Endangered Languages

Folklor ve Törenleri. Yapı. Semantik. Uygulamalar" başlıklı bu yeni çalışması, kendi tarihi vatanlarının sınırları dışında, farklı bir yaşamlarını sürdüren Tuva etnik grubunun folklorik ve tören geleneklerinin günümüzdeki durumunu, halk kültürünü incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Günümüze değin Çin'deki Tuvaların kültürü hemen hemen hiçbi nedenle kitabın yazarı her şeyden önce, çağdaş folklor olarak analiz ettiği geleneği bütünüyle incelemek için elde ettiği verileri sistemleştirmiş, bu verileri daha geniş kültürel-coğra konuda üzerine düşen sorumluluğu en iyi seviyede, kaliteli ve özenli bir şekilde yerine T D D / J o f E L K ı ş / W i n t e r 2 0 1 9 / 1 4 T e h l i k e d e k i D i l l e r D e r g i s i / J o u r n a l o f E n d a n g e r e d L a n g u a g e s M u v a f f a k D u r a n l ı MUVAFFAK DURANLI

Müzik, bireyin kişiliğini ve davranışlarını etkileyen, bireyler arası iletişimi güçlendiren ve her yaştan insanın yaşantısında önemli yeri olan bir sanat dalıdır. Bu nedenle müzik eğitimi, tüm dünya toplumlarında eğitim programlarına dâhil edilen bir alandır. Müzik eğitiminin özellikle çocuk gelişimindeki önemi ve gerekliliği, eğitimciler ve psikologlar tarafından kabul gören bir gerçekliktir. Dolayısıyla, çocukların tüm gelişim alanlarına yönelik gerçekleştirilecek eğitim faaliyetleri arasında müziğin önemli bir yeri vardır. Bu bakımdan, çocukların eğitimi sürecinde öğretim programındaki kazanımlarla ve gerçekleştirilecek etkinliklerle ilişkilendirilecek uygun çocuk şarkılarının belirlenmesi özel bir itina gerektirmektedir. Örneğin, öğretilecek şarkının konusu, sözleri, ses alanı, ritmik yapısı, çocukların yaş düzeyine uygunluğu vb. özellikleri önem arz etmektedir. İlgili literatüre bakıldığında çocuk şarkılarının besteci, konu, makam/tonalite, ritmik yapı, söz ve müzik uyumu, ses sahası gibi özellikleri bakımından irdelendiği araştırmalara rastlanmaktadır. Ancak, bu çalışmaların genellikle gençlik dönemine kadar ulaşan ve genel anlamda tüm çocuk şarkılarının incelendiği araştırmalar olduğu söylenebilir. Bilindiği üzere, erken çocukluk döneminde kullanılacak çocuk şarkılarının belirlenmesinde, müziğin yapısal özellikleri bakımından farklı değişkenler göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Bu nedenle, bilhassa okul öncesi döneme hitap eden çocuk şarkılarının incelenmesi önemli görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte, okul öncesi dönem öğretmen ve öğretmen adaylarının, yürüttükleri derslerde konu ve kazanımlarla ilişkili şarkı seçimlerinde belirsizlik yaşamaları ve ihtiyaca yönelik kaynaklara ulaşmakta güçlük çekmeleri olasıdır. Bu doğrultuda bu çalışmanın amacı, 2011-2022 yılları arasında basılmış okul öncesi döneme yönelik çocuk şarkılarının yer aldığı kitapların bir dizinini sunmak ve kitaplardaki şarkıları konu/tema özelinde inceleyerek okul öncesi eğitimi programındaki etkinlik çeşitleri ve kazanımlar ile ilişkilendirmektir. Araştırmada, doküman incelemesi yoluyla elde edilen bulgular nitel yöntemlerle betimlenerek okul öncesi eğitimi programı çerçevesinde eğitmenlere kaynaklık etmek üzere önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Build it and they will come" -capital infrastructure for entrepreneurial community tourism in Strathdearn Duncan Bryden Council Chambers -Rural Social Entrepreneurship (chair Geoff Whittam) Collaborative policy-making and sustainable rural enterprise: Case study of Tyne Valley Community Rail Partnership Lavinia Wilson-Youlden Creating a Global Learning Community of Practitioners in Rural Social Enterprise David Bryan I ndigenous Entrepreneurship and Wellbeing in Lagging Regions: A Case Study from Lombok, Indonesia Fikri Zul Fahmi Committee Room -New approaches in rural theory, method and measurement (chair Gary Bosworth) A collaborative approach to developing an index of rural service delivery

Resumo: O presente artigo objetiva abrir espaço para um debate que tem seu nascedouro nos processos de cooficialização de línguas indígenas e que se amplia para a formação de professores e a própria organização da sociedade. Parte do princípio de que certas problemáticas, aparentemente isoladas a certos campos de estudo e análise, bem como lutas minoritárias que também de maneira aparente, parecem estar deslocadas de outras camadas sociais, estão na verdade organizadas a partir de uma cadeia e geradas pelo mesmo processo, necessitando então, de uma crítica mais ampla e abrangente. Para tal, toma emprestado do campo da História, enquanto metodologia, a micro-história de Ginzburg 1 , para plantar a semente da discussão através da observância do processo de cooficialização da língua indígena Tamazight no Marrocos, e se baseia nos olhares de Roales 2 , Llorent-Vedmar 3 MacDonald 4 e Ichou e Fathi 5 , que trazem apontamentos sobre o fracasso de uma política imposta sem diálogo, com objetivos escusos e com uma parca formação para os professores. A partir, portanto, da demonstração do fracasso das políticas monárquicas marroquinas, parte-se para uma análise macro das temáticas destacadas, pautando-se em Fisher 6 , que postula a respeito do conceito de Realismo Capitalista, que perpassa toda uma linha de pensamento enraizada, que faz com que não se consiga enxergar, por exemplo, as razões que ocasionam o não avanço de políticas linguísticas eficazes em relação aos povos originários, causadas por um processo histórico de colonialismo, eugenia, escravidão e mortandade. Tomando a crítica como ponto de partida Muito se ouve a respeito daquilo que deveria ser tomado como base inegociável de um educador, mas tendo em vista que o objetivo do capítulo não é listar e muito menos analisar esses fatores, deixaremos essa indagação em suspensão, com exceção de apenas um elemento, escolhido por esse próprio autor, para iniciar a discussão que se propõe: a criticidade, ou senso crítico, ou pensamento crítico. Este elemento em particular circula em diversos discursos, geralmente carregando traços semânticos impostos ideologicamente, afinal, o que merece ser criticado irá variar a depender da lupa que se usa sobre a imagem alvo, mas o importante aqui

