Diplomatics (Medieval)

Valencia was a city without a harbour, despite the several attempts to fill it with the necessary infrastructure. This did not prevent the capital of the ancient subsidiary kingdom of the Crown of Aragon from being part of that network of trade routes that linked between them the main cities of the Mediterranean. On the contrary, during the 14th century, while the other capitals of the Iberian Peninsula were facing the consequences of plague and famines, Valencia met unprecedented demographic and commercial growth, which intensified in the 15th century, the golden century of Valencian economy and culture. The first part of this essay summarizes the main phases of this local economic history and analyses its main characters: the foreign “nations” of merchants and artists in the city. The central part is focused on the Valencian commercial geography because, in spite of the absence of a harbour, the city developed a series of infrastructures and institutions that guaranteed its economic success. We will try to put ourselves into late medieval and modern merchant’s shoes and then we will follow his products from the seaside of Vilanova del Grao to the market square, passing through the warehouses, customs, etc. In the last part, we will show the main sources that allow to know Valencian trade and the studies that, since the 19th century, have built the history of the Valencian economy.

O artigo analisa a origem, evolução e confusões históricas em torno das figuras do notário, tabelião, escrevente e escrivão, com foco no contexto luso-brasileiro. A partir de um episódio da legislação brasileira de 1871 — a Lei nº 2.033, assinada pela Princesa Isabel, que permitiu a lavratura de escrituras por escreventes juramentados — o autor critica a hipertrofia dos tabelionatos brasileiros e seus impactos na qualidade dos serviços notariais.
O texto avança para uma abordagem histórica e comparativa, examinando as funções dos tabelliones, tabularii e notarii no Império Romano e na Idade Média, com destaque para a distinção entre fé pública e simples lavratura de documentos. Recupera trechos do Corpus Iuris Civilis e das Novellae de Justiniano, especialmente a Constituição XLV, para mostrar que os problemas modernos com delegações impróprias a auxiliares já eram objeto de preocupação no Direito Romano.
No campo português, o estudo destaca a presença consolidada dos auxiliares desde as Ordenações Afonsinas até os regulamentos régios. A persistência desses modelos no Brasil colonial e imperial é lida como continuidade de práticas históricas, cuja modernização se mostra imprescindível para a qualificação do notariado latino.
O artigo encerra com uma transcrição integral da Novella XLV de Justiniano, com tradução latina e portuguesa, como forma de ancorar historicamente a crítica contemporânea à delegação irrestrita de funções notariais.

This study examines the privileges granted to Florence by John VIII Pal- aiologos at the end of the Ecumenical Council of 1439: two chrysobull logos, one with commercial rights in Constantinople and the other allowing the city to create imperial notaries and legalise illegitimate children. In addition, the emperor granted a series of prostagmata to each elected member of the Florentine Signoria, making them Counts Palatine, who could appoint imperial notaries and use the Palaiologos coat of arms in their own family stemma. Nevertheless, these Byzan- tine charters present many peculiarities or unusual features that not only need to be identified and highlighted, but it is also necessary to contextualise how and why these Florentine privileges are so different from all other Byzantine char- ters. Therefore, this research aims to provide, firstly, a diplomatic analysis of the privileges in order to better identify their nature, secondly, a historical narrative and a political context of these privileges, together with an explanation of their ori- gins and a critical discussion of their drafting during the hectic days of the Ecumenical Council.

Blasco Sarrazín es el único Campeador victorioso documentado en el siglo XI. Un diploma del Becerro Galicano de San Millán de la Cogolla del año 1097, narra una disputa por el derecho de instalación de cabañas para el ganado, entre la villa de Colia (Villaverde de Rioja) y las localidades vecinas de Tobía y Matute. La disputa se resolvió mediante un combate judicial llamado "Campeatura", de este término se deduce lo que era ser un Campeador en el siglo XI: un luchador en combates judiciales. Gracias a este combate, y a otro similar de la misma época en Francia, conocemos el significado real de los sobrenombres "Campeador" y "Campidoctor" del héroe castellano Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar.

