Ethics

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo fundamental reflexionar sobre la problemática que la globalización genera en un mundo en donde y los valores decaen. Se parte de la premisa de considerar que la globalización sin ética habrá de estimular en el mediano plazo distintas formas de violencia, entre ellas, violencia intrafamiliar, callejera, tráfico de drogas ilícitas, prostitución infantil, pornografía, guerrillas y paramilitarismo. En los momentos actuales, muchos de los conflictos armados, tienen su caldo de cultivo en las desigualdades que genera la ideología neoliberal en un mundo globalizado. La globalización avanza sobre el planeta, como un jinete desbocado al que no se le pone freno. Sólo un nuevo "ethos" de la globalización basado en la construcción de una cultura ética y ciudadana, en la búsqueda del bien común y eliminación de la pobreza en el planeta, podrán frenar al jinete globalizado que cabalga estrepitosamente.

Introducción: La publicación de Pedagogía del oprimido supuso un hito en la historia y la teoría de la educación que consagró a Paulo Freire como uno de los grandes educadores, a la altura de Jean Jacques Rousseau o John Dewey. Sin embargo, su obra tuvo una recepción compleja ya en Estados Unidos y también en España. Con motivo del 50 aniversario de su primera publicación, y debido a esa importancia y a esa difícil recepción, este artículo analiza las relecturas que se han hecho de Freire en el siglo xxi, es decir, aquellos puntos a los que los teóricos de la educación vuelven. Metodología: Para ello se han analizado las obras más importantes del brasileño y, sobre todo, los artículos más relevantes del siglo xxi. Esto con el uso de una metodología hermenéutica inspirada en los postulados de Kederman y Curren, a saber, con la pretensión de volver a los autores históricos interesantes, inspiradores y orientadores para nosotros. Discusión: De esta manera se observa que las relecturas ...

Abstract: Most approaches to artificial moral agents (AMAs) apparently
take it for granted that a machine could be moral. However, to think that
the categories of morality or immorality apply to machines seems like a
category mistake. This paper inquires into the conditions necessary for a
machine to be moral. In order to do this, it first addresses the question
what is a machine? It then argues that a form of agency is characteristic
of machines in contradistinction of other technical objects and that given
their particular characteristics as machines artificial agents fail to satisfy
one of the basic pre-conditions of moral agents. In conclusion, I ask what
would be necessary for an artificial agent to be a moral agent.

Transformational leaders challenge the status quo, provide a vision of a promising future, and motivate and inspire their followers to join in the pursuit of a better world. But many of these leaders also fit the American Psychiatric Association classification for narcissistic personality disorder. They are grandiose, entitled, self-confident, risk seeking, manipulative, and hostile. This article reviews the literature on narcissism and shows how what we think of as transformational leadership overlaps substantially with grandiose narcissism. As grandiose narcissists can appear as transformational leaders, it is important to distinguish between what leadership scholars have characterized as "transformational" and these "pseudo-transformational" candidates.

A longstanding interpretive issue concerning Chapter IV of the Phenomenology of Spirit is how to understand the singularly difficult discussion of the role of life in the development of self-consciousness. Some readers hold that selfconsciousness consists in the recognition of one's independence from the demands of life, while others have argued that self-consciousness is both life and more than life at once. This paper rejects these readings and contributes to the ongoing discussion surrounding "additive" versus

In this study, it is analyzed the correlation between the habits which are organized by the conditions of social consumption and the values and investigated inevitability of person. Value is a kind of factual code which has born of human nature and legitimated with social partnership. This code refers also to a freedom. In the new world, no longer has human existed with consuming and the freedom and consuming are synonymous. While values are expected to facilitate the life, they have recently become psychological barriers to the freedom of individual. Facilitating life is a freedom such as the satisfaction of needs. Two freedom conflicts metaphysically and psychologically and there is no agreement between the values and the demands and the habits of new human. There is another problem. Man does not accept the new conditions; however he ennobles the world where he is. This case is called with "chaotic mystical lifestyle". It is discussed the dilemmas of value which have caused by this lifestyle and it is tried to place this discussion in to the context. Throughout the text, the man and the trust, the nature, the order, the value and the freedom which find meaning through him are obtained with an analysis of interdisciplinary concepts and it is tried to describe of the mode of existence which is signed located by "this world". It is established logical relationships between the pictured world and the necessities which the man cannot escape from and are easily followed and each dispute is qualified as despair. Thus, it is described different historical existences of the man which are sensed under the only one type and cannot be numbed with each other. The aim of the study is not to invent a new nihilism, but the philosophical findings refer to a shape of the world evoking this concept.