This article adopts a comparative focus on two European borderlands, that of the Sorbs in Germany and that of the Vlachs in Serbia. It identifies three dimensions of marginalization that precede the loss of ecoculturally diverse landscapes through the expansion of mining activities: linguistic difference, border proximity, and the element of a rural culture. The article argues that these are part of a discourse that aims to legitimize the processes of "wastelanding", that is the deliberate destruction of minority heritage through environmental degradation.

Dialects are one of the methods by which we can follow the history, different grammatical structures and vocabulary of a language. Thus, it becomes possible to determine the periods of historical development of languages. The study conducted about the dialects and the documented materials have an important place in the creation of dialect atlases. Documenting and creating language atlases allows to compare dialects living in geographical regions that are far from each other. Many studies have been conducted on Kazakh Turkish language in Kazakhstan and other countries. However, the studies examining the dialects of Kazakh Turkish are quite few and insufficient. In this context, dialect studies conducted in various geographies of the Turkish language is even more important. Because researching and examining dialect-based texts will provide new information and data about the ancient periods of Turkish. Considering that there may be a solution to some issues of the Turkish language that have not yet been clarified, we based our study on the dialects of Kazakh Turks living in the Southern region of Kazakhstan. The dialect in question will be examined in terms of "case suffixes" and its differences from standard Kazakh Turkish will be revealed. Old Turkish and Kazakh Turkish will also be compared with the "case suffixes" of the Southern region of the dialect. Old Turkish and "case suffixes" of the Southern region dialects of Kazakh Turkish will be compared diachronically.

The present material represents a transcript of Nikolay Nevskiy’s (1892–1938) handwritten lexicographic notes concerning the Miyako-Ryukyuan language. The notes are available in the form of photocopies at the Osaka University Library under the catalogue header “A1 notebook” (A1 nōto) in the Ishihama Archive (Ishihama Bunko), which is va library section dedicated to sources related to the Osaka-based Orientalist Juntarō Ishihama (1888–1968).
The material (henceforth Ishihama A1) appears to reflect one of the earliest stages of preparation of what was intended by Nevskiy to eventually become a dictionary and grammar of the Miyako language (cf. Jarosz 2015: 19, 37), whose most advanced form completed before Nevskiy’s demise is known as the Miyako Hōgen Nōto (henceforth MHN; Nevskiy 1992 [1921–1929], Nevskiy 2005, Jarosz 2015). Ishihama A1 consists of 79 manuscript pages with entry words in various topolects of the Miyako language followed, as a rule, by explanations in Russian and/or Japanese and/or English.  This material should be considered another priceless legacy material by Nevskiy and a significant contribution to the documentation of the seriously endangered, underdocumented minority language that is Miyako-Ryukyuan. 

EDIT: The current version is March 27, 2025.

This paper shows the theoretical and empirical issues of the cosubordination nexus and the possible junctions that can be generated in a complex clause. The properties of the cosubordination nexus and its types of junctions in Mazahua are described. Cosubordination is a different nexus type from coordination and subordination; this nexus is typified by the dependency that occurs between predicates; the relationship of dependency that is generated between nucleus, core, clauses are presented by the dependency of operators and the sharing that can occur between some argument. Cosubordination, in Mazahua, is associated with specific classes of verbs, such as phase, purpose, movement, and psychological action; also, cosubordinate clauses have been identified where the states of affairs denoted by the predicates are realized simultaneously; the second predicate appears as a secondary predication or a sense of result is generated; likewise, a series of predicates can be modifiers. Two levels of cosubordination juncture, i.e., core and nucleus, are treated; it is shown that the cosubordinate juncture of nucleus and core show variation; the variation of juncture is associated with features involving information structure, class of operators, clausal closure, distribution of arguments, adjuncts, and linkers.

Due to the growing need for effective communication strategies to promote environmental responsibility and address environmental challenges, this study examines Ecolinguistics' roles in addressing environmental challenges and raising EFL learners' awareness of their critical role in building a more equitable world. It aims to raise environmental responsibility among EFL learners and allow them to take action. The study used an online questionnaire of three dimensions, rated on five Likert scales, and a free, open-ended question to collect data from (n= 100) EFL graduates and undergraduates to explore the relationship among perceptions, knowledge, and active reflections on environmental issues. The quantitative data analysis revealed a strong link between language and environmental attitudes. The participants believed in the impact of language on positive changes in people's way of thinking about the environment. The participants' reflections on the open-ended question provided various solutions, from linguistic and nonlinguistic awareness-raising to youth engagement, policy changes, individual action, creative communication, and environmental management strategies. The study concluded that Ecolinguistics significantly stimulates environmental consciousness and advocates for a comprehensive approach involving education, policy, and individual action.

