO/Fe trilayers by multiple isotopic sensor layers
Applied Physics Letters, 2009
Lateral Magnetically Modulated Multilayers by Combining Ion Implantation and Lithography
Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 2017
Field and temperature dependence of Bloch walls across the thickness in Gd 0.28 Co 0.72 /Gd 0.12 Co 0.88 exchange coupled double layers
physica status solidi (a), 2006
Exchange bias, training effect, hysteretic behavior of angular dependence, and rotational hysteresis loss in NiFe/FeMn bilayer: Effect of antiferromagnet layer thickness
Journal of Applied Physics, 2009
Training effect of exchange-bias bilayers within the domain state model
Physical Review B, 2009
Magnetization reversal, asymmetry, and role of uncompensated spins in perpendicular exchange coupled systems
Applied Physics Letters, 2006
Engineering Iron-Nickel Nanoparticles for Magnetically-Induced CO2 Methanation in Continuous Flow
Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2020
Magnetization reversal of in-plane uniaxial Co films and its dependence on epitaxial alignment
Journal of Applied Physics, 2014
{"__content__"=>"FeNi Alloy Nanoparticles Encapsulated Inside Carbon Nanotubes: Controlled Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties.", "sub"=>[{"__content__"=>"1-x"}, {"__content__"=>"x"}]}
Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), 2018
Atomic-scale engineering of magnetic anisotropy of nanostructures through interfaces and interlines
Nature Communications, 2012
Imprint from ferromagnetic skyrmions in an antiferromagnet via exchange bias
Applied Physics Letters
Antiferromagnetism at the YBa[sub 2]Cu[sub 3]O[sub 7]/La[sub 2/3]Ca[sub 1/3]MnO[sub 3] interface
Applied Physics Letters, 2004
Exchange-bias-like effect of an uncompensated antiferromagnet
Physical Review B, 2016
The effect of FeF2on the magneto-optic response in FeF2/Fe/FeF2sandwiches
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2010
Large exchange bias and low-temperature glassy state in the frustrated triangular-lattice antiferromagnet Ba3NiIr2O9
Physical Review B, 2021
Tuning the Néel temperature in an antiferromagnet: the case of NixCo1−xO microstructures
Scientific Reports
Mesoporous bismuth ferrite with amplified magnetoelectric coupling and electric field-induced ferrimagnetism
Nature communications, 2015
Cluster-Assembled Nanocomposites: Functional Properties by Design
Advanced Materials
Phase separation and exchange biasing in the ferromagnetic IV-VI semiconductor Ge1-xMnxTe
Applied Physics Letters, 2010
Eliashberg study of superconductivity induced by interfacial coupling to antiferromagnets
Physical Review B
Schwinger boson study of superconductivity mediated by antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations
Physical Review B
Voltage-Controlled Antiferromagnetism in Magnetic Tunnel Junctions
Physical Review Letters
Surface-induced phenomena in uncompensated collinear antiferromagnets
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2015
Spin structure of exchange-biased NiFe∕FeMn∕NiFe trilayers
Journal of Applied Physics, 2007
Inducing exchange bias in La_{0.67}Sr_{0.33}MnO_{3−δ}/SrTiO_{3} thin films by strain and oxygen deficiency
Physical Review B, 2013
Exchange bias in (Pt/Co[sub 0.9]Fe[sub 0.1])[sub n]/FeMn multilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
Journal of Applied Physics, 2002
Growth, structure, and magnetic properties of epitaxial Ni_{x}Mn_{100−x} single layers and Co/Ni_{x}Mn_{100−x} bilayers on Cu_{3}Au(100)
Physical Review B, 2010
Effect of CoO/Ni orthogonal exchange coupling on perpendicular anisotropy of Ni films on Pd(001)
Physical Review B, 2015
Large spontaneous exchange bias in a weak ferromagnet Pb6Ni9(TeO6)5
Scientific reports, 2017
Unidirectional Magnetic Anisotropy in Dense Vertically-Standing Arrays of Passivated Nickel Nanotubes
Nanomaterials, 2020
Control of exchange bias by diluting the antiferromagnetic layer
Journal of Applied Physics, 2003
Atomistic spin model based on a spin-cluster expansion technique: Application to the IrMn_{3}/Co interface
Physical Review B, 2011
Magnon detection using a ferroic collinear multilayer spin valve
Nature communications, 2018
Tuning magnetic properties by roll-up of Au/Co/Au films into microtubes
Applied Physics Letters, 2009
Impact of orthogonal exchange coupling on magnetic anisotropy in antiferromagnetic oxides/ferromagnetic systems
Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal, 2016
