Criminal Justice

In this issue of the International Journal of Drug Policy, Cooper et al. report results from an ecological study that found that police crackdowns were not associated with elevated hospitalisations for injection-related abscesses and endocarditis in New York City (2005). This paper makes many insightful points in the discussion section related to possible explanations. We would like to discuss three important points regarding the intersection between law enforcement and public health as it pertains to illicit drug users in the US. First, this study adds to the literature documenting high health care utilisation and costs among injection drug users (IDUs), especially for potentially preventable conditions such as abscesses and endocarditis. This study documented 48,986 hospitalisations for abscesses and cellulitis and 5452 hospitalisations for endocarditis related to drug injection in New York City (NYC) over 5 years. The rates of hospitalisations for these conditions increased overall during the study period, despite studies suggesting that the number of IDUs in NYC declined during the same period . As the authors stated, costs at San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH) for 1326 hospital admissions in 1999 for IDU-related abscesses and cellulitis were nearly $10 million (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001). The hospitalisations documented in Cooper's study represent significant expenditures for hospital care which disproportionately impact hospitals serving poor, minority, and vulnerable patients that are already overburdened and strapped for resources. Second, these excessive costs are preventable. Interventions aimed at increasing receipt of timely and appropriate ambulatory care by IDUs have been successful in reducing hospitalisation rates and associated health care costs. In response to the high costs at SFGH, an outpatient clinic was opened devoted to ambulatory treatment of abscesses and cellulitis among IDUs. The design of the clinic is specifically tailored to the needs of active IDUs providing wound care along with referrals to substance abuse treatment and social services on a walk-in basis. In the first year of operations, the clinic resulted in a 47% decrease in surgical service admissions, a 34% reduction in ER visits, and estimated savings of over $8 million . Provision of timely

The public sector needs to monitor the performance of the private prisons, and it is necessary to conduct the monitoring as objectively as possible. This article demonstrates that an often overlooked source of data, surveys of inmates, can be used to differentiate prisons on such Was a gag activity, and security, sanitation, and food service delivery. Hierarchical line models were used to generate the prison performance measures. We also show that inmates and staff largely agreed in in their assessments of conditions at the prison. Finally, we demonstrate that although there is considerable consistency for different measures within the topical areas that we examined, there is no necessary correspondence in performance across the different topical areas of gang management, safety and security, sanitation, and food service delivery. Although survey will never and should never replace operational reviews and audits, we demonstrate that they can be effectively used to obtain information...

IMPACT. 1: To interview victims (initially students, later other groups) about their experiences of treatment in institutions in cases of rape or sexual assault, and make recommendations about how training or education could improve that treatment. -- 2. To develop a program of best practices in aiding victims for a variety of institutional settings - beginning with campus but later expanding - including directives on how to facilitate, not simply healing, but resilience. -- 3. To produce a set of materials to aid individuals in institutions dealing with victims of sexual violence, who, while being well-meaning, might inadvertently traumatise the victim for a second time (the double violation).PRIMARY CONTACT: Zoe Brigley Thompson (thompson.3022@osu.edu)This project seeks to rectify institutional and governmental problems in dealing with sexual violence, in a variety of international and domestic contexts, seeking to devise programs that promote victims' physical and mental well...

Data from four successive yearly cohorts and one special early release cohort of parolees are used to explore the question of whether rapid statewide changes in the administration of criminal justice affected the patterns of recidivism among persons on parole for property offenses. Given the earlier broadly constructed research reported by , and their conclusion that variation in shifiing policies would have different effects on different types of offenses, we decided to sharpen the focus of the research questions posed by concentrating on recidivism patterns among property offenders. Three alternative explanations-compositional effects, administrative discretion, and deterrence-are explored to interpret the differences found across cohora While suggestive, these alternative explanations remain open to question given the limitations inherent in quasi-experimental research. Conclusions related to issues of prison construction policy suggest that more attention be paid to the "replacement factor, '' whereby "vacancies" left by incarcerated offenders are rapidly filled by others. I f future research supports the rapid replacement hypothesis, increased levels of incarceration will yield a larger, more experienced criminal "work force" and ironically a heightened collective potential for crime.