At the beginning of 2018, I was asked to contribute to the elaboration of a historical study in order to substantiate the General Urban Plan for the Cavadinești Administrative Territorial Unit. The documentary work required by such an approach was translated into practice by going through the research history, summing up the points with archaeological discoveries and, of course, their verification on the ground, respectively in an extensive documentary work, regarding the mentions related to the reference space. The present study represents the restricted form of the chapter dedicated to documentary attestations. Preambul. La începutul anului 2018 am fost solicitat să contribui la elaborarea unui studiu istoric în vederea fundamentării Planului Urbanistic General pentru Unitatea Teritorial Administrativă Cavadinești. Travaliul documentar impus de un asemenea demers s-a tradus în practică prin parcurgerea istoricului cercetărilor, a însumării punctelor cu descoperiri arheologice 1 și, desigur, verificarea lor pe teren, respectiv la un travaliu documentar extins, în ceea ce privește mențiunile legate de spațiul de referință. Prezentul studiu reprezintă forma restrânsă a capitolului dedicat atestărilor documentare. Comuna Cavadinești este situată în extremitatea de nord-est a județului Galați, la 80 de kilometri distanță de unitatea administrativ teritorială superioară. Comuna se învecinează la nord cu județul Vaslui (comuna Blăgești), în vest, nord-vest cu comuna Berești-Meria, la sud cu comuna Suceveni, iar spre răsărit cu Prutul care formează granița cu Republica Moldova. Trei dintre satele comunei Cavadinești (așezarea omonimă, Comănești și Gănești) sunt comasate într-un singur trup. Satul

This work is dedicated to a historical analysis of the three original medieval notarial acts from the Historical archive of the Saint Petersburg Institute of History (Russian Academy of Sciences). All three documents geographically belong to Milanese region in Northern Italy and chronologically date back to the 1147, 1187 and 1188 AD. The edition of the charters is supplemented with their translation into Russian, and external and internal criticism. This study allows not only to better examine the legal aspects of the work of the medieval Milanese notaries,
but also to highlight the specific features inherent in Lombardy.

This presentation examines the boundary clauses of approximately 100 copperplate charters issued by the kings of the Eastern Cālukya dynasty of Veṅgī. For a better understanding of how granted land is located in these charters, it proposes a simple model involving three kinds of location. "Orientation" situates land relative to a well-known point of reference such as a prominent settlement. "Position" pinpoints the location of land on a map visualised in the form of a grid by naming the adjacent settlements in most or all of the four cardinal directions. "Demarcation" delineates the boundaries of land with reference to specific landmarks. A study of the grants shows how the accuracy and detail of demarcation increased steadily over time, with demarcation taking precedence over position. The presentation also examines the points of reference used for orientation, position, and demarcation, noting the varied range of reference points, such as settlements, cultivated plots, stationary and running water features, and discusses the geographical and administrative scope of the address, the addressees, and the idiom of location, including the use of vernacular terms.

Disponible en ligne : https://archives.cotedor.fr/v2/site/AD21/web/media/03_decouvrir/02_expositions/51_expo_oublies_ducs_capetiens_catalogue.pdf

Qui se souvient des guerres qui ont opposé le duc Hugues III et le roi de France à la fin du XIIe siècle ? ou encore du moment où Dijon est devenu capitale du duché ? Qui se rappelle que les ducs de Bourgogne ont été souverains d’un royaume oriental ? Qui garde en mémoire l’expulsion des Juifs du duché de 1306 ? Les ducs de la maison capétienne de Bourgogne sont tombés dans l’oubli. Ces Oubliés ont pourtant tenu une place de premier ordre dans l’histoire du royaume de France ; ils ont gouverné le duché de Bourgogne pendant quatre siècles, entre les XIe et XIVe siècles. Parce que les Oubliés sont aussi les Oubliées, l’histoire des duchesses et de leur gouvernement est retracée. L’occasion est ainsi faite de dresser une histoire du pouvoir au féminin. À partir d’une sélection de documents originaux, de portraits et de récits d’événements, l’exposition retrace l’histoire de cette dynastie.

