Elementary Particle Physics

This research introduces a new theoretical framework in nuclear physics, referred to as the Al-Hamed Electro-Nuclear Equation, which integrates electric input energy with nuclear massenergy interactions. Unlike conventional models that consider nuclear energy as solely a function of mass difference, the Al-Hamed model incorporates the energy contribution from electric potentials and includes the cumulative mass of all particles resulting from the nuclear reaction. The proposed equation: E = [(Q × V) + (Δm-S) × c²] accounts for both electrical energy (via charge and voltage) and mass-energy transformations (considering secondary nuclear products such as neutrons, mesons, or photons). This dual approach provides a more comprehensive description of electro-nuclear interactions, especially in scenarios involving controlled fusion or electro-stimulated decay. The paper presents a comparative analysis with traditional equations, applies the model to practical scenarios, and discusses its implications for advanced reactor designs and highefficiency energy systems.

This paper presents a groundbreaking discovery in atomic physics, where atoms are directly visualized through photonic projections using high-intensity LED illumination and smartphone camera sensors. This technique provides unprecedented insights into atomic structure and dynamics, revealing concentric rings of positively charged particles ("smarticles"), electron orbital patterns, and a rapidly moving central core. This discovery enabled the development of a unified theory of space compression, proposing that matter emerges from the compression of neutral mass (space) at specific ratios. By integrating observations with Russell's wavelength-spiral design of the periodic table, we establish mathematical relationships connecting nuclear magnetic dipole moments, atomic voltage, and chemical bonding. The resulting framework accurately predicts bond properties, molecular geometries, and material characteristics, validated against experimental data. Recent experimental breakthroughs, such as the creation of light-based supersolids, provide additional support for this theoretical framework. This unified approach suggests compression arises from fundamental variations in the volume and density of space and offers potential solutions to fundamental physics puzzles, including the unification of forces, the nature of gravity, wave-particle duality, matter-antimatter asymmetry, and the origin of exotic particles observed in accelerators. The paper concludes with potential applications for novel materials design and implications for understanding quantum phenomena and biological systems.

In this research, we introduce new equations for describing nuclear energy and atomic mass, which take into account the sum of the masses of other objects resulting from nuclear fission. We analyze the old equations and the new equations, and compare the results. We find that there is a difference between the results, which is due to the fact that our calculations take into account the sum of the masses of neutrons resulting from nuclear fission .

This document explores the implications of information as a fundamental limitation to our cognitive models of particle physics. It recognizes that our understanding of the universe is inherently constrained by the information we can process and interpret. By examining concepts such as localization, harmonic distributions, and entropy within spacetime, it aims to provide an interpretive framework that offers alternative perspectives on established theories. This approach explores the nature of quanta, forces, and the structure of the universe. The document examines the interplay between bosons and fermions within space and time, delves into the relationships between energy, entropy, and localization-clarifying the nuanced relationship between localization and entropy-and concludes with a discussion of relativistic effects and gravity. This framework does not explicitly recognize mass, allowing for adaptability to various interpretations of mass without explicitly defining it. While acknowledging the quantum nature of particles and interactions and offering potential alignment with concepts from Quantum Electrodynamics and Quantum Chromodynamics, this document primarily provides a conceptual understanding of an alternative perspective, rather than a direct derivation or replacement of existing mathematically rigorous theories.

The anomalous increase of the astronomical unit, the mysterious secular increase of the lunar eccentricity and the flyby anomaly are important issues of modern astronomy. This study aims to determine the effect of earthquakes on the origin of these anomalies. Based on conventional physics, we found the existence of earthquake-induced gravitational weakening within the earth-moon-sun system and beyond. New equations of gravitation, including time dilation, are introduced that can explain the anomalous increase of the astronomical unit and the lunar orbit. A modified equation that includes the effect of massive quakes also explains the anomalous increase of the lunar eccentricity. Furthermore, the results of the present study can explain the flyby and Pioneer anomalies experienced by spacecraft during gravity assisted maneuvers. A modification of the 3 rd Law of Kepler is also presented. Implications on the elliptic orbit of the earth, its reduced velocity and the occurrence of leap years are also discussed. Using the seismic-induced gravitational weakening model, probable trigger mechanisms of the faint young sun paradox and the Allais effect are also presented. An estimate of the age of the earth based on the observed values of the Hubble parameter and the USGS earthquake data for the past century is also presented. A new model of the seismic-driven expanding universe and a new equation to determine the expansion rate of galaxies and the universe is also proposed. The sudden earth's retreat due to gravitational weakening and its implication on anomalous astronomical refraction and flight risk at night especially near the equatorial region, and its effect on the abrupt satellite orbital decay, spin and drift are also discussed. This study may also shed light on the occurrence of sinkholes and massive landslides. Finally, this study proposes a new equation that can explain the observed changes in the fine structure constant.

