Economic Justice

Th e history of the legal emblem has not been written. A seemingly fortuitous invention of the humanist lawyer Andrea Alciato in 1531, the emblem book is an extraordinary pictorial turn in the early history of publishing and in the emergence of modern law. Th e preponderance of juridical and normative themes, of images of rule and infraction, of obedience and error in the emblem books is critical to their purpose and interest. It is no accident that the history of this highly successful scholarly genre is dominated in authorship and content by lawyers. Legal Emblems and the Art of Law is the fi rst study of the emblem tradition as a juridical genre. It argues that these picture books of law depict norms and abuses in classically derived forms that become the visual standards of governance. Despite the plethora of vivid fi gures and virtual symbols that defi ne and transmit law, contemporary lawyers are not trained in the critical apprehension of the visible. Th is book reconstructs the history of the emblem tradition so as to evidence the extent to which a gallery of images of law already exists and structures how the public realm is displayed, made present, and viewed.

In the literature on M&A and social justice, equality is regarded as an important principle to facilitate social integration. This article debates what happens when the equality principle is operationalized; from intentions in the pre‐merger process to the distribution of resources and decision‐making rules in the post‐merger process. In a merger between two state‐owned telecoms corporations in the Scandinavian countries, we found that the principle of equality had the reverse effects on social integration to that predicted in the literature. Instead of facilitating the social integration process, the equality principle led to perceptual and structural fallacies negatively influencing social integration. We suggest that these disintegrating effects were particularly strong because this was an international merger between two state‐owned firms of unequal size.

Using the analytical method, the purpose of this paper is to emphasize some constitutional and legal principles, whose application and implementation will lead to UAE judiciary governance. Six major principles can be summarized as a result of these principles (Khalil, 2022). A few of these principles serve as a foundation for the UAE judicial governance; others serve as a guarantee for judicial governance. Further, the principles of openness of the judiciary, a confrontation between litigants, and appeals against court rulings ensure judicial governance (Alsubaie, 2022). At the end of this paper, a number of results shall be confirmed. The UAE judiciary will definitely preserve the right to litigation as a result of its governance. Additionally, all citizens and residents shall have the right to initiate legal proceedings without discrimination, provided that the following rights are satisfied: the right to legal counsel, the right to confrontation between litigants, and the right t...

Since the mid-twentieth century, the question of achieving procedural and substantive justice in the context of judicial mediation has received significant attention beginning with the work of Owen Fiss and Lon Fuller. Recent work has highlighted the growing inefficiencies of civil litigation in economically advanced countries, while at the same time, cautioning judiciaries to ensure that justice is safeguarded in extra-judicial procedures. 1 Building on a growing body of empirical cross-jurisdictional research examining mediation reform and policy, 2 this book explores 1

As judicial systems advance, evolving conceptions of justice are reflected in varying emphasis on the role, place and practice of mediation in civil courts. How such programmes provide opportunities for party directed reconciliation, on the one hand, while ensuring access to formal legal channels, on the other, remains an area of continued inquiry. Drawing on an 83 person survey, case studies of 10 mediation jurisdictions, and time-series analysis of aggregate civil justice indicators, this book explores comparative empirical findings examining the association between judicial mediation structure and perceptions of justice, efficiency and confidence in courts. Variation among such programmes reflects, to a large extent, distinct approaches to individual and collective responsibility for the financial, social and temporal resources required for resolution. Given the highly contextual nature of court mediation programmes, the book highlights achievements, challenges and lessons learned in the implementation of mediation programmes for general civil claims. Programme achievements largely depend on the functioning of the civil litigation system, the qualities and skill of the mediators, safeguards against bias, participant education, and cultural and institutional support.

Since the mid-twentieth century, the question of achieving procedural and substantive justice in the context of judicial mediation has received significant attention beginning with the work of Owen Fiss and Lon Fuller. Recent work has highlighted the growing inefficiencies of civil litigation in economically advanced countries, while at the same time, cautioning judiciaries to ensure that justice is safeguarded in extra-judicial procedures. 1 Building on a growing body of empirical cross-jurisdictional research examining mediation reform and policy, 2 this book explores 1

