Early Modern History

"This study reconsiders identity in the early modern world in order to both illuminate and explain Veneto-Ottoman cultural interaction and coexistence. To accomplish this, it is necessary to move beyond the “clash of civilizations” model which surveys the relationship between Islam and Christianity from a geo-political perch, and instead to analyze the lived reality on a microscopic level. Focusing on a localized microcosm such as the large Venetian merchant and diplomatic community in Constantinople reveals the experience of Venetians and Ottomans living side-by-side, and illuminates the complex ways that people of diverse religious and cultural backgrounds interacted and coexisted on a communal level on the frontiers of the Mediterranean.
The argument is two-fold: First, a study of the Venetian nation in Constantinople shows that while factors such as religion, culture and political status could be integral elements in constructions of self and community, identity cannot be essentialized into any one of these elements. Early modern identity was multilayered, multivalent, and composite; it was not an apprehendable object, the sum total of its constituent parts, but rather a dynamic process. This is evidenced both in the Venetian nation, with its multiple layers of official and unofficial elements and its porous boundaries, and in the self-fashioning of Jews, renegades, and merchants who inhabited the broader world of Constantinople.
Second, I challenge the conflictual model of Veneto-Ottoman relations and suggest instead a more complex understanding of the intersection of cultures. Although dissonance and strife were certainly part of this relationship, coexistence and cooperation were more common. The Orientalist image of a binary Mediterranean is unsatisfactory because it is rooted less in quotidian experience than in the descriptive vituperativeness of the era’s rhetoric. Rhetorical literature reveals perceptions of the other, but it leaves open for speculation the question of whether this matched actual experience. The fact is that Ottomans and Venetians did find ways to inhabit the same world in relative peace; the challenge is to explain this reality."

Samuel Fleischacker has argued that distributive justice originates in the eighteenth century. We show that this is wrong. We focus on the principle of extreme necessity, developed in twelfth and thirteenth century canon law, and subsequently adopted in civil law. Despite its immense importance for the history of political thought, the principle is barely know, and much less discussed. We briefly characterize the main tenets of the principle and show that it meets all the criteria to count as a principle of distributive justice.

The concept of modesty is closely associated with the concept of shame. The Pakistani equivalent of “shame” and “shyness” in the Urdu language is a single word Sharm. Despite the distinct nature of the emotions of shyness and shame, Sharm may mean both of these terms at the same time, interchangeably or separately, often hard to differentiate. In the first sense (shyness), a woman is generally perceived to be shy or inhibitive by nature. Shyness is considered to be an ornament for women. A woman who is not shy may be perceived as too blunt to be modest. For example, in his poetry, Akbar Allah Abadi (famous Muslim poet during British India) criticizes the modern Muslim woman who chose to be Shama-e-Anjuman (club chandelier) abandoning her role as a Charagh-e-Khana (candle of her house). In the second-sense (shame), a woman is thought of bringing shame (Sharm) to her family and herself if she violates a social or religious norm. A Muslim woman is thus dictated to adopt both of these roles (shyness and shame) by a single powerful word—Sharm. The use of one word for two distinct emotions, however, makes it hard to distinguish one set of feelings from the other.

Joint review for Theology in Scotland (forthcoming)

Calvin: A Brief Guide to his Life and Thought, Willem Van’t Spijker, translated by Lyle D. Bierma, Westminster John Knox Press, 2009, pp.208, ISBN 978-0664232252. £16.99.

Calvin: A Guide for the Perplexed, Paul Helm, T&T Clark, 2008, pp.186, ISBN 978-0567032027. £14.99.

http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/divinity/rt/tisjournal/

Democracy has never been more popular. It is successfully practiced today in a myriad of different ways by people across virtually every cultural, religious or socio-economic context. The forty-five essays collected in this companion suggest that the global popularity of democracy derives in part from its breadth and depth in the common history of human civilization. The chapters include exceptional accounts of democracy in ancient Greece and Rome, modern Europe and America, among peoples’ movements and national revolutions, and its triumph since the end of the Cold War. However, this book also includes alternative accounts of democracy’s history: its origins in prehistoric societies and early city-states, under-acknowledged contributions from China, Africa and the Islamic world, its familiarity to various Indigenous Australians and Native Americans, the various challenges it faces today in South America, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Asia, the latest democratic developments in light of globalization and new technologies, and potential future pathways to a more democratic world. Understanding where democracy comes from, where its greatest successes and most dismal failures lie, is central to democracy’s project of inventing ways to address the need of people everywhere to live in peace, freedom and with a say in the decisions that affect their lives.

