Criminal Law

The chapters in this book emanated from a shared discomfort amongst contributing authors about a mismatch between the current fashionable focus on individual (criminal) responsibility, exemplified by the mushroom of international criminal tribunals, on the one hand, and the dominant role oflarger collective entities in situations of system criminality, on the other. The book has sought to reflect on ways to better address the forms and manifestations of system criminality. In this final chapter, we will recapitulate the dynamics of system criminality as these have been analysed in this book (section I) and summarize the power and limitations of the various forms of international responsibility in regard to system criminality (section II). We then will reflect on two cross-cutting themes: the relationship between the separate forms of international responsibility (section III) and the objectives that we may realistically ascribe to international responsibility in situations of system criminality (section IV). We conclude with some final observations (section V). The search for a more adequate framework of responsibility in regard to situations of system criminality requires an understanding of the dynamics of system criminality. In the first two chapters of this book Kelman and Punch paint a penetrating and disturbing picture of how organizations may breed mass criminality. Whereas Kelman focuses expressly on mass atrocities which are the main topic of this book, Punch

The main body of this report is a series of tables and an appendix that summarize and cite bill language that was intended to end or restrict U.S. military operations in Indochina between 1970 and 1973, in Somalia in 1993, and in Kosovo in 1999. The report covers enacted provisions or those where there were roll call votes but the provision was not ultimately enacted. The first table outlines proposals that restrict funding and the second table describes other types of restrictions.

The rapid evolution of information and communication technologies and the diversity of interconnection networks have been significant factors in broadening the application do-mains of such technologies. Consequently, so-called artificial intelligence crimes (AIC) have emerged involving a corresponding rise in criminality figures, affecting individuals' rights and freedoms. The emergence of AI-related crimes has triggered many challenges for the judiciary nationally and internationally. Thereby, jurisprudence and the judiciary must consider whether the existing provisions of law are sufficient to confront these crimes, or is there a need to strengthen international, regional, and national legislation to cover such cases. Such peculiarities characterizing AI crimes have complicated dealing with criminal activities, and they are usually dealt with using traditional criminal provisions, which may be compromised by the principle of criminal legality and the limited interpretation of ...

Láthatóan és talán épp a protestantizmus konzerválta magát az eljárást, és annak egyházjogi következmények nélküli hiedelmeit, mivel azt a reformáció-ellenreformáció vitáinak kereszteződésébe helyezte: ti. létezhet-e olyan csoda, hogy a gyilkos közelében a meggyilkolt teste vérezni kezd? Mindenesetre a központi világi tiltó rendelkezések ellenére a székely székek rendi alkotmányai, statútumai (vagy még inkább a szokásjog maga) hosszú ideig fenntartotta a tetemrehívás, tetememelés eljárásjogi részeit, egészen addig, amíg Mária Terézia és II. József idején épp a rendiség egyik fontos pillérét, a bíróságok autonómiáját fel nem számolták, és vele együtt a tetememelés, halálújítás szokását is végleg száműzték a hatóság eljárási eszközei közül.

This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Redistribution -no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, nontransferable, individual and limited right to using this document. This document is solely intended for your personal, noncommercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain all copyright information and other information regarding legal protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the document in public. By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated conditions of use.

In the past two decades, there has been a proliferation of attention at the international and local levels, on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation (CSE) of children in Nicaragua. National policy and legislative changes, task forces and strategic plans aimed at criminalizing the demand side (consumers) of CSE have yielded minimal results. Using the concept of community trauma within an ecological framework, where relationships and social interactions are the foundation building blocks of the larger mezzo and macro setting, we ask: What then does looking from a community perspective teach us, and how can we incorporate these learnings to prevent, reduce and eradicate the exploitation of children in Nicaragua? This article contextualizes the phenomenon of CSEC, to investigate its expansion and community perceptions that shape its presence in Chinandega, Nicaragua to begin to close the geography of place and mezzo level knowledge gap. The study involved a total of 105 participants (54 females and 51 males). Data was collected in Spanish, via in-depth and situational interviews and focus groups. What was found was CSEC as "common knowledge" in their communities' and a central organizing feature.

Legal aid is a manifestation of the state's responsibility in guaranteeing access to justice for the poor, as stipulated in Law Number 16 of 2011 concerning Legal Aid. Legal Aid Institutions (LBH), as the main actors, often face challenges in carrying out their duties, especially due to limited government funding. This paper aims to examine the implementation of legal aid services by LBH under financial constraints, the legal framework supporting them, and how these institutions strive to fulfill their obligations despite such limitations. The study adopts a normative juridical method using a statute and conceptual approach.

ANNO LXXXIII (2016) NUOVA SERIE A-67,3-4 INDICE-SOMMARIO del fascicolo 2 ANDREA MARIA AZZARO, Appunti sulla nozione giuridica di "crisi" d'impresa come stato di non insolvenza (irreversibile), 181 MARIA LUISA BICCARI, Sul titolo De Iniuriis del Codice Giustinianeo: le costituzioni di Diocle-ziano e il diritto classico, 203 ALBERTO FABBRI, ILARIA PRETELLI, The Right to Freedom of Religion in the Italian Experience of Secularism, 241 GABRIELE MARRA, «Diritto penale moderno» v. «Diritto penale ultra-liberale». Note su imma-gini francofortesi nella gius-penalistica spagnola, 279 LUCIO MONACO, Prolegomena alla riforma del diritto penale dell'informatica nell'ordinamento giuridico della Repubblica di San Marino, 335 MARIA MORELLO, Humanitas e diritto: la condizione giuridica della donna nella famiglia dell'e-tà pre-moderna, 365 VITTORIO PARLATO, Pietro Leopoldo: un principe riformatore, 397 EDOARDO ALBERTO ROSSI, L'autodeterminazione dei popoli tra jus cogens...