Malgré l’octroi d’une charte communale accordant à la ville de Caen le droit à un sceau en 1203, nous ne lui connaissons pas de sceau avant l’époque moderne. Cependant, on recense à ce jour pour cette cité près d’une centaine de sceaux conservés en Normandie, aux Archives nationales à Paris et en Angleterre. Employés du début du XIIIe siècle à la fin du XVe siècle, ils appartenaient aux représentants du pouvoir royal (français comme anglais), aux autorités religieuses de la ville ou encore aux bourgeois caennais. Les jeux d’emblèmes sur les sceaux de juridiction traduisent l’alternance des pouvoirs capétiens et anglais dans la ville au cours de la Guerre de Cent ans. Mais l’expression d’un pouvoir ne se limite pas à l’emploi d’armoiries. La qualité de gravure et la dimension des sceaux dont est dotée l’Université fondée par le duc de Lancastre au début du XVe siècle traduit bien la volonté des autorités anglaises d’afficher le prestige de cette institution. Par ailleurs, les sceaux révèlent des pouvoirs autres que politiques ou administratifs. On pense notamment au rôle économique des bourgeois qui scellent diverses ventes et donations de maisons ou terres au profit des établissement religieux de Caen. Parmi ceux-ci, les abbayes Saint-Etienne et de la Sainte-Trinité expriment leur ancienneté et leurs prestigieuses origines ducales au travers de sceaux de bonnes dimensions et à l’iconographie soignée qui n’ont rien à envier à des sceaux épiscopaux, absents de Caen, si l’on omet le sceau de Gilon de Caen, évêque de Coutances. A l’inverse, l’idéal de pauvreté des frères mineurs de Caen se traduit par le recours à des images humbles et des dimensions modestes, malgré une popularité auprès des fidèles qui les enrichit grâce aux aumônes et donations. Par ailleurs, les grands sceaux abbatiaux, réalisés par les meilleurs orfèvres, tranchent avec les petits sceaux aux images simples, parfois maladroites, qu’emploient la plupart des bourgeois, révélant le recours à des artisans du métal moins habiles. On le voit, renoncer à étudier la sigillographie de la ville de Caen au motif de l’absence de sceau communal serait un contresens : les sceaux y sont nombreux, traduisant par leur image ou leur qualité de réalisation la diversité et les évolutions de pouvoirs.

UDK 930.22 282(091) (093) Zamisao da se započne sa sustavnim istraživanjem Tajnog Vatikanskog arhiva proizašla je od djelatnika Odsjeka za povijesne znanosti (nekada Zavod za povijesne znanosti) Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti i Hrvatskog državnog arhiva. Gotovo cijelo desetljeće trajao je rad na istraživanjima (definiranje, prikupljanje, selekcija, prijepisi izrada kritičkog izdanja), od začetne ideje 1987. godine do objelodanjivanja zbirke 1996. godine. Izdavači knjige su, pored dvije gore spomenute ustanove, Kršćanska sadašnjost i Papinski hrvatski zavod Sv. Jeronima u Rimu. Višestruki razlozi koji su ponukali autore na sustavno prikupljanje i prezentiranje grade iz Tajnog Vatikanskog arhiva naznačeni su u Predgovoru (5-7) ovoj zbirci izvora. Ponajprije, autori su bili potaknuti spoznajom da povijesna povezanost hrvatskog naroda sa Svetom Stolicom traje u neprekinutom slijedu već tisuću godina. Posljedično, ove veze rezultirale su ogromnom, pored ostalih veza, pismenom prepiskom, ali se do sada "nije pristupilo sustavnom objavljivanju toga nadasve vrijednog arhivskog materijala" (5). Ova prepiska sastojala se od pisama papa, molbi i izvješća hrvatskih biskupa i opata, a sačuvana su svjedočanstva o vizitacijama hrvatskih biskupija ili samostana, o imenovanjima hrvatskih nadbiskupa i biskupa, isprave o uplatama pristojbi, te niz drugih dokumenata. Isprave koje se čuvaju u fondovima Tajnog Vatikanskog arhiva, napominju autori, ukazuju na trajnu uključenost hrvatskih prostora i hrvatskog naroda u kršćansku europsku uljudbu. Uvodnu studiju (9-53) u ovu zbirku izvora napisao je Josip Barbarić. Autor na početku razmatra postanak, razvoj, funkciju i rad najstarijeg ureda Papinske kurije -Apostolske komore "koja je vodila brigu o novčanom poslovanju Crkvene države"(9) pa se od kraja XII. stoljeća svi podaci o novčanom poslovanju unose u zasebne registre. Autor naglašava da je temeljna funkcija Apostolske komore bila briga za državne prihode i vođenje financija Rimske crkve. Slijedi kratak prikaz administrativne strukture i razvitka Komore tijekom srednjeg vijeka. Složeno financijsko poslovanje bilježeno je u posebnim knjigama Prihoda i Rashoda (Introitus et Exitus), potom su nastale knjige za desetine, prihode ispražnjenih nadarbina, prokuracije itd. Slijedi prikaz prihoda Apostolske komore kroz srednji vijek. Tako, na primjer, autor navodi da, ako je neka nadbiskupija, biskupija ili opatija imala godišnji prihod veći od 100 zlatnih forinti, nadbiskupi, biskupi i opati su morali plaćati opću pristojbu za imenovanje u visini trećine godišnjeg prihoda. Potom autor objašnjava prihod od anata koji je uveden u vrijeme pontifikata Klementa V. 1306. godine, prihode od desetine, te dragovoljno podavanje i prinos iz ljubavi zvan subsidium caritativum. Na koncu ovog dijela uvodne studije autor napominje da se često postavlja pitanje da li financijske knjige sačuvane u Tajnom Vatikanskom arhivu omogućavaju cjelovit i točan uvid u novčano poslovanje Papinske kurije. Budući da financijske knjige sadrže samo one podatke koji su se morali opravdati, te da su postojali i tajni fondovi -privatne papinske kasekoje su povremeno bile i uništavane, ove knjige daju djelomičan uvid u financijsko poslovanje Papinske kurije. U drugom dijelu uvodne studije autor razmatra pitanje općih pristojbi za imenovanje crkvenih prelata (servitia communia). Najprije objašnjava sadržaj Knjige pristojbi ili Liber taxarum, napominjući da je ona "vrelo iz kojeg se mogu crpsti gospodarski pokazatelji pojedinih biskupija odnosno opatija u srednjem vijeku"(15). Drugi važan dio općih pristojbi zabilježen je u Knjigama obveza ili Libri obligationum. To su bile pristojbe koje su biskupije i opatije plaćale Apostolskoj komori u određenim vremenskim razmacima od 1295. godine kada je