Este libro es el resultado de la convocatoria Dichos, refranes y mitos acerca del agua, realizada de julio a septiembre de 2020 por el Colegio de San Luis, la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Unidad 203 y el PUIC. La UNAM agradece a ambas instituciones las facilidades brindadas para la edición de esta obra.

El texto que se publica nos habla del origen mítico de uno de los pueblos más antiguos del Istmo oaxaqueño, ubicado en el actual Ixtaltepec, conocido en lengua zapoteca como Guiá-ti. La intención del texto es difundir un mito que persiste en la historia oral de los zapotecos del istmo.

This chapter offers a new perspective on the notion of decreolisation which is also a possible path in the life cycle of a Creole language. Creoles in contact with their lexifiers are famously supposed to undergo decreolisation, a process Bickerton termed a “special case” (1980: 113) of contact-induced change. The proposition that Creoles undergo a “special” process of language change has been roundly critiqued by several scholars, not least because decreolisation has seldom been strictly defined or tested with diachronic data. Bickerton, however, sought a rigorous definition for what he critiqued as a “tinkertoy concept” (1980: 111), arguably providing the only specific model of the structural mechanisms supposedly underlying that process. This chapter takes earnestly his suggestion that linguists should strictly define and test the diachronic mechanisms shaping decreolisation. In so doing, this chapter presents evidence against his Creole-specific approach to language change which treats decreolisation as a “special case”.

Türklerin Kafkasya tarihindeki rolünden söz ederken Türkçenin de aynı bölgedeki ağırlığı bir tarihsel olgu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Tarih boyunca büyük güçlerin mücadelesine sahne olan Kafkasya’da Türk unsuru her zaman varlığını korumuştur. Tarihsel süreçte Kafkaslar’da en uzun süre egemen olanlar da yine Türk devletleridir. Bu nedenle bazı dönemler dışında Kafkasya toplumsal, siyasal ve külttirel anlamda Türk havzası içindedir. Türk kültürü bölgedeki diğer hakların kültürleriyle etkileşim içinde daha da zenginleşmiş, Türkçe de bölgenin prestijli ortak dili olarak kullanılmıştır. Uzun süre Kafkasya’daki çok sayıda topluluğun ortak iletişim dili olan Türkçenin bu işlevi, Rus İmparatorluğunun bölgeyi işgali sonucunda bu etkiyi yitirme risk ve tehdidi ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Yoğun şekilde sürdürülen Ruslaştırma politikalarına karşın, Türk dili bölgedeki ortak anlaşma dili olma özelliğini Sovyet devrimine değin korumuştur. Bu durum Sovyet egemenliği kurulduktan sonra bir süre daha devam etmiştir. Sovyetler Birliği döneminde her bölgede ve alanda olduğu gibi Kafkasya’da da Rusça, baskın ve başat bir konuma getirilmiştir.
Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasının ardından Kafkasya’nın kuzey bölgesi Rusya’nın sınırları içinde kalmıştır. Çalkantılı geçen bu ilk dönemlerde bölgenin diğer halkları gibi Türk halkları da değişik örgütlenmeler ve organizasyonlar içinde sosyal ve kültürel varlıklarını ve birliklerini sürdürmeye çalışmışlardır. Bu süreçte üzerinde önemle durulan konulardan biri de dil sorunsak olmuştur. Çok sayıda farklı topluluğun bulunduğu Kafkasya bölgesinde toplumsal bütünlüğü korumadan, dilin korunması da adeta imkânsızdır. Kendilerine özgü ‘unique’ özellikleri bulunmakla birlikte, büyük ölçüde benzer şartlar altındaki Kafkasya Türk toplulukları dillerini koruma ve geliştirme yolunda birçok objektif ve sübjektif zorluklarla karşı karşıya kalmışlardır.
Dil, içinde bulunduğu şartlara bağh olarak değişen ve gelişen dinamik bir olgudur. Bu nedenle, bu değişim ve gelişim sürecini doğrudan etkileyen şartları ve durumu tespit etmek ve yürütülen dil politikalarını da bu bağlamda ele almak gerekmektedir.


Ali Asker, Alpaut Ramazan, “Kafkasya Türk Dilleri: Sosyopolitik Genel Bir Bakış”, Tehlikedeki Türk Dilleri (Editörler: Prof. Dr. Süer Eker, Prof. Dr. Ülkü Çelik Şavk), I. Cilt, Uluslararası Türk Akademisi, Astana 2016 (ss. 385-400).

In this chapter, I explore issues of language diversity loss from an ecological perspective of interconnectedness between speakers and the environment. To this end, I focus on ethnic minorities living in the socalled margins of Europe who, similarly to indigenous peoples worldwide, have been and continue to be disproportionately exposed to conditions of environmental destruction and thus to forms of environmental injustice. I argue that human intervention in the environment of ethnic minorities for the purpose of economic development, e.g. mining activities, not only disrupts local ecosystems and ways of life through degradation and pollution but also exerts negative effects on the cultural diversity of the affected areas, including their vulnerable minority languages, making it harder for minorities to survive as distinct socio-cultural entities. To illustrate the harmful repercussions of mining on the natural and linguistic environment, I present the challenges faced by a number of minority communities and their endangered languages in Europe, including the Sorbs in Lusatia (eastern Germany), the Vlachs in the Timok Valley (eastern Serbia) and the Sámi in northern Sweden. I emphasise that the voice of ethnolinguistic minority groups seems to be largely excluded from the debate on environmental change, as the modernisation and nationalisation imperatives of modern states have prevailed over the need to protect linguistic, cultural and biological diversity. In conclusion, I raise the question of how the struggles

This volume is based on a selection of papers presented at the Second Conference on the Endangered Languages of East Asia (CELEA2), hosted by the Department of Asian and North African Studies at Ca’ Foscari University of Venice on 3-5 May 2022. In each chapter, the authors discuss the topic of ‘time’ in relation to different aspects of a number of East Asian languages that are rarely represented in typological studies (Nivkh, Nighvng, Chalkan, Khitan, Ainu, Sakizaya, Kaxabu, Ryukyuan languages, Hachijō, Manchurian, and Yu). The volume will appeal to scholars with an interest in endangered languages or East Asia, and more generally will serve as a reference work in descriptive, historical and comparative linguistics, sociolinguistics, discourse studies, and lexicography.