Kesadaran hukum masyarakat sangat penting untuk memfasilitasi akses terhadap keadilan, yang didasarkan pada prinsip negara hukum dan perlindungan hak asasi manusia. Di Indonesia, masih terdapat kesenjangan yang signifikan dalam akses keadilan bagi populasi berpenghasilan rendah dan rentan, yang sering kali disebabkan oleh kurangnya pengetahuan hukum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki pentingnya mempromosikan kesadaran hukum sebagai strategi fundamental untuk mencapai akses keadilan. Studi ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang mencakup analisis literatur. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa kesadaran hukum dapat dievaluasi melalui empat indikator utama: pemahaman konsep hukum, pemahaman terhadap undangundang, sikap terhadap masalah hukum, dan kepatuhan terhadap standar hukum. Strategi untuk meningkatkan kesadaran hukum meliputi inisiatif pendidikan formal dan nonformal, program penyuluhan, kolaborasi di antara berbagai pemangku kepentingan, dan strategi responsif yang mengatasi kebutuhan kelompok marginal. Selain itu, penelitian ini menyoroti fungsi penting lembaga bantuan hukum dalam mendidik komunitas yang kurang beruntung tentang hak-hak dasar mereka. Dengan meningkatkan kesadaran hukum, individu lebih mungkin untuk berpartisipasi aktif dalam proses hukum dan membantu mengurangi ketidaksetaraan dalam sistem peradilan.

Scholars have studied how women’s domestic and transnational civil society activism addresses the gendered nature of transitional justice. In contrast, they have paid scant attention to women’s impact on transitional justice policy-making in institutions. We leverage the feminist institutionalist perspective that makes visible gendered norms, rules, and discourses in institutions. Homing in on women’s influence in parliaments where women are outnumbered by men and marginalised by adversarial discourse, we develop a conceptualisation of women’s discursive agency. Foregrounding discourse in women’s ability to drive change, women’s agency is enacted through their linguistic communication style and substantive normative positions that constitute micro- and macro-level structures of domination. Quantitative and qualitative discourse analysis is applied to a corpus of parliamentary questions about transitional justice in the Croatian parliament from 2004 to 2020. Our results show that wom...

This article is the last in the series of three articles on transnational marriage abandonment. It will consider the particular problem of dowry in transnational marriages which has implications for cases arising from abandonment in particular, and more broadly for cases of domestic violence and in financial settlements upon divorce in (international) family law. This article examines the meaning and nature of the practice of dowry and the contexts in which dowry is practiced in South Asia and in South Asian communities in the UK, as well as the implications of dowry for legal practice in England & Wales. The particular, the implications of dowry in transnational marriage abandonment will be scrutinised. Reflecting on the themes and issues emerging from the series, a set of recommendations in relation to gaps in current practice as well as risk indicators and recommendations to foster a more effective practice will be presented.

Tulisan ini menjelaskan kompatibilitas Islam dan HAM serta upaya-upaya penegakan dan perlindungan HAM di Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara Muslim. Tulisan ini dengan demikian menolak anggapan sejumlah pengamat tentang ketidaksesuaian atau pertentangan antara Islam dengan HAM, terutama karena sebagian besar negara-negara Muslim kini belum sepenuhnya melindungi dan menegakkan HAM. Sejak awal Islam telah mengakui perlindungan hak asasi manusia (HAM), yang kemudian dirumuskan oleh para ulama dengan konsep maqâshid al-syarî'ah (tujuan syari'ah). Sebagai salah satu negara Muslim, Indonesia di era Reformasi ini telah berkomitmen untuk melakukan perlindungan dan penegakan HAM sejalan dengan penerapan sistem demokrasi secara substantif. Hanya saja, kini masih ada sejumlah masalah atau kendala dalam perlindungan HAM ini, baik yang bersifat substantif, struktural maupun kultural. Pemerintah, DPR serta civil society dan organisasi-organisasi keagamaan telah melakukan upaya-upaya untuk mengatasi persoalan dan kendala itu.

Despite the recent decision of the European Court of Justice to consider plant obtained by New Breeding Techniques (NBTs) as GMOs, there is still an intensive debate in Europe on the use of these new techniques in the organic farming. For this reason, understanding organic consumers' viewpoint towards NBTs is essential for the future of the sector. Following the Q method approach (Brown, 1980), a pilot study was conducted in Italy with 36 organic consumers. The balanced Q-sample, which accounted 48 statements regarding NBTs, was defined according to a 4 x 2 factorial design with six replications. Results demonstrated the presence of two relevant viewpoints towards the adoption of the NBTs in the organic seed and plant breeding sector.

ing back more than a decade. As Mora, Dávila, and Rodríguez (2017) note, Puerto Rico already was confronting a prolonged humanitarian emergency before María because of its severe economic crisis-La Crísis Boricua-that had been ongoing since 2006.3 At a fundamental level, the extended Crísis Boricua cannot be viewed separately from the racialized colonial policies that dispossessed the Puerto Rican people of their own resources and economic potential and, simultaneously, severely limited the island's sovereignty. Since the US invasion of the island in 1898, Puerto Rico's role as a site of extraction has escalated with the primary purpose of benefiting the (mainland) United States while increasing the island's dependence on the larger power (Lloréns, Santiago, Garcia-Quijano, & de Onis, 2018).4 The more recent wave of purportedly debt-driven austerity has spurred a new wave of net out-migration, the largest yet in Puerto Rico's history, as well as high unemployment, declining labor-force participation, and the worsening of a host of other socioeconomic conditions Mélendez & Hinojosa, 2017). Given this backdrop, it is clear that any long-term solution must involve a change in political status for the island and a social-justice-based restitution of appropriated wealth. In this working blueprint, we center on redress, calling on the fiscal/ethical responsibility of the United States to engage in debt cancellation, thereby removing the pretended rationale for austerity. We also call, as part of a larger public investment plan, for implementation of a locally administered, island-wide, permanent Puerto Rican Job Guarantee (PRJG), with specific intent to build, staff, and maintain a sustainable renewable-energy-based infrastructure. A living-wage-based PRJG would not only help