This paper has two parts. In the first part are related  the aspects about simulation of an eeg signal  doing use of the Independent Components Model (ICA), across Fourier Discret Transformer (FDT).  The second part talks about statistical treatment of data generated in the first part and its comparison with data from a real eeg signal. This comparison is made with  the T- student estimater as a tool of inference. The idea with this comparison is that researcher can do an appreciation about what kind of signal is a patient generating in some instant. If this is possible, then we could do a prediction about any another signal as for example an epilepsy or any brainess disease and, off course, a monitoring in real time of eeg signals.

"Vid. a book review by Teófilo F. Ruiz (University of California. Los Angeles)

“Yet, there is a great deal here that is most commendable and that makes this book worthy of review and reading. The author shows a willingness to explore new issues, thus moving his description of the social and economic history of Santander to different interpretative and analytical stages than those occupied by earlier studies. His openness to other European historiographies is also to be noted, as in his careful treatment of women and their role within strategies of social reproduction. Centering his study on questions of space –spaces of production, spaces of power, spaces of social reproduction- Solórzano has produced a book that it is both innovative and informative”.

"The American Historical Review". Vol. 114, No. 1: pp. 194-195.

Book reviews:
a.The American Historical Review. Vol. 114, No. 1: pp. 194-195 by Teófilo F. Ruiz de la University of California.
b. Edad Media. Revista de Historia, nº 5, p. 303-306 by Jesús G. Peribáñez de la Universidad de Valladolid.
c. Le Moyen Age. CXIX.2013, p. 235, by C. Mazzoli-Guintard.

Could democracy have a 'secret' history? Most of us are familiar with a history of democracy that emphasises the keystone moments in the story of Western civilization: the achievements of the ancient Greeks and Romans, the more recent development of the British parliament, the American Declaration of Independence and the French Revolution, and the gradual global spread of democracy since the end of the Cold War. The central argument of this book is that there is much more to the history of democracy than this standard history admits. There is a whole secret history, too big, complex and insufficiently 'Western' in character to be included in common accounts.

In exploring The Secret History of Democracy, the contributors establish that democracy was developing in the Middle East, India and China before classical Athens, clung on during the 'Dark Ages' in Islam, Iceland and Venice, was often part of tribal life in Africa, North America and Australia, and has developed in unexpected ways through the grassroots activism of Muslims, feminists and technophiles.


"This exciting book surely enlivens and enriches our debate on democracy and its future by digging afresh oft-forgotten, yet most enlightening democratic experiences found in human history. "
- Takashi Inoguchi, Professor Emeritus, University of Tokyo and President of the University of Niigata Prefecture, Japan

"The thought-provoking essays gathered in The Secret History of Democracy provide convincing evidence that democratic mechanisms have been invented many times and in many places, including times and places neglected in common accounts. This collection is a sobering reminder that democratic practices have often been succeeded by something else. But one also takes away a sense of the dynamic character of democratic history and the endless diversity of practices with some reasonable claim to embody democratic principles. As growing numbers wonder about what sorts of political institutions make sense in the face of the enormous problems confronting the twenty-first century, this demonstration of the long human history of political creativity gives some reason for hope."
-John Markoff, Professor, University of Pittsburgh, USA

"A fascinating, thought-provoking and well-informed survey of little-known "roots of democracy" and "proto-democratic" systems and movements across the globe , from ancient and "primitive" to modern societies. An eye-opener that forces us to differentiate more carefully and to rethink the history of democracy."
- Kurt Raaflaub, Emeritus Professor, Brown University, USA