Streszczenie. W niniejszym artykule prześledzono kariery wybranych rodzin szlacheckich, których przedstawiciele zaktywizowali się w okresie bezkrólewia po śmierci Ludwika Węgierskiego (1382). Reprezentowali oni rody Doliwów, Jastrzębców, Junoszów oraz Sulimów. Sytuacja w Królestwie Polskim była napięta, bowiem społeczeństwo polskie podzieliło się na dwa obozy, które forsowały odmienne koncepcje obsady polskiego tronu. Ścierały się ze sobą opcje andegaweńska oraz piastowska. Niejako w centrum tych wydarzeń-ze względu na swoje położenie-znalazły się również ziemie łęczycka i sieradzka. W końcowej fazie konfliktu Siemowit IV zdecydował się zająć Łęczyckie, a napadu na stołeczną Łęczycę dokonał oddział dowodzony przez Bartosza z Odolanowa-wojewódzkie miasto zostało spustoszone i spalone. Zaangażowanie miejscowej szlachty w bieżące wydarzenia polityczne przyniosło jej w niedalekiej przyszłości wymierne korzyści, gdyż do tej pory nie odgrywała ona wiodącej roli politycznej. Czas zawieruchy wojennej i skomplikowana w owym czasie sytuacja prawno-polityczna ziemi łęczyckiej doprowadziły ostatecznie do objęcia przez nią urzędów (wielu otrzymało swoje pierwsze godności ziemskie jeszcze za życia Jadwigi) i w konsekwencji przyniosły awans społeczny, z którego czerpały także kolejne pokolenia. Kluczowa w awansie była naturalnie polityka Władysława Jagiełły, który pozyskiwał kolejnych stronników poprzez rozdawanie urzędów. W artykule podjęto również próbę identyfikacji przypuszczalnych stronników Siemowita IV wśród łęczyckiej szlachty, wskazując na Junoszów z Orłowa, którzy wywodzili się z Mazowsza Siemowitów.

This study examines the life and diplomatic career of Fernando Afonso de Albuquerque, Master of the Order of Santiago, focusing on his role in negotiating the Treaty of Windsor (1386). Albuquerque emerged as a key figure in Portuguese diplomacy during the late 14th century, particularly in the context of the 1383-1385 Crisis and Portugal’s struggle against Castilian influence. Drawing on historical sources, including Fernão Lopes’ chronicles and archival records from The National Archives in London, the research explores his background, his political and military career, and his allegiance shifts amid Portugal’s turbulent succession crisis. The study also contextualises the Anglo-Portuguese alliance within broader European diplomatic networks and analyses Albuquerque’s mission to England, which helped secure English military support for Portugal. By reconstructing his role in medieval diplomacy, the paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that shaped Portugal’s foreign policy and reinforced one of the longest-standing alliances in history. The findings highlight Albuquerque’s legacy as a negotiator, military leader, and influential figure in securing Portugal’s sovereignty.