The focus of this paper is to highlight and review the evidence surrounding common intimate partner rape (IPR) myths, their prevalence in society, and identify those who are most likely to endorse such beliefs. Six core IPR myths are discussed related to misconceptions surrounding (1) women’s decisions to remain in abusive relationships, (2) why women delay or never report IPR, (3) women’s perceived motivations when an IPR report is made, (4) a perceived lack of trauma that occurs as a consequence of this type of rape, (5) male sexual entitlement within intimate relationships, and (6) whether it is even possible to rape a marital partner. This article draws together a wealth of studies and research that evidence why such IPR myths are indeed factually inaccurate and examines how victims, justice professionals, police practitioners, and legal decision-makers endorsement of false beliefs pertaining to intimate partner rape serve to hinder various justice pathways. We discuss the conse...

That judges, defense attorneys, and prosecurors are part of a courthouse community that responds to organizational pressures is no longer questioned. What remains puzzling is exact!), nhat impact or~anizational.fac.tors have on case outcomes. In this research, one aspect q / this general question is investigated-nhether the clients ~f"repeat-pla.rers" enjoy spec,ial beneJ7t.s or hear special burdens when punishments are distributed. Previous research has found that the clients of repeat-players.frequentl),.fare norse than other ciefendants. In the court under study, we.find the distribution of justice unaffected br this variable. The taskfor future research is to spec,i/j those conditions under w'hich the level of attorney-court contac't either ~zill or u,ill nut have an impact on the distribution of punishment.