Friedrich Spees geistliches Gedichtbuch "Trutz-Nachtigal" zählt zu den bedeutendsten Zeugnissen deutscher Poesie des 17. Jahrhunderts. Diese Studie versucht, anhand zentraler Motivkomplexe und Gestaltungsstrategien die poetologische Textur dieses Werkes offenzulegen und seine Leistung im Schnittfeld von Dichtung und Theologie zu bestimmen. Intertextuelle Interferenzen, narrative Schachtelungen und hermeneutische Impulse beziehen den Leser ständig aktiv in die Sinnkonstitution ein, führen ihm aber auch die Grenzen seiner Erkenntnisfähigkeit vor Augen. Darin zeigt sich die Mittlerfunktion der Trutz-Nachtigal, die den Menschen näher zu Gott führen will, zugleich aber stets die Distanz zum Numinosen markiert und damit das Begehren nach dem Unerreichbaren in lebendiger Dynamik erneuert.


"Trutz-Nachtigal" ("Counter-Nightingale"), a collection of spiritual poetry by Jesuit Friedrich Spee, is counted among the most important publications of 17th century German poetry. This study attemps to reconstruct the poetological texture of Spee's poems by examining their central motifs and design strategies und to determine their achievement in the intersection of poetry and theology. Intertextual interferences, narrative nestings and different levels of hermeneutic impulses serve to incorporate the reader actively in the book's constitution of meaning, but also continually confront him with the limits of his cognitive and intellectual abilities. This manifests the mediating role of the "Counter Nightingale", which tries to lead man closer to God, yet always highlights his distance to the numinous and thus keeps renewing his desire for the inaccessible.

Monograph on the impact of the Tridentine reforms in Spain.  Includes studies of inquisitorial activity, episcopal policy, and quantitative studies of the parish clergy, catechization, confraternity membership, and death rituals.    This version unfortunately does not include the graphs, tables, maps, and illustrations, but the full book is available at libro.uca.edu.

"This article considers a little known chapter in the long history of the question of the nature of biblical poetry. The debate between the Jewish scholar Raffaele Rabeni and the Christian Hebraist Biagio Garofalo (1710-1714) exemplifies shifting attitudes and concerns of eighteenth century Jewish and Christian polemists. Ostensibly, the exchange concerned an apparently innocuous topic, the “Poetry of the Hebrews”, namely, whether Biblical poetry was rhymed or metrical. At a closer look, the two scholars, equally familiar with Spinoza's biblical critique and the latest philological and critical scholarship, clashed over the textual authority of the Hebrew Bible.

This Italian polemical exchange not only foreshadows emerging developments in the field of biblical studies, but it also differs from previous examples because of its public ramifications. The debate was publicized by the Giornale de' Letterati, Italy's foremost scholarly journal of the time, which sided with Garofalo. For his part, Rabeni actively opposed the publication's “modern” approach to sacred and profane history by supporting the Jesuit Father, Giovan Antonio Bernardi, in the course of a heated controversy over the journal's historiographical stance and objectivity.

Unlike most cases of early modern Jewish-Christian polemics examined by researchers, the Rabeni-Garofalo affair and its ramifications reflect the birth pangs that accompanied the emergence of the modern study of sacred and diplomatic history in Italy, and is best understood within the context of historical and philological-critical studies that characterized the early stages of the Italian Enlightenment."

Abstract:

This article discusses a new view of leadership in the context of “the information renaissance.”  The article describes and clarifies the current era as a historical period, beyond the information revolution, that most resembles the dynamic and challenges of the European renaissance.  Recognizing parallels and characteristics helps leaders understand the era’s serious challenges and develop its historic opportunities.

Using expertise in information networking as its basis—the movement and use of information—individuals need to develop a leadership model based on the role of renaissance man and renaissance woman, and organizations need to add knowledge-value to everything they touch.  Despite the era’s paradoxes and risks, leadership approaches like these enable individuals and organizations to succeed and prosper in the information renaissance.

The article is in five main sections: 1. Context of the era—Information Renaissance; 2. Characteristics of the European and Information Renaissances; 3. Information Renaissance Success for Individuals and Organizations; 4. Information Networking as the key component in a Knowledge Society; 5. Conclusions and Recommendations.