Section 69 of the Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) criminalizes sexual intercourse obtained through deceitful means, including false promises of marriage without intent to fulfill them, false promises of employment or promotion, and marriage after suppressing identity. However, this section poses significant contradictions to other provisions, including Section 68 of the BNS, and raises concerns regarding its constitutionality. Furthermore, it introduces an ambiguity-if a false promise leading to sexual intercourse is illegal, does that imply a true promise under similar circumstances is legal? This paper critically analyzes Section 69 in relation to other legal provisions and constitutional principles, highlighting its potential misuse, vagueness, and inconsistency with fundamental rights. Literature Review A significant issue raised in the literature concerns the definition of "deceitful means," which Section 69 uses to describe fraudulent conduct leading to sexual intercourse. While the section clearly mentions false promises of marriage, it also expands the scope to include other types of deceit, such as false claims about employment or promotion, as explained in the section's "Explanation" clause.

This dissertation strives to examine the complex challenges faced by Muslim Female Former Offenders (MFFOs) during their reintegration into society and investigates techniques to improve successful re-entry and reduce recidivism. MFFOs experience a plethora of intersecting vulnerabilities, including issues related to gender, religion, race, socioeconomic inequalities, and past trauma, which independently and collectively hinder their ability to successfully re-enter society. This research employs an intersectional lens to examine the limitations and inefficiencies of existing rehabilitation models. It highlights the need for methods specific to the unique cultural, religious, and social needs of MFFOs. Through a comprehensive literature review, analysis of available data, and qualitative interviews with practitioners and MFFOs, this study identifies key barriers to successful re-entry, including social stigma, a lack of culturally competent support services, the absence of appropriate mentorship programs, failure to address past traumas, and a lack of continuity of care. The results highlight the need to create gender-responsive and culturally sensitive programs that align with Islamic principles, build social capital, and offer housing, employment, and mental health support. This dissertation proposes a framework for developing and implementing effective reintegration strategies, emphasizing the crucial role of support from Islamic resources, community partnerships, mentorship, sustaining resources, preventing a lapse of programs and services, and ongoing program effectiveness evaluations to promote long-term success and ultimately reduce recidivism among MFFOs and contribute to preventing at-risk potential MFFOs from falling victim to criminal behavior.

In Martinez v. State,' the Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas reaffirmed its position that later conviction of a felony offense renders a writ attacking pretrial confinement moot. 2 After being indicted for murder, the defendant filed an article 17.1513 writ seeking release from jail. Although the trial judge ordered defendant released on a $10,000 personal bond, before the defendant was released, he was charged with aggravated robbery, and bail was set in that case at $30,000. Both the original murder and the aggravated robbery charge arose from the same transaction. The defendant filed a second application for writ of habeas corpus relief pursuant to article 17.151, but the trial judge denied relief. 4 The court of appeals affirmed that denial. 5 The court of criminal appeals granted the defendant's petition for discretionary review. During the pendency of the appeal, however, the defendant was convicted of the underlying offense. Hence he was no longer subject to pretrial confinement, and the appeal was rendered moot. 6 In Scott v. State 7 the court found that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying a defense request to have alleged contraband tested by * B.B.A., Southern Methodist University; L.

Criminal Procedure: Pretrial, Trial and Appeal Kerry P. FitzGerald* T I. Introduction |his Article reviews significant decisions of the Texas Court of ... 1992] CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: PRETRIAL 1597 v. State41 and Drumm v. State42 the court held that the indictment con-tained only ...

"1. Silne wzburzenie usprawiedliwione okolicznościami to takie, które w ocenach społecznych może zasługiwać na pewne zrozumienie z punktu widzenia zasad moralnych. Jest bowiem współmierne do wywołującej go przyczyny pochodzącej od pokrzywdzonego, którego zachowanie wywołało afektywną reakcję spełniającą znamiona czynu zabronionego określonego w art. 148 § 4 k.k. Afekt może być odpowiedzią na doznaną krzywdę osobistą. 2. Nie jest prawidłowym badanie okoliczności mogących stan wzburzenia spowodować tylko w oparciu o kryterium subiektywne dotyczące aparatu pojęciowego sprawcy i jego indywidualnego systemu wartości, który najwyraźniej jest zaburzony. Zdarzenia generujące wzburzenie, gdy poddać je ocenie, wymagają zastosowania kryterium zobiektywizowanego opartego o przyjęte powszechnie normy etyczne i zasady współżycia społecznego. Wymaganym jest również, co szczególnie istotne w kontekście «usprawiedliwienia» wzburzenia, by wspomnianym okolicznościom, które najczęściej dotyczą zachowań pokrzywdzonego, towarzyszyła cecha pewnej obiektywnej współmierności, adekwatności wzburzenia, które winno być «silne» w takim stopniu, że spowodowało w następstwie działania zmierzające do pozbawienia życia" 1 . Tezowane orzeczenie zostało wydane w następującym stanie faktycznym: "oskarżony K. S. wyrokiem Sądu Okręgowego w Katowicach z 30 czerwca 2015 r. (sygn. XVI K 132/14) został uznany za winnego tego, że w nocy 3/4 stycznia 2014 r. w M., w mieszkaniu przy ul. […], działając w zamiarze bezpośrednim pozbawienia życia P.H., zadając wymienionej uderzenia ostrymi narzędziami w okolice karku, szyi, głowy i twarzy oraz uciskając na jej szyję, spowodował