Nous avions souligné dans les cours précédents que si le souverain ottoman était bien, dès les origines, un souverain musulman, doté de tous les attributs de la souveraineté définis par la culture politique de l'islam post-mongol, il restait marginal par rapport au reste du monde musulman : cette marginalité était d'abord géographique puisque son domaine, de la fin du XIII e au début du XVI e siècle, s'était étendu soit sur des territoires frontaliers de l'islam, soit avait résulté d'empiètements sur des territoires infidèles, dépourvus de tout passé musulman. Ainsi le royaume constitué de cette manière n'avait-il pas de précédent dans l'histoire de l'islam et par conséquent pas d'onction particulière liée à un rôle dans les origines sacrées de cette histoire, ni de rang assigné dans la hiérarchie symbolique des composantes de l'empire musulman. C'était (et ce sera durablement pour les peuples de l'oumma), le « sultanat de Roum », un État musulman apparu aux confins occidentaux de l'islam, à l'emplacement de l'empire romain -celui de la « nouvelle Rome », c'est-à-dire de notre Byzance. Dans ces conditions, le seul mérite et la seule légitimité dont le « sultan de Roum » pût se prévaloir aux yeux de l'ensemble de ses coreligionnaires, était d'avoir étendu le territoire de l'islam, d'y avoir inclus, par la conquête de Constantinople, en 1453, la « nouvelle Rome » elle-même, de s'être imposé comme le champion de la « guerre sainte » (désignée comme djihâd et comme gazâ). Dans le bulletin de victoire (fethnâme) qu'il adressait à la suite de la conquête de Constantinople au sultan mamelouk, Mehmed II exaltait bien entendu ses mérites mais il en marquait en même temps les limites, en opposant, de manière emblématique, « celui qui se charge de la peine d'équiper les hommes qui travaillent à la gazâ et au djihâd », formule par laquelle il se désigne luimême, à « celui qui assume la peine héritée de son père et de ses ancêtres de ranimer une nouvelle fois la cérémonie du pèlerinage à La Mecque » -allusion

Олена АРКУША, Мар’ян МУДРИЙ. ІСТОРИЧНІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ В ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНИХ ТА ПОЛІТИЧНИХ КОНТЕКСТАХ ПІДАВСТРІЙСЬКОЇ ГАЛИЧИНИ
Дев’ятнадцяте століття минуло під знаком усвідомлення ролі історичного наративу як новітнього способу організації не тільки культурного, а й соціального та політичного просторів. У тогочасній підавстрійській Галичині практики історієписання були пов’язані насамперед з польським та українським національними проектами, і лише тоді співвідносилися з пануючими пізнавальними запитами і стилями мислення – просвітницьким, романтичним чи позитивістським. Історики виступали як націєтворці, нерідко перетинаючи межу між писанням і творенням історії. У межах кожної з національних історіографічних практик існували відмінності, пов’язані, у польському випадку, з різним трактуванням причин занепаду Речі Посполитої та способів її відновлення, а в українському – з різним розумінням національної ідентичності галицько-руського населення. В інституційному плані осередками історієписання в Галичині були університети (у Кракові та Львові) і – навіть більшою мірою – культурно-освітні та наукові товариства (польське Історичне товариство у Львові, українське Наукове товариство імені Шевченка), що свідчить про перетворення історії у чинник формування суспільних настроїв, а в дальшій перспективі – у засіб творення новочасного суспільства, побудованого як національна спільнота.
Ключові слова: історіографія, Галичина ХІХ ст., інтелектуальна історія, політичні настрої, націєтворення.

Olena ARKUSHA, Marian MUDRYI. HISTORICAL RESEARCHES IN INTELLECTUAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXTS OF AUSTRIAN GALICIA
The 19th century passed under the sign of awareness of the historical narrative as a modern way of cultural, social and political spaces. At that time practices of historical writing in Austrian Galicia were mostly related with Polish and Ukrainian national projects and only in the second turn they were correlated with dominating cognitive queries and thinking styles – elucidative, romantic or positivism. Historians acted nation-builders, crossing a limit between limning and creation of history. Within the
limits of each of national historiography practices there were the differences in both writings. In Polish case they mainly concerned the reasons of Commonwealth decline an methods of its renewal while
Ukrainian writings described understanding of national identity of the Galician-Ruthenian population. In an institutional plan the cells of historical writing in Galicia were universities (in Krakow and Lviv) and even in a greater degree cultural, educational and scientific societies (Polish Historical society in Lviv, Ukrainian the Shevchenko Scientific Society) that testifies to converting of history into the factor of forming public moods and in a further prospect creation of modern society built as a national association.
Key words: historiography, Galicia of the 19th century, intellectual history, political moods, nationbuilding.