Warum sollten wir moralisch sein? Diese Frage nach Begründung beschäftigt die Moralphilosophie seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Ihr gegenwärtiges Paradigma setzt auf ethischen Pluralismus, moralischen Fortschritt und Moralbegründung durch Widerspruchsfreiheit. Doch dabei verstrickt sie sich selbst in einen Widerspruch.
Diese Studie bringt die Sprachphilosophie Wittgensteins mit der Kritischen Theorie in Konstellation, um zu zeigen, dass die moderne Moralphilosophie an ihrem Anspruch scheitern muss. Dabei wird klar, dass weder Widerspruchsfreiheit noch Moralbegründung der gesellschaftlichen Praxis vorangehen. Im Gegenteil, in der vermeintlichen Rationalität der modernen Moralphilosophie spiegeln sich die Widersprüche unserer Gesellschaft. Die Aufgabe der Philosophie besteht daher nicht darin, diese Widersprüche zu lösen, sondern sie durch sprachkritische Analyse offenzulegen. Indem Wittgenstein mit Marx,
Adorno und Horkheimer in Dialog gebracht wird, entsteht ein neuer Zugang zur Moralphilosophie – eine Kritik, die sowohl sprachlich als auch gesellschaftlich ansetzt.

Ο υπερφυσιοκρατικός ηθικός ρεαλισμός ανάγει την ευθύνη για την ηθική μας δράση σε ένα τέλειο, αιώνιο και πανάγαθο όν που βρίσκεται έξω από εμάς και τον κόσμο μας. Ως θεωρία, καταφέρνει μέσα από αυτή τη μορφή του Θεού, να προσφέρει στον άνθρωπο βεβαιότητες, που διαφορετικά είναι δύσκολο να δικαιολογηθούν. Στο παρόν θα εξετάσω συνοπτικά κάποια θετικά σημεία του υπερφυσιοκρατικού ρεαλισμού και τον τρόπο με τον οποίο αποφεύγει το πρόβλημα της ιδιορρυθμίας του Mackie. Στη συνέχεια, μέσα από το επιχείρημα του Harman, θα υποστηρίξω πως αποτελεί έλλειψη οικονομίας.    Αν πρέπει να πιστέψεις σε κάτι, ώστε να πράξεις ηθικά, γιατί πρέπει να πιστέψεις σε ένα όν που υποδεικνύει τις ηθικές αρχές και να μην πιστέψεις εξαρχής στις ίδιες τις ηθικές αξίες; Το πρόβλημα, βέβαια, είναι ότι δεν μπορούμε να αποδείξουμε, αν υπάρχουν αυτές οι ηθικές αξίες και ποιες ακριβώς είναι, όμως το ίδιο ακριβώς πρόβλημα αντιμετωπίζει κατά τη γνώμη μου και ο υπερφυσιοκρατικός ρεαλισμός. Δεν μπορεί να αποδείξει την ύπαρξη του Θεού, ούτε με ποιόν τρόπο εμείς γνωρίζουμε τις εντολές του. Δεν θα ασχοληθώ κατά συνέπεια καθόλου με το σημείο αυτό, αν δηλαδή υπάρχουν αντικειμενικές ηθικές αξίες και πως τις γνωρίζουμε, αλλά θα θεωρησω δεδομένη την ύπαρξή τους.  Τέλος, αφού αναφερθώ σε κάποιες επιπλέον ενστάσεις αλλά και στις απαντήσεις του υπερφυσιοκρατικού ρεαλισμού σε αυτές, θα καταλήξω στο προτέρημα που πιστεύω πως η πίστη σε ηθικές αξίες χωρίς Θεό παρουσιάζει έναντι του υπερφυσιοκρατικού ρεαλισμού. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, θα υποστηρίξω την ‘τυφλή δέσμευση’ σε ένα άλλο ον  που κατευθύνει την πραγμάτωση της ηθικής πράξης, ως μειονέκτημα, σε σύγκριση με την αυτόνομη επιλογή των ηθικών αρχών,  ως αντικειμενική επιλογή του πράττειν.

Objective: To determine whether impulsive aggression (IA) is a meaningful clinical construct and to ascertain whether it is sufficiently similar across diagnostic categories, such that parallel studies across disorders might constitute appropriate evidence for pursuing indications. If so, how should IA be assessed, pharmacological studies designed, and ethical issues addressed? Method: Experts from key stakeholder communities, including academic clinicians, researchers, practicing clinicians, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Institute of Mental Health, industry sponsors, and patient and family advocates, met for a 2-day consensus conference on November 4 and 5, 2004. After evaluating summary presentations on current research evidence, participants were assigned to three workgroups, examined core issues, and generated consensus guidelines in their areas. Workgroup recommendations were discussed by the whole group to reach consensus, and then further iterated and condensed into this report postconference by the authors. Results: Conference participants agreed that IA is a substantial public health and clinical concern, constitutes a key therapeutic target across multiple disorders, and can be measured with sufficient precision that pharmacological studies are warranted. Additional areas of consensus concerned types of measures, optimal study designs, and ethical imperatives. Conclusion: Derived from scientific evidence and clinical experience, these consensus-driven recommendations can guide the design of future studies.