In standard Poincare and anti de Sitter SO(2,3) invariant theories, antiparticles are related to negative energy solutions of covariant equations while independent positive energy unitary irreducible representations (UIRs) of the symmetry group are used for describing both a particle and its antiparticle. Such an approach cannot be applied in de Sitter SO(1,4) invariant theory. We argue that it would be more natural to require that (*) one UIR should describe a particle and its antiparticle simultaneously. This would automatically explain the existence of antiparticles and show that a particle and its antiparticle are different states of the same object. If (*) is adopted then among the above groups only the SO(1,4) one can be a candidate for constructing elementary particle theory. It is shown that UIRs of the SO(1,4) group can be interpreted in the framework of (*) and cannot be interpreted in the standard way. By quantizing such UIRs and requiring that the energy should be positive in the Poincare approximation, we conclude that i) elementary particles can be only fermions. It is also shown that ii) C invariance is not exact even in the free massive theory and iii) elementary particles cannot be neutral. This gives a natural explanation of the fact that all observed neutral states are bosons.

In standard Poincare and anti de Sitter SO(2,3) invariant theories, antiparticles are related to negative energy solutions of covariant equations while independent positive energy unitary irreducible representations (UIRs) of the symmetry group are used for describing both a particle and its antiparticle. Such an approach cannot be applied in de Sitter SO(1,4) invariant theory. We argue that it would be more natural to require that (*) one UIR should describe a particle and its antiparticle simultaneously. This would automatically explain the existence of antiparticles and show that a particle and its antiparticle are different states of the same object. If (*) is adopted then among the above groups only the SO(1,4) one can be a candidate for constructing elementary particle theory. It is shown that UIRs of the SO(1,4) group can be interpreted in the framework of (*) and cannot be interpreted in the standard way. By quantizing such UIRs and requiring that the energy should be positi...

As argued in our previous papers, it would be more natural to modify the standard approach to quantum theory by requiring that i) one unitary irreducible representation (UIR) of the symmetry algebra should describe a particle and its antiparticle simultaneously. This would automatically explain the existence of antiparticles and show that a particle and its antiparticle are different states of the same object. If i) is adopted then among the Poincare, so(2,3) and so(1,4) algebras only the latter is a candidate for constructing elementary particle theory. We extend our analysis in hep-th/0210144 and prove that: 1) UIRs of the so(1,4) algebra can indeed be interpreted in the framework of i) and cannot be interpreted in the framework of the standard approach; 2) as a consequence of a new symmetry (called AB one) between particles and antiparticles for UIRs satisfying i), elementary particles described by UIRs of the so(1,4) algebra can be only fermions; 3) as a consequence of the AB sy...

This paper presents a "working" alternative model for gravity, with four core formulas under one integrated framework, including strong evidence. Predicting gravitational forces, orbital dynamics, energy, and lensing as accurate as Newton and Einstein their formulas. This article strongly indicates that monopole gravity is possible! And gives a possibility to unify classical gravity with quantum physics. This theory is in a way a reinterpretation of Newton and Einstein's work. This theory has big implications for how we interpretate gravity. This theory might one day change the dynamics of physics.

A brief review is given to the fundamental difficulties facing the Big Bang Theory, with the emphases on the geocentric nature, the extreme violation of the conservation laws of mass and energy, the violation of Maxwell's velocity distribution, the horizon problem, the extreme instability and the dark matter problem. The historical alternatives and their problems are reviewed. The DET is then presented as a new alternative interpretation of the cosmic redshift, and therefore, as a new alternative to the Big Bang cosmology. The existing experimental evidences to vindicate or falsity DET versus Big Bang theory are discussed. Experiments for detailed tests of the DET-the redshift is proportional to the square of the linewidth and inversely proportional to the cube of the wavelength-are also proposed.

Diese Arbeit untersucht die Hypothese, dass Bewusstsein eine aktive Rolle in der Quantenmechanik spielt, insbesondere bei der Quantenverschränkung. Ein Gedankenexperiment mit Fahrzeugen veranschaulicht die Rolle der Wahrnehmung bei physikalischen Prozessen. Darauf basierend wird eine mathematische Erweiterung der Quantenwellenfunktion vorgeschlagen, die das Bewusstsein als Variable integriert.

Zur empirischen Überprüfung wird ein KI-gesteuertes Quantenverschränkungs-Experiment entwickelt, das unbewusste Einflussnahmen ausschließt. Durch den Vergleich von Messungen mit und ohne bewusste Beobachtung soll geprüft werden, ob das Bewusstsein eine messbare Wirkung auf Quantenzustände hat. Die möglichen physikalischen und gesellschaftlichen Implikationen eines solchen Zusammenhangs werden diskutiert.

We propose a novel theoretical framework in which all four fundamental forces-gravity, electromagnetism, the weak force, and the strong nuclear force-are governed by vibrational frequency. This model naturally explains galaxy rotation curves, gravitational lensing, and fundamental particle interactions without requiring unseen dark matter or additional unknown forces. By introducing a frequency-dependent modification to Newtonian and relativistic gravity, we demonstrate that mass-energy interactions are inherently linked to vibrational states. Furthermore, we extend this framework to the Standard Model, demonstrating that quarks, charge interactions, and nuclear forces are also frequency-dependent. This approach suggests a potential path toward a Unified Field Theory based on frequency-modulated interactions.