The primary audience for the article is management and knowledge workers with functional, research & development, or technical roles.  The article’s objective is to assist managers and knowledge workers, in knowledge-driven organizations, to develop realistic career and organizational strategies appropriate for the challenges of the information renaissance era.

Le système d'identification institué en Italie au tout début du XXe siècle est très fortement influencé par celui mis en place par Alphonse Bertillon en France dans les années 1880-1890. L'impératif de contrôle et surveillance des subversifs politiques sous-tend presque toute l'activité de fichage dans ce pays. La multiplication des applications de l'anthropologie criminelle, courant alors prédominant dans le domaine judiciaire transalpin, favorise la création d'une police d'identification au sein de l'Ecole de police scientifique de Rome. S'intéressant à ses origines, cet article insiste sur l'originalité du modèle italien de fichage dont la théorie et les pratiques s'orientent vers une identification globale, biologique et typologique des délinquants. Il interroge aussi le devenir de ce champ policier durant l'avènement du fascisme et ses liens avec une conception totalitaire de la nation.

Cet article expose l’histoire du Service de l'identité judiciaire, créé à la préfecture de Police en 1893, et son rôle dans la construction d’un système national d’identification et de recherches. Fondée sur les sources policières et les écrits d’Alphonse Bertillon, cette étude aborde les formes de centralisation des fichiers de police et la professionnalisation des fonctionnaires de police, formés aux méthodes du signalement. L’étude des relais de transmission des notices signalétiques, mis en place sur l’ensemble du territoire, permet d’expliquer la réussite du modèle français d’identification policière.
This article tells the story of the Service de l'identité judiciaire, set up at the prefecture of Police in 1893, and its role in building a national system of identification and research. Based on police sources and the writings of Alphonse Bertillon, this study discusses how police files were centralised and how the civil servants of the police force developed professional skills through training in description. The study of the system for relaying descriptions, set up throughout French territory, explains the success of the French model of police identification.

This paper illuminates Leibniz's conception of faith and its relationship to reason. Given Leibniz's commitment to natural religion we might expect his view of faith to be deflationary. However, we show that Leibniz's conception of faith involves a significant non-rational element. We approach the issue by considering the way in which Leibniz positioned himself between the views of two of his contemporaries, Bayle and Locke. Unlike Bayle, but like Locke, Leibniz argues that reason and faith are in conformity. However, in contrast to the account that he finds in Locke’s Essay, Leibniz does not reduce faith to a species of reasonable belief. Instead, he insists that, while faith must be grounded in reason, true or divine faith also requires a supernatural infusion of grace.

Magistrates from the Provedoria of Aveiro (1700-1770). A prosopographical study

1.The research
This research started with the need to understand the destiny of many graduates of Coimbra's University in the eighteenth century, especially those who chose to serve the King as his magistrates in local and central courts, as well as in administrative tasks through out the country and empire - who where this men, what was their social and economical background, why did they choose the King's service as a career and if this was a life choice or just a step towards other ambitions - professional or social.
I decided to follow the lives and career of law students who had graduated between 1700-1770 , born in the Provedoria of Aveiro and, of course, who decided to serve the King as magistrates.
Sixty five names were found and a long and hard research was just beginning.