The three papers published here are revised, slightly expanded versions of talks presented as a panel, "Hearing As Hearing-As," on two occasions: the Third Annual Meeting of the Royal Musical Association Music and Philosophy Study Group (Kings College London, 18 July 2013) and the Philosophy and Music Interest Group meeting during the Thirty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Society for Music Theory (1 November 2014). They explore the applicability to music, specifically music analysis, of ideas of Ludwig Wittgenstein, introduced with the discussion of "seeing-as" in what was once called Part II of the Philosophical Investigations and has now been retitled "Philosophy of Psychology-A Fragment.

The relationship between ethics and literature has always been a contested one. I firstly discuss this relationship, arguing that literature is not ethical  per se , which is the reason why it can serve ethical purposes. Secondly, I state, in line with Martha Nussbaum, why any ethical thinking today has to refer to global ethics. Drawing from this, I present three recent novels, all of which deal with fundamental twentieth century atrocities:  Burnt Shadows  by Kamila Shamsie,  The French Art of War  by Alexis Jenni and  The Walnut Mansion  by Miljenko Jergovic. They pose philosophical and ethical questions about war, violence and the great ruptures of civilisation. They are a component of world literature in the sense that the plot, and the ethical reflection triggered by this, is not related to a single nation state, but to the global situation. The authors make use of a historical profile encompassing a period of 60 to 100 years of narrated time. In this way, they can make a conn...

The ideas of the immortality of the soul and of God as the guarantor of moral order are proposed by Kant as postulates of practical reason, figuring among the most hotly debated points of his philosophy. Traditionally, the main charge against the postulates lies in the supposition that they are unnecessary and, arguably, cultural additions to an otherwise stable and laudable proof of moral autonomy and the moral law. In this paper, however, with some support from Johann G. Fichte and Karl L. Reinhold, I argue that both postulates, as depicted in the Critique of Practical Reason, are in fact logically necessary within the Kantian framework for the rational consistency of the world.

Soloviev y de las primeras investigaciones sobre su pensamiento en relación con el arte, este artículo pretende identificar los conceptos clave que constituyen esta estética, subrayando los presupuestos antropológicos y epistemológicos que comportan. Al mismo tiempo, se contrasta el pensamiento de Soloviev con algunos pensadores posteriores, singularmente con V. Kandinsky, cuya concepción de lo espiritual en el arte, a pesar de sus diferencias, puede dialogar con el pensamiento de Soloviev.

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This article aims to defend the thesis-originally defended by Alan Donagan but rejected by Philippa Foot and most others-that the doing/allowing distinction is based upon the difference between acting and failing to act. The paper restricts its focus to the second aspect of this thesis: that every allowing is most fundamentally a failure to act. Foot rejects the thesis because of cases of 'enabling harm'-such as removing a respirator-in which the agent allows some harm by way of doing something. The troubling aspect of these cases, however, disappears when two points are better understood. First, an independent sequence must be understood in relation to the agent's own actions. Second, sometimes an agent has ongoing actions, such as the use of a respirator.

Midwives, like other health professionals, are confronted with ethical issues on a daily basis and acting ethically is a core competence within professional conduct. In midwifery in particular, the complexity of ethical problems is increasing e.g., due to new medical options in diagnostics and reproductive medicine, the increasing diversity of life styles or the high number of preterm births. The main purpose of the current project was to develop effective interventions to increase midwives' ethical competence in educational and practical settings. To reach this goal, we conducted 43 individual semi-structured and 6 focus group interviews with midwives, lecturers and midwifery students to explore their views on ethics education and the support needed in practice to develop ethical competence. Based on the analysis of these interviews, a set of 15 interventions was designed and piloted in educational and clinical settings. The piloted interventions were then evaluated with an online questionnaire. Results from the interviews, the online questionnaire as well as the lessons learnt from piloting the interventions and the current literature on ethics education were integrated in a spiral curricular model for increasing

Although qualitative research about couples and families is becoming increasingly widespread, the aspect of data analysis remains largely underrepresented in the literature. In this methodological paper, we outline one specific approach to data analysis in the context of multi family member interview studies. Inspired by Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and Dyadic Interview Analysis, this approach allows for the detailed and systematic analysis of family practices and the co‐construction of shared family realities. Based on an example study in the field of medically assisted reproduction, we give a detailed explanation of the aim of this approach, the different steps in the analysis process and the output of a multi family member interview study. The findings of this example study are discussed in light of the methodological challenges and opportunities.Practitioner points Multi family member interview analysis allows for the systematic analysis of family practices and the c...

This Task Force document explores the ethical issues involved in the debate about the scope of genetic screening of gamete donors. Calls for expanded donor screening arise against the background of both occasional findings of serious but rare genetic conditions in donors or donor offspring that were not detected through present screening procedures and the advent of new genomic technologies promising affordable testing of donors for a wide range of conditions. Ethical principles require that all stakeholders' interests are taken into account, including those of candidate donors. The message of the profession should be that avoiding all risks is impossible and that testing should remain proportional.