Antiferromagnetic coupling between martensitic twin variants observed by magnetic resonance in Ni-Mn-Sn-Co films
Physical Review B
Study of exchange bias effect in bilayers based on La2/3Ca1/3MnO3and BiFeO3
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2014
Ferromagnetic fraction and exchange anisotropy in SUS 316LN austenitic stainless steel due to strain-induced deformation
Journal of Applied Physics, 2008
Nonswitchable magnetic moments in polycrystalline and (111)-epitaxial permalloy/CoO exchange-biased bilayers
Physical Review B, 2014
Tuning interfacial exchange interactions via electronic reconstruction in transition-metal oxide heterostructures
Applied Physics Letters
Magnetic Properties of Bi-Magnetic Core/Shell Nanoparticles: The Case of Thin Shells
Magnetochemistry
Magnetism of Nanoparticles: Effect of the Organic Coating
Nanomaterials, 2021
Spin glass behavior in the disordered half-Heusler compound IrMnGa
Physical Review B
Evidence of intrinsic exchange bias and its origin in spin-glass-like disordered L0.5Sr0.5MnO3 manganites (L=Y, Y0.5Sm0.5, and Y0.5La0.5)
Physical Review B, 2008
Potential phase control of chromium oxide thin films prepared by laser-initiated organometallic chemical vapor deposition
Applied Physics Letters, 2001
Spin Seebeck effect in antiferromagnet nickel oxide in wide ranges of temperature and magnetic field
Physical Review B, 2019
Oscillatory temperature dependence of exchange bias for Fe/Gd ferrimagnets
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2004
Multi-functional biomimetic graphene induced transformation of Fe3O4 to ε-Fe2O3 at room temperature
RSC Adv., 2015
Voltage controlled Néel vector rotation in zero magnetic field
Nature Communications, 2021
Giant Magnetoresistance: Basic Concepts, Microstructure, Magnetic Interactions and Applications
Sensors, 2016
Electric readout of magnetization dynamics in a ferromagnet-semiconductor system
Applied Physics Letters, 2006
Synthesis of iron oxide/manganese oxide composite particles and their magnetic properties
Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 2014
Magnetoionic control of perpendicular exchange bias
Physical Review Materials, 2021
Strain-mediated multiferroic control of spontaneous exchange bias in Ni-NiO heterostructures
Journal of Applied Physics, 2016
Tunability of exchange bias in Ni@NiO core-shell nanoparticles obtained by sequential layer deposition
Nanotechnology, 2015
Steering the magnetic properties of Ni/NiO/CoO core-shell nanoparticle films: The role of core-shell interface versus interparticle interactions
Physical Review Materials, 2017
Field-cooling dependence of exchange bias in a granular system of Fe nanoparticles embedded in an Fe oxide matrix
Physical Review B, 2004
Electric field control of magnetism in multiferroic heterostructures
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2012
Exchange Bias Effect in FeCo Nanoparticles
Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism, 2017
Unidirectional Magnetic Anisotropy in Molybdenum Dioxide–Hematite Mixed-Oxide Nanostructures
Nanomaterials, 2022
Formation of a magnetite/hematite epitaxial bilayer generated with low energy ion bombardment
Applied Physics Letters, 2017
Coexistence of magnetism and superconductivity in thin films of the Fe-based superconductor Ba1−xLaxFe2As2
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2020
Exchange bias and asymmetric magnetization reversal in ultrathin Fe films grown on GaAs (001) substrates
Journal of Applied Physics, 2013
Interfacial exchange-coupling induced chiral symmetry breaking of spin-orbit effects
Physical Review B, 2015
Magnetic domain configuration of (111)-oriented LaFeO3 epitaxial thin films
APL Materials, 2017
The Limit of the Giant Magnetoresistance Effect in Only Three Layers
physica status solidi (a), 2002
Exchange bias effect in martensitic epitaxial Ni-Mn-Sn thin films applied to pin CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions
Applied Physics Letters, 2015
Exchange-biased magnetic tunnel junctions with antiferromagnetic ε-Mn3Ga
Applied Physics Letters, 2012
Spontaneous exchange bias formation driven by a structural phase transition in the antiferromagnetic material
Nature Materials, 2017
Magnetism and exchange-bias effect at the MnN/Fe interface
Physical Review B, 2018
Very thin (111) NiO epitaxial films grown on c-sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition technique