The study is devoted to the issue of criminal liability of a perpetrator suffering from conversion identity disorders. Therefore, its aim is to highlight the dilemmas arising from a split personality disorder in the context of the insanity of the perpetrator of a prohibited act. Based on the example of Kenneth Bianchi (case study), the difficulties related to the diagnosis of this disorder and its consequences in relation to criminal liability are shown. In turn, the analytical-dogmatic method is used to consider the issue related to the recognition of these disorders as a specific category of causes of the condition referred to in Article 31 § 1 of the Polish Criminal Code. Regardless of this, the study also presents an approach to this issue that differs from that previously presented in the literature. The conclusions drawn on this basis also allow for filling a certain gap in the Polish literature on criminal law, which is a lack of studies on the subject matter.

Przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania są zagadnienia dotyczące odpowiedzialności karnej za przestępstwo popełnione w stanie nietrzeźwości lub odurzenia. Kwestie te, bezdyskusyjnie doniosłe społecznie, budzą nadal wiele kontrowersji z prawnokarnego punktu widzenia. Jednym z powodów tego są braki, jakimi obarczony jest art. 31 § 3 k.k., statuujący podstawę do pociągnięcia do odpowiedzialności karnej sprawcy, który tempore criminis znajdował się w takim stanie. Celem tego opracowanie jest jednak nie tyle sama krytyka bieżącego rozwiązania prawnego, ile wysunięcie, w oparciu o podniesione zastrzeżenia, postulatu de lege ferenda dotyczącego zmiany brzmienia tego przepisu. Wnioski zostają wyprowadzone zarówno z dogmatycznoprawnej analizy powołanego przepisu, jak i podejścia empirycznego, podyktowanego psychopatologicznym spojrzeniem na stan odurzenia i problem związany z (nie)poczytalnoś cią sprawcy czynu zabronionego. Kwestie te są immanentnie związane z regulacją zawartą w § 3 art. 31 k.k. Wolą ustawodawcy karnego zakresem art. 31 k.k. objęto bowiem zróżnicowane stany, które -chociaż z psychopatologicznego punktu widzenia mogą wykazywać podobieństwa, to jednak -mając na uwadze prawno karne aspekty i politykę kryminalną -wymagają odmiennego podejścia prawnego, czego zaprezentowaniu służy to opracowanie.

One of the basic and fundamental rights of persons who are under investigation, prosecution and trial to ensure the fairness of the trial is the right of access to counseling and legal assistance as well as having the attorney that should be provided from the beginning of the penal process. This right has been clearly asserted in the international documents and regulations. The observance of this right is necessary not only in the national courts but also in the international courts. One of the international courts is the international criminal court that has been established to address international crimes. The objectives to study Identify the role and position of the attorney in the international criminal court As one of the fundamental rights of the accused and suspects and to evaluate its regulation from the view point of international documents. This study is an applied research and in descriptive method. The required information was collected with documentation and Library. By studying the regulation of the international criminal court it becomes clear that the mentioned authority has differentiated between the suspected and the accused and in both cases, it recognizes the existence of the attorney as necessary. In line with this, it emphasizes the right of victims to have legal assistance. Therefore, with the general review of the court's regulation and the international documents it might be stated that despite the existence of shortcomings in the court's regulation, the mentioned regulations and rules are more progressive compared to the international documents.

Hazánkban a közelmúltban újra a közéleti vita középpontjába kerültek az életvégi döntések Karsai Dániel ügye kapcsán. Karsai 2023 nyarán fordult a strasbourgi székhelyű Emberi Jogok Európai Bíróságához az öngyilkosságban közreműködés hazai szabályozásával szemben. A Bíróság 2024. június 13-án hozta meg döntését Karsai Magyarország elleni ügyében. Az ügy egyik fő kérdése az volt, hogy Magyarország megsérti-e az önrendelkezéshez való jogot az által, hogy a hazai szabályzás az öngyilkosságban való közreműködés általános tilalmát valósítja meg. A másik pedig az, hogy sérti-e a hátrányos megkülönböztetés tilalmát, hogy az olyan betegségben szenvedők számára, akiknek a betegség jellege miatt nem áll rendelkezésre életfenntartó kezelés, a jogi szabályozás nem biztosítja a halál meggyorsításának lehetőségét, míg az életfenntartó kezelésre szoruló halálos betegek számára ez lehetőség a jog által biztosított. Jelen munka az Emberi Jogok Európai Bírósága döntésének és érvelésének bemutatására vállalkozik.