2. Sources
In order to find these names I used the lists of those who applied for the King's service. These sources are called " Leitura de bacharéis" and provide us with information concerning the name, parents name, date and place of birth and marital status of the candidate. In them we can also find the date and result of the examination that all candidates had to take in order to become magistrates and to be placed in specific posts.
This examination consisted of what we can call a academic examination (exame) that would show the skills of the candidate and inquiry on his life and the lives of his ancestors: the "inquirição de genere" . This narrow inquiry based upon the deposition of an average of ten "witnesses" , giving us names of parents grandparents and espouses, social status, professions, places of birth, etc. The main purpose of this inquiry was to detect those candidates that carried "impure blood" (sangue impuro), which meant having Juish or Moslem relatives. If any "impurity " was found the candidate could not become a magistrate
Also if the candidate parents or grandparents had been artisans it would be difficult for him to pursuit this kind of career. But in this case the King could overlook this "stain" in return for a signed promise from the candidate offering himself to serve in the most remote places of the empire like Brazil or Africa .
Other important source are the Santo Ofício's inquisitions. Not all candidates to magistrates went trough this kind of inquiry, only those who tried to become "familiares" (which meant to be a servant, and informant of the Portuguese Inquisition and obtain all kind of privileges). The main purpose of this thorough inquiry was to detect any impurity of blood. The result is a true and faithful genealogy that can be useful to enrich and compare data from other sources.
Similar to these inquiries were the ones made to those who wished to become Knights of "Ordem de Cristo" , a title which was an important "tool" for those with ambitions of fortune and social recognition.
Other information concerning these men came through the works of some notorious genealogists like Felgueiras Gaio. These source gave me the possibility of checking the data gathered in other genealogies and provided a glimpse of the marital alliances of the magistrates and their sons and daughters.
Reconstructing careers is a much more difficult task because there are no systematic records in central courts archives of the magistrate's professional paths. But fortunately a eighteenth century monk gathered an impressive quantity of information concerning magistrates of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: from the date of their examinations to the several posts they occupied and even several small biographies, full of details that helped to identify individuals and their relations.
These are the sources which were t placed in a database. It produced, after identifying people, several micro-biographies that gathered all this data.

By offering an apology of Japan's closed country policy, Engelbert Kaempfer (1651–1716) was contributing not so much to the literature of exotic journey record, but rather to the field of European political and moral theory, and importantly to the debate over the relative merits of ancient and modern societies and effects of international commerce. There is a marked lack of scholarly attention given to Kaempfer as a modestly interesting political theorist, compared to a substantial body of research praising his record as a scientifically minded observer of remote cultures. As a deceptively straightforward specimen of the genre of travelogue, and also because it has tended to be treated mostly as a pioneering attempt in western Japanese studies, Kaempfer's work has not generally been considered in its relation to the debate on Europe’s own moral and political predicament. When it has, the emphasis tended to be on the influence his work exercised on the enlightened European mind and its awareness of alien cultures, rather than on the extent to which the moral and political questions he sought to answer regarding Japan’s situation were in fact standard questions formulated within the wider European debate on commerce and government. This paper hopes to correct the imbalance by placing Kaempfer's argument into the context of such contrasting contemporaneous positions as those represented, respectively, by Joseph Addison's view of global commerce in The Spectator and by François Fénelon's vision of the ideal commonwealth of Salente in his Aventures de Télemaque.

This article explores the relationship between Montaigne and Plutarch, arguing that the Greek author had two identities to the essayist: as an intimate friend and as a moral philosopher. The importance of this double identity becomes clear as the article uncovers how Montaigne viewed the work of moral philosophy as a form of writing that needed to imitate life and relationships between people.

This article re-reads the Journal de voyage and Montaigne's writing about healing in terms of nobility and dignity, arguing that the essayist's narrative about self-care, specifically healing related to riding the horse and visiting curative baths, corresponded to a new intense struggle to die (and age) well that Montaigne hoped might replace the conventional male ideal of the soldier on the battlefield.

Joseph Attias (1672–1739) was a Livornese savant who was active, in different roles, in both Jewish and non-Jewish circles. Despite his reputation as a great scholar, reinforced by his well-known exchanges with G. B. Vico and L. A. Muratori, Attias did not leave any literary remains and has never been studied in his own right. The catalogue of Attias' extensive library of more than 1200 volumes, one of the largest Jewish-owned collections in the early eighteenth century, which has lately resurfaced in the State Archives of Livorno, allows for a reappraisal of his cultural proclivities. Based on a study of the catalogue, supplemented by published and unpublished sources that include the minutes of the Livornese Jewish council, private correspondence, and travel accounts, Attias' activities as a cultural mediator are reconstructed and his intellectual stance, including his Hebraic learning and role in the Livornese Jewish community alongside his secular studies, is considered. Attias' involvement with the scientific culture of his days, his participation in the Republic of Letters, and his involvement with the Inquisition are investigated.