Semiconductor Science and Technology, 2021
Contact between a thermal flying height control slider and a disk asperity
Microsystem Technologies, 2012
Stress oscillations and surface alloy formation during the growth of FeMn on Cu(001)
Physical Review B, 2003
Antiferromagnetic layer thickness dependence of the coercivity of the ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic two-phase system
physica status solidi (b), 2013
Néel vector reorientation in ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic complex oxide nanostructures
Applied Physics Letters, 2019
Proximity-Driven Enhanced Magnetic Order at Ferromagnetic-Insulator–Magnetic-Topological-Insulator Interface
Physical Review Letters, 2015
Glassy Magnetic Behavior and Correlation Length in Nanogranular Fe-Oxide and Au/Fe-Oxide Samples
Materials, 2019
Anomalous exchange bias behavior in ion-beam bombarded NiCo∕(Ni,Co)O bilayers
Journal of Applied Physics, 2008
Exchange biased FeNi/FeMn bilayers with coercivity and switching field enhanced by FeMn surface oxidation
Aip Advances, 2013
Nanometer-size magnetic domains and coherent magnetization reversal in a giant exchange-bias system
Physical Review B, 2011
Inverted near-surface hysteresis loops in heterogeneous (nanocrystalline/amorphous) Fe81Nb7B12 alloys
Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, 2004
Low-temperature ferromagnetism in perovskite SrIrO3 films
Physical Review B, 2021
Magnetic state instability of disordered electrodeposited nanogranular Fe films
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2021
Design and Synthesis of an Artificial Perpendicular Hard Ferrimagnet with High Thermal and Magnetic Field Stabilities
Scientific reports, 2017
Magnetic properties of ultrafineMnFe2O4powders prepared by mechanochemical processing
Physical Review B, 2001
Resolving Complex Atomic-Scale Spin Structures by Spin-Polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Physical Review Letters, 2001
Exchange-bias and magnetic anisotropy fields in core–shell ferrite nanoparticles
Scientific Reports, 2021
Synthesis of magnetic FeWO4 nanoparticles and their decoration of WS2 nanotubes surface
Journal of Materials Science, 2017
Integration of antiferromagnetic Heusler compound Ru2MnGe into spintronic devices
Applied Physics Letters, 2017
Dependence of Exchange Bias on Interparticle Interactions in Co/CoO Core/Shell Nanostructures
Nanomaterials
Nanopatterning reconfigurable magnetic landscapes via thermally assisted scanning probe lithography
Nature nanotechnology, 2016
X-ray magnetic circular dichroism study of the blocking process in nanostructured iron-iron oxide core-shell systems
Physical Review B, 2011
Spin-flop transition in the easy-plane antiferromagnet nickel oxide
Physical Review B, 2017
Asymmetric magnetic reversal of perpendicular exchange biased (Co∕Pt)[sub 5]∕IrMn probed by magnetoresistance and magnetic force microscopy
Journal of Applied Physics, 2007
Tailoring exchange couplings in magnetic topological-insulator/antiferromagnet heterostructures
Nature Materials, 2016
Exchange-biasing topological charges by antiferromagnetism
Nature communications, 2018
Interface formation for a ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic bilayer system studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and first-principles theory
Physical Review B, 2015
Finite-size scaling and exchange-bias in SrRuO3/LaNiO3/SrRuO3 trilayers
Journal of Applied Physics, 2017
Magnetoelastic resonance as a probe for exchange springs at antiferromagnet-ferromagnet interfaces
Physical Review B
Investigations on Ni-Co-Mn-Sn thin films: Effect of substrate temperature and Ar gas pressure on the martensitic transformations and exchange bias properties
AIP Advances, 2015
Exchange biased delta-E effect enables the detection of low frequency pT magnetic fields with simultaneous localization
Scientific Reports, 2021
Interlayer exchange coupling and giant magnetoresistance
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2003
Anomalous exchange bias at collinear/noncollinear spin interface
Scientific Reports, 2013
Ten States of Nonvolatile Memory through Engineering Ferromagnetic Remanent Magnetization
Advanced Functional Materials, 2018
High exchange-bias blocking temperature in an ultrathin amorphous antiferromagnet system
Physical Review B, 2021
Evidence for linear dependence of exchange bias on pinned uncompensated spins in an Fe/FeO bilayer