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The objective of this study was to assess how frequently end-of-life decisions (ELDs) with a possible or certain life-shortening effect in neonates and infants were discussed with parents, and to determine if consultation of parents was associated with the type of ELD, (clinical) characteristics of the patient, and socio-demographic characteristics of the physician. A retrospective study of all deaths of live born infants under the age of one year was conducted in Flanders, Belgium. For 292 of all 298 deaths in a 1-year period (between 1 August 1999 and 31 July 2000) the attending physician could be identified and was sent an anonymous questionnaire. All cases with an ELD and containing information regarding the consultation of parents were included. The response rate was 87% (253/292). In 136 out of 143 cases, an ELD was made and information on the consultation of parents was obtained. According to the physician, the ELD was discussed with parents in 84% (114/136) of cases. The smaller the gestational age of the infant, the more the parental request for an ELD was explicit (p=0.025). When parents were not consulted, the ELD was based more frequently on the fact that the infant had no chance to survive and less on quality-of-life considerations (p=0.001); the estimated shortening of life due to the ELD was small in all cases, but significantly smaller (p<0.001) if parents were not consulted. It is concluded that the majority of parents of children dying under the age of one year are consulted in ELD-making, especially for decisions based on quality-of-life considerations (95.1%). Parents of infants with a small gestational age more often explicitly requested an ELD.

Atipicità degli illeciti disciplinari notarili: la decisione delle Sezioni Unite lunedì 04 dicembre 2017 di Sicchiero Gianluca Professore ordinario di diritto privato nell'Università Cà Foscari Venezia, avvocato Le Sezioni unite della cassazione, con la sentenza n. 25457/2017, modificando un proprio precedente, aderiscono alla tesi dell'atipicità degli illeciti disciplinari notarili, affermando che l'art. 136, legge n. 89/1913, non si applica solo quale sanzione minore per gli illeciti per la cui violazione siano riconosciuta, rispetto alla sanzione edittale della censura, le attenuanti generiche di cui all'art. 144. Secondo la C.S. la disposizione vale invece anche come sanzione residuale per ogni illecito per il quale la legge notarile non preveda un'espressa sanzione e, nel contempo, non sia grave da essere riconducibile all'art. 147. Per saperne di più, vd. G.

This paper explores the idea that intelligence, rather than humanity, serves as the primary force driving evolution, with a particular focus on Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). As AI technology progresses, we must reconsider traditional evolutionary perspectives centered on humans. We propose that intelligence, which initially evolved biologically, now manifests itself in artificial systems. Intelligence transcends being a mere tool; it represents a fundamental element of an ongoing evolutionary process that may operate independently of human influence. Comparing genes with intelligence supports the idea that intelligence could surpass genes or species as the dominant driver of evolution. This shift in thinking requires interdisciplinary collaboration to address ethical concerns, AGI's autonomous evolution, and humanity's role in its development. The emergence of AGI prompts a reevaluation of intelligence and its trajectory, marking a critical point where it may surpass human experience and biological limits, offering new cognitive perspectives.

Resumen: La clonación humana por transferencia nuclear ha sido propuesta como solución para que el tratamiento con células madre embrionarias no produzca rechazo. Sin embargo, desde el punto de vista científico hasta ahora no es posible llevarla a cabo por las dificultades que conlleva la reprogramación celular, como se demostró a consecuencia del fraude en Corea del Sur. A pesar de esto y de la aparición de las células iPS (induced pluripotent stem cells) (1), que abren otro camino para el estudio de las enfermedades y su posible curación, aunque también podrían ser mal utilizadas, y a pesar de los grandes avances con células madre adultas, la ley española apuesta por la mal llamada "clonación terapéutica". Después de revisar algunos documentos internacionales y las leyes españolas sobre el particular, en este trabajo se trata de exponer los fundamentos éticos y filosóficos que se esgrimen para justificar la clonación por transferencia nuclear, como vía para investigar y alcanzar tratamientos a partir de las células de la masa interna del embrión clónico. Posteriormente, se realiza un análisis crítico desde la ética general y la bioética personalista. Palabras clave: clonación humana, transferencia nuclear, embrión clónico, bioética personalista.