That judges, defense attorneys, and prosecurors are part of a courthouse community that responds to organizational pressures is no longer questioned. What remains puzzling is exact!), nhat impact or~anizational.fac.tors have on case outcomes. In this research, one aspect q / this general question is investigated-nhether the clients ~f"repeat-pla.rers" enjoy spec,ial beneJ7t.s or hear special burdens when punishments are distributed. Previous research has found that the clients of repeat-players.frequentl),.fare norse than other ciefendants. In the court under study, we.find the distribution of justice unaffected br this variable. The taskfor future research is to spec,i/j those conditions under w'hich the level of attorney-court contac't either ~zill or u,ill nut have an impact on the distribution of punishment.

Flynn's argument for academic freedom on the topic of race differences in IQ makes little reference to the real world consequences of publishing race differences in IQ. We provide a brief assessment of these consequences and consider their moral significance. Methods: Adopting a utilitarian perspective, we summarize positive and negative consequences of publishing data that shows that the races differ in intelligence, assuming this finding is valid. Results: We should expect both positive and negative consequences, and these consequences can be weighed against one another to determine the path with the greatest utility. In our estimation, the foreseeable scientific and social gains of knowing more about variance in intelligence outweighs the social costs of identifying populations with lower average intelligence. Importantly, we admit that different risk estimations will defensibly arrive at the opposite conclusion. Conclusions: Principled arguments for and against academic censorship oversimplify a complex set of circumstances and provide no grounds for compromise or even hypothesis testing. When the most important and controversial topics provoke partisanship we have failed to temper our outrage and approach a challenge judiciously.

Hazánkban a közelmúltban újra a közéleti vita középpontjába kerültek az életvégi döntések Karsai Dániel ügye kapcsán. Karsai 2023 nyarán fordult a strasbourgi székhelyű Emberi Jogok Európai Bíróságához az öngyilkosságban közreműködés hazai szabályozásával szemben. A Bíróság 2024. június 13-án hozta meg döntését Karsai Magyarország elleni ügyében. Az ügy egyik fő kérdése az volt, hogy Magyarország megsérti-e az önrendelkezéshez való jogot az által, hogy a hazai szabályzás az öngyilkosságban való közreműködés általános tilalmát valósítja meg. A másik pedig az, hogy sérti-e a hátrányos megkülönböztetés tilalmát, hogy az olyan betegségben szenvedők számára, akiknek a betegség jellege miatt nem áll rendelkezésre életfenntartó kezelés, a jogi szabályozás nem biztosítja a halál meggyorsításának lehetőségét, míg az életfenntartó kezelésre szoruló halálos betegek számára ez lehetőség a jog által biztosított. Jelen munka az Emberi Jogok Európai Bírósága döntésének és érvelésének bemutatására vállalkozik.

End-of-life decisions have recently came back into focus in Hungary in connection with the case of Dániel Karsai. In the summer of 2023, Dániel Karsai made an application to the European Court of Human Rights against the Hungarian regulation of assisted suicide. The Court delivered its judgment in the case of Dániel Karsai v. Hungary on 13 June 2024. One of the main questions in the case was whether Hungary violates the right to self-determination TANULMÁNY Kharón  Thanatológiai Szemle  2025/2 through its domestic legislation implementing a general prohibition on assisted suicide. The other question was whether Hungary violates the prohibition of discrimination by not providing for the possibility of accelerated death for patients suffering from a disease for which lifesustaining treatment is not possible due to the nature of the disease, while for terminally ill patients who require life-sustaining treatment, this possibility is provided for by law. This paper presents the decision and reasoning of the European Court of Human Rights.

Introdução: O laboratório iniciou suas atividades em 2001, oferecendo, diretamente para clientes particulares ou através da Justiça, exames de filiação pela análise do DNA. A partir de 2002, este passou a realizar análises de identificação humana em vestígios biológicos ...