Relazione all'incontro di studio fra i Tribunali e le Corti costituzionali di Spagna, Portogallo, Francia e Italia (Siviglia 26-28 ottobre 2017) 1.Carte e Corti europee per la tutela dei diritti fondamentali; 2. Un primo interrogativo: una Carta dei diritti "traboccante"? 3. Un secondo interrogativo: andare oltre la "disapplicazione"? 4. Per un aggiornamento della Sentenza Simmenthal: segnali di apertura della Corte di giustizia?; 5. Un necessario dialogo fra più protagonisti; 6. Riassumendo e concludendo. Allegato n.1: Corte costituzionale e Corte di Lussemburgo: dalla incomunicabilità alla collaborazione Allegato n.2: La Corte costituzionale e la Corte di Strasburgo: alla ricerca di un equilibrio Alla tutela dei diritti fondamentali nell'ambito dell'Unione europea concorrono, come è noto, molteplici fonti: le costituzioni nazionali; la CEDU, sia per la forza propria che le deriva dal diritto internazionale, sia per effetto dell'adesione ad essa dell'Unione (tuttavia ancora non avvenuta per le note resistenze); i «principi generali», che comprendono, oltre ai diritti sanciti dalla stessa CEDU, quelli risultanti dalle tradizioni costituzionali comuni agli Stati membri; la Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell'Unione europea, seppur limitata agli atti riconducibili all'attuazione del diritto europeo. A queste vanno aggiunte alcune dichiarazioni internazionali, in particolare la "Carta sociale europea"(del 1961 ma ratificata dall' Italia con la legge 30 del 1999), che in base all'art.150 del TFUE l'Unione e gli Stati sono tenuti a "tenere presente". il quadro è divenuto ancora più complesso dopo il Trattato di Lisbona, in particolare per effetto dell'art.6 dello stesso. Detto articolo esordisce, infatti, al paragrafo 1, stabilendo che l'«Unione riconosce i diritti, le libertà e i principi sanciti nella Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell'Unione europea del 7 dicembre 2000, adattata il 12 dicembre 2007 a Strasburgo, che ha lo stesso valore giuridico dei trattati». La norma prosegue prevedendo, al paragrafo 2, che «l'Unione aderisce alla Convenzione europea per la salvaguardia dei diritti dell'uomo e delle libertà fondamentali»; e si chiude , al paragrafo 3, con la statuizione in forza della quale «i diritti fondamentali, garantiti dalla Convenzione […] e risultanti dalle tradizioni costituzionali comuni agli Stati membri, fanno parte del diritto dell'Unione in quanto principi generali». Non bastando quel giudice a Berlino che Bertolt Brecht faceva auspicare al mugnaio di Potsdam, più Corti sono chiamate ad assicurare l'osservanza di più Carte: le singole Corti costituzionali nazionali, la Corte di giustizia, la Corte europea dei diritti, nonché i Giudici comuni, altrettanto protagonisti nei fronti periferici. Strette fra queste Corti e i giudici comuni, che con le prime dialogano direttamente (o pretendono di farlo ), le Corti costituzionali nazionali rischiano l'emarginazione? Una posizione comunque non facile per la Corte italiana, dovendo contemporaneamente garantire (a differenza, ad esempio, di quella francese) sia la Costituzione nazionale, sia l'applicazione del diritto europeo, sia l'osservanza della Convenzione dei diritti. In due allegati, ai quali rinvio, metto in rilevo i percorsi compiuti dalla Corte italiana su due fronti: nel rapporto con la Corte di Giustizia (allegato 1) e in quello con la Corte di Strasburgo (allegato 2). Compito non facile anche per altre Corti costituzionali; ma da qualche anno -questo è l'aspetto positivo -diffidenze e sospetti fra esse e la Corte di Giustizia sono venuti meno o si sono decisamente attenuati; lo dimostra il ricorso al rinvio pregiudiziale ormai acquisito dalle maggiori corti costituzionali, prima titubanti: da quella italiana nel 2008 (e dal 2013 per i giudizi in via incidentale), da quella spagnola nel 2011, da quella tedesca nel 2014 e da quella francese con un tormentato e discusso revirement nel 2013. E' una situazione favorevole -questo il senso della seconda parte del mio intervento -per interrogarsi sui problemi posti dalla esistenza di due canali paralleli: da una parte la Corte di Giustizia e i giudici comuni chiamati a "interpretare" ed applicare il diritto europeo, e quindi a "disapplicare" le norme nazionali contrastanti, dall'altra le Corti costituzionali chiamate, dalla Sentenza Simmenthal in poi (1978), a "ritrarsi " rispetto all'applicazione del diritto europeo (ma inevitabilmente invogliate ad erigere barriere -i "controlimiti" -in nome dell'identità costituzionale nazionale). La presenza di questi due canali paralleli, su cui si sono retti per anni i collegamenti fra i due ordinamenti, nazionale e comunitario, può essere messa in crisi dalla applicazione della Carta di Nizza. Questa Per due motivi: a) perché da essa passa oggi la tutela dei diritti fondamentali nello spazio giuridico europeo, con disposizioni spesso coincidenti, financo nella formulazione letterale, con quelle relative a diritti riconosciuti dalle costituzioni nazionali; b) perché, essendo organizzata per "diritti" e per "principi", spesso redatti in termini necessariamente "aperti", mette in evidenza un problema più generale; che può essere così riassunto: cosa si intende per "diritto immediatamente efficace" , e quindi applicabile? Quel diritto, cioè, che, dopo la Sentenza Simmenthal, fa scattare la competenza dei giudici comuni e ritrarre la competenza delle Corti costituzionali. Mi porrò quindi tre interrogativi: 1) come valorizzare la Carta di Nizza per la tutela dei diritti fondamentali ma contenendone l'effetto di "traboccamento", onde evitare possibili esiti di emarginazione (e alla distanza di delegittimazione) delle Costituzioni nazionali? 2) come aggiornare i criteri su cui si reggono sia la Sentenza Simmenthal sia, per quanto riguarda la giurisprudenza italiana, la Sentenza Granital? Possono applicarsi in caso di contrasto fra norme della Carta dei diritti e norme interne gli stessi criteri adottati per anni (e con successo) per risolvere i conflitti fra norme di legge nazionali e regolamenti europei? 3) come evitare che il rapporto diretto fra la Corte di Giustizia e i Giudici comuni porti ad aggirare (contourner) le funzioni delle Corti costituzionali ? Come rafforzare il diritto europeo, non "contro" o "nonostante" o "senza" i Tribunali costituzionali (così è stato per anni), ma con l'attivo concorso degli stessi (e non dei soli Giudici comuni)? Concluderò, infine, con una considerazione di carattere più generale: è credibile la funzione c.d. "federalizzante" dei diritti fondamentali? Vi è stato, in Italia (ma non solo), chi ha inizialmente guardato con sufficienza o diffidenza alla Carta di Nizza. Per un verso v'era chi riteneva che per effetto della evoluzione intervenuta nella giurisprudenza della Corte costituzionale la Costituzione italiana sarebbe stata più che sufficiente a garantire i diritti fondamentali; per un altro verso v'era chi pensava che in ogni caso la giurisprudenza della Corte di Giustizia avesse già adeguatamente coperto ampi spazi. Tra i primi, il riferimento non andava solo ai diritti espressamente contenuti nel ricco elenco della Costituzione italiana del 1948 ma ai "nuovi diritti ", quelli di "nuova generazione", resi possibili dalla sempre più coraggiosa giurisprudenza costruita attingendo alla clausola generale racchiusa nell'art.2 della stessa Costituzione ("La Repubblica tutela i diritti inviolabili dell'Uomo…."). Infatti, dalle iniziali affermazioni circa la funzione meramente "riassuntiva" di detta norma (vista cioè come un mero riepilogo delle libertà espressamente sancite nel testo della Costituzione), la Corte costituzionale era passata progressivamente alla individuazione in base ad essa di nuove e specifiche situazioni soggettive (potendosi parlare di una clausola "a fattispecie aperta").