La chute de l'Union soviétique et du bloc de l'Est ont marqué avec flamboyance l'arrivée de l'ère du « post-». Avec elle, une nouvelle réalité, habitée de rêves et de peurs, s'est déployée, ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives aux populations directement touchées, ainsi qu'au reste du monde. Les reflets que renvoient le socialisme et le postsocialisme à l'imaginaire collectif sont d'ailleurs distincts, que l'on se trouve en Europe, en Asie ou en Amérique. En Europe, on associe de plus en plus le postsocialisme au phénomène des migrations et à l'adhésion d'une vaste population à l'Union européenne, transformant entre autres les rapports à l'économie, au travail et à l'ethnicité de part et d'autre de cette nouvelle entité politique. En Asie, le postsocialisme est généralement pensé à la lumière des transformations capitalistes que vivent la Chine et le Vietnam, alors que le Laos cherche à s'insérer dans cette dynamique, que la Corée du Nord fait chambre à part et que le Cambodge vit sa période « post-» sous l'emprise du développement international. En Amérique du Nord, les réalités du socialisme et du postsocialisme sont moins prégnantes et, selon plusieurs, elles demeurent encore liées à une certaine vision de la Guerre froide. En Amérique latine, ces réalités renvoient encore largement à la figure mythique et rebelle du Che, à l'obstination de Castro, et aux symboles des révolutions brimées des années 1960 et 1970. Avec l'union des pays d'Amérique du Sud que tentent de consolider Lula et Chavez, on constate depuis quelques années une réémergence de la fibre socialiste, ancrée dans l'exploitation du pétrole et des biocarburants. Cependant, le succès et la forme que prendra ce néo-socialisme du 21 e siècle demeurent encore incertains 1 . Mais au-delà de ces lieux communs, qu'entend-on réellement par socialisme et postsocialisme? Si les conceptions populaires en font quelque chose de statique ou d'achevé, est-ce que les socialismes actuels et passés sont en rupture avec la réalité post-ou en sont-ils partie prenante? Quelles sont leurs places dans le contexte mondial? Comment se constituent ces réalités? Voilà certaines des questions qui guident ce numéro. Elles nous amènent à explorer la pluralité et la complexité de ce que sont le socialisme et le postsocialisme, soulignant leur caractère pluriel et leurs interrelations. De plus, cette exploration est motivée par 1. Nous remercions Gediminas Lankauskas et Liesl Gambold pour leurs commentaires sur des versions préliminaires de ce texte.

A filosofia estoica, florescer no contexto turbulento do Império Romano, encontrou em Lucius Annaeus Seneca um de seus expoentes mais proeminentes. Vivendo sob o reinado de Calígula, Cláudio e Neroperíodos marcados por instabilidade política, corrupção e excessos de poder-, Sêneca (c. 4 a.C.-65 d.C.) transpôs a serenidade teórica do estoicismo para a prática de uma vida pública complexa e, paradoxalmente, de uma busca pessoal pela virtude e pela sabedoria. Sua obra, vasta e diversificada, inclui tratados filosóficos, peças teatrais e poemas, mas são suas Cartas a Lucílio que oferecem um acesso privilegiado à sua filosofia prática, à sua jornada pessoal de autoaperfeiçoamento e à aplicação do estoicismo na vida cotidiana.

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), sometime referred to as female circumcision is one of the deeply rooted traditional and cultural practices which long existed in Liberia and the African continent. Various forms of the practice are still prevalent amongst a number of ethnic groups in Liberia. FGM is regarded as sensitive topic because of the high degree of secrecy surrounding its performance. In an attempt to study the practice of FGM in the Paynesville community, a standard questionnaire was administered to a sample size of 409 females in eight communities in Paynesville. The communities chosen were ELWA Community, Joe Bar, and 72nd, Jacob Town, Red Light/Gobachop, Pipeline, Soul Clinic, and Cocoa Cola Factory. Out of the 409 female interviewed, result of the study revealed that 43.03% (176) of the female interviewed practiced FGM. Ethnic groups that have the highest positive respondents included the Gbandi, Kpelle, Gio, Lorma, Vai, Mano, Bassa and Kissi. The Americo-Liberians, Kru, Sarpo and Grebo ethnic groups represented the highest negative respondents to the practice of FGM. A large proportion of the respondents was strongly against the practice of FGM for reasons ranging from painfulness of the act, difficulty during deliver, social, religious, physical and psychological trauma including fistula. Notwithstanding, some were supportive of the practice because of strong traditional influence and belief that it is part of their cultural heritage.

La categoría de espacio como consecuencia del ejercicio del consumismo y la distinción, y la manera como éste se estructura a partir de su relación con los referentes de espacio institucional y espacio público se sustentan en este artículo con una distinción constitutiva: la pretensión de estructurar, a partir de una eticidad, una estética del consumismo. Dicha distinción acerca los conceptos de ética y estética con las sustancias valorativas de la producción del espacio, por medio de la materialización de la ciudad. Se trata de mostrar que lo apto para el mercado y el desperdicio del mercado son estructurantes del espacio, y este a su vez es el teatro del fracaso. Además, hoy la sustancialidad del individuo es un estructurante del espacio público, y dicha sustancialidad alimenta la soledad del individuo que va contra la ficción espectacular en que se convierte el espacio institucional.

Emergent Recursive Intelligence (ERI) is a novel AI paradigm in which an artificial intelligence continually improves itself through self-referential (recursive) learning loops. Unlike static models that require periodic human updates, an ERI-based system refines its own algorithms, resolves internal contradictions, and reprioritises knowledge on the fly. The result is an AI that emerges new capabilities over time-discovering insights and strategies that were not explicitly programmed-and does so recursively, i.e. through iterative self-improvement. This makes ERI strategically significant: it lays the foundation for Astrala Nexus to build AI systems that learn how to learn, adapt to novel situations and evolve alongside their human partners. In essence, ERI transforms AI from a static tool into a dynamic collaborator capable of growth. Astrala Nexus leverages ERI as its core principle, drawing on leading scientific and philosophical frameworks to ensure this technology is both cutting-edge and deeply grounded.