The Cybercrimes Act of 2015 was made to have laws in place that protect individuals and organizations against crimes committed across the internet and have laws in place to fine and prosecute those caught committing and facilitating these acts. This study examines the current provisions under the cybercrimes act and see what laws are already in place such as: Computer fraud, identity theft, malicious communication, and identify what additions need to be made to cover gaps that can be exploited in legislation. Through comparative analysis with international laws, the study highlights the necessity of amendments to cover emerging cybercrimes such as deepfake/AI manipulation, cryptocurrency related crimes, cyberbullying, ransomware attacks, cyber terrorism and espionage. With the rapid evolution in technology it is imperative that legislation is robust and this paper highlights why these updates are essential to overall safety as well as emphasize the need for a more adaptive legal framework that enhances enforcement capabilities, strengthens penalties and fosters cooperation across borders to combat cybercrimes efficiently.

Los desafíos del RPT en torno a su eficacia desde una visión jurisprudencial y del derecho comparado 1. I. Introducción El Régimen Penal Tributario, como tal, desde su concepción, presenta vicisitudes y complejidades por confluir distintas ramas del derecho en su aplicación. A estas últimas nos interesa destacar algunos de los desafíos que este presenta en su actual vigencia, es decir, de conformidad al Título IX de la Ley N° 27.430. Como puede verse, dicho régimen, a diferencia de sus orígenes, no se ve concebido como una ley especial, sino que confluye en una ley ómnibus 2-que deroga el régimen previsto por la Ley N° 24.769 y su mod. Ley N° 26.735-3 donde abundan disposiciones normativas de diversos tipos, manteniendo vigente la cantidad de delitos y modificando parcialmente la redacción de los tipos penales, como sus condiciones objetivas de punibilidad 4. No obstante la necesaria modificación, actualización y mecanismo de actualización 5 propio de las condiciones objetivas de punibilidad previstas en el régimen actual, hay algunas consideraciones actuales y en cuanto a la eficacia del régimen que nos gustaría abordar conforme la jurisprudencia y plantear alternativas desde la visión del derecho comparado.

A nuanced exploration of how successfully suppression orders and the law of sub judice contempt mitigate juror bias. The principles of open justice 1 and the right to a fair trial are often viewed as two fundamental pillars of a democratic legal system, yet their relationship is complex and multifaceted. Open justice promotes transparency and accountability by keeping judicial processes open to public scrutiny, thereby upholding confidence in the judiciary, on the other hand, the right to a fair trial protects the integrity of legal proceedings, ensuring that justice is impartially administered without bias or prejudice.

Unsur kerugian keuangan Negara dalam hukum pidana: tindak pidana korupsi, sebagaimana pada Pasal 2 dan Pasal 3 Undang-Undang Tindak Pidana Korupsi mengalami pada mulanya merupakan delik formil, yaitu adanya tindak pidana korupsi cukup dengan dipenuhinya unsur-unsur perbuatan yang sudah dirumuskan bukan dengan timbulnya akibat. Demikian Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 003/PUU-IV/2006 menguatkan konsepsi demikian. Namun, Mahkamah Konstitusi melalui Putusan Nomor 25/PUU-XIV/2016 mengubah secara radikal makna konstitusional unsur kerugian keuangan Negara tersebut menjadi delik materil: menyatakan kata “dapat” dalam Pasal 2 dan Pasal 3 Undang-undang Tindak Pidana Korupsi bertentangan dengan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 dan tidak mempunyai kekuatan hukum mengikat. Dengan demikian hilangnya unsur (bestandeel) “dapat” pada kata “merugikan keuangan atau perekonomian Negara” dalam Pasal 2 dan Pasal 3 Undang-undang Tindak Pidana Korupsi akan berdampak signifikan terhadap penuntutannya, sehubungan unsur sebagai nama kumpulan bagi apa yang disebut bestandeel (bestanddelen van het delict) adalah bagian-bagian yang terdapat dalam rumusan delik yang harus dibuktikan, harus dicantumkan di dalam surat tuduhan dan bilamana satu atau lebih bagian ternyata tidak dapat dibuktikan, maka hakim harus membebaskan terdakwa atau dengan kata lain hakim harus memutuskan suatu vrijspraak