Рассмотрена задача построения материального источника гравитационного поля, представленного решением Тауба-НУТ. Обнаружено, подход, основанный на применении полученной ранее наиболее общей стационарной сферически-симметричной тетрады с нарушенной пространственной четностью приводит к присутствию кротовой норы. Предпринята попытка избежать этого использованием более общей тетрады. Показано, что такое обобщение и нарушает сферическую симметрию и входит в противоречие с любыми разумными предположениями о возможных свойства материи источника. Сделан вывод о принципиальности сопутствия кротовой норы гравимагнитному заряду.

Nearly 50 years ago, theoretical physicists proposed that a field permeates the universe and gives energy to the vacuum. This field was required to explain why some, but not all, fundamental particles have mass. Numerous precision measurements during recent decades have provided indirect support for the existence of this field, but one crucial prediction of this theory has remained unconfirmed despite 30 years of experimental searches: the existence of a massive particle, the standard model Higgs boson. The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN has now observed the production of a new particle with a mass of 126 giga–electron volts and decay signatures consistent with those expected for the Higgs particle. This result is strong support for the standard model of particle physics, including the presence of this vacuum field. The existence and properties of the newly discovered particle may also have consequences beyond the standard model itself.

It is well known that the photon is only a quanta of electromagnetic radiation. However, there are many myths around the photon in contemporary physics, for example, the photon loses energy when traveling through space. The article explains the basic features of the photon, such as wave-particle duality, the relation between a continuous electromagnetic wave and a quanta, the interaction of electric and magnetic fields, space of photon, speed of light.

We propose a new theoretical framework that unifies superluminal motion with Planck-scale acceleration to describe the early universe as a phase transition from a superluminal to a subluminal state. By modifying the Lorentz factor to include acceleration effects, we demonstrate how the universe could transition from a regime where velocities exceed the speed of light (v > c) to one where they conform to standard relativistic limits (v < c). This transition offers a novel explanation for the Big Bang, eliminating the need for an inflationary phase while preserving causal consistency. Testable predictions are discussed, including potential signatures in the cosmic microwave background (CMB), ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, and quantum gravity effects.

The mixing conditions have a direct impact on the pore structure of alumina extrudates. We study the pore structure of samples prepared with two mixers: a standard Eirich mixer and a smaller yet more severe Fukae mixer, which operates at 1500 rpm. We present the development of a bimodal pore size distribution within the range of 25–150 Å produced by using the Fukae mixer. The pore structure consists of larger pores that grow at the expense of the smaller ones and can be tuned as a function of mixing time.

Аннотация Рассмотрен вопрос о возможности нарушения пространственной четности как свойства пространства-времени. Показано, что это нарушение достигается нетривиальным объединением алгебр Ли временных сдвигов и пространственных вращений. Геометрия стационарного сферически симметричного пространства-времени построена в общем виде. Нарушение пространственной четности в пространстве-времени построенного таким образом, продемонстрировано на свойствах геодезических потоков, а именно, показано, что зеркальное отражение такого потока не является геодезическим потоком. Построение, представленное в настоящей работе, показывает путь, на котором, по нашему мнению, была построена метрика Тауба-НУТ.

In this paper, we propose a revised energy-momentum relation that allows for superluminal velocities without leading to singularities or violations of causality. The standard relativistic energy equation predicts infinite energy requirements for objects approaching the speed of light. We introduce an alternative formulation:


E = \frac{mc^2}{\sqrt{|1 - \frac{v^2}{c^2}|}}


which ensures that energy remains finite and real even for  v > c . This framework treats superluminal motion as a phase transition rather than an absolute barrier, offering a natural explanation for the early universe’s conditions.

We discuss the implications of this model in cosmology, particularly regarding the Big Bang and inflation. Our approach suggests that the Big Bang was not a singularity, but rather a transition from a superluminal to a subluminal state. This removes the need for an ad hoc inflationary model and provides a consistent mechanism for explaining the observed isotropy of the cosmic microwave background (CMB).

Additionally, we propose experimental and observational tests, including potential signatures in high-energy particle physics (e.g., LHC collisions), anomalies in the CMB, and unexplained astrophysical phenomena such as ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.

This work presents a fundamental revision of relativistic physics, suggesting that superluminal motion may play a critical role in our understanding of time, energy, and the structure of the universe.

A set of computational routines has been employed for calculating in real time the trajectories of N charged bodies which are acted upon by electromagnetic forces of the CoulombAbraham-Lorentz type. These routines yield the complete solution of the motion equation for the “classical atom”. The computer code that evaluates the interaction effect is interesting in itself because it contains the radiation damping term, which is proportional to the timederivative of the acceleration; this is often a cumbersome analytical and interpretational task. The results permit the graphical representation of the trajectories and, a reasonable estimate of the “collapse time”. Subject headings: radiation by moving charges — computational techniques and simulations — classical electrodynamics