End-of-life decisions have recently came back into focus in Hungary in connection with the case of Dániel Karsai. In the summer of 2023, Dániel Karsai made an application to the European Court of Human Rights against the Hungarian regulation of assisted suicide. The Court delivered its judgment in the case of Dániel Karsai v. Hungary on 13 June 2024. One of the main questions in the case was whether Hungary violates the right to self-determination TANULMÁNY Kharón  Thanatológiai Szemle  2025/2 through its domestic legislation implementing a general prohibition on assisted suicide. The other question was whether Hungary violates the prohibition of discrimination by not providing for the possibility of accelerated death for patients suffering from a disease for which lifesustaining treatment is not possible due to the nature of the disease, while for terminally ill patients who require life-sustaining treatment, this possibility is provided for by law. This paper presents the decision and reasoning of the European Court of Human Rights.

. The author wishes to thank Professor Hungdah Chiu, Professor of Law, Maryland University School of Law, for his suggestions and guidance towards the completion of this article. She also wishes to thank Professors Philip Schrag, David Koplow, and James Feinerman of Georgetown University Law Center for their comments on the manuscript. Unless otherwise indicated, all translations from Chinese sources are those of the author. Titles of Chinese books, newspapers, and periodicals are transliterated and translated; titles of articles in periodicals are only translated. See infra note 200 and accompanying text for a description of some of these publications. I. See infra notes 53-58 and accompanying text.

Mesa 39: El placer del texto: sociología, literatura y subjetividades en torno al campo literario y las prácticas de lectura . RAVETTINO DESTEFANIS, Alej andra (UBA -UCES) a-r ad es @ l i ve .c om .ar ; ara v e tt i no @ ar ne t.c om .ar Prácticas de lectura. Acerca del placer y la literatura en jóvenes adultos estudiantes.

Article 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which prohibits slavery, servitude and forced labour, has evolved in its application to include  human  trafficking.  While  this  broadens  the  protection  of rights,  it  also  raises  significant  challenges,  such  as  the  need  to define  a  minimum  threshold  of severity that preserves the effectiveness of the system. This threshold should be grounded in the ‘classical’ elements of the legal framework addressing forced labour,  servitude,  and  slavery  –namely,  coercion  and  the  severity  of  exploitation– as these are critical in distinguishing conduct warranting the most serious sanctions from that which, while objectionable,does not fall within the protective scope of Article 4.

O trabalho apresenta como objetivo central realizar um estudo sobre o delito desacato a autoridade, sua incompatibilidade com as premissas Convencao Americana de Direitos Humanos (Pacto de Sao Jose da Costa Rica) e a possibilidade de mudancas do ordenamento juridico diante do Controle de Convencionalidade e das exigencias internacionais direcionadas aos paises signatarios. Foi realizado por meio de revisao literaria, com pesquisa em doutrinas, sites, livros e revistas de referencia desta area de estudo. Nele, foram apresentadas conceituacao, modalidades, elementos subjetivos e objetivo e uma decisao recente relacionado a este, qual seja a proferida pelo Superior Tribunal de Justica, sendo cinco ministros entenderam que o desacato fere o principio da liberdade de expressao, preconizado na Convencao Americana, que tem sido fundamento predominante nas decisoes dos tribunais brasileiros, lembrando que o desacato e tipificado enquanto crime comum contra a Administracao Publica no Codigo ...

Content Lim & Morgan (eds)"The Cambridge Handbook of Private Law and Artificial Intelligence"………………………………………………………………………………….4 Księżak & Wojtczak "Toward a Conceptual Network for the Private Law of Artificial Intelligence"………………………………………………………………………………… 15Barfield & Pagallo "Advanced Introduction to Law and Artificial Intelligence"…………. 30 Ebers, Cristina Poncibò & Mimi Zou (eds.) "Contracting and Contract Law in the Age of Artificial Intelligence"………………………………………………………………………44 Ebers & Navas (eds.) "Algorithms and Law"……………………………………………...58 Navas Navarro " Salud e Inteligencia Artificial desde el Derecho Privado: Con especial atención a la pandemia…"…………………………………………………………………..71 Martín & Fernando Alonso (eds.) "Inteligencia artificial y derecho: El jurista ante los retos de la era digital"………………………………………………………………………………..85 Cotino Hueso (Dir.) & Reilly (Coord.) "Derechos y garantías entre la inteligencia artificial y las decisiones automatizadas"………………………………………………………………99

Los desafíos del RPT en torno a su eficacia desde una visión jurisprudencial y del derecho comparado 1. I. Introducción El Régimen Penal Tributario, como tal, desde su concepción, presenta vicisitudes y complejidades por confluir distintas ramas del derecho en su aplicación. A estas últimas nos interesa destacar algunos de los desafíos que este presenta en su actual vigencia, es decir, de conformidad al Título IX de la Ley N° 27.430. Como puede verse, dicho régimen, a diferencia de sus orígenes, no se ve concebido como una ley especial, sino que confluye en una ley ómnibus 2-que deroga el régimen previsto por la Ley N° 24.769 y su mod. Ley N° 26.735-3 donde abundan disposiciones normativas de diversos tipos, manteniendo vigente la cantidad de delitos y modificando parcialmente la redacción de los tipos penales, como sus condiciones objetivas de punibilidad 4. No obstante la necesaria modificación, actualización y mecanismo de actualización 5 propio de las condiciones objetivas de punibilidad previstas en el régimen actual, hay algunas consideraciones actuales y en cuanto a la eficacia del régimen que nos gustaría abordar conforme la jurisprudencia y plantear alternativas desde la visión del derecho comparado.