Ibn Ruchd is one of the important readers and commnetators of Aristotelian philosophicalclassical books. This study, firstly, aims to explain that why Aristotle's De Anima is perceivedas one of main classical book regarding psychology by Muslim philosophers. De Animadetermines basic subjects and problems of psychology and builds explatanory concepts andtheories within logical consistency. Beside that De Anima tries to solve the main problems ofhuman beings such as the meaning of life, freedom, justice and happines. Further, for IbnRuchd, Aristotelian philosophical literature gives the opportunity to establish an harmoniousand consistent human understanding. As a part of this literature, De Anima plays an essentialrole in constructing the relations among God, the nature and human beings.Ibn Ruchd's three commentaries on De Anima are different attemps and examples ofunderstanding and commenting. Therefore, this study tries to determine the characteristicsof these commentaries ...

In the UK, national and local government are still struggling to cope with the economic crisis which ensued in 2008. The effects of that crisis are still being felt in the United Kingdom with significant reductions in public sector expenditure leading to budget cuts in the criminal justice system and public services more generally. In June 2013, the UK Chancellor projected further expenditure cuts from 2015 onwards. Justice Reinvestment (JR), however it's been defined has been proposed by UK policy makers and campaign groups as a way of responding to these economic problems. Proponents argue that at a modest level, it has the potential to deliver efficiency gains in the way in which the criminal justice system is operated. On a more ambitious scale, JR may fundamentally transform the way in which criminal justice services are delivered. Drawing on evidence from Justice Reinvestment experiments in the UK -including Payment by Results (PbR) pilots in England and Wales -this paper examines the nature and extent to which models of Justice Reinvestment can be implemented in an "age of austerity" against the backdrop of the wider application of Payment by Results commissioning for criminal justice and related services.

Election is a democratic means to elect leaders and representatives of the people, where Bawaslu has a strategic role as an election supervisory institution. Bawaslu is tasked with ensuring that each stage of the election is in accordance with laws and regulations, with the legal basis listed in Law No. 7 of 2017. As a quasi-judicial institution, Bawaslu has the authority to issue decisions that are final and binding. However, in practice, the implementation of follow-up to Bawaslu decisions often faces challenges, such as disobedience or suboptimal implementation by the KPU and related parties. This study aims to examine the urgency of legal certainty in supervising the implementation of Bawaslu decisions and to determine the ideal model of supervision to fulfill the principle of legal certainty. The method used is normative juridical with a legislative approach, with primary and secondary data sources. The results of the study show that there is a legal vacuum that hinders the optimal implementation of the decision. Therefore, this study emphasizes the urgency of an integrated supervision model with strict evaluation and sanction mechanisms, which can increase compliance with Bawaslu decisions and ensure the implementation of elections in accordance with legal provisions.

This article examines the methods and strategies introduced by the Qur'an for establishing a just society. More specifically, it argues that the opening verse of Surat al-Nisa (the fourth chapter of the Qur'an) serves as a roadmap for humanity on how to achieve true peace, establish authentic justice and maintain sustainable security in every aspect of life. In doing so, the article addresses the following questions: What does the Qur'an mean when it states that humanity is one family? What should be done to affirm every person's dignity and respect is preserved? How can we secure justice and establish peace for all people? What are the measures that should be considered to evaluate our success or failure strategies? The article engages with these critical issues through the lens of the Quran, applying the methodology of reading the Qur'an intratextually as one structural unity (al-wihda al-binaʾiyya lil-Qur'an). This holistic method reads the Qur'an as a unified text by cross-examining and integrating its linguistic, structural, and conceptual elements. The article highlights the Qur'anic model to prevent injustice and promote peace through justice and mercy by being individually accountable to each other.

Preparing graduates to respond to society's most pressing issues and become responsible citizens has always been a core goal of American colleges and universities. The emerging discipline of Deaf studies shares this goal. While teaching about American Sign Language (ASL) and the culture of the Deaf community, academic programs also have the responsibility to prepare students in Deaf studies to become directly involved with the community. An innovative teaching method called service-learning provides a link between postsecondary institutions and the needs of the community . This technique can be very effective in bridging the gap between academia and the Deaf community.