En premier lieu, je souhaiterai remercier Jacques Martino d'avoir accepté d'être mon directeur de thèse et, bien qu'ayant été appelé à de nouvelles et prenantes fonctions, d'avoir su trouver le temps de participer à ma soutenance. Je tiens également à remercier l'ensemble du jury, et tout particulièrement mes rapporteurs, Alain Falvard et Jules Gascon, pour leurs très nombreuses remarques et questions sur le manuscrit. Merci à Michel Cherel, Pascale Dauguet, Ioannis Giomataris et Laurent Ménard pour leur participation au jury ainsi qu'à Pol Bernard Gossiaux pour en avoir assuré la présidence. Un travail de thèse, notamment expérimental, reflète les efforts de toute une équipe. C'est pourquoi je tiens à remercier l'ensemble des membres du groupe Xénon ainsi que tout ceux qui ont travaillé avec nous, sans qui cette thèse n'aurait pas vu le jour. À tout seigneur tout honneur, c'est pourquoi je commencerai par le Chef, même s'il n'aime qu'on l'appelle ainsi. Merci à Dominique Thers d'avoir encadré mon travail durant ces trois années de thèse et de m'avoir guidé dans les méandres du développement instrumental. Tu as su me remotiver dans les moments les plus décourageants, me botter les fesses quand il le fallait et me faire regarder les choses d'un oeil différent. Encore une fois, merci. L'analyse de données peut-être un travail long et pénible, merci à tout ceux qui m'ont aidé à un moment ou un autre. Il me faut remercier Jean-Pierre pour son aide en programmation et ses avis posés sur bien des interrogations. Merci à Jérôme pour m'avoir fait découvrir bien des aspects insoupçonnés ROOT et pour ses avis critiques sur le code en général, à Jacob pour son aide, notamment en statistique, et son regard critique et juste, à Samuel pour avoir répondu à mes très nombreuses questions de programmation, à Lucas pour sa bienveillance tranquille et son aide sur l'analyse PM et à Wan-Ting qui m'a aidé un peu partout et qui a supporté nombre de mes pitreries. Sans instrument, il n'y a pas de données à analyser. Le prototype de XEMIS existe grâce à une équipe technique de choc qui fait des petits miracles quotidiens. Je remercie Eric, véritable orfèvre de l'électronique et pilier de l'expérience, Patrick et Jean-Sébastien, duo de mécanos qui sait s'adapter aux changements de plan chroniques avec beaucoup de compétence et presque toujours le sourire, et enfin Olivier pour sa patience et son aide pendant la rédaction. J'ai eu le grand plaisir d'aller au Japon dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse afin d'échanger avec des chercheurs du centre de recherche KEK sur leur projet de TPC au xénon liquide. Merci à Toshiaki Tauchi qui m'a si bien accueilli dans son équipe et qui m'a fait visiter le mont Tsukuba iii iv à vélo. Merci à Satoshi Mihara, Takayuki Saeki et Katsuyu Kasami pour m'avoir fait découvrir leur façon de travailler et pour leur gentillesse durant mon séjour. Merci à Yuki Fuji qui a pu découvrir avec moi les premières données sortant de la TPC équipée d'IDeF-X. Durant ces trois années, j'ai occupé le bureau de thésards H115 en étant plus ou moins insupportable. Je tiens à remercier l'ensemble de mes voisins de bureau qui s'y sont succédé. Merci à Samuel, une fois de plus, à Diego, qui a supporté mes blagues stupides avec le sourire et qui m'a appris l'histoire des biscuits dans le four, à Diana, qui ne s'est pas enfuie et qui m'a même nourri, à Thibaud qui a su reconnaître très tôt ma bonne foi, à Cécilia pour n'être pas restée trop longtemps et à Maxime pour s'être intéressé à mes cancans de labo. Il me faut remercier tout les thésards, les nouveaux comme les anciens, que j'ai pu côtoyer plus ou moins brièvement à l'occasion des repas, des pauses ou encore dans le couloir. Parmi les vétérans je citerai Sarah, Guénolé, Thomas, Lamia, Raphaëlle, Mickaël et Sébastien. Une pensée particulière à ceux qui ont souffert en même temps que moi, les docteurs Michel, Vincent, Rudy et Hamza et ceux pour qui la délivrance approche, Ludivine et Van-Minh. D'autres doctorants sont ensuite arrivés, Jean-Baptiste dont le bureau est devenu une succursale de la cafétéria et qui tient le bar avec le sourire, et Abdul-Fattah qui s'est montré patient devant mes résultats fluctuants au gré des analyses, mon squattage éhonté et mon pillage des boites à gâteaux. C'est à votre tour de rédiger messieurs. Viennent enfin Alexis, Anthony, Antoine, Diego, Diana, et la jeune génération, Anaïs, Aurélien, Aziz, Benjamin, Benjamin, Jennifer, et Maxime, je leur souhaite tous un bon courage. Ah ah. J'ai pu fréquenter beaucoup de personnes au cours de ces trois ans et je suis sûr d'en oublier certains dans cette liste de remerciements forcément non-exhaustive : Merci à Baptiste pour son enthousiasme contagieux, à Philippe pour m'avoir dépanné lorsque ROOT devenait vraiment trop obscur, à Rachid pour les sources alpha, à Myriam, Alexandre, Élisabeth, Hervé, Xavier et enfin à tout les Bobbys. Merci à Annie pour proposer le si rafraîchissant module DEFI, ainsi qu'aux doctorants qui y ont participé avec moi ; Alexandr, Ali, Audrey, Ayman, Marine et Olivier. Je remercie Nathalie et Peggy de la documentation, que j'ai dû embêter avec certaines de mes questions. Il me faut remercier l'ensemble du personnel des services administratifs de Subatech, notamment pour leur bonne humeur communicative, mais aussi ceux de l'École des Mines et de Sodexo. Ma famille a toujours été là pour me soutenir et m'encourager, je remercierai bien évidemment mes parents, mais aussi mes grands-parents, mes tatates, mes oncles et ma foultitude de cousins et cousines. Mes amis m'ont souvent servi de soupape de sécurité, je m'en excuse et remercie de leur patience mes deux supporters Jérémy et Jérôme, Nicolas, Nicolas, Thomas, Sébastien et Florian. Un grand merci à mes deux relectrices traqueuses de coquilles, Solène et Super Belle-Maman. Enfin, merci à celles qui me supportent aux quotidiens, dans les moments les plus pénibles dans les meilleurs. Merci à Mobylette pour sa présence silencieuse et pour ses espiègleries quotidiennes. Merci à Nolwenn pour son soutien, ses encouragements, son sourire, son humour, v bref, merci pour tout.