This brief paper explains in Spanish the collaborative multidisciplinary and multinational research project "Dynamic Complexity of Cooperation-Based Self-Organizing Commercial Networks in the First Global Age" (DynCoopNet), which is one of five projects in the European Science Foundation's EUROCORES (European Collaborative Research) Scheme program "The Evolution of Cooperation and Trading" (TECT). This explanation was provided as part of the preparation for a meeting of the DynCoopNet Portuguese and Spanish teams that was held in Madrid on 30 May 2008.

Kora újkori értelmiségiek állami szolgálatban ARSÁNYI NAGY JAKAB, az erdélyi fejedelem portai követségén szolgálatot teljesítı nemes nem volt különösebben elégedett feljebbvalóival. II. Rákóczi Györgynek írt levelében 1656 ıszén így foglalta össze az erdélyi követtel kapcsolatos benyomásait: "Itt minden keresztyén követek, rezidensek tudósok, csak az oláhok barbarusok, kiktől nem sokat külömböz az mi rezidensünk is." 1 A havasalföldieknek és moldvaiaknak általában rossz hírük volt a kora újkori Erdélyben és Magyarországon -a humanista mőveltség hiányát kortársaik számos esetben felrótták nekik -, így azzal, hogy az erdélyi rezidenseket a vajdák képviselıihez hasonlította, Harsányi elég erıteljes eszközt használt véleménye kifejezésre juttatására. 2 Arra a meggyızıdésére akarta felhívni a címzett figyelmét, amely szolgálatának öt éve alatt alakult ki benne: hogy a fejedelemség követei nem képesek munkájuk ellátására, és ennek mőveletlenségük legalább annyira oka, mint a fejedelemség ügyei iránti felelısségérzetük teljes hiánya. Természetesen Harsányi nem különösebbet titkolta, hogy -meggyızıdése szerintaz ı tevékenykedése jelentette Erdély érdekében az egyetlen felelısségteljes viselkedést a Fényes Portán.