The Foundation for Endangered Languages has a long and successful history of bringing communities and scholars together to support and strengthen languages and overcome barriers of all kinds. Its establishment by Nicholas Ostler was a turning point in the recognition that communities and scholars must work together in this process.
Scholars used to speak of language death, extinct or dead languages and many other unnecessarily negative terms; over the last 25 years, these have been replaced with more appropriate neutral terms such as language endangerment and sleeping languages. 25 years ago, many national governments viewed multilingualism and cultural diversity as problems to be eliminated rather than resources to be fostered; but through the efforts of local communities assisted by linguists and other scholars committed to the groups with whom they have been associated and by multinational organisations such as UNICEF and UNESCO, many national language and education policies have become more favourable to mother tongue education and use, with many governments coming to view smaller languages as a resource rather than a threat.
There are still many issues to confront; here I will discuss three of them, all of which are contentious:
1) who decides what is a language?
2) who decides whether a language is endangered, and how endangered?
3) what should be done about language endangerment?

Kúpalisko Lido bolo zasadené v oblasti lužných lesov a v dostatočnej vzdialenosti od obytných domov. Atmosféra čiastočnej  odľahlosti ako aj tesného prepojenia s podmanivým charakterom rieky  bol jedným z často zmieňovaných dôvodov prečo sa dané miesto práve v období konca 70. a potom v 80. rokoch  stalo aj miestom neformálnych stretnutí rôznych bratislavských komunít. Keďže kúpanie je sezónna záležitosť,  ešte stále fungujúce Lido sa hlavne v jesenných a jarných mesiacoch  príležitostne menilo  na miesta spontánnych stretnutí, koncertov,  happeningov z ktorých viaceré mali umelecké ambície alebo ich realizovali ľudia z umeleckého  prostredia. Práve tento segment stretávania ma zaujímal, i keď mnohé  akcie ostali uchované iba v spomienkach a  možnosti ich odkrývania sa realizovali rozhovoroch s ľuďmi, ktorí boli aktívny účastníci a pamätníci.

The common noun is a kind of noun which belongs to the group of abstract noun , collective noun, countable and uncountable noun. In Bodo language Basic or Primary and Secondary common noun are found. The word formation of primary common noun in Bodo is underived and structurally monosyllabic, bi-syllabic and Poly syllabic. But the word formation processes of the Secondary common nouns are differs from Basic or Primary common nouns. The words of common nouns are form by Deriving and Compounding processes in secondary common noun.

The common noun is a kind of noun which belongs to the group of abstract noun , collective noun, countable and uncountable noun. In Bodo language Basic or Primary and Secondary common noun are found. The word formation of primary common noun in Bodo is underived and structurally monosyllabic, bi-syllabic and Poly syllabic. But the word formation processes of the Secondary common nouns are differs from Basic or Primary common nouns. The words of common nouns are form by Deriving and Compounding processes in secondary common noun.

Couvade syndrome is defined as the expectant father experiencing physical and psychological symptoms
of pregnancy simultaneously with the pregnant woman. In this syndrome, also known as sympathetic
pregnancy, expectant fathers experience symptoms such as weight gain or weight loss due to changes in
appetite, heartburn, indigestion, vomiting, headache, toothache, back pain, fatigue, leg cramps, decreased
or increased sexual desire, stress, anxiety, irritability, nervousness, mood swings, changes in body
perception, loss of concentration and sleep disturbance. The prevalence of Couvade syndrome ranges
from 11% to 79% worldwide and these differences in prevalence are due to the reluctance of expectant
fathers to report symptoms. In Türkiye, there is a limited number of studies on this subject, and according to Özkan and Aksoy's (2011) study, 16% of expectant fathers experienced Couvade syndrome. Women's health nurses are responsible for protecting and promoting the physical and mental health of
both parents and the baby during the prenatal and postnatal periods. Therefore, expectant fathers should
be invited to participate in prenatal care services together with pregnant women and all expectant fathers
should be screened for Couvade syndrome during pregnancy. In this respect, there is a need to develop
scales related to Couvade syndrome. With these scales, nurses can quickly and accurately assess and
evaluate the prospective father's perspective on pregnancy, the fetus, and fatherhood. It should be
explained that the psychosomatic symptoms experienced by the expectant father are not caused by the
disease. It is important to guide expectant fathers with Couvade syndrome about supporting the mother
and baby within the scope of postnatal care services.
In conclusion, nurses need to inform and support expectant fathers by using their roles as caregivers,
counselors, and educators to adapt physically and psychosocially to the pregnancy period in which rapid
change and uncertainties are experienced.