This chapter deals only with universities in England, rather than in the UK as a whole, due to decentralisation of higher education responsibilities to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland following the 1998 Acts of Parliament on devolution. In England, there are many types of public higher education (HE) and further education (FE) academic institutions that award first degrees, but in this chapter, only those with university status are discussed.

Artificial intelligence, despite still being a developing technology, can be considered an inevitability in law, as it is in any other field. Described in Germany as part of a 4th Industrial Revolution, it confirms no battle against evolution would be fruitful. Nevertheless, given AI is a certainty in the future of law, the applications should be debated. The objective here is to exam applications of AI in Law in Brazil and in the United States of America, and to evaluate its use to resolve conflicts outside the Judicial System, instead of through Justice. With the assistance of the comparative and deductive methods and the Cartesian doubt to process the data, the main conclusion is that AI is more useful for simple and repetitive litigation, and it could deliver benefits through dispute resolution outside the Judicial System, with smart technologies, resulting on a Smart Dispute Resolution alternative.

I am honored to be part of this celebration of Professor Chiu Hungdah's life and accomplishments. Professor Chiu was a scholar and a mentor to me. Even after all our years of friendship, he remained the respected -Professor Chiu.‖ When I started out in my academic career some 25 years ago, it was to Professor Chiu's intellect and his extensive library that I first turned. At the time, there were few Chinese law related materials available (primary or secondary), which stands in stark contrast to present day, where there seems to be an overabundance of materials (some accurate, but many not). Professor Chiu was one of the first to have a comprehensive collection of good and relevant Chinese-language law materials. If the material was in Professor Chiu's collection, I knew it to be a reliable source. And so, every Wednesday for the first year of my academic career, I would drive from D.C. to Baltimore, park my car, and come in for a day's research. Eventually, I also learned to bring my -bento‖ box lunch because each day at noon Professor Chiu, Mrs. Wu, and whoever was working in the office that day, would sit down around a long conference table in the library for lunch. It was a time for conversation and advice. Through these lunchtime talks, Professor Chiu became a friend and a mentor.

This paper analyzes the dynamics and challenges of the movement of a Legal Aid NGO (LANGO) in Indonesia in advocating for the rights of the weak, poor, and marginalized to gain access to justice during two decades of reform. Through historical, sociological, and political insights, this paper reveals the discursive narrative of neoliberal governmentality for the last twenty years. This study uses a qualitative method, with data collection techniques of observation, documentation, and in-depth interviews with three informants from Legal Aid NGO. Using the Foucaultian analytical framework, this study finds that neoliberal governance has shaped LANGO as a managerial subject that implicitly and obediently promotes the discourse and practice of neoliberal rationality. But on the other hand, LANGO becomes an administrative subject resistant to neoliberal rationality by performing several maneuvers and tactics: promotion, contextual adaptation, avoidance/avoidance, and rejection. This contradiction and ambivalence become a severe challenge for LANGO in realizing equal access to justice for the marginalized and vulnerable in Indonesia.

I didn't want a divorce, but now Ifeel stronger, more self-reliant. , "The judge was pretty routine and businesslike. ,2 "Ifelt that my privacy had been invaded since I had to sign the divorce papers in the public reception area. No one seemed to care about my privacy or my sense of rights .... "' Current law-and-development literature overwhelmingly urges the privatization of the economy and the establishment of a rule-of-law system, which endows citizens with rights and obligations, with the expectation that democracy and equality will inevitably follow. However, the above excerpts from my research interviewing female Chinese divorce litigants about their experiences in the Chinese court system capture a much more ambiguous effect of Chinese reforms on its citizens' sense of rights and entitlements. This article looks at China's recent legal reform through the eyes of male and female divorce litigants, and examines the kinds of citizenship rights that are being promoted through the Chinese court system. Are the changes occurring within the Chinese legal system encouraging a sense of citizenship rights and equality amongst its citizens? How has the Chinese court system benefited its most vulnerable citizens? Are Chinese legal reforms consistent with its citizens' conceptions of justice?

What impact did the Oslo Accords have on the Palestinian Arab minority in Israel? With no avenue for expressing their views inside Israel, and with no recognition in Oslo, the minority responded by reconceptualizing its politics, campaigning for equal rights as a national indigenous minority. Oslo has led to a dual process: it has accelerated the 'localization' of their struggle, focusing on minority rights and justice within Israel-while simultaneously openly supporting the wider Palestinian struggle for national rights and self-determination and a two-state solution. As a reaction to the Oslo Accords, there has also been a 'localization' of Arab citizens' voting patterns in favour of Arab parties, such as the Joint List, rather than the Zionist parties.