Dans le contexte de ce travail de thèse, c'est avec émotion que je voudrais remercier tout ce qui, de près ou de loin, m'a aidé à réaliser cette thèse. Mes remerciements s'adressent à Monsieur Jacques Martino, qui a accepté d'être mon directeur de thèse et qui m'a donné beaucoup d'encouragements pendant la thèse. Je le remercie également en tant que directeur du laboratoire SUBATECH qui m'a accueilli. Je remercie également Monsieur Bernd Grambow qui a pris les fonctions de directeur du laboratoire au cours de ma thèse. J'adresse ensuite mes remerciements à Muriel Fallot qui m'a accueillie dès le début au laboratoire Subatech et qui est aussi mon encadrante de thèse. J'apprécie profondément tout ce qu'elle a fait pour moi, non seulement dans le travail mais aussi dans la vie privée. Elle m'a beaucoup encouragé pour que j'arrive à la fin de cette thèse et de tout mon coeur, je lui en suis reconnaissant. Je remercie Gérald Rimpault, Elsa Merle-Lucotte, Lionel Luquin et Alejandro Algora pour avoir accepté d'être membres de mon jury de thèse, et tout particulièrement Gérald Rimpault et Elsa Merle-Lucotte en leur qualité de rapporteurs. Je remercie aussi tous les membres du groupe ERDRE. Je remercie particulièrement Muriel Fallot, Lydie Giot et Amanda Porta pour tous les travaux que l'on a faits ensemble et aussi pour leur gentillesse et leur pédagogie. Je remercie Nicolas Thiollière pour ses nombreux aides et conseils pendant mon travail. Je n'oublie pas Frédéric Yermia qui était toujours à coté de moi pour m'encourager, pour m'aider en tant qu'un ami, un collègue. Encore une fois, je remercie l'ensemble du groupe ERDRE, surtout les thésards et stagiaires avec qui j'avais l'occasion de discuter et parler. Je remercie l'ensemble du personnel du Subatech, notamment les secrétaires qui m'ont aidé beaucoup pour les démarches administratives. Je remercie aussi Magali Estienne et Alexis Nuttin-LPSC Genoble qui ont accepté d'être membres de mon comité de suivi de thèse. Je remercie également les personnes d'autres laboratoires, IFIC Valence, INP Orsay, LPSC Grenoble et CEA Saclay pour toute la collaboration que l'on a faite ensemble. Je remercie les thésards de Subatech, Vincent, Eric, Jean-Baptise, Anthony, Zakari, Ahmed, Hamza, Thomas, Guénolé, Samuel, Sarah, Jérôme, Tugdual et ceux qui ne sont pas cités ici pour les bons moments passés ensemble, les soirées, les repas, notamment Vincent et Eric pour trois années ensemble dans le même bureau. Un grand applaudissement pour Frédéric et Benoît pour les entraînements que l'on a faits ensemble dans la salle de gymnase dans laquelle le sport pour prendre le moral et santé m'est important. Enfin, je tiens à remercier les personnes qui me sont très chères et toujours à coté de moi, mes parents Van Hoan Bui et Thi Cay Nguyen, et ma soeur Thi Bich Hue Bui. Surtout, elle est venue pour ma soutenance et c'était vraiment un soutien précieux.

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Термин «вращение» используется для обозначения различных явлений и его смысл выбирается в зависимости от контекста, заданного областью науки, в которой он применен в данном конкретном случае. Показано, что во всем разнообразии своих проявлений вращение может быть как локальным, так и глобальным. Локальные вращения могут формировать неголономные поля локальных систем отсчета и в этом качестве они интересны с точки зрения понятия гравимагнитного заряда. Показана также взаимосвязь между такими полями и понятием векторного потенциала как выражением такого неголономного поля локальных вращающихся систем. В качестве источников векторного и ко-векторного потенциалов рассмотрены вращающиеся электрический заряд масса, а также гипотетические магнитный и гравимагнитный заряды, называемые также монополями. Решение одной из задач движения частиц в них, а именно – поле магнитного
монополя, полученное в XIX в., приведено, из трех остальных решаются только три, их решения приведены.