Physical Review B
Interfacial coupling effect of Cr2O3 on the magnetic properties of Fe72Ga28 thin films
Scientific Reports, 2021
The magnetic structure of a thin ferromagnetic film on the rough surface of an antiferromagnet
Low Temperature Physics, 2011
Exchange bias effect in antiferromagnets containing ferromagnetic clusters
Low Temperature Physics, 2018
Negative exchange bias in single-phaseDy1−xNdxCrO3induced by Nd doping
Physical Review B, 2016
Temperature lag with the onset of exchange bias, superparamagnetic blocking, and antiferromagnetic ordering in ultrathin ferromagnet/antiferromagnet thin film
Journal of Applied Physics, 2021
Distribution of blocking temperatures in nano-oxide layers of specular spin valves
Journal of Applied Physics, 2007
Theoretical study of carbon-coated iron nanowires
Physical Review B, 2004
Magnetic interaction in exchange-biased bilayers: a first-order reversal curve analysis
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2010
In-plane spin reorientation transition in Fe/NiO bilayers on Ag(1,1,10)
Physical Review B, 2011
Interfacial magnetic structure in Fe/NiO(001)
Physical Review B, 2011
Exchange bias in Fe/EuTe(111) bilayers
Journal of Applied Physics, 2007
Influence of atomic roughness at the uncompensated Fe/CoO(111) interface on the exchange-bias effect
Physical Review B, 2020
Exchange bias in ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic bilayers with imperfect interfaces
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2006
Exchange bias and interface-related effects in two-dimensional van der Waals magnetic heterostructures: Open questions and perspectives
Journal of Alloys and Compounds
Structural phase diagram, magnetism, and exchange-biased behavior of Fe films on FexMn1−x∕Cu(001)
Physical Review B, 2006
Comparison of the crystalline structure, morphology, and magnetic properties of γ-phase Mn∕Cu3Au(100) ultrathin films by varying the growth temperature
Physical Review B, 2007
Probing magnetoelastic effects of ultrathin antiferromagnets via magnetic domain imaging in ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic bilayers
Physical Review B, 2014
Direct observation of twin domains of NiO(100) by x-ray linear dichroism at the O K edge using photoemission electron microscopy
Physical Review B, 2012
Huge magnetocrystalline anisotropy of x-ray linear dichroism observed on Co∕FeMn bilayers
Physical Review B, 2007
Induced Fe and Mn magnetic moments in Co-FeMn bilayers on Cu(001)
Physical Review B, 2003
Magnetic interface coupling in single-crystalline Co/FeMn bilayers
Physical Review B, 2002
Three-dimensional spin orientation in antiferromagnetic domain walls of NiO studied by x-ray magnetic linear dichroism photoemission electron microscopy
Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, 2012
Spin–orbit torque switching without an external field using interlayer exchange coupling
Nature Nanotechnology, 2016
Magneto-thermal behavior of a granular FeCl 2 –Fe heterostructure
Phase Transitions, 2004
Giant metamagnetic moments in a granular FeCl2-Fe heterostructure
Physical Review B, 2003
Readout of an antiferromagnetic spintronics system by strong exchange coupling of Mn2Au and Permalloy
Nature Communications, 2021
Charge doping effects on magnetic properties of single-crystal La1−xSrx(Cr0.2Mn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2)O3 (0≤x≤0.5) high-entropy perovskite oxides
Physical Review B, 2021
Evidence for in-plane spin-flop orientation at theMnPt∕Fe(100)interface revealed by x-ray magnetic linear dichroism
Physical Review B, 2006
Antiferromagnetic structure in tetragonal CuMnAs thin films
Scientific Reports, 2015
Enhanced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in Fe/Mn bilayers by incorporating ultrathin ferromagnetic underlayer through magnetic proximity effect
Applied Physics Letters, 2013
Layered antiferromagnetic spin structures of expanded face-centered-tetragonal Mn(001) as an origin of exchange bias coupling to the magnetic Co layer
Physical Review B, 2012
Antiferromagnet-induced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic/ferromagnetic trilayers
Physical Review B, 2016
Exchange bias switching in an antiferromagnet/ferromagnet bilayer driven by spin–orbit torque
Nature Electronics, 2020
Large structure-dependent room temperature exchange bias in self-assembled BiFeO3 nanoparticles
APL Materials, 2020