This paper is meant to unveil how GICA-Justicia Quality Management Standard is the only reported service performance quality management standard, specifically intended for judicial accreditations. Drawing strongly from a specific literature review, interviews, and focus groups with international experts in the judicial quality assurance field, this paper explores the conceptual differences between the novel GICA-Justicia Project Quality Management Standard and other judicial service performance approaches.

The paper is part of a collaborative research organized by the International Association of Youth and Family Judges and Magistrates (AIMJF/IAYFJM) on child participation in family and protection matters. The article explains the legal, institutional and procedural aspects of child participation in the Justice System in Argentina.

Nurse researchers engaged in qualitative interviews with patients and spouses in healthcare may often experience being in unforeseen ethical dilemmas. Researchers are guided by the bioethical principles of justice, beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for human rights and respect for autonomy through the entire research process. However, these principles are not sufficient to prepare researchers for unanticipated ethical dilemmas related to qualitative research interviews. We describe and discuss ethically challenging and difficult moments embedded in two cases from our own phenomenological interview studies. We argue that qualitative interviews involve navigation between being guided by bioethics as a researcher, being a therapist/nurse and being a fellow human being or even a friend. The researchers’ premises to react to unexpected situations and act in a sound ethical manner must be enhanced, and there is a need for an increased focus on the researchers’ ethical preparation and ...

Alternative dispute resolution has always been a panacea for access to justice and access to justice is any process or procedure that will make justice accessible, available and affordable. The elitist and technical litigation system has failed to respond with promptitude the societal quest for justice in the dawn of painful injustice. These realities exceedingly justified the establishment of the court connected ‘ADR’ processes in Nigeria. There is a universal consensus that one of the pervasive and endemic threat to global peace and development is domestic violence and has also bedevilled Nigeria and about to be declare a national malaise. This study seek to highlight the extent and severity of domestic violence and the need to be included in to purview of court connected ‘ADR’ system having satisfy the threshold severity of violence emerging from family/marital relationship. This study will also distinguish family/marital disputes from domestic violence and critique the jurisdict...

The rationale for effective inter-organisational buyer-supplier relationship is consistently governed by the extent of its commitment to equitable justice perception, relevant performance metrics and high utilization of sensitive predictors of performance outcomes. Based on the conceptual model from the perspective of system theory, the mediating role of trust, satisfaction and socialization would be examine against the effect of antecedent variable such as interpersonal and informational justice towards achieving superior supplier performance. The expectation is, there would be a greatest impact of informational and interpersonal justice on trust, satisfaction and socialization, with an indirect effect on supplier performance in a long term cooperative relationship. There are extensive study on the buyer-supplier relationship and how the buying firm manages its supplier though, recent researches have articulate the need to investigate the impact of informational and interpersonal justice on behavioural performance because of the little attention paid to it , and the effect of information on project outcomes on supplier performance via the relevant yet to be examine mediating factors. In this paper we argue that, a relevant specific mutual justice perception is associated with socialization mechanism, trust, and satisfaction and supplier performance. We also explicate the antecedent conditions resulting to eventual superior supplier performance with anecdotal point of reference to our claim.

RESUMO: A COVID-19 é responsável direta pelo aumento da litigiosidade de saúde, individual e coletiva, no Brasil e no mundo. O estudo tem como objetivo principal apresentar o projeto de pesquisa conjunto entre Direito, Medicina e Ética (Ufes e Fiocruz) para avaliar o impacto da COVID-19 no Sistema de Justiça e como os profissionais do direito e da saúde compreendem essa litigância e reagem a ela. Para alcançar tal objetivo, serão pesquisadas a quantidade e a qualidade da litigância desde o início da ocorrência da pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil, especialmente no Espírito Santo, com foco na litigância de saúde. A análise qualitativa levará em conta que em tempos de pandemia, o processo de tomada de decisões em saúde pública tem sido marcado por uma

We conducted a systematic review to document ethical concerns regarding human upper extremity (UE) allotransplantation and how these concerns have changed over time. We performed a systematic review of 5 databases to find manuscripts addressing ethical concerns related to UE allotransplantation. Inclusion criteria were papers that were on the topic of UE allotransplantation, and related ethical concerns, written in English. We extracted and categorized ethical themes under the 4 principles of bioethics: Autonomy, Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, and Justice. We assessed theme frequency by publication year using Joinpoint regression, analyzing temporal trends, and estimating annual percent change. We identified 474 citations; 49 articles were included in the final analysis. Publication years were 1998 to 2015 (mean, 3 publications/y; range, 0-7 publications/y). Nonmaleficence was most often addressed (46 of 49 papers; 94%) followed by autonomy (36 of 49; 74%), beneficence (35 of 49; 71%)...