This paper explores the theoretical existence of an engine cycle, called Thermmag engine cycle, that is to be powered before the maximum operating temperature of a magnet utilizing heating and cooling of magnets to power a heating and cooling to motion power conversion cycle. The magnetization of a permanent magnet changes none permanently before its maximum operating temperature when cooled or heated. If this phenomenon is utilized in such a way that a pair of magnets facing each other with the same pole, pushing each other apart, is cooled and heated successively, while being in a gravitational eld, then one can create a power conversion cycle out of this setup. The conclusion of this paper will be that the power conversion cycle is too inecient to build a real device for now.

Questi Appunti sono intesi come una guida allo studio dei problemi trattati
nel corso di Istituzioni di Fisica Teorica. [...] L’accento della trattazione `e stato posto essenzialmente sull’aspetto fisico degli argomenti svolti in conseguenza del carattere istituzionale del corso.

In the framework of renormalization group (RG) analysis, the running of the coupling constant \( g(t) \) is governed by the \(\beta\)-function, which encodes the response of the theory to changes in the energy scale. For this problem, we consider a dynamical system where the \(\beta\)-function is given by

\begin{equation}
    \beta(g) = g(a^2 - g^2),
\end{equation}

with \( a \) being a fixed parameter characterizing the structure of the flow. The function \(\beta(g)\) determines the scale dependence of the coupling via the differential equation

\begin{equation}
    \frac{dg}{dt} = \beta(g),
\end{equation}

which describes the evolution of \( g \) under changes in the renormalization group time \( t \), often related logarithmically to the energy scale \(\mu\). The fixed points of the \(\beta\)-function, given by \( \beta(g) = 0 \), play a crucial role in understanding the asymptotic behavior of the coupling.

Our objective is to analyze the ultraviolet (UV) behavior of the running coupling \( \tilde{g}(t) \), particularly its asymptotic fate as \( t \to \infty \). The given form of \(\beta(g)\) suggests a flow structure characteristic of theories exhibiting both an infrared (IR) fixed point and an ultraviolet (UV) fixed point, where the nature of these points influences whether the coupling remains finite or diverges in the UV limit. By solving the differential equation and studying the stability properties of the fixed points, we will determine how \( g(t) \) behaves at high energies and whether the theory exhibits asymptotic freedom, infrared triviality, or some intermediate scaling behavior.

We consider the particle spectrum and event shapes in large N gauge theories in different regimes of the short-distance 't Hooft coupling, λ. The mesons in the small λ limit should have a Regge spectrum in order to agree with perturbation theory, while generically the large λ theories with gravity duals produce spectra reminiscent of KK modes. We argue that these KK-like states are qualitatively different from QCD modes: they are deeply bound states which are sensitive to short distance interactions rather than the flux tube-like states expected in asymptotically free, confining gauge theories. In addition, we also find that the characteristic event shapes for the large λ theories with gravity duals are close to spherical, very different from QCD-like (small λ, small N ) and Nambu-Goto-like (small λ, large N ) theories which have jets. This observation is in agreement with the conjecture of Strassler on event shapes in large 't Hooft coupling theories, which was recently proved by Hofman and Maldacena for the conformal case. This conclusion does not change even when considering soft-wall backgrounds for the gravity dual. The picture that emerges is the following: theories with small and large λ are qualitatively different, while theories with small and large N are qualitatively similar. Thus it seems that it is the relative smallness of the 't Hooft coupling in QCD that prevents a reliable AdS/QCD correspondence from emerging, and that reproducing characteristic QCD-like behavior will require genuine stringy dynamics to be incorporated into any putative dual theory.

We examine models where massless chiral fermions with both "electric" and "magnetic" hypercharges could form condensates. When some of the fermions are also electroweak doublets such condensates can break the electroweak gauge symmetry down to electromagnetism in the correct way. Since ordinary hypercharge is weakly coupled at the TeV scale, magnetic hypercharge is strongly coupled and can potentially drive the condensation. Such models are similar to technicolor, but with hypercharge playing the role of the technicolor gauge group, so the standard model gauge group breaks itself. A heavy top mass can be generated via the Rubakov-Callan effect and could thus decouple the scale of flavor physics from the electroweak scale.

We analyze the cosmology of the Randall-Sundrum model and that of compact brane models in general in the presence of a radius stabilization mechanism. We find that the expansion of our universe is generically in agreement with the expected effective four dimensional description. The constraint (which is responsible for the appearance of non-conventional cosmologies in these models) that must be imposed on the matter densities on the two branes in the theory without a stabilized radius is a consequence of requiring a static solution even in the absence of stabilization. Such constraints disappear in the presence of a stablizing potential, and the ordinary FRW (Friedmann-Robertson-Walker) equations are reproduced, with the expansion driven by the sum of the physical values of the energy densities on the two branes and in the bulk. For the case of the Randall-Sundrum model we examine the kinematics of the radion field, and find that corrections to the standard FRW equations are small for temperatures below the weak scale. We find that the radion field has renormalizable and unsuppressed couplings to Standard Model particles after electroweak symmetry breaking. These couplings may have important implications for collider searches. We comment on the possibility that matter off the TeV brane could serve as a dark matter candidate.