La serie documental cuyo estudio introducimos está localizada en el Archivo Histórico Provincial de Málaga. Los otorgamientos recogidos en los 27 documentos notariales integrados en esta edición tuvieron lugar en las villas de Algarrobo, Canillas de Albaida, Cómpeta y Estepona; con lo que, siguiendo el cuadro de clasificación de los protocolos notariales de la provincia malagueña, contemplamos pues documentación notarial del denominado distrito de Estepona (Casares, Estepona y Manilva) y del distrito de Torrox, recogiendo este último en diversos periodos la fe pública notarial de las localidades de Algarrobo,

In sharia financial institutions several financial instruments have been introduced as a substitute for interest instruments. This instrument is an instrument that prioritizes the principle of profit and loss sharing. Profits obtained and losses suffered are borne jointly by the parties carrying out the transaction. Therefore, both parties carrying out the transaction will pay attention to each other's progress and setbacks in the business being carried out. Among the profit sharing principles, the most prominent and even the most popular is mudhârabah. The aim of this research is firstly to find out the meaning and types of mudharabah and secondly, to understand the legal basis for mudharabah and thirdly, to understand the terms and conditions of mudharabah and fourthly, to find out how mudharabah is applied in sharia financial institutions. This research is classified as a type of qualitative research where the research method uses the observation method, that is, research is used to collect data by looking at and listening to events or actions taken, then recording the results of the observations with notes or other tools.

a finales de los años cincuenta y comienzos de los sesenta. Persona muy afable, sencilla y nerviosa, eficaz como pocas a la hora de enseñar Paleografía y Diplomática de la baja Edad Media y del siglo XVI, nunca olvidaremos a Sote, como la llamábamos todos en una época que no conocía las familiaridades de trato luego tan umversalmente ex

imperatore Ludovico II attraversò il comitatus esino, nei cui pressi tenne un placito 15 . La decadenza dell'imperio carolingio circondato e sottoposto all'attacco di forze ostili da parte di Saraceni 16 , Normanni, Ungari, non favoriva di certo la compattezza e la solidità della compagine statale. L'autorità imperiale era molto spesso solo teorica, mentre l'amministrazione pubblica e la difesa del territorio lontano dai centri di potere erano molto deboli se non inesistenti. Molto spesso l'unica autorità e abbozzo di difesa erano dati dalla Chiesa, nelle persone dei papi e dei vescovi che erano i reali detentori del potere politico e amministrativo. È in questi anni di confusione tra il passaggio dalla dinastia imperiale carolingia a quella sassone che si era formato e si stava meglio definendo il potere temporale dei papi. Con l'avvento della dinastia sassone l'autorità imperiale sembrò rinvigorirsi e l'Italia ritornare al centro dell'attenzione degli imperatori, pur restando molto debole l'amministrazione statale e la presa sul territorio. Nel febbraio 962 Ottone I, disceso in Italia, si fece incoronare imperatore a Roma da Giovanni XII e pur garantendo al papa i suoi possessi temporali rinnovando le antiche promesse carolingie, volle regolare i diritti imperiali su Roma e sull'elezione del papa. In quell'occasione, in quello che viene chiamato il Privilegium Othonis e di cui si dubita persino dell'autenticità, Jesi è ricordata nuovamente tra le città della Pentapoli affidate al papa 17 . Le otto contee della Pentapoli erano sotto l'autorità del legato imperiale Corrado di Berengario, marchese di Ivrea, duca di Spoleto e conte di Camerino, fedele all'imperatore e tra i più eminenti signori d'Italia. Le

It is well known that Flanders made a significant contribution to the Norman invasion of England, especially through the participation of Eustace II of Boulogne and his followers. But the names of the Flemish 1 knights who participated in the victorious Battle of Hastings do not appear on any of the rolls which were drafted afterwards by order of William of Normandy. This is because they mention exclusively the names of Norman knights who participated in the battle and ignore those coming from other regions.