Unravelling the onset of the exchange bias effect in Ni(core)@NiO(shell) nanoparticles embedded in a mesoporous carbon matrix
Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2015
Magnetization switching behavior with competing anisotropies in epitaxial Co3FeN/MnN exchange-coupled bilayers
Physical Review B, 2016
Monte Carlo simulations of exchange bias of ferromagnetic thin films onFeF2(110)
Physical Review B, 2004
Chirality-Induced Noncollinear Magnetization and Asymmetric Domain-Wall Propagation in Hydrogenated CoPd Thin Films
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
Unveiling the Mechanisms Governing the Exchange Coupling and Coercivity Modifications in Annealed or Ion-Irradiated Ir−Mn / Fe / Co and Ir−Mn / Ni−Fe / Co films
Physical Review Applied, 2018
Effect of thermal cycle on the interfacial antiferromagnetic spin configuration and exchange bias in Ni-Mn-Sb alloy
AIP Advances, 2012
Reentrant-spin-glass state inNi2Mn1.36Sn0.64shape-memory alloy
Physical Review B, 2009
Dynamic and rotatable exchange anisotropy in Fe/KNiF3/FeF2 trilayers
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2011
Exchange bias effect in alloys and compounds
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2011
Exchange bias effect and intragranular magnetoresistance in Nd0.84Sr0.16CoO3
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2009
The exchange bias effect in phase separated Nd1−xSrxCoO3at the spontaneous ferromagnetic/ferrimagnetic interface
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2009
Griffiths phase and spontaneous exchange bias in La1.5Sr0.5CoMn0.5Fe0.5O6
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2020
Magnetization processes in exchange-biased MnPd/Fe bilayers
Journal of Applied Physics, 2004
Electric-Field Control of Exchange Bias in Multiferroic Epitaxial Heterostructures
Physical Review Letters, 2006
Control of Multiferroic properties in BiFeO3 nanoparticles
Scientific Reports, 2019
Exchange bias in Co-Cr2O3 nanocomposites
Journal of Applied Physics, 2007
Robust spin injection via thermal magnon pumping in antiferromagnet/ferromagnet hybrid systems
Physical Review Research
Antiferromagnetic FeTe2 1T−phase formation at the Sb2Te3/Ni80Fe20 interface
Physical Review Materials
Magnetic Phase Transition and Exchange Bias in $$\hbox {Ni}_{45}\hbox {Co}_{5}\hbox {Mn}_{35.5}\hbox {In}_{14.5}$$ Ni 45 Co 5 Mn 35.5 In 14.5 Heusler Alloy
Applied Magnetic Resonance, 2018
Dynamics of magnetic nanoparticle suspensions
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2009
Magnetic domain coupling study in single-crystalline Fe/CoO bilayers
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2009
Particle size dependent exchange bias and cluster-glass states in LaMn0.7Fe0.3O3
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2008
Muon spin relaxation study of exchange biased Co/CoO
Physical Review B, 2003
Exchange bias in epitaxial and polycrystalline thin film Ru2MnGe/Fe bilayers
Journal of Applied Physics, 2015
Spin to charge current conversion by the inverse spin Hall effect in the metallic antiferromagnet Mn2Au at room temperature
Physical Review B, 2018
Magnetic ordering of the martensite phase in Ni–Co–Mn–Sn-based ferromagnetic shape memory alloys
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2019
Enhanced surface antiferromagnetism of CoO film in proximity to NiO films
DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2018, 2019
Isothermal tuning of magnetic coercivity in NiFe/NiO/[Co/Pt] heterostructures with orthogonal easy axes
Journal of Applied Physics, 2015
Tuning the spontaneous exchange bias effect with Ba to Sr partial substitution in La1.5(Sr0.5−xBax)CoMnO6
Applied Physics Letters, 2020
The Spontaneous Exchange Bias Effect on La1.5Ba0.5CoMnO6
Brazilian Journal of Physics, 2020
Coercivity and exchange bias ofMn0.25Ti1.1S2in the cluster-glass state
Physical Review B, 2010
Strain dependence of antiferromagnetic interface coupling inLa0.7Sr0.3MnO3/SrRuO3superlattices
Physical Review B, 2015
Electric Control of Exchange Bias Effect in FePS3–Fe5GeTe2 van der Waals Heterostructures
Nano Letters
Tailoring perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in ultrathin Co/Pt multilayers coupled to NiO
Physical Review B, 2010
Magnetization switching in high-density magnetic nanodots by a fine-tune sputtering process on a large-area diblock copolymer mask
Nanoscale, 2017
Comparison on the structure and exchange bias in Co/MnPt and MnPt/Co polycrystalline films on glass substrates