The Cybercrimes Act of 2015 was made to have laws in place that protect individuals and organizations against crimes committed across the internet and have laws in place to fine and prosecute those caught committing and facilitating these acts. This study examines the current provisions under the cybercrimes act and see what laws are already in place such as: Computer fraud, identity theft, malicious communication, and identify what additions need to be made to cover gaps that can be exploited in legislation. Through comparative analysis with international laws, the study highlights the necessity of amendments to cover emerging cybercrimes such as deepfake/AI manipulation, cryptocurrency related crimes, cyberbullying, ransomware attacks, cyber terrorism and espionage. With the rapid evolution in technology it is imperative that legislation is robust and this paper highlights why these updates are essential to overall safety as well as emphasize the need for a more adaptive legal framework that enhances enforcement capabilities, strengthens penalties and fosters cooperation across borders to combat cybercrimes efficiently.

This paper outlines a comprehensive framework for creating a unified algorithm and system explicitly designed for ethical AI, known as the Unified Moral AI System. While humans possess the capacity for morality, we do not always act by it. The determining factors include individual character, contextual influences, and the values we hold dear. Throughout the annals of recorded history, numerous influential teachers and thinkers have sought to illuminate the complex nature of moral decisions. While our understanding of ethical questions may have evolved over the centuries, the foundational elements appear to be consistent, even if the moral framework predates documentation. A moral choice is a decision based on deeply held beliefs about what constitutes right and wrong behaviour. Such choices often surface in situations where one's core values, ethical principles, or moral convictions are at stake, requiring individuals to consider more than just their immediate benefits or personal interests; they must strive to act in a way they perceive as morally just. The proposed system combines three essential components: inverse reinforcement learning (IRL), multi-objective optimisation (MOO), and symbolic reasoning. At its core, Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) enables the system to learn actively from human behaviours and decisions, thereby identifying ethical values. By observing societal norms and moral choices, the system can assess what is deemed "good" or "bad" across various contexts. Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) addresses the complexities arising from conflicting goals in moral decisionmaking. This approach enables the system to balance priorities, including public safety, environmental concerns, and personal freedoms, facilitating informed and justifiable decisionmaking. Symbolic Reasoning plays a crucial role by providing transparency and accountability in the AI's decision-making processes. By employing transparent and interpretable logic, stakeholders can review and understand the system's decisions, enhancing trust and promoting ethical oversight.

Bu makalede eleştirel beşerî coğrafya ve etik arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Etik; iyi-kötü, doğru-yanlış ile ilgili konuları düşünmeye, anlamaya, yorumlamaya, açıklamaya ve analiz etmeye çalışan felsefenin alt dalıdır. Betimleyici etik, normatif etik, metaetik ve eleştirel etik gibi farklı perspektifleri barındıran türlere sahiptir. Frankfurt Okulunun görüşleri olarak ifade edilen eleştirel teorinin beşerî coğrafya içindeki karşılığı olan eleştirel beşerî coğrafya, etik ile güçlü ve karşılıklı bir ilişkiye sahiptir. Eleştirel beşerî coğrafyanın ilgilendiği konular aynı zamanda etik sınırlar içine giren konulardır. Sosyal adaletsizlik, soylulaştırma, ırkçılık gibi eleştirel beşerî coğrafyanın ilgilendiği sorunların tanımı ve çözümünde etik kilit bir rol oynamaktadır. Aynı zamanda eleştirel teori kendi varlığının gerekliliğini ifade ederken ve bu varlığın sebebi sorunlarla mücadele ederken etik alt yapıyı ve söylemleri kullanmaktadır. Eleştirel beşerî coğrafyanın etik bakış açısı olan eleştirel etik, eleştirel beşerî coğrafyanın teorik alt yapısını kullanarak onu pratiğe dönüştürür. Bu da beraberinde değişimi getirmektedir. Coğrafi sorunlara karşı yaşanan bu değişim hareketi dönüştürücü coğrafyayı ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu çalışma değişime olan ihtiyaca cevap veren iki kavramın ilişkisini ortaya koymak amacıyla kaleme alınmıştır. Bu iki kavram araştırmanın başlığı olan eleştirel beşerî coğrafya ve etiktir. Bununla birlikte eleştirel beşerî coğrafyanın etik bağlamında doğrudan ele alınmamasının oluşturduğu literatür boşluğunu doldurmaktadır. Araştırma boyunca eleştirel beşerî coğrafya ile etik arasında nasıl bir ilişki bulunmaktadır" sorusuna cevap aranmaktadır.