L'admirat i estimat amic Narcís Garolera, tenaç sostenidor de la forma Sant Pere de Roda en comptes de Sant Pere de Rodes, insisteix en el seu criteri coincident amb el dictamen del gran Joan Coromines. 1 Però els qui som afeccionats a l'entretinguda recerca sobre l'autenticitat en les renyides qüestions acadèmiques, tenim l'obligació de manifestar el nostre parer, ni que sigui discrepant, si creiem disposar d'arguments científics que ens porten al desacord. En compliment d'aquest deure sagrat per als qui, al capdavall, no som altra cosa que humils obrers de la veritat, voldríem reiterar, també nosaltres, la idea, ja manifestada i argumentada amb anterioritat, que la forma més correcta i tradicional és Sant Pere de Rodes. 2 Per molt savi i entès que sigui un especialista, l'autoritat del seu prestigi no es pot argüir com a raó última per defensar una hipòtesi si els fets ens indueixen a una altra interpretació. En ciència les nostres preferències no poden ésser personals i arbitràries. S'han de basar sols en arguments sòlids i ben fonamentats. Perquè contra facta non ualent argumenta i perquè amicus Plato, sed magis amica Veritas, com ens ensenya la saviesa antiga. I aquesta constatació és especialment certa en el cas de l'etimologia. Certament que, en l'actualitat, ja estem molt lluny de poder donar la raó a Voltaire quan afirmava cum mica salis que aquella era una ciència en la qual les vocals no comptaven i les consonants comptaven poc. Ara l'etimologia és una disciplina rigorosa, madura i molt desenvolupada, que ha aconseguit grans progressos i general reconeixement. Però també ha arribat manta vegada a proposar solucions ben discutibles. I més si es tracta de donar l'origen lingüístic d'un topònim. D'aquí el valor enorme d'una obra verament gegantina com l'Onomasticon Cataloniae de Joan Coromines, 3 possiblement el més gran dels lingüistes dels darrers temps i autor d'obres fonamentals, per a sempre més, de tota la Romanística. 4 Els seus estudis són, sense excepció, essencials i

Escrits atribuïts fins ara a l’abat i bisbe Oliba van ser obra del gramàtic Guibert, pare d’Alba de Riuprimer.

L’acte acadèmic, va ser presidit pel conseller de Recerca i Universitats, Joaquim Nadal, i va comptar amb l’assistència de nombroses personalitats del món cultural, eclesiàstic i polític, entre els quals el rector de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Javier Lafuente, que ha presidit l’acte, la presidenta de l’Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Maria Teresa Cabré, l’arquebisbe d’Urgell i copríncep d’Andorra, Joan-Enric Vives, el canonge, coarxiver diocesà i expresident dels arxius eclesiàstics d’Espanya, Josep M. Martí i Bonet, i la directora de la Biblioteca de Catalunya, Eugènia Serra

Els principals camps d’estudi en què Jesús Alturo i Perucho (el Pont de Suert, 1954) ha excel·lit són la història de l’escriptura i dels textos llatins, catalans i occitans; la història del llibre manuscrit i de les biblioteques, la codicologia, la diplomàtica, l’epigrafia, la filologia llatina medieval, la lingüística catalana i romànica, la història de la literatura catalana, la història medieval, la història de l’art, la història de l’Església i de la litúrgia, i la història de la cultura en general. El resultat és una obra rica, variada i profunda, que ens atansa a un més exacte coneixement del nostre patrimoni bibliogràfic i documental, i contribueix de retop a la seva millor conservació i difusió posant-la al servei de la societat i del nostre país, del qual dona els fonaments dels seus orígens històrics i culturals. Una obra de referència obligada en tots els temes que ha tractat, sempre amb innovadores aportacions i renovada metodologia. No debades el seu tarannà queda ben definit en les activitats preferides del seu admirat Beda: aprendre, ensenyar i escriure

RAGAČ, Radoslav. Nález stredovekého RAGAČ, Radoslav. Nález stredovekého pečatidla hodnoverného miesta jasovského konventu premonštrátov z konca 13. storočia

Príspevok opisuje neočakávaný nález unikátneho autentického pečatidla hodnoverného miesta jasovského konventu premonštrátov z konca 13. storočia v rozsahkom konvolúte viac ako stovky mladších  pečatidiel a pečiatok premonštrátskej proveniencie, ktoré autor príspevku identifikoval pri svojej výskumnej ceste v jasovskom konvente a po dobode s rádom boli následne uložené ak orádový depozit v Slovenskom národnom archíve. Venuje sa nálezovým okolnostiam , opisu jednostranného pečatidla so zobrazením sv. Jána Krstiteľa a časovému obdobiu jeho používania. Najstarší známy odtlačok pečatidla pochádza z roku 1298, najmladší doklad jeho úradného používania zatiaľ pochádza z roku 1866.