El derecho al juicio en el proceso penal de los parlamentarios imputados por delito The right to trial in the criminal proceedings of parliamentarians charged with a crime Revista Jurídica Digital UANDES 2/1 (2018), 164-169 Resumen: Este comentario sintetiza la doctrina jurisprudencial sobre un aspecto novedoso del proceso penal chileno, que reconoce a los parlamentarios que hayan perdido su fuero, el derecho al juicio penal de manera pronta y expedita. Lo anterior se explica como un privilegio para proteger la representatividad democrática, que puede ser modificada por la actuación del Ministerio Público. Como la declaración de desafuero produce la suspensión del parlamentario, el sistema procesal penal reconoce a ese imputado, de una manera expedita y sin posibilidad de dilaciones, el derecho al juicio. Palabras clave: Fuero parlamentario; derecho a un juicio penal pronto y expedito.

Підручник присвячений загальним частинам кримінального права
України та кримінального права європейських держав. У Книзі 1 з урахуванням здобутків правничої науки та актуальної судової практики висвітлено питання загальної частини кримінального права України: розкрито поняття цієї галузі права, її принципи і джерела; розглянуто вчення про кримінальне правопорушення.

У Книзі 2 з урахуванням здобутків правничої науки та актуальної судової практики висвітлено вчення про заходи кримінально-правового впливу за законодавством України. Розглянуто питання загальної частини кримінального права окремих європейських країн, а також генезу, джерела та особливості змісту кримінального права ЄС. Проведено порівняння окремих концептів та аспектів загальної частини кримінального права європейських держав та України.

Для студентів, аспірантів, науково-педагогічних працівників, правозастосувачів, усіх, хто цікавиться питаннями сучасного кримінального права.

This study aims to analyze the payroll accounting information system at Institute of Economic Science Balikpapan. The data obtained by the authors do research analysis of payroll accounting information systems used by Institute of Economic Science Balikpapan. This research method is to use primary data with data analysis technique through interview and observation at Institute of Economic Science of Balikpapan. Researchers make observations for 1 month to know the payroll accounting information system conducted Institute of Economic Science from attendance and attendance hours up to the obligations of employees on taxes and insurance. The results of the study that the College of Economics still use the manual system in payroll, so that the payroll is still waiting for completion time.

Em fins de março de 2007, um prestigiado líder da comunidade judaica de São Paulo protagonizou um episódio surpreendente, ao furtar gravatas de marcas famosas em lojas elegantes de Palm Beach. Preso e solto sob fiança, deu declarações contraditórias sobre o ocorrido, terminando por argumentar que estava sob efeito de fortes remédios, capazes de causar transtornos de comportamento. Ao retornar ao Brasil, recolheu-se a um hospital. Dias depois, ainda internado e sem conseguir "explicar o inexplicável", declarou: "o Henry Sobel que cometeu aquele ato não é o Henry Sobel que vocês conhecem". A maneira pela qual os principais jornais brasileiros destacaram o caso será sempre objeto de debate, mas o que se pretende ressaltar aqui é algo que passou ao largo da cobertura: a diferença de tratamento entre aquele episódio e os casos recorrentes de crimes praticados pelos pobres e marginalizados, especialmente por crianças e adoles-centes. No primeiro caso, procurou-se compreender o comportamento do infrator, considerandose sua trajetória de vida e sua relevância pública como líder religioso, sobretudo pela memória de resistência nos tempos da ditadura; nos demais, ignora-se essa trajetória, que fica reduzida a um boletim de ocorrência, e o ato criminoso assim circunscrito serve de estímulo à radicalização do discurso em torno da segurança pública. Ao apontar o caráter de classe dessa distinção de tratamento, este artigo busca ressaltar as implicações éticas daí decorrentes para a prática do jornalismo, enfocada em sua tensão entre o ideal iluminista de esclarecimento e os interesses das próprias empresas de comunicação. O objetivo principal, porém, é averiguar as dificuldades que o jornalismo necessariamente enfrentará caso pretenda apresentar os fatos criminais em sua complexidade, fugindo da simplificação que caracteriza a lógica binária das rotinas de produção dominantes. Pois uma hipotética -e remota, no caso do jornalismo hegemônico -decisão de reorientar o foco da cobertura implicaria confrontar o senso comum, que o noticiário tantas vezes reitera ao naturalizar o comportamento desviante, sobretudo o crime violento, como algo próprio dos marginalizados, da mesma forma que reproduz a naturalização do apelo contido nas campanhas de lei e ordem: "ordem" tomada em si mesma e não na perspectiva (ética) de sua finalidade, qual seja, a de promover o bem comum. A questão da ética estará, assim, articulada às relações entre jornalismo e senso comum, explorado aqui a partir das abordagens de Lukács e Gramsci, e a estudos referenciais de sociologia do jornalismo e de criminologia crítica. Embora excedam obviamente o sentido deste artigo, os versos de Sá-Carneiro servem de inspiração, ajudando-nos a perceber a necessidade de se cuidar dessa "qualquer coisa de intermédio" reveladora da angustiante complexidade de nossas vidas, e que o jornalismo, como atividade humana, está obrigado a enfrentar.