Restorative justice processes, and family group conferences in particular, have become increasingly common in justice system practices across the globe. There has also been significant scholarly interest. Yet, with several notable exceptions, much of the research has been characterized by relatively weak designs, and questions related to the impact of family group conferences on reoffending remain unanswered. This research is intended to begin to address these issues. The study is based on an experiment conducted in Indianapolis, Indiana whereby young, first-time-offending youths were randomly assigned to either a family group conference or one of a number of court-ordered diversion programs. Nearly 800 youths participated in the experiment, and the cases were tracked for 24 months following their initial arrest. Survival analysis techniques were used to compare prevalence patterns of re-offending among the treatment and control groups. The results indicated a significant difference between the two groups with the control group experiencing higher rates of failure (reoffending). The differences were most pronounced during the period of 3-8 months following the initial arrest. Incidence rates were also compared. Assignment to the treatment group was negatively related to incidence of offending. Given the consistent finding of victim benefits in restorative justice processes, the results suggest that conferences hold promise as an effective intervention, at least for young first-time offenders, and warrant continued experimentation.

T he last decade of the 20 th century witnessed signifi cant declines in the rate of crime in the United States. This was true for most types of crime, including homicide and serious violent crime. 1 Despite these declines, the level of gun crime in the United States remains higher than that experienced in other western democracies and is a source of untold tragedy for families and communi ties. 2 Given this context, in 2001 the Bush Administration made the reduction of gun crime one of the top priorities of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), along with combat ing terrorism and enhancing homeland security. The vehicle for translating this priority into action is Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN). PSN represents a commitment to gun crime reduction through a network of local partnerships coordinated through the nation's 94 U.S. Attorneys' Offices. These local partner ships are supported by a strategy to provide them with the resources that they need to be successful. The PSN initiative integrates five essential elements from successful gun crime reduction programs, such as Richmond's Project Exile, the Boston Operation Ceasefire Program, and DOJ's Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative. Those elements are: partnerships, strategic planning, training, outreach, and accountability. The partnership ele ment requires that the local U.S. Attorney create workable and sustain able partnerships with other federal, state, and local law enforcement; prosecutors; and the community. Strategic problem-solving involves the use of data and research to isolate the key factors driving gun crime at the local level, suggest intervention strategies, and provide feedback and evaluation to the task force. The outreach component incorporates communication strategies geared at both offenders ("focused deter rence") and the community ("general deterrence"). The training ele ment underscores the importance of ensuring that each person involved in the gun crime reduction effort-from the line police officer to the prosecutor to the community outreach worker-has the skills necessary to be most effective. Finally, the accountability element ensures that the task force regularly receives feedback about the impact of its interventions so that adjustments can be made if necessary. The PSN program is intended to increase partnerships between federal, state, and local agencies through the formation of a local PSN task force. Coordinated by the U.S. Attorney's Office, the PSN task force typically includes both federal and local prosecutors, federal law i Overview

Restorative justice processes, and family group conferences in particular, have become increasingly common in justice system practices across the globe. There has also been significant scholarly interest. Yet, with several notable exceptions, much of the research has been characterized by relatively weak designs, and questions related to the impact of family group conferences on reoffending remain unanswered. This research is intended to begin to address these issues. The study is based on an experiment conducted in Indianapolis, Indiana whereby young, first-time-offending youths were randomly assigned to either a family group conference or one of a number of court-ordered diversion programs. Nearly 800 youths participated in the experiment, and the cases were tracked for 24 months following their initial arrest. Survival analysis techniques were used to compare prevalence patterns of re-offending among the treatment and control groups. The results indicated a significant difference between the two groups with the control group experiencing higher rates of failure (reoffending). The differences were most pronounced during the period of 3-8 months following the initial arrest. Incidence rates were also compared. Assignment to the treatment group was negatively related to incidence of offending. Given the consistent finding of victim benefits in restorative justice processes, the results suggest that conferences hold promise as an effective intervention, at least for young first-time offenders, and warrant continued experimentation.