El autor, en el presente artículo, analiza los principales cambios normativos introducidos en el sistema de<br> justicia peruano a partir de la aprobación de la Ley de Reforma Constitucional que crea la Junta Nacional de Justicia y su<br> Ley Orgánica. En primer lugar, esboza los proyectos de ley presentados por el Poder Ejecutivo, con miras a reformar el<br> sistema de justicia y el estado de la cuestión de estos. En esa línea, se analiza la Junta Nacional de Justicia (JNJ) y cómo<br> esta ha implicado un cambio respecto a lo establecido por el otrora Consejo Nacional de la Magistratura. Al respecto,<br> expone las funciones y composición de la Junta Nacional de Justicia, en su calidad de organismo constitucionalmente<br> autónomo encargado de nombrar, ratificar y destituir jueces y fiscales de todos los niveles, resaltando la necesidad de<br> garantizar procesos meritocráticos, transparentes y públicos.<br>

Electoral participation is one of the important pillars of any country's development. Therefore, the study was conducted with the aim of the effect of social justice on electoral participation. For this purpose, Inglehart and Milbrath theories were used as a theoretical framework. The research method was survey and data were collected using a questionnaire. The statistical population included young people aged 15 to 40 in the cities of Mazandaran province. Multi-stage cluster sampling method and sample size based on Cochran's formula is 384 people. The measuring instrument has formal validity and the Cronbach's alpha value of the independent variable is 0.82 and the dependent variable is 0.77, indicating that the correlation and internal alignment between the items related to the variables is appropriate and acceptable. The results show that the average turnout is above average, equal to 2.34. There is a positive and direct relationship between social justice and the lev...

A school psychology training model that translates social justice from an aspiration to a model of practice for school psychologists will be examined. The strategies used to incorporate principles of social justice into the school psychology graduate training program with the goal of preparing school psychologists as agents of change will be discussed as well as key areas of training that were targeted (i.e., program mission, student body, program courses, community partnering, and community‐based projects). Evaluative data from three cohorts about the impact of their training experiences on integrating social justice into their professional practice will be presented. Graduate student perceptions, implications of the training model, and suggestions for programs that are considering embracing a philosophy of social justice in an explicit way will be discussed.

All'interno del più ampio fenomeno della cosiddetta "giuridificazione" degli errori storici, il documento esamina il ruolo del diritto privato come strumento per la giustizia riparativa. Considerando che l'uso del diritto privato e dei suoi rimedi (ad esempio il contratto, illecito, arricchimento ingiusto) come strumenti di "riparazione" può sembrare in contrasto con le funzioni di giustizia riparativa, il documento valuta l'ampia controversia che è stata avviata in diversi sistemi giuridici soprattutto a partire dalla fine del XX secolo e che, sebbene basata su affermazioni mutuate dal diritto privato, pongono una serie di problemi specifici che meritano attenzione.

Restorative justice processes, and family group conferences in particular, have become increasingly common in justice system practices across the globe. There has also been significant scholarly interest. Yet, with several notable exceptions, much of the research has been characterized by relatively weak designs, and questions related to the impact of family group conferences on reoffending remain unanswered. This research is intended to begin to address these issues. The study is based on an experiment conducted in Indianapolis, Indiana whereby young, first-time-offending youths were randomly assigned to either a family group conference or one of a number of court-ordered diversion programs. Nearly 800 youths participated in the experiment, and the cases were tracked for 24 months following their initial arrest. Survival analysis techniques were used to compare prevalence patterns of re-offending among the treatment and control groups. The results indicated a significant difference between the two groups with the control group experiencing higher rates of failure (reoffending). The differences were most pronounced during the period of 3-8 months following the initial arrest. Incidence rates were also compared. Assignment to the treatment group was negatively related to incidence of offending. Given the consistent finding of victim benefits in restorative justice processes, the results suggest that conferences hold promise as an effective intervention, at least for young first-time offenders, and warrant continued experimentation.

Restorative justice processes, and family group conferences in particular, have become increasingly common in justice system practices across the globe. There has also been significant scholarly interest. Yet, with several notable exceptions, much of the research has been characterized by relatively weak designs, and questions related to the impact of family group conferences on reoffending remain unanswered. This research is intended to begin to address these issues. The study is based on an experiment conducted in Indianapolis, Indiana whereby young, first-time-offending youths were randomly assigned to either a family group conference or one of a number of court-ordered diversion programs. Nearly 800 youths participated in the experiment, and the cases were tracked for 24 months following their initial arrest. Survival analysis techniques were used to compare prevalence patterns of re-offending among the treatment and control groups. The results indicated a significant difference between the two groups with the control group experiencing higher rates of failure (reoffending). The differences were most pronounced during the period of 3-8 months following the initial arrest. Incidence rates were also compared. Assignment to the treatment group was negatively related to incidence of offending. Given the consistent finding of victim benefits in restorative justice processes, the results suggest that conferences hold promise as an effective intervention, at least for young first-time offenders, and warrant continued experimentation.