Terrorism has emerged as a pervasive and entrenched threat to national security in Nigeria, with far-reaching consequences for the country's stability and development. Since the first terrorist attack to date, Nigeria has suffered a great deal from terrorist activities. Statistics indicate that Nigeria ranks among the highest in the world for terrorism threat levels. Despite a global decline in terror-related deaths, Nigeria recently reported the eighth-highest number of fatalities from terrorist attacks worldwide. In response to this issue, Nigeria has implemented various measures, including ratifying international anti-terrorism legislation, enacting domestic laws, and establishing institutional frameworks to combat terrorism. However, findings from this study reveal that challenges such as inadequate legal regimes, poor implementation strategies, and ineffective institutional frameworks, amongst others, hinder the fight against terrorism in Nigeria. Terrorism is not a problem that arose overnight; therefore, it will require a concerted and rootless approach for Nigeria to prevail in this battle. This study recommends that the government should address the root causes of terrorism, such as poverty and unemployment. Furthermore, lawmakers and stakeholders should establish effective strategies to execute the legal regime, while the institutional frameworks must diligently carry out their duties in combating terrorism.

A nuanced exploration of how successfully suppression orders and the law of sub judice contempt mitigate juror bias. The principles of open justice 1 and the right to a fair trial are often viewed as two fundamental pillars of a democratic legal system, yet their relationship is complex and multifaceted. Open justice promotes transparency and accountability by keeping judicial processes open to public scrutiny, thereby upholding confidence in the judiciary, on the other hand, the right to a fair trial protects the integrity of legal proceedings, ensuring that justice is impartially administered without bias or prejudice.

Sumario 1. Introducción 2. Los delitos en los que resulta de aplicación la regla 3. El concreto supuesto de hecho de la regla del art. 31.2 4. La naturaleza de la "responsabilidad" de la persona jurídica 4.1. Introducción: la "Exposición de Motivos" de la LO 15/2003 4.2. La naturaleza jurídica de la "extraña fórmula" del art. 31.2 CP a. La regla del art. 31.2 como expresión de la denominada responsabilité pénale indirecte du fait d'autrui b. Responsabilidad "directa y solidaria" por el hecho de otro y principio de culpabilidad c. ¿Cumple el art. 31.2 alguna finalidad penal? d. Un último intento de justificar el carácter penal del precepto: la ubicación sistemática del art. 31.2 e. La figura del "responsable del pago" de la multa y el principio de personalidad de la pena de multa 5. El 31.2 CP como forma de aseguramiento del pago de la pena de multa 5.1. Responsabilidad civil por hecho ajeno a. La responsabilidad de la persona jurídica en el art. 31.2 CP: ¿objetiva? b. ¿Existe derecho de regreso por parte de la persona jurídica? c. La asegurabilidad de la responsabilidad de la persona jurídica 5.2. Responsabilidad tributaria por deuda ajena InDret 2/2006 Jesús-María Silva, Íñigo Ortiz de Urbina a. La responsabilidad de la persona jurídica en el art. 31.2 CP: ¿objetiva? b. ¿Existe derecho de regreso por parte de la persona jurídica? c. La asegurabilidad de la responsabilidad de la persona jurídica 6. Conclusión: responsabilidad civil vs. responsabilidad por deuda de Derecho público

Essence of FEPA FEPA (Foreign Extortion Prevention Act) explicitly prohibits foreign officials from: 1. Requesting, receiving, or agreeing to receive anything of value, whether directly or indirectly, for personal benefit or the advantage of others. 2. Acting with influence or official decisions to obtain specific advantages or privileges 3. Using cross-border communication systems, such as email or electronic transfers, to facilitate their actions

Unsur kerugian keuangan Negara dalam hukum pidana: tindak pidana korupsi, sebagaimana pada Pasal 2 dan Pasal 3 Undang-Undang Tindak Pidana Korupsi mengalami pada mulanya merupakan delik formil, yaitu adanya tindak pidana korupsi cukup dengan dipenuhinya unsur-unsur perbuatan yang sudah dirumuskan bukan dengan timbulnya akibat. Demikian Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 003/PUU-IV/2006 menguatkan konsepsi demikian. Namun, Mahkamah Konstitusi melalui Putusan Nomor 25/PUU-XIV/2016 mengubah secara radikal makna konstitusional unsur kerugian keuangan Negara tersebut menjadi delik materil: menyatakan kata “dapat” dalam Pasal 2 dan Pasal 3 Undang-undang Tindak Pidana Korupsi bertentangan dengan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 dan tidak mempunyai kekuatan hukum mengikat. Dengan demikian hilangnya unsur (bestandeel) “dapat” pada kata “merugikan keuangan atau perekonomian Negara” dalam Pasal 2 dan Pasal 3 Undang-undang Tindak Pidana Korupsi akan berdampak signifikan terhadap penuntutannya, sehubungan unsur sebagai nama kumpulan bagi apa yang disebut bestandeel (bestanddelen van het delict) adalah bagian-bagian yang terdapat dalam rumusan delik yang harus dibuktikan, harus dicantumkan di dalam surat tuduhan dan bilamana satu atau lebih bagian ternyata tidak dapat dibuktikan, maka hakim harus membebaskan terdakwa atau dengan kata lain hakim harus memutuskan suatu vrijspraak