Jusqu’au XXe siècle, sur tout ou partie du territoire de treize communes situées dans le sud-ouest du département de l’Indre, la majorité de la population a utilisé comme langue maternelle des parlers se rattachant à la zone du Croissant linguistique, caractérisée par la coexistence de traits typiques de l’occitan et des langues d’oïl. Ces parlers croissantins d’Indre (PCI), désormais menacés de disparition, restent aujourd’hui encore largement méconnus de la communauté scientifique comme du grand
public. Le présent article a pour but de faire le point sur cette partie originale du patrimoine linguistique indrien.
Dans une première partie, nous ferons le point sur le Croissant linguistique et les principaux traits qui le caractérisent. Puis, dans un second temps, nous présenterons les parlers croissantins d’Indre aujourd’hui, en détaillant notamment les localités où ils sont traditionnellement pratiqués et le nombre de locuteurs concernés. Nous proposerons également une classification des parlers connus et fournirons un bref aperçu des principaux travaux ayant visé à documenter les variétés du Croissant indrien. Après cela, dans une troisième partie, nous nous intéresserons à la situation sociolinguistique spécifique des parlers croissantins de l’Indre méridionale. Enfin, dans une quatrième partie, en nous fondant sur les apports de la dialectologie et de la toponymie, nous nous emploierons à démontrer que les parlers croissantins ont vraisemblablement occupé dans le passé une partie beaucoup plus vaste du département de l’Indre que celle où l’on peut encore les observer aujourd’hui. Nous conclurons cet exposé en soulignant l’intérêt linguistique, culturel et patrimonial des variétés croissantines indriennes.

This vocabulary list is directed towards the Tamil instructor and the advanced student. Its primary goal is to bring some order to the teaching of vocabulary in the first two years of Tamil instruction. A secondary goal is to help the student through the vocabulary maze of Tamil diglossia. Three main criteria were employed in selecting words for the list: high frequency, usage, and semantic adequacy. The list is primarily in Modern Literary Tamil (MLT) and is glossed in both Colloquial Tamil (CT) and in English. High Literary Tamil (HLT) words have been entered in brackets after or ander the main MLT entry as a third variant. As the normal script used for MLT is in many ways ambiguous for colloquial pronunciation, a system of diacritics has been added to make the pronunciation clear. Appendix 1 groups the words by Semantics and usage and allows for access to the list through CT or English. Appendix II gives the few words which have a high frequency in LT but were not included in the main list because of a more common synonym. (Author/AM) * Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every. effort * * to obtain the best copy availableNevertheless, items of marginal * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy'reproductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * * responsible for the quality of the-original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made frOm the original.

A jogi szövegek természetükből adódóan olyan magatartási normákat határoznak meg, amelyek betartása mindenkire nézve kötelező, és amelyek ismertét és megértését a jogalkotó minden állampolgár részéről feltételezi és elvárja. Ennek ellenére az ilyen szövegek megalkotása során legtöbbször csak a szaknyelvet ismerők szempontjai érvényesülnek, a laikusok nézőpontja csak alig-alig. A problémára megoldást jelenthet, ha a közérthető fogalmazás automatizációs lehetőségeit vizsgáljuk.

The aim of this article is to provide an in-depth sociolinguistic analysis of the position of Aromanian in Serbia in the broader context of multilingualism. The research corpora include 30 responses to the sociolinguistic VLingS Questionnaire 1.0, collected during fieldwork in Serbia in 2023, and four narratives in Aromanian. The respondents' responses are divided into four generations, starting from the age of 18. Firstly, the research focuses on challenges in estimating the number of Aromanians and speakers of Aromanian in Serbia. Secondly, it analyses the results regarding societal and individual multilingualism, framing Aromanian linguistic and cultural practices in Serbia. It further examines the status of Aromanian, alongside Serbian, Macedonian, Greek, and other languages of the social environment, as well as foreign languages spoken by the respondents, their parents, and grandparents. A discussion of those findings highlights the need for a regional perspective in the research of Aromanian linguistic and cultural identity in Serbia, revealing an overlap between individual and societal multilingualism that does not hinder belonging to the Aromanian community. The research also identifies a linguistic shift in the linguistic repertoire from Aromanian (as well as Macedonian and Greek) to Serbian in the 20th and 21st centuries, alongside a broader trend of favouring globally dominant languages over languages of the immediate social environment. The article argues that Aromanians in Serbia demonstrate a high level of multilingualism due to historical, geographical, socio-political, cultural, and personal factors and warns that Aromanian has almost disappeared among younger generations, highlighting its endangered status in Serbia, and the need for revitalisation measures.

Como sabemos, a maioria das línguas indígenas no Brasil se comparada com outras línguas no mundo não apresenta muitos falantes, o que a manteria em constante ameaça de adormecimento desde o início da invasão portuguesa. Para reverter esse processo, assim, pesquisadores criaram modelos para classificar e avaliar essa ameaça a partir de uma série de fatores que consideram, por exemplo, se há transmissão intergeracional ou mesmo as funções que a língua exerce na comunidade. Neste artigo, analisamos os modelos de vitalidade linguística que têm por objeto chamar atenção para uma realidade que se posta como perigosa ao mesmo tempo que se estimula intervenção política para reverter esse processo de adormecimento. Mostramos, contudo, que esses instrumentos ainda conservam uma memória colonialista que desconsidera a participação dos falantes indígenas e os sentidos de línguas para eles.

A cikk egy újszerű eljárást mutat be, amely alkalmas összetett mechatronikai rendszerek, például hajtásláncok és aktuátorok, különféle, esetlegesen felmerülő hibafajtáinak különkülön való jelzésére, azok nagyságának meghatározására. A bemutatott metódus a mesterséges intelligencia egyik legnépszerűbb ágának módszerét, az előre csatolt mesterséges neurális hálózatot használja a probléma megoldására. A modell alapú megközelítést alkalmazó technika bemutatása során részletezésre kerül a felhasznált modellek kidolgozása, kiválasztása, az alkalmazott hálózatstruktúra és a felhasznált modellek befolyásoló szerepe is. Az eljárásmód hatékonyságának bemutatása során egy összetett kiértékelési stratégiát mutatunk be, a diagnosztikát végző neurális struktúra betanításához pedig egy aktív tanítási mód került alkalmazásra.