A 17. szá za di Eu ró pa la ko sai szá má ra a há bo rús ál la pot min den na pi élmény nek szá mí tott. A pon tos szá mok ról nyil ván va ló an le het vi tat koz ni, ám a Johannes Burkhardt ál tal ki mu ta tott ará nyok ál ta lá ban még is el fo gad ha tók: a kora új kor kö zép sõ év szá za dá ban min den na gyobb ha ta lom részt vett va la milyen há bo rús ko dás ban a szá zad mint egy 60 szá za lé ká ban, há bo rús éve ik szá ma te hát na gyobb, mint a bé ké ben töl töt te ké. 1 Ez ter mé sze te sen nem azt je len ti, hogy bár mely te rü le ten élõ kö zös ség 100 év bõl hat van ban kény te len volt el visel ni a ke resz tül ha la dó, ál lo má so zó, il let ve csa tá kat vívó se re gek nyo má sát: a há bo rú kat az ál lam ha tá ra in kí vül is vi sel het te, és nyil ván va ló, hogy egy ál lam te rü le tén be lül is sok szor vál to zott a front el he lyez ke dé se. Annyi azon ban bizto san le szö gez he tõ: a há bo rú min den 17. szá za di ál lam szá má ra ál lan dó el foglalt ság volt, sõt, egyes elem zé sek sze rint a mo dern ál lam ki ala ku lá sa jó részt a had se re gek gya ra po dá sá nak és az ezek kel kap cso la tos lo gisz ti kai prob lé máknak a kö vet kez mé nye. A há bo rút ter mé sze te sen nem csak a se re gek vív ták: az a dip lo má cia, az állam kö zi kap cso la tok ide o ló gi ai szint jén is folyt. Bár -mint a fen ti ek bõl lát ha tóa há bo rú a kora új ko ri ál lam ter mé sze tes ál la po tá nak te kint he tõ, meg in dí tá sa még sem volt ma gá tól ér te tõ dõ: egy-egy had üze net össze ál lí tá sa ko moly esz mei ap pa rá tus fel vo nul ta tá sát is igé nyel te. Mi vel -a gya kor lat tal el lent mon dó, ám még is ál ta lá no san el ter jedt el kép ze lés sze rint -az em ber, el sõ sor ban pe dig a keresz tény em ber ter mé sze tes ál la po tá nak a bé két tar tot ták, az ural ko dók szá mára há bo rú ik meg in dí tá sa kor majd nem min den eset ben szük sé ges volt, hogy alapo san meg in do kol ják a konf lik tus fegy ve res útra te re lé sé nek szük sé ges sé gét. A leg több ször nyom ta tás ban is nap vi lá got látó, így az ural ko dók szûk kö ré nél széle sebb nyil vá nos sá got kapó, az egyes há bo rúk le gi ti má ci ó já val fog lal ko zó írá sok egész pamf let ára dat tal árasz tot ták el Eu ró pa ol va só kö zön sé gét. Vi tat ha tó, hogy 1 Johannes Burkhardt: Der Dreißigjährige Krieg. Frank furt am Main 1992. 9. 2 A há bo rú kora új ko ri sze re pé re l. Matthew Smith Anderson: War and Society in Europe of the Old Regime 1618-1789. Lon don 1988. A há bo rú sze re pé rõl a kora új ko ri ál lam ala ku lá sá ban: Charles Tilly: Coercion, Capital, and the European States, AD 990-1990. Camb rid ge, MA 1990. 67-95. A had ügyi for ra da lom té zi se, Michael Roberts ál tal fel ve tett ere de ti for má já ban szin tén el sõsor ban erre, és nem annyi ra a -ké sõbb so kak ál tal vi ta tott -ha di tech ni kai vál to zá sok ra fó ku szált: Michael Roberts: The Military Revolution, 1550-1650. In: Uõ: Essays in Swedish History. Lon don 1967. 195-225. Újabb, a had ügyi for ra da lom és az ál lam, il let ve a tár sa da lom össze füg gé sé re koncent rá ló elem zés Robert I. Frost: The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northern Europe 1558-1721. Harlow 2000.

Re-published on paper with some amendments in: Gábor Kármán - András Péter Szabó (eds.): Szerencsének elegyes forgása: II. Rákóczi György és kora [The Diverse Turns of Fortune: György Rákóczi II and His Age]. Budapest: L'Harmattan, 2009. pp. 243-269.

Far from being confined to New England only, the Puritan migrations spread across the whole Atlantic world throughout the seventeenth century. This article analyses the various conditions encountered by puritan communities in very different environments and shows how New England, as opposed to other attempts around the Atlantic basin, was the only region, the only terroir, where a durable settlement was possible.

