Examining the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure: Four Preliminary Studies

Journal of personality …, 2009

This review of 122 research reports (184 independent samples, 14,900 subjects) found average r ϭ .274 for prediction of behavioral, judgment, and physiological measures by Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures. Parallel explicit (i.e., self-report) measures, available in 156 of these samples (13,068 subjects), also predicted effectively (average r ϭ .361), but with much greater variability of effect size. Predictive validity of self-report was impaired for socially sensitive topics, for which impression management may distort self-report responses. For 32 samples with criterion measures involving Black-White interracial behavior, predictive validity of IAT measures significantly exceeded that of self-report measures. Both IAT and self-report measures displayed incremental validity, with each measure predicting criterion variance beyond that predicted by the other. The more highly IAT and self-report measures were intercorrelated, the greater was the predictive validity of each.

Psychology of consciousness, 2022

The advent of implicit measures opened the access to processes of which people might not be completely aware but that can still influence their attitudes, preferences, and behaviors towards different objects. Among the existing implicit measures, the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) is one of the most studied and used. The descriptive literature review presented in this work was aimed at providing an overview of how the IAT has been used from the year of its first introduction until current days. Specifically, the main fields of application of the IAT, the specific topics for which it has been used, and its concurrent use with other implicit measures have been highlighted and described. When possible, information on the samples on which the studies were carried out are reported. Results indicate an ongoing growth of the IAT in a constantly wider range of topics. The ability of the IAT to overcome self-presentation biases and to access the implicit aspects of attitudes have been particularly exploited for investigating biases towards different out-groups, especially in sensitive contexts.

The Psychological record

Research increasingly supports the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a measure capable of providing a sensitive index of preexisting implicit attitudes and cognitions. The current study constitutes the first attempt to determine if the IRAP is also sensitive to implicit attitudes engineered through either direct relational training or verbal instruction. Following attitude-induction training, participants completed an IRAP in addition to two self-report procedures designed to measure newly formed attitudes. Both implicit and explicit attitudes emerged and persisted in response to both relational training and verbal instruction. Furthermore, the IRAP data indicated significant implicit attitudes when participants both affirmed attitude-consistent and negated attitude-inconsistent relations. The findings are consistent with previous attitude-formation research, but the relational properties of the IRAP raise specific conceptual issues pertaining to the nature of impli...

Journal of personality and …, 2003

In reporting Implicit Association Test (IAT) results, researchers have most often used scoring conventions described in the first publication of the IAT ). Demonstration IATs available on the Internet have produced large data sets that were used in the current article to evaluate alternative scoring procedures. Candidate new algorithms were examined in terms of their (a) correlations with parallel self-report measures, (b) resistance to an artifact associated with speed of responding, (c) internal consistency, (d) sensitivity to known influences on IAT measures, and (e) resistance to known procedural influences. The best-performing measure incorporates data from the IAT's practice trials, uses a metric that is calibrated by each respondent's latency variability, and includes a latency penalty for errors. This new algorithm strongly outperforms the earlier (conventional) procedure.

2008

The Implicit Association Test (IAT; ) is a frequently used measure of implicit cognitions that is typically administered on computers. This chapter reports development of an IAT that can be administered on paper. First, it describes a suggested analytic procedure for paper IAT data. Next, two studies measuring implicit racial preferences are reported that suggest that the paperformat IAT elicits similar but somewhat weaker mean effects than the computer-format IAT, and shows test-retest reliability comparable to the computer-format IAT. The paper format IAT may be more sensitive to the type of stimuli used in the task. It performed better with all-verbal stimuli compared with pictures of faces. Use of the paper-format IAT with verbal stimuli may be a useful supplement to computerized data collections, or a viable approach when computer data collection is not feasible.

2010

Schwartz, 1998) can be contaminated by associations that do not contribute to one’s evaluation of an attitude object and thus do not become activated when one encounters the object but that are nevertheless available in memory. The authors propose a variant of the IAT that reduces the contamination of these “extrapersonal associations. ” Consistent with the notion that the traditional version of the IAT is affected by society’s negative portrayal of minority groups, the “personalized ” IAT revealed relatively less racial prejudice among Whites in Experiments 1 and 2. In Experiments 3 and 4, the personalized IAT correlated more strongly with explicit measures of attitudes and behavioral intentions than did the traditional IAT. The feasibility of disentangling personal and extrapersonal associations is discussed. Implicit measures have enjoyed widespread use in social psychology in recent years. The Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) has become a part...

Personality and Social …, 2005

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) assesses relative strengths of four associations involving two pairs of contrasted concepts (e.g., male-female and family-career). In four studies, analyses of data from 11 Web IATs, averaging 12,000 respondents per data set, supported the following conclusions: (a) sorting IAT trials into subsets does not yield conceptually distinct measures; (b) valid IAT measures can be produced using as few as two items to represent each concept; (c) there are conditions for which the administration order of IAT and self-report measures does not alter psychometric properties of either measure; and (d) a known extraneous effect of IAT task block order was sharply reduced by using extra practice trials. Together, these analyses provide additional construct validation for the IAT and suggest practical guidelines to users of the IAT.

Teaching of Psychology, 2013

People are reluctant to admit they harbor implicit biases. Students (N ¼ 68) from four social psychology courses completed an assignment designed to raise awareness about implicit biases. After completing an Implicit Association Test (IAT), students answered six essay questions, read two articles on the IAT, and answered five additional essay questions. Before the readings, students showed uncertainty about the IAT's ability to measure their implicit attitudes. The main reason students gave in support of or against the IAT's validity was the congruency between their implicit and explicit attitudes. After the readings, more students agreed that the IAT measured prejudice. This assignment was a useful tool in raising students' awareness about their unconscious biases and teaching them about implicit attitudes.

European Review of Social Psychology, 2006

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) had already gained the status of a prominent assessment procedure before its psychometric properties and underlying task structure were understood. The present critique addresses five major problems that arise when the IAT is used for diagnostic inferences:

2020

The advent of implicit measures opened the access to processes of which people might not be completely aware but that can still influence their attitudes, preferences, and behaviors towards different objects. Among the existing implicit measures, the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) is one of the most studied and used. The descriptive literature review presented in this work was aimed at providing an overview of how the IAT has been used from the year of its first introduction until current days. Specifically, the main fields of application of the IAT, the specific topics for which it has been used, and its concurrent use with other implicit measures have been highlighted and described. When possible, information on the samples on which the studies were carried out are reported. Results indicate an on-going growth of the IAT in a constantly wider range of topics. The ability of the IAT to overcome self-presentation biases and to access the implici...