We collaborated to investigate humor in the existing corpus of Kere (ISO639-3: sst). This collaboration was a useful test of the Kere corpus and led to the rediscovery of unarchived video recordings, which contained important contextual information. These videos had been deprioritized in the original deposit, but they contained important information that could be used as both data and metadata. We propose the term contextual clips for incidentally-collected recordings which have been deprioritized in some way. Contextual clips may be more naturalistic and offer an effective way to supplement written metadata and other contextual information. Our experience investigating humor also revealed that collaboration as a process can serve as a means to test a corpus. Working across disciplines helped identify future user needs, such as missing contextual information that may not be obvious to a researcher familiar with the corpus. Collaborative research may thus be an elegant solution to some of the known issues in mobilizing corpora. We encourage other researchers who manage corpora to identify contextual clips they may have, evaluate why the files were deprioritized originally, and to consult with communities on how to manage individual files.

Türkiye’de gerek akademik gerek popüler araştırmalar ve çalışmalar Türk – Çin ilişkilerini sürekli “fırsatlar” üzerinden “ekonomik” bağ-lamlı değerlendirmektedir. Aslında “Kuşak Yol Projesi”nde Türkiye’ye ekonomik bir rol biçen Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin de böyle bir beklentisi olduğu söylenebilir. Çin, Türkiye ile ilişkilerinde daha çok ekonomik boyutun konuşulmasını iste-mektedir. Çünkü güvenlik ve dış politika alanın-da çok da olumlu ve sıcak bir ilişki tablosu görül-memektedir. Cumhuriyet’imizin yüzüncü yılını kutladığımız bugünlerde dış politika odaklı bir özel sayı çıkaran Türk Yurdu dergisinde, yüz yıllık tarihimizin en temel meseleleri olan “Kıbrıs” ve “Terörle Mücadele” konularına Çin’in bakışını değerlendirmeyi bu sebeple seçtik.

En este artículo se aborda la variación dialectal y la identidad lingüística en el ámbito educativo por medio de las percepciones de los docentes huaves de las cuatro variantes regionales: San Mateo, San Dionisio, San Francisco y Santa María del Mar. Se analizan y exponen las implicaciones de dichos componentes en la enseñanza de la lengua en el ámbito escolar. El estudio engloba una perspectiva cualitativa y los resultados muestran que las concepciones sobre la variación dialectal están mediadas por la identidad lingüística de los docentes. Asimismo, las discusiones en torno a la normalización del sistema de escritura refieren a la cuestión del o los alfabetos y de la representación de las grafías que la componen y esto repercute en la enseñanza de la lengua en el aula.

On pourrait penser que l'unilinguisme, corrélat glottopolitique du nationalisme linguistique (Boyer, 2008 ; et par ailleurs idéologie dont l'impact sur l'histoire de la langue française et plus généralement sur l'histoire linguistique de la France n'est plus à démontrer, qui n'a toléré aucune langue concurrente du français sur les territoires du Royaume, puis de la République, pas plus qu'il n'a jamais vraiment accepté les velléités naturelles de manquement à la norme légitime Boyer, 2000), est du point de vue sociolinguistique une spécialité française. À y regarder de plus près, une autre langue romane, tout aussi expansionniste durant des siècles, peut elle aussi revendiquer une telle idéologie, bien que dans une version moins assurée (le soutien effectif de l'appareil d'État n'ayant pas eu sur la longue durée l'efficacité assimilatrice et uniformisatrice de l'État républicain français) : il s'agit de l'espagnol (nommé également castillan selon les contextes). En effet, quelques semaines après la chute de Barcelone et l'imposition définitive de l'autorité des rois d'Espagne sur la Catalogne (1714), l'Académie de la langue espagnole (Real Academia Española) est créée sous l'autorité du Roi de Castille Felipe V. Pour ce qui concerne la France, l'Académie française avait été créée par Richelieu sous l'égide de la monarchie, en 1635, alors que l'unification linguistique institutionnelle (administrative) avait été sinon imposée, du moins proclamée sur les territoires de ladite monarchie depuis le xvi e siècle 1 . Mais l'homologie idéologique ne s'arrête pas aux péripéties de la grammatisation (Auroux, 1992). Elle peut être observée, certes avec des différences de nature glottopolitique évidentes, au cours des siècles qui ont assuré l'institution de la langue jusqu'au temps des colonisations qui ont eu pour 1. Comme le rappellent Colombat, Fournier, Puech (2010, p. 146) : « À partir de la Renaissance, les grammairiens ont eu le sentiment de contribuer à édifier l'un des piliers sur lesquels repose le pouvoir du Prince et, inversement, la codification de la langue nationale tend à devenir une affaire de politique intérieure de première importance. » Université Montpellier 3, DIPRALANG, EA 739