Relazione nel panel "Opposizione, seduzione, realismo: l’Italia quattrocentesca e l’Impero ottomano tra Realpolitik, prospettiva
umanistica e testimonianze oculari", coordinatore A. Fara, in II Convegno SISMED della Medievistica Italiana, Matera 13-16 giugno 2022

The subject of the paper is a legend from the 15th century, which links the origins of the Hungarian monarch Matthias to the elites of the ancient Roman Empire. The study focuses on how Italian scholars working at the Hungarian royal court developed the thesis of the Roman origin of the Hunyadi noble family. Emphasis is placed on the chronicles of Pietro Ransano and Antonio Bonfini, in which this thesis appears. The idea of Roman roots of the Hunyadis was known in Italian circles and served as the basis for the construction of a great image of the members of the family. The scholars have sought parallels between events in the ancient world and events in the 15th century, linking the actions of the members of the Hunyadi family to those of the Roman emperors. Bonfini and Ransano linked the Hungarian written tradition with a universal concept, presenting Matthias Corvinus as a descendant of Jupiter and of the Roman emperors. On the other hand, they also followed the thesis of the domestic chroniclers identifying the Hungarians with the Huns. Moreover, Bonfini linked the heroic image of the Hunyadis as warriors against the Ottomans with their ancient Roman and - at the same time - Hungarian aristocratic origins. The chronicler´s conception served as a substitute for Matthuias Corvinus absent dynastic rights to the Hungarian throne. Ransano and Bonfini thus sought to legitimize the claims of the king and his descendant John Corvinus to rule the Hungarian kingdom. The content and iconography of the chronicles also indicate the different political motivations and goals of King Matthias and Queen Beatrix.

Lo cierto es que al calor de esta línea de estudio durante esa década y las siguientes se elaboraron interesantes aunque no tan amplios trabajos sobre diversos cabildos -Salamanca, Palencia, Oviedo, Cádiz o Sevilla-que se han convertido en referencia obligada para conocer el proceso de formación de estas instituciones y el marco normativo en el que se desenvolvían sus miembros25. Fundamental fue también un trabajo aparecido en 1978 sobre las diócesis leonesas por el interés que tiene el apartado que analiza la realidad capitular, precursor de muchos de los temas que después han prevalecido en la investigaciónZb. Más recientemente, ha sido objeto de estudio el régimen administrativo seguido por cabildos tan diversos como Osma, Murcia o Calahorra27.

This paper examines how a literary culture flourishes through the writings of early medieval Bengal and a society evolves around that culture. The emergence of a regional literary style from the 6th to 13th century CE through the study of the inscriptions highlights how an overall Sanskrit literary style had emerged in early medieval Bengal and in its wider orbit. This diverse literary style from the sixth to the thirteenth century CE further illuminates a complex society associated with it that evolved through time. Along with the presence of a literati and literate class, this society also witnessed the overwhelming gleanings of the so-called non-literate class in the form of oral recipients of these compositions.

A pozsonyi káptalan újkori köteteiben fennmaradt középkori szövegeket Csiba Balázs gyűjtötte össze: ezek száma a turóci kötetekben talált tételek többszörösére rúg, közlésükre a közeljövőben szeretne sort keríteni (Csiba Balázs közlése). 2 (utolsó letöltés: 2022. június 8.).

Français (1/2) :
Cet article explore un cas de correspondance entre souverains qui représente dans le plan écrit le projet d'expansion territoriale et de domination politique de la dynastie mérinide dans la région de l'Islam occidental (XIVe siècle). Aussi, il porte une attention aux supports de communication et aux acteurs impliqués dans le sens le plus large du processus diplomatique, dont il reconstitue le parcours à partir de sources croisées. Ainsi, il rassemble les histoires d'un plus large éventail d'acteurs, des sultans aux pèlerins, qui saisissent l'opportunité d'un échange diplomatique concret pour réaliser leurs ambitions particulières.
English (2/2) :
This article explores a case of correspondence between rulers that represents in a written discourse the Marinid dynasty's project of territorial expansion and political domination in the region of western Islam (14th century). It also pays attention to the actors and the media involved in the broadest sense of the diplomatic process, whose course it reconstructs from cross-sources. Thus, it brings together the stories of a wider range of actors, from sultans to pilgrims, who seized the opportunity of a concrete diplomatic exchange to fulfil their particular ambitions.

https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/9V6FQ7ATZGBIZMYJCDDN/full?target=10.1080/17546559.2025.2461193

This article analyses the first personal executions by hanging during the eleventh and twelfth centuries of which we have evidence in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula (Galicia and León). Information from wills, witness statements, purchase, and sale litigations will be used to examine three case studies, contextualised at a microhistorical level within their local, social, and legal context. The need for, and interest of, this research lies in the paucity of earlier studies on capital punishment for this period, as well as in the current boom in historiography on judicial history and conflict in the Middle Ages. The study of this social and personal context adds a new dimension to the study of punishments and penalties which have hitherto been analysed primarily from a legal point of view, rather than from the perspective of social history.