The Milne problem, known as one of the classical problems of radiative transfer and neutron transport theory, is solved using the P N method for a nonabsorbing medium (c = 1) with a linearly anisotropic scattering kernel. Specular and diffuse reflection boundary conditions are taken into account. The numerical results are listed for different selected parameters. Some results are also compared with the literature.

In standard Poincare and anti de Sitter SO(2,3) invariant theories, antiparticles are related to negative energy solutions of covariant equations while independent positive energy unitary irreducible representations (UIRs) of the symmetry group are used for describing both a particle and its antiparticle. Such an approach cannot be applied in de Sitter SO(1,4) invariant theory. We argue that it would be more natural to require that (*) one UIR should describe a particle and its antiparticle simultaneously. This would automatically explain the existence of antiparticles and show that a particle and its antiparticle are different states of the same object. If (*) is adopted then among the above groups only the SO(1,4) one can be a candidate for constructing elementary particle theory. It is shown that UIRs of the SO(1,4) group can be interpreted in the framework of (*) and cannot be interpreted in the standard way. By quantizing such UIRs and requiring that the energy should be positive in the Poincare approximation, we conclude that i) elementary particles can be only fermions. It is also shown that ii) C invariance is not exact even in the free massive theory and iii) elementary particles cannot be neutral. This gives a natural explanation of the fact that all observed neutral states are bosons.

de Sitter symmetry on quantum level implies that operators describing a given system satisfy commutation relations of the de Sitter algebra. This approach gives a new perspective on fundamental notions of quantum theory. We discuss applications of the approach to the cosmological constant problem, gravity, and particle theory.

In standard Poincare and anti de Sitter SO(2,3) invariant theories, antiparticles are related to negative energy solutions of covariant equations while independent positive energy unitary irreducible representations (UIRs) of the symmetry group are used for describing both a particle and its antiparticle. Such an approach cannot be applied in de Sitter SO(1,4) invariant theory. We argue that it would be more natural to require that (*) one UIR should describe a particle and its antiparticle simultaneously. This would automatically explain the existence of antiparticles and show that a particle and its antiparticle are different states of the same object. If (*) is adopted then among the above groups only the SO(1,4) one can be a candidate for constructing elementary particle theory. It is shown that UIRs of the SO(1,4) group can be interpreted in the framework of (*) and cannot be interpreted in the standard way. By quantizing such UIRs and requiring that the energy should be positive in the Poincare approximation, we conclude that i) elementary particles can be only fermions. It is also shown that ii) C invariance is not exact even in the free massive theory and iii) elementary particles cannot be neutral. This gives a natural explanation of the fact that all observed neutral states are bosons.

In this chapter, an alternative derivation of the Schrödinger equation based on classical principles is presented, considering the electron as a 4D Planck particle in a state of minimum energy. The wave function is defined as the quotient between the energy of the electron in its unobserved state and the total energy, including perturbations caused by observation. The conceptual bases of this approach are explored, connecting the ideas of de Broglie, Schrödinger and other historical approaches, and the Schrödinger equation is derived mathematically both for a particle at rest and for one subjected to a Coulomb potential. The derivation employs energy and wavelength relations, highlighting the dependence of the particle's state on the observation conditions. Finally, the traditional probabilistic interpretation of the wave function is questioned, proposing instead an energetic and physical interpretation. This approach seeks to reconcile classical principles with quantum phenomena, offering an alternative perspective on the physical meaning of the wave function and the nature of quantum particles.