Ragging, the teasing or taunting of new entrants, has existed among India"s institutions of higher learning as an historical tradition.This practice, which has continued over countless decades as an accepted norm, is now recognized as a socio-cultural crime.When inducted to a senior academic level, junior students are asked to performa range of nuisance activities including singing, acting and performing menial jobs. Unfortunately, sexual harassment frequently occurs involving both female and male students.Someare asked to be naked in front of others. Students who failto complyare beaten or forced to endure other methods of physical, mental or sexual abuse. As incidents have become more extreme, those who could not cope have committed suicide. A written survey was developed to determine student exposure to ragging after admission, both as victim or offender and opinionwas sought for their views regarding ways and means of prevention. Their opinion of community and institutional responsibility in ragging cases, as well as their own responsibilities are presented and explored. 89% of 144 participants disapproved the practice of ragging in educational institutions.

T he last decade of the 20 th century witnessed signifi cant declines in the rate of crime in the United States. This was true for most types of crime, including homicide and serious violent crime. 1 Despite these declines, the level of gun crime in the United States remains higher than that experienced in other western democracies and is a source of untold tragedy for families and communi ties. 2 Given this context, in 2001 the Bush Administration made the reduction of gun crime one of the top priorities of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), along with combat ing terrorism and enhancing homeland security. The vehicle for translating this priority into action is Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN). PSN represents a commitment to gun crime reduction through a network of local partnerships coordinated through the nation's 94 U.S. Attorneys' Offices. These local partner ships are supported by a strategy to provide them with the resources that they need to be successful. The PSN initiative integrates five essential elements from successful gun crime reduction programs, such as Richmond's Project Exile, the Boston Operation Ceasefire Program, and DOJ's Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative. Those elements are: partnerships, strategic planning, training, outreach, and accountability. The partnership ele ment requires that the local U.S. Attorney create workable and sustain able partnerships with other federal, state, and local law enforcement; prosecutors; and the community. Strategic problem-solving involves the use of data and research to isolate the key factors driving gun crime at the local level, suggest intervention strategies, and provide feedback and evaluation to the task force. The outreach component incorporates communication strategies geared at both offenders ("focused deter rence") and the community ("general deterrence"). The training ele ment underscores the importance of ensuring that each person involved in the gun crime reduction effort-from the line police officer to the prosecutor to the community outreach worker-has the skills necessary to be most effective. Finally, the accountability element ensures that the task force regularly receives feedback about the impact of its interventions so that adjustments can be made if necessary. The PSN program is intended to increase partnerships between federal, state, and local agencies through the formation of a local PSN task force. Coordinated by the U.S. Attorney's Office, the PSN task force typically includes both federal and local prosecutors, federal law i Overview

Diagramación digital: ebooks Patagonia Impreso en Chile / Printed in Chile La reproducción total o parcial de este libro queda prohibida, salvo que se cuente con la autorización del editor. parte ii Producción de experiencias y resistencias en el campo de estudios de género y diversidad sexual en Chile. 137 6. La investigación social sobre las violencias hacia las personas LGBTQ+ Jaime Barrientos. 7. El género como opresor y/o emancipador de las identidades profesionales en educación parvularia. Ximena Poblete. No se nace mujer, se aprende. El caso de la primera academia de transformismo en Chile.

During the McCarthy era, Congress passed an obscure law authorizing detained immigrants to work for a payment of one dollar a day. The government justified the provision, which was modeled after the 1949 Geneva Convention’s protections for prisoners of war, in the context of the period’s relative heightened detentions of noncitizens. Soon afterwards, the enactment of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 diminished the use of detention drastically, and the practice of detainee labor lay dormant for decades. Modern changes to immigration law and its systems have rendered immigration detention today the largest mass incarceration movement in U.S. history. The use, and in some cases abuse, of detainee labor is one of the symptoms of an epidemic involving the growing influence of the criminal justice system and prison industry on immigration enforcement. This Article uncovers the historic origins of paid detainee labor, and then situates the practice within a contemporary immigrat...