AIP Advances, 2019
Observation of a Chirality-Induced Exchange-Bias Effect
Physical Review Applied, 2019
Exchange Bias Driven by Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interactions
Physical Review Letters, 2013
Thermal scanning probe lithography
Nature Reviews Methods Primers
Picosecond Creation of Switchable Optomagnets from a Polar Antiferromagnet with Giant Photoinduced Kerr Rotations
Physical Review X, 2019
Weak ferromagnetism and exchange bias effect in Co1+yAl2-yO4/SiO2 nanocomposites
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2021
Accelerating the laser-induced demagnetization of a ferromagnetic film by antiferromagnetic order in an adjacent layer
Physical Review B
Antisite disorder-induced exchange bias effect in multiferroic Y2CoMnO6
Applied Physics Letters, 2015
Localization of nonlinear spin waves in magnetic multilayers
Journal of Applied Physics, 2018
Connection between orbital moment enhancement and exchange bias in a [Ni80Fe20/Mn]3multilayer
Physical Review B, 2013
<i>hcp</i> ‐Co Nanowires Grown on Metallic Foams as Catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis
Angewandte Chemie, 2018
Antiferromagnetic switching driven by the collective dynamics of a coexisting spin glass
Science Advances, 2021
Local domain structure of exchange-coupled NiFe∕CoO nanowire probed by nonlocal spin valve measurement
Journal of Applied Physics, 2008
Ferromagnetic order controlled by the magnetic interface of LaNiO3/La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 superlattices
Scientific Reports
Coupling strength distribution in ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic film systems
Physical Review B, 2007
Interfacial Origin of Unconventional Spin‐Orbit Torque in Py/γ−$\gamma -$IrMn3
Advanced Quantum Technologies
VZn–H complex defect induced ferromagnetic behavior of unintentional hydrogen doped ZnO nanoparticles
Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 2021
High-speed STT MRAM incorporating antiferromagnetic layer
Applied Physics Letters, 2019
Rashba spin-orbit coupling induced modulation of magnetic anisotropy in canted antiferromagnetic heterostructures
Physical Review B
Strong perpendicular exchange bias in epitaxial La<sub>0.7</sub>Sr<sub>0.3</sub>MnO<sub>3</sub>:LaFeO<sub>3</sub> nanocomposite thin films
APL Materials, 2016
Exchange anisotropy pinning of a standing spin-wave mode
Physical Review B, 2011
Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction across an Antiferromagnet-Ferromagnet Interface
Physical review letters, 2017
Interfacial coupling between ferromagnets and random and dilute antiferromagnets
Physical Review B, 2011
Controlling the switching field in nanomagnets by means of domain-engineered antiferromagnets
Physical Review B, 2015
Thermal Gating of Magnon Exchange in Magnetic Multilayers with Antiferromagnetic Spacers
Physical Review Letters
Antiferromagnet-mediated interlayer exchange: Hybridization versus proximity effect
Physical Review B
Negative magnetization of Li2Ni2Mo3O12: A spin system composed of distorted honeycomb lattices and linear chains
Physical Review B, 2011
Probing antiferromagnetism in NiMn/Ni/(Co)/Cu3Au(001) single-crystalline epitaxial thin films
Journal of Applied Physics, 2013
Pinned magnetic moments in exchange bias: Role of the antiferromagnetic bulk spin structure
Physical Review B, 2014
Structural and magnetic properties ofFexMn1−xthin films on Cu(001) and on Co/Cu(001)
Physical Review B, 2002
Asymmetric Magnetization Reversal in Exchange-Biased Hysteresis Loops
Physical Review Letters, 2000
Effect of Ni precursor solution concentration on the magnetic properties and exchange bias of Ni-NiO nanoparticulate systems
Journal of Applied Physics, 2014
Isothermal anisotropic magnetoresistance in antiferromagnetic metallic IrMn
Scientific reports, 2016
Piezoresistive detection-based ferromagnetic resonance force microscopy of microfabricated exchange bias systems
Applied Physics Letters, 2004
Mirror symmetry in magnetization reversal and coexistence of positive and negative exchange bias in Ni/FeF2
Applied Physics Letters, 2011
Current-driven magnetization switching in a van der Waals ferromagnet Fe 3 GeTe 2
Science Advances, 2019
Magnetic exchange effects in PbS/Fe/EuS/PbS thin films
Physical Review B, 2010
Using magnetoresistance to probe reversal asymmetry in exchange biased bilayers
Journal of Applied Physics, 2000