i n t é g r e r , e n a n a l y s a n t l e p r isme providentiel inhérent aux auteurs calvinistes ainsi que les dimensions diplomatique et le d i s c o u r s v i s a n t à l é g i t i me r l ' i n s t a l l a t i o n d e s An g l a i s s u r d e s t e r r e s d é j à occupées. Abstract : This article retraces the evolution of the perception of Amerindian populations by the founders of Plymouth, in New England, before and shortly after crossing the Atlantic in 1620, through a reading of their narratives, namely Wi l l i a m B r a d f o r d ' s History of Plymouth Plantation, mainly, but also Mo u r t ' s Relation (1622), attributed to Bradford and Edward Winslow, which contains a l o n g l e t t e r b y R o b e r t C u s h ma n , a n d Wi n s l o w' s Good Newes from New England (1624). The providential prism inherent in Calvinist authors, the diplomatic dimensions as well as the discourse legitimizing the settlement of the English on already occupied lands are taken into account to reveal the indissociability of the various population groups and of a region on which the English managed to integrate. Nous reviendrons ensuite sur le prisme providentiel à travers lequel les Anglais de Plymouth interprétèrent la rencontre anglo-amérindienne, puis sur la dimension géostratégique des relations entre ce groupe et les différentes tribus de la région, avant de terminer par quelques remarques s u r l e d i s c o u r s d e l é g i t i ma t i o n d e l ' o c c u p a t i o n d e s t e r r e s e t sa postérité d a n s l ' h i s t o i r e d e s É t a t s -Unis, notamment au XIXe siècle. Notre étude se limitera aux premiers mois de la présence anglaise en Nouvelle-Angleterre, depuis le débarquement en 1620 j u s q u ' à 1622, année marquée par le « massacre », en mars, de 350 colons anglais en Virginie et la mort, en septembre, de Squanto, le célèbre Indien anglophone. Nous utiliserons le terme d ' «espace » pour sa dimension abstraite ; « terres », dans un sens plus concret, en raison des implications agricoles du terme ; « région », pour désigner une zone déterminée, mais dans une acception large (ici la Nouvelle-Angleterre) ; « territoire », pour une subdivision plus ou moins c l a i r e me n t d é l i mi t é e s o u s l ' i n f l u e n c e d ' u n g r o u p e h u ma i n d o n n é , et enfin « échiquier », pour décrire l ' i n t e r a c t i o n s t r a t é g i q u e c o n c u r r e n t i e l l e d e s d i f f é r e n t e s p o p u l a t i o n s d ' u n e n s e mb l e d e t e r r i t o i r e s v o i s i n s o u p r o c h e s . Au niveau documentaire, nous nous appuierons essentiellement sur le récit de William Bradford déjà mentionné, et dans une moindre mesure sur deux autres textes rédigés dans les premières années de la colonisation : Mo u r t ' s R e l a t i o n , publié en 1622, et Good Newes from New England, daté de 1624, en nous autorisant quelques comparaisons avec d ' a u t r e s é c r i t s puritains qui ne furent pas le fait des colons de Plymouth, connus par la postérité comme les « Pères Pèlerins ». 3

The architecture of the Palazzo Francesconi. Baldassarre Peruzzi: a career spent between Rome and Siena

On the basis of new documents and a detailed analysis of its fabric, the article examines the architecture of the Palazzo Francesconi at Siena, one of the many buildings traditionally attributed to Baldassarre Peruzzi in his hometown, but never yet subjected to any detailed study. After a summary discussion of the chronology of the building, closely linked to the fortunes of its patron, and after firmly establishing that the work began in 1520, the author examines its architecture in detail. She points out the close links with architectural research in Rome, and especially in the circle of Leo X, in the second decade of the sixteenth century, but also the differences and similarities with the contemporary context in Siena itself, from the viewpoint of plan, use of materials, design of the main façade and type of arcaded courtyard.
In the second part of her article the author presents some hypotheses on the configuration of the initial project, which was only partially put into practice, and reviews the successive changes in programme. The regular plan and the façade with superimposed orders – a case unique of its kind in Siena in the first half of the sixteenth century –, the patron Bernardino Francesconi’s network of political and family contacts, the dating, personal relations with the Sienese artistic environment, and the traces identified in other projects of the architect and in some of his drawings, permit the author to argue convincingly for the project’s attribution to Peruzzi. A less schematic division of the chronology of Peruzzi’s activity as an architect, traditionally separated into an ante 1527 in Rome and a post 1527 in Siena, results from this. The article thus suggests a greater mobility of Baldassarre and lends force to the idea that he continued to have relations with Siena throughout his career, as would also be confirmed by other episodes recalled in the article.

Currently we know quite a lot about the legal framework surrounding marriage in the middle ages. We know how the law developed, we know about the development of the church courts and about their application of the law. But we know very little about the way in which the law was received: how people established their marriages, how they tried to protect them or how they prepared for litigation. In this paper I shall present the evidence of eight cases which show different ways in which people either tried to safeguard against or prepare for marriage litigation in fourteenth-century York. In particular, I shall focus on different kinds of pre-court tribunals found in the material. This is an institution that is common enough in practice, but these tribunals took a multitude of forms ranging from the totally informal to formal meetings in the premises of the Church (though not with a clear mandate from the church). It will also become clear that although these pre-court meetings are common, they are not required and they appear to have affected only those cases that involved litigants who can be shown to have been (or arguably should be) under some form of tutelage.