Ratko Mladić 2 sono stati condannati dalla Camera di prima istanza del Tribunale penale internazionale per i crimini commessi in ex Jugoslavia (TPIJ o Tribunale) a 40 anni di carcere il primo e alla pena dell'ergastolo il secondo. Le due sentenze sono intimamente legate, poiché i giudici hanno deciso della responsabilità di ciascuno rispetto a undici identici capi d'imputazione. Non a caso, nel 1995, l'allora Procuratore del Tribunale Goldstone immaginò che i due dovessero essere coimputati nello stesso procedimento 3 . L'arresto di Karadžić, avvenuto circa tre anni prima quello di Mladić 4 , portò alla separazione dell'iniziale procedimento. I fatti posti a fondamento delle accuse mosse nei confronti dei due e il regime di responsabilità loro contestato restarono comunque gli stessi 5 . Queste caratteristiche rendono le due sentenze odierne particolarmente interessanti: esse possono invero essere lette quasi in parallelo, se non fosse per gli ultimi paragrafi dedicati alla determinazione della pena e, in particolare, alle circostanze attenuanti. Il presente contributo si propone di comprendere se tali pagine conclusive possano comunque essere lette armonicamente o se invece esse costituiscano un'ulteriore dimostrazione della tesi, ampiamente sostenuta in dottrina 6 , dell'incoerenza che caratterizzerebbe la determinazione della pena da parte dei giudici delle corti e tribunali internazionali penali. A tali fini il contributo è diviso in tre sezioni. Il paragrafo 2 tratteggia il sistema sanzionatorio del TPIJ, soffermandosi in particolare sulla disciplina delle circostanze attenuanti, mentre il paragrafo 3 ne sistematizza la giurisprudenza, attraverso una ricognizione delle sentenze di condanna pronunciate in primo grado che può dirsi oggi finalmente completa, dato che il TPIJ ha ufficialmente chiuso la propria esperienza il 21 dicembre 2017. Il paragrafo 4 riassume brevemente le vicende -storiche e processuali -che legano Karadžić e Mladić, per poi approfondire le determinazioni dei giudici sulla pena e, in particolare, sulle circostanze attenuanti. Il paragrafo 5 conclude, offrendo una lettura sistematica delle due sentenze in commento alla luce dei risultati della ricerca condotta nel paragrafo 3.

Efforts to eradicate drug crimes present a law that has criminal sanctions, namely Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics (abbreviated as the Narcotics Law) that criminal sanctions in the Narcotics Law are one of them with a death penalty. The Narcotics Law regulates the policy of criminal sanctions for drug abusers which are divided into two categories, namely the perpetrators as “Users” and/or “Dealers”. It is possible for perpetrators as dealers to be subject to the most severe criminal sanctions in the form of capital punishment as regulated in Article 114 paragraph (2). The method of legal discovery (rechtsvinding) that is often used by judges is the method of interpretation or interpretation. The results of the study state that the interpretation of the provisions that have been stated expressly must not deviate from the intent of the legislators. The judge has the authority to interpret the law if the content of the article used is unclear or incomplete. Analytical interp...

Even if it is not true that law school is the consolation prize for those whose freshman biology grades make medical school impossible, judges, law professors, and lawyers are not (as a general rule) scientists. But they increasingly shape our understanding of scientific ideas by determining how law interprets and applies scientific information and by ensuring that bad science does not create bad law.' As law becomes more science-dependent and expert witnesses play a greater role in a wide range of criminal and civil cases, there has been a concomitant increase in the need to ensure that the expert testimony admitted [at trial] is not just flimsy or interested speculation, but reliable enough to be more helpful than misleading; and one factor that courts have sometimes taken as indicating that proffered scientific testimony may not be reliable is that it 2 is based on "litigation-driven" science.

A co-offending network is a network of offenders who have committed crimes together. Recently different researches have shown that there is a fairly strong concept of network among offenders. Analyzing these networks can help law enforcement agencies in designing more effective strategies for crime prevention and reduction. One of the important tasks in co-offending network analysis is central actors identification. In this paper, firstly we introduce a data model, called unified crime data model to bridge the conceptual gap between abstract crime data level and co-offending network mining level. Using this data model, we extract the co-offending network of five years real-world crime data. Then we apply different variations of centrality methods on the extracted network and discuss how key player identification and removal can help law enforcement agencies in policy making for crime reduction.

This report describes an assessment of the cost-benefit of firearm purchase eligibility background checks performed by state points of contact (POCs) -which include checks of both state records and the FBI's National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) -versus those performed by the FBI in non-POC states where only a NICS check is involved. While the research focused on the Georgia and Oregon POCs, it addresses the more general question of what value, if any, state POCs add to the overall efficacy of firearm eligibility background checks and at what cost; thus, it should have national implications.

Artificial intelligence is transforming the legal profession by augmenting analytical capacities, boosting access to justice, and increasing operational efficiency. Machine learning algorithms excel at evaluating extensive legal data sets, uncovering insights that may be challenging for human analysts to discern. This meticulous study yields more precise predictions of a case's probable outcome, aids in decision-making, and facilitates the development of superior legal tactics. Additionally, artificial intelligence-driven chatbots and virtual assistants are enhancing access to legal information and counsel for individuals who may find it challenging to obtain legal guidance through other means. These innovations are cutting costs, boosting efficiency in the legal field, and improving access to justice. The integration of artificial intelligence into legal systems brings a host of challenges, including ethical and legal concerns like algorithmic bias, data privacy issues, and the reliance on AI for critical legal decisions, which raises questions about moral and legal responsibility. To ensure transparency in decision-making and maintain human participation, it is crucial for legal experts and lawmakers to work together to create explicit guidelines for using artificial intelligence in the legal field. Regular assessments and reviews of AI systems will be essential to confirm they comply with ethical standards, remain accurate, and promote fairness. In the course of implementing AI technology in the legal profession, professionals must ensure they enhance their skills and knowledge to effectively integrate these innovations into the legal system while observing the principles of justice, fairness, and people-centered legal practice. Legal services of the future will rely on the concept of balance between applying AI technologies to increase the effectiveness and availability of services while keeping the essence of the legal profession.