Sfyria, an endangered whistled language from the Greek village of Antia on the island of Evia, offers a unique mode of communication, transposing spoken speech into whistled signals. This feature enables long-distance communication, akin to other whistled languages such as whistled Spanish (known as ‘Silbo’ in the Canary Islands). This study examines the bioacoustic and phonetic properties of Sfyria, specifically focusing on vowel-consonant transitions and the identification of consonantal loci.
In our investigation, we integrate experimental phonetics and corpus analysis, utilizing naturally recorded conversations in Sfyria, segmented into VCV sequences using Praat software. TextGrid annotations precisely mark the vowel and consonant boundaries, allowing detailed segmentation (Figure 1). Our dataset derives from fieldwork conducted primarily in the village of Antia on the island of Euboea by one of the two authors, a native speaker of Modern Greek. The data collection involved semi-spontaneous interviews based on a specifically designed questionnaire. The interviewees represent a range of whistlers with different statuses: six speakers, two men and four women, spanning different age groups (two elderly speakers and three younger individuals). The goal is to trace consonantal loci through the analysis of acoustic and spectrographic data. Rialland (2005) applied similar methods in her study of Silbo Gomero to analyze consonant transitions and the role/influence of spoken harmonic structures (F0/H1) in whistled speech transposition.
By examining how Sfyria modifies the harmonic structure and formant patterns of spoken Greek to fit the constraints of whistled communication, we seek to uncover the adaptation strategies employed in this unique mode of speech.
Key to this analysis is the role of transitions between vowels and consonants, and how consonantal loci—points in the speech signal that identify the place of articulation—are manifested in the whistled mode. This approach sheds light on the most systematic adaptations of vowel-consonant relationships in Sfyria.
A whistled speech signal is made of the fundamental frequency of the whistled tone (called F0 or also H1 - for first harmonic) and one or several other harmonics. The F0/H1 determines the perceived pitch of the whistled utterance. Higher harmonics are simple multiples of this fundamental, but with less energy. In whistled languages based on non-tonal languages, such as Greek or Spanish, the F2 (second formant) of spoken vowels has been described as a central aspect influencing the transposition into whistled vowels. Indeed, several authors noted a similarity in frequency contours between spoken F2 and the corresponding whistled H1. For vowels, the resemblance is found in the relative distribution of frequency values between different vowels (typically, /i/ is more acute than /a/, which is more acute than /o/). In Sfyria, such correspondence appears quite systematic for vowels, whereas consonants, especially dental and nasal sounds, show a great degree of adaptation occurring during the coarticulation between vowels and consonants. Our analysis reveals that consonants like [n] and [ð] for instance exhibit distinct whistled patterns, with the H1 harmonic marking their onset, a crucial indicator of their place of articulation (see Figure 1). The whistled version of Sfyria retains a systematic correlation between the F2 contour of spoken vowels and the fundamental frequency (H1) of the whistled form, even though the overall harmonic structure is reduced in the spoken-to-whistle transformation. For instance, high vowels like [i] maintain a clear relationship with their spoken counterparts, while consonants rely on a mix of H1 and amplitude modulations to convey their place and manner of articulation.
The adaptation of consonants is influenced by the surrounding vowel context, where H1 harmonic modulations serve as key acoustic markers.
This study enhances our understanding of how consonants are encoded in a reduced acoustic signal. Unlike vowels, which retain parts of their formant structures, consonants in whistled speech rely more heavily on harmonic properties of H1. The analysis of VCV sequences provides insights into how consonants are articulated through H1 harmonic cues rather than traditional formant transitions. The first results of this study highlight several key findings:

1. Vowel Transposition: The F2 contours of spoken vowels are retained in the whistled form, suggesting a systematic transposition mechanism. This includes the upward modulation transitions shown in Figure 1. High-frequency vowels like [i] or [e] show a F2 similarity from speech to the whistled form, reflecting the consistent encoding of vowel sounds.
2. Consonantal Loci: Consonants show a greater degree of variation. The surrounding vowel context influences consonantal loci as in spoken formant transitions, and harmonic modulations (H1) play a critical role in signaling place of articulation. This is particularly evident in VCV sequences, where transitions between vowels and consonants provide clear markers for consonantal articulation.
3. Simplified Signal Encoding: The whistled form relies on simplified acoustic cues to encode complex phonological features. While vowels retain their formant structure, consonants adapt through harmonic shifts, especially in the case of nasals and dentals. In particular, H1 harmonics serve as acoustic markers for consonant transitions.
This research builds on foundational studies in whistled languages, extending them with a focus on consonantal loci and the adaptation of vowel-consonant transitions in Sfyria. These findings suggest that despite the reduced signal complexity, whistled languages like Sfyria employ sophisticated mechanisms to maintain intelligibility over long distances. The study provides new insights into the universal phonetic patterns of whistled speech, emphasizing the role of harmonic structures in preserving key linguistic distinctions.
The harmonic structure of Sfyria plays a crucial role in maintaining the intelligibility of both vowels and consonants, offering insights into how phonetic primitives are preserved in a reduced signal.
In conclusion, the study supports the hypothesis that whistled speech, despite its constraints, retains intricate phonological features, where acoustic modulations and harmonic cues are used to distinguish consonantal loci and vowel transitions. These findings have cross-linguistic implications for the study of whistled communication, contributing to broader research on reduced acoustic signals in human languages.

Figure 1: Example of TextGrid Annotation for VCV Sequences in Sfyria
Waveforms and spectrogram of [ɛˈðɔ] = here (εδώ), whistled by a whistler. Spectrogram showing F2 transposition in whistled vowels. Harmonic analysis of [d] transitions in Sfyria.

References
JONES, M. C., & OGILVIE, S. (2013). Keeping Languages Alive : Documentation, Pedagogy and Revitalization. M. Kouneli, J. Meyer & A. Nevins, eds.; 198-211. Cambridge University Press.
MEYER J. (2015). Whistled Languages. A Worldwide Inquiry on Human Whistled Speech. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg.
RIALLAND, A. (2005). Phonological and Phonetic Aspects of Whistled Languages. Phonology, 22(2), 237-271.