SULA adalah novel karangan Tony Morrison yang menceritakan tentang seorang wanita kulit hitam yang memberontak melawan sistem patriaki, rasisme, dan diskriminasi kelas sebagai norma sosial masyarakat Bottom, yaitu tempat dimana orang-orang kulit hitam tinggal. Thesis ini menekankan pada pemberontakan Sula melawan norma sosial masyarakat yang di indikasikan sebagai semangat feminisme. Novel ini bercerita tentang Sula sebagai tokoh utama yang mencoba melawan dan memberontak norma sosial masyarakat di lingkungannya. Faktor-faktor yang paling kuat mempengaruhi pemberontakan Sula adalah dari masyarakat, keluarga bahkan teman dekatnya. Dia mematahkan sistem patriaki dan masalah-masalah rasial dilingkungannya dengan menentang pernikahan dan melakukan sex bebas. Sula dijuluki sebagai pariah dan berhati jahat karena perbuatannya. Thesis ini menggunkan analisa Marxis dan Feminist kulit hitam Amerika untuk memaparkan kekuatan dan pengaruh ideologi kulit putih, pembagian kelas, dan wilayah rasial di ranah feminisme kulit hitam. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif yang mengaplikasikan teks-teks terkait dalam novel sebagai data utama. Data tersebut dianalisa untuk menunujukkan alasan Sula dalam menolak sistem pernikahan dan lebih memilih melakukan sex bebas. Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa wanita kulit hitam mengalami dua bentuk penindasan yaitu sistem patriarki dan rasialisme. Oleh karena itu, kajian thesis ini penting untuk memahami perjuangan wanita-wanita Afro-Amerika yang berjuang melawan sistem patriarki dan rasisme.

Blindagem ética na advocacia: saber dizer não. A advocacia exige, cada vez mais, que saibamos nos blindar — técnica, emocional e eticamente. Dizer "não" ao cliente, quando necessário, é parte dessa blindagem. Não se trata de negar ajuda, mas de proteger a integridade da profissão e oferecer o que há de mais valioso: um conselho responsável.
Saber dizer não é, em muitas ocasiões, o maior ato de lealdade com quem nos procura.

Heidegger and Environmental Ethics, a thesis submitted by Simon P. James for the degree of Ph.D. in Philosophy, University of Durham, 2001. This thesis presents an environmental ethic based on the philosophy of Martin Heidegger. Chapter One uses Heidegger's conception of 'dwelling' as the basis for a satisfying account of the 'otherness' or alterity of nature. Chapter Two draws upon Heidegger's writings on 'the dif-ference', Madhyamaka Buddhist philosophy and the metaphysics of Alfred North Whitehead to develop a 'dialectical' conception of holism which can accommodate both the account of alterity presented in Chapter One and an account of the intrinsic value of individual beings. Chapter Three frames this conception of environmental holism in terms of ethics. It is argued that Heidegger's ideal of 'releasement' can be thought of as an essential 'function' of humans, the exercise of which promotes human flourishing. Extending this Aristotelian line of reasoning, it is shown how one can draw upon Heidegger's philosophy to articulate a form of environmental virtue ethic. Chapter Four investigates the charge that Heidegger's later thought is quietistic, a general allegation which is analysed into four interrelated specific charges: 1) the accusation that Heidegger is advocating a passive withdrawal from the world; 2) Adorno's charge in Negative Dialectics that Heidegger's philosophy is inimical to critical thought; 3) the objection that Heidegger is unable to deal adequately with either interhuman relations or the relations between humans and nonhuman animals; and 4) the charge that Heidegger's later writings cannof oe brought to bear upon practical environmental issues. In answer to this last objection, case studies are presented of two environmental issues: 1) the environmental impact of tourism; and 2) the practice of environmental restoration. excellence in philosophy need not be bought at the price of good humour; Richard, for his encouragement and support throughout my time at Durham, and for marking half the bloody Environmental Ethics essays; the University of Durham, the University of Durham's Department of Philosophy and the Royal Institute of Philosophy, for their financial support; my students, for (occasionally) showing me why I'm in academic philosophy; Paul, for guiding me through my first few months at Durham, and for introducing me to the work of Merleau-Ponty; Dawn, for really giving my work a good kicking; Matthew, for his encouragement and support; James, for making me think seriously about the German idealists, and for his advice on Adorno; Rebecca, for cheering me up with tales of crisis and drama; lain, for hazy memories of conversations about the Rift -and for Heroin; Birgit, for keeping my head above water; Kev, Jonny, John, Dave and Matt, for their constant support; Kathleen and Jane, for all their work behind the scenes, and all the bureaucracy they've cleared from my path; Tom, for providing a worthy opponent for my Nina; Andreas, for Smoke on the Water and for being a forgiving neighbour; Peter, for the lunchtimes of bigotry and for all the earl grey; Trish and Lydia for both, in their own ways, showing me what authenticity was; Hedley, for forcing me to defend Heidegger without retreating into mysticism. Finally, I would like to thank Carole, George, Dad, and especially Mum for sticking by me, even in this strangest of career choices. John Baird Callicott, 'Intrinsic Value in Nature: a Metaethical Analysis', (p.2.). Callicott's emphasis. 8 See, for instance, Arne Naess, 'Ecosophy T: Deep versus Shallow Ecology' in Louis P. Pojman, ed., Environmental Ethics (Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1994), p.lll. I will have more to say on the question of the intrinsic value of nature in Chapter Two. 'ecological' or 'proto-ecological' philosophers, thinkers whose work can be drawn upon to criticise 'the tradition' and/or to develop a conception of an alternative environmentally virtuous understanding of the natural world and our place in it.