Préparer une thèse dans un laboratoire en pleine expansion comme SUBATECH, aujourd'hui dirigé par Hans GUTBROD, est une expérience enrichissante. Si j'ai pu entrer dans ce qui était encore le Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire il y a trois ans, c'est à Daniel ARDOUIN, précédent directeur, que je le dois. Cette page me donne l'occasion de le remercier. Ces trois années passées aux côtés de Barbara ERAZMUS, ma directrice de thèse, m'ont été riches d'enseignements. J'ai pu profiter de son expérience pour accomplir le travail qu 'elle m'a confié, mais également pour m'ouvrir à d'autres aspects de ce thème de recherche. J'ai également bénéficié de ses précieux conseils lors de la rédaction de ce mémoire. Je tiens à lui exprimer toute ma gratitude pour ce travail en commun et le dévouement dont elle fait preuve afin que mon aventure dans la recherche ne s'achève pas avec cette thèse. Tout au long de ce travail, j'ai pu compter sur l'aide soutenue de Lilian MARTIN, (y compris lors de son séjour au MSU !). Il a su garder un intérêt actif pour l'expérience qui a fait l'objet de sa thèse. Qu'il soit assuré de ma reconnaissance pour cette agréable collaboration et ses conseils avisés. C'est avec un réel plaisir que j'ai pu découvrir l'approche théorique de mon travail auprès d'un spécialiste de l'interférométrie, Richard LEDNICKY. Je tiens à le remercier pour la patience et la grande disponibilité dont il a fait preuve, ainsi que pour m'avoir fait l'honneur d'être rapporteur de ce travail. Je remercie Jorg AICHELIN de m'avoir fait l'honneur de présider mon jury de thèse, mais également pour les discussions qui ont conduit à la réalisation d'une partie de ce travail. Merci également à Christoph HARTNACK, qui a activement pris part à cette collaboration. J'ai pu compter sur la présence de Hans Georg RITTER parmi les membres de mon jury. Je tiens à le remercier de m'avoir accordé un peu de son temps pour prendre part à revaluation de ce travail. J'ai éprouvé beaucoup de plaisir à travailler avec Jan PLUT A, qui m'a toujours particulièrement impressionné par sa grande disponibilité malgré le grand nombre de tâches qu 'il prend en charge. Un laboratoire de recherche ne pourrait fonctionner sans le concours des services techniques et administratifs. En particulier, je remercie Evelyne GERBAUD d'avoir gardé un oeil vigilant sur les procédures administratives nécessaires au bon déroulement de ma soutenance. Merci également au service informatique, qu'on oublie trop facilement dès lors que tout fonctionne correctement. Enfin, je ne voudrais pas oublier mes compagnons de thèse, aux côtés de qui j'ai passé la totalité ou une partie de ces 3.15648 10 31 fin/c. Que ceux qui n 'ont pas encore soutenu reçoivent mes plus vifs encouragements. D. EFFETS DIRECTIONNELS 1. Analyse de la séquence d'émission pour le couple proton-deuton 2. Effets directionnels pour le couple p-t 3. Effets directionnels pour le couple p-a a) Etude de la séquence d'émission des particules b) Influence du champ coulombien sur la résonance du 5 Li 92 4. Effets directionnels pour les autres couples de particules non identiques 5. Synthèse sur la séquence d'émission des particules de types différents CHAPITRE IV : L'INTERFEROMETRIE : UNE TECHNIQUE POUR L'ANALYSE DES CORRELATIONS DYNAMIQUES ET DE L'EVOLUTION DES COLLISIONS A. LES LIMITES D'UNE ANALYSE STATIQUE 1. Influence des corrélations entre l'impulsion et les coordonnées spatio-temporelles des point d'émission des particules 2. Evolution de la source B. ANALYSE AVEC LE MODÈLE DYNAMIQUE MICROSCOPIQUE QMD 1. Présentation du modèle dynamique QMD 2. Notre simulation a) La réaction 129 Xe+ 48 Ti à 45 MeV/u b) Spectres en énergie et distributions angulaires c) Sélection en paramètre d'impact C. ANALYSE DES CORRELATIONS 1. Distributions spatio-temporelles des points d'émission des particules a) Critère d'émission des particules b) Distributions spatiale et temporelle d'émission des protons 2. Corrélations dynamiques entre les variables cinématiques 3. Fonction de corrélation a) Influence des corrélations dynamiques b) Comparaison avec la fonction de corrélation expérimentale CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES Chapitre I Approche théorique des corrélations dans le cadre d'un modèle quantique A. LE CONTEXTE 1. Les phénomènes à l'origine des corrélations Dans les collisions d'ions lourds, les corrélations entre deux particules proviennent de plusieurs phénomènes. Historiquement, les interférences d'origine quantique entre les fonctions d'onde de deux particules identiques ont permis d'interpréter [GOL60] les distributions de deux pions observées dans la réaction proton+antiproton. L'indiscernabilité des deux particules, nous impose de symétriser (pour les bosons), ou d'antisymétriser (pour les fermions) la fonction d'onde de la paire. Le carré de son module s'écrit, pour des particules libres, de spin j, représentées par des ondes planes, et non polarisées, (h = c = 1 ): 2(2./ +1, 2(2;+ 1) où x, = (/,, r t ) est le quadri-vecteur position de la particule i, et p t -(£,-, p^ ) est son quadrivecteur énergie-impulsion. En posant p=(pi+p2)/2, q=p\-pi, x=x\-xi et X=x\+X2, on peut décomposer le mouvement des deux particules en un mouvement d'ensemble et leur mouvement relatif :

I’ve extended Einstein’s famous energy formula E=m·c^2. In my latest paper, I’ve demonstrated that any elementary rest mass (m) is also the product of a Lorentz-like factor f & c^2 (m=f·c^2) so that Einstein’s formula E=m·c^2 becomes E=(f·c^2)·c^2 <=> E=f·c^4. This new simple formula E=f·c^4 also offers an elegant solution to the notorious Millennium-prize mass gap problem. Based on this new simple formula (E=f·c^4), all elementary particles can be modelled as 4D quantum Kerr micro-black holes governed by a very strong gravitational field with strength of at least 10^28·G acting around Planck scales.

A re-upload of  the latest paper. In there, we explore the intriguing realm of low dimensional manifolds, particularly knots, and their historical journey from antiquity,  Renaissance, up until today. A Calculi section has been added, and a personal opinion subsubsection to enrich the academic discourse, in describing the curvature, how linear approximations does not work as their substitute, as we pay for the consequence of choosing our tools. mistakes —Most importantly curious to hear your thoughts on these constructive concepts, and finally Ricci flow is mentioned as a working example for comprehension and pondering upon  Enjoy the read!​