The purpose of this study is to throw light on multilingualism in Gujarat state in India. As language is part of culture, the linguistic situation in the system of education is something not to overlook. The medium of instruction used for provision of education is worth considering. Methodology, the study took a qualitative approach. The researcher observed the situation, administered a questionnaire and a semi structured interview to elicit responses from the respondents. The study findings revealed that two languages, Gujarati and English are used for education provision. Gujarati is highly used for primary, secondary and University education. English is used in English medium primary schools, secondary schools and tertiary education. Many students showed interest in learning English for them to be able to grab global opportunities. Gujarati language is highly used for university education despite a great influence of English. English is largely used to prepare students for opportunities in the world. English is also used to meet the needs of international students admitted in the universities. Hindi is declared an official language and is taught as a subject. It is suggested to improve the use of the English language for international students as it was found that Gujarati language is highly used in classes, documents and answer booklets. This is a challenge to most of the international students.

the young Polish anthropologist Stanisław Poniatowski undertook fieldwork in the Russian Far East in summer 1914. He collected almost five hundred various artifacts (objects, photographs, anthropometric measurement forms, etc.) and linguistic ma terial from the local Nanai and Udege communities along the Amur River. The outbreak of World War I changed Poniatowski's plans and caused the separation (fragmentation) of his original collections, now housed at the Polish Ethnological Society in Wrocław, Poland and at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC in the US. The article describes a new multistep effort to digitally "reunite" Poniatowski's collections and convert them into a cultural resource for researchers, museum specialists, and Indigenous communities for heritage and language preservation.

This chapter explores typological similarities and differences in motion event descriptions among three Germanic languages, English, German, and Norwegian by examining data from Experiment A developed in the NINJAL Project on Motion Event Descriptions across Languages (MEDAL). This study shows that speakers of these languages mainly employ head-external path-coding patterns across different kinds of motion events, as expected from previous studies. At the same time, we argue that they exhibit intratypological variations in several respects. These include 1) the use of different path-coding devices; 2) the manner and deixis coding positions; and 3) the patterns of certain caused-motion expressions. The inclusion of deixis in the comparison of the three languages reveals that the different ways deixis is coded in these languages account for other differences among them, such as the choice of manner expressions and even the expression patterns of caused-motion descriptions.

Despite their ancestrality among the Asian-Portuguese creoles, those of Southeastern India are currently in an advanced state of decline. Collectively known as the Indo-Portuguese creoles of the Malabar, or Malabar Indo-Portuguese, there were once significant speech communities in many towns, but over the centuries, the communities shifted heavily towards English and Malayalam, the dominant language locally. Language documentation was carried out since 2006 with the assistance of the very last fluent speakers of Malabar Indo-Portuguese in Cannanore (6 speakers), Cochin (1 speaker), and Calicut (1 speaker), resulting in a corpus which offers a glimpse of the language at the tail end of a process of loss, when it is no longer used on a daily basis (with the exception of a single homestead) and, in the case of the most geographically isolated speakers, hardly ever spoken at all.

Here, I explore certain instances of variation that can be identified in the corpora, especially with respect to functional morphemes. The specific present circumstance of Malabar Indo-Portuguese – a dwindling minority language, geographically diffuse, and used in highly multilingual settings – poses considerable challenges to a clear interpretation of such instances of variation. While certain cases – especially if they involve the observable interference of the speakers’ current dominant languages, English and Malayalam – may reasonably be interpreted either as cases of code-switching, as nonce borrowings, or as the product of language obsolescence, others appear to reflect subgroup preferences, including family-internal specificities and geographical variation, although the small number of informants does not entirely clarify this. In addition, some other instances of variation contradict the obsolescence scenario, such as e.g. the preference for a Malayalam-derived oblique case-marker over a Portuguese-derived one, which is in fact associated with the most fluent creole speakers, rather than those that show the clearest effects of language obsolescence. This is an exercise in the study of variation which simultaneously draws attention to the variability of creole languages (not only across relatively vast areas, but also in closely-knit communities) and highlights the specific challenges of conducting linguistic research among the last speakers of a particular language.

The present volume is an outcome of collaborative efforts of experiment-based, cross-linguistic research on the linguistic representations of motion events. The phenomenon of motion is ubiquitous in the world. Your family members walk around at home every day and run to work and school; you see cars passing by, dogs running about, and birds flying away. Such events are frequently seen in daily life and are of interest to people and are talked about by speakers. It is therefore no wonder that every language (to the best of our knowledge) has a specific set of morphological, lexical, and constructional forms to represent motion. Since motion is a multifaceted phenomenon involving several components, expression patterns used sometimes vary within a language, and languages manifest differences in the expressions they adopt. The linguistic descriptions of motion thus provide an interesting set of data that enable us to discuss commonalities and variations among and within languages. A motion event involves several entities. Consider what kinds of notions are involved in the motion event described in example (1).1 (1) Susan ran down the hill toward me. 1 Terms concerning the semantic components of motion in this volume generally follow those of Talmy (1985, 1991), but differ from them in several respects, especially the adoption of the terms "trajectory" and "means of causation".

Tanulmányunkban egy szemantikus keresést támogató rendszert mutatunk be magyar bírósági határozatokon, amely képes az azonos
tényállású ügyek hatékony felismerésére és visszakeresésére. A kiértékelési rendszerünk alappillérét az úgynevezett „tényállásvázlatok” képezik,
amelyek tömören foglalják össze egy-egy ügy kulcsfontosságú tényeit, ezáltal lehetőséget biztosítva a releváns jogi precedensek gyors és pontos
azonosítására.
Vizsgálatunk során tizenkét korszerű szövegbeágyazási modellt vetettünk
össze, amelyek közül a Cohere, a Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence és az OpenAI legújabb fejlesztései teljesítettek a legjobban, különösen
a hosszú, zajos jogi szövegek feldolgozásában. A rövidebb kontextusablakkal bíró modellek esetében megvizsgáltunk több szegmentálási eljárást
is, köztük az egyszerű feldarabolást (chunking), az átlapolt feldarabolást
(striding) és a rövidebb utolsó chunk nagyobb hatását csökkentő (last
chunk scaling) technikákat, amelyek javították a hosszú szövegek megbízható kezelhetőségét.
A metodika egyaránt alkalmazható más Q&A jellegű rendszereknél is,
mivel pedig a legtöbb általunk kipróbált modell többnyelvű, így felhasználhatóság nem korlátozódik a magyarra.