The 10th Congress of the International Society for Ethnology and Folklore (SIEF) took place in Lisbon in April 2011, under the theme "People make places: ways of feeling the world." The congress evolved around the ways in which people construct their views, opinions, values and practices and how these are constantly being re-negotiated and re-interpreted in various creative forms. It comprised three sub-themes: "Shaping lives," "Creativity and emotions," "Ecology and ethics." The texts compiled in this dossier reflect this thematic organization, making visible the rich variety of subjects of the introductory talk and the keynote speeches of several well-known social scientists, historians and ethnologists that in this way contributed to the academic quality of this event.

Докладът изследва прехода към нов климатичен режим, подчертавайки ролята на рязката планетарна хомеостаза - Силна Гая и нейните прояви в екокритичните зони. Признавайки  глобалните ограниченията в подхода за действията в областта на климата,  тезата застъпва рамка, вдъхновена да се оценят и включат ценни, разнообразните културни перспективи и местните, чувствителни към контекста решения. Силната мощна саморегулация на Земята, често очевидна в уязвими екологични зони, налага фундаментална трансформация в човешкото възприятие и интеркултурно и устойчиво взаимодействие с природата. Тази трансформация изисква преминаване отвъд неустойчивите модели на потребление към холистични, съзнателни и природосъобразни практики на индивидуално и обществено ниво. Подчертава се значението на съвместните изследвания на екокритичните зони за разбиране на планетарната саморегулация, насърчаване на ефективни движения, политики и устойчиви практики в рамка за адаптивно управление на климата. Именно признаването качествата на Силна Гея и възприемането на различни подходи в рамките на стабилен климатичен режим са от решаващо значение за постигане на хармония със Земята и осигуряване на нейния деликатен баланс за бъдещите поколения чрез възобновяема енергия, принципи на кръговата икономика, опазване на биоразнообразието и устойчиво градско планиране в условия на климатични промени.

The mental models we use to reflect on hypothetical situations present enormous challenges when we consider
the impacts that certain decisions have on human ways of life in complex societies. Deontic logic and the
development of its normative systems lead to an expansion of epistemic degrees and control models over cognitive
processes based on axioms and inferential rules. Deontic theorems are rigorously constructed to address
conditional obligations and prohibitions. One of the most esteemed mental models today is counterfactual
reasoning, a propositional model of conditional statements that is highly relevant in contemporary discourse.
The goal of this paper is to investigate how deontic counterfactual reasoning establishes a special type of
semantics, where human acts are not taken as actual behaviours but as hypothetical models of action. The old
tension between facts and norms, present in legal philosophy under the heading of the naturalistic fallacy, has
posed many challenges for deontic logic and legal theory. Deontic counterfactuals emerge as mental models
employed to overcome this classic accusation, also referred to as illicit inference, by constructing undefeatable
semantic models, here considered as deontically consistent worlds.
KEYWORDS
Deontic logic; conditionals; counterfactual; norms; propositions.

Introduction 1 Context 13 Thinking about Design 16 Thinking about Business 38 Thinking about Change 50 Thinking about Experience Design 62 Frameworks and Tools 85 Brand Frameworks and Tools 88 Product/Service Frameworks and Tools 102 Customer Journey Framework 132 Putting It Together 166 Moving Forward 173 Getting Business to Act on Experience Design 178 Working with Vendors 196 Final Thoughts 209 Notes 213 Acknowledgments 219 Index 223

More than twenty-five years have elapsed since the first Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) policies were proposed. A historical review of the application of DNR policies is provided with its rationale and perceived effects. A viewpoint is presented, that acceptance of implied consent for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in hospitalized patients was responsible for drawing up of DNR policies. Unfortunately, the principle of informed consent as related to CPR and DNR policies, has had unintended consequences. Practical results do not indicate that medical practices have become more humane. Abuses of the process go beyond matters of style and experience, in communicating with surrogate decision-makers. Instead of generating compassion and respect for the patient, policies may contribute to cynicism and lack of caring amongst physicians. Overly optimistic dependence on advance directives to reform medical practices, appears unjustified. The concept of futility to limit demands for non-beneficial care is examined. It is unlikely that physicians can routinely invoke futility, as an argument to limit treatments. A re-examination of DNR policies as a defense against technologic imperative is warranted.