Most agree that police officers cannot do their jobs effectively without the support of community members. However, little is known about the perceptions of small business owners who could potentially make a meaningful contribution to safety and security in such communities. There is also a paucity of research on immigrant-owned businesses in disorderly urban communities. To address the gap, this study explores the attitudes of small business owners toward the police in Detroit, Michigan, a city known for high levels of violent crime and presents an analysis of the qualitative data collected from in-depth interviews with small business owners (n=39), with a special focus on Arab and Chaldean business owners. The findings indicate that although procedural justice perceptions are closely associated with police legitimacy perceptions, business owners are equally concerned about the effectiveness of police in dealing with crime. In particular, the perceived risk of victimization influences many Arab and Chaldean business owners' perceptions of police. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.

Recent years have witnessed growing research interest in citizen perceptions of the police. This was likely the result of the community policing movement, which sought to strengthen ties between citizens and the police, as well as to concerns about the legitimacy of the police. Most of this research focused on police agencies in the United States, and little research had been conducted on citizen perceptions of the police in Asian countries. This study sought to fill this void through an analysis of citizen perceptions of the police in South Korea. To address these issues, telephone interview survey data gathered from 11,500 randomly selected citizens were obtained in the rapidly industrializing country, South Korea. Several sets of multiple-regression models were estimated to assess the effect of urbanization, demographics, evaluations of police services, and perceived corruption on citizen satisfaction with police. The results suggested that citizens in small to mid-sized cities and large urban cities were less satisfied with police than were residents of rural areas. In addition, age, evaluations of police service, and perceptions of corruption were related to citizen satisfaction. The results were discussed in comparison to previous research in Asia and the United States and other Western countries.

The purpose of this research was to assess the impact of a strategic intervention intended to eliminate overt drug markets and their associated crime and disorder and to improve relationships between the police and local neighborhood residents. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study included a process assessment of the nature of the intervention as well as an impact assessment based on trends in crime, calls-for-police-service and interviews with residents.

This research reviews police officers' practices and responses to domestic abuse, which since the mid-1980s has been a central topic of debate amongst scholars, campaigners and policymakers. The last four decades have seen a growing body of research and government inquiries that focus specifically on officers' procedures and perception of gender-based crimes, such as domestic abuse. Nevertheless, many questions remain unanswered, or at least contested, including the extent to which police officers can influence how domestic abuse incidents are reported and recorded. In this context, studies in the field have revealed that many different factors can impact officers' behaviours, including lack of knowledge of the dynamics of the crime, misogynistic views, cultural beliefs and gender stereotypes, which are deep-rooted in social norms. These attitudes and traditional gender views are extremely concerning when they are held by some male officers, as males are over-represented in the police force and they play a pivotal role in the fight against domestic abuse.

Criminal justice systems are complex. They are composed of several major subsystems, including the police, courts, and corrections, which are in turn composed of many minor subsystems. Predicting the response of a criminal justice system to change is often difficult. Mathematical modeling and computer simulation can serve as powerful tools for understanding and anticipating the behavior of a criminal justice system when something does change. The focus of this chapter is on three different approaches to modeling and simulating criminal justice systems: process modeling, discrete event simulation, and

This report describes an assessment of the cost-benefit of firearm purchase eligibility background checks performed by state points of contact (POCs) -which include checks of both state records and the FBI's National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) -versus those performed by the FBI in non-POC states where only a NICS check is involved. While the research focused on the Georgia and Oregon POCs, it addresses the more general question of what value, if any, state POCs add to the overall efficacy of firearm eligibility background checks and at what cost; thus, it should have national implications.

The Apocalypse has become the central subject of many comic books. Why?
Are people so afraid of war and depression that they run into the arms of the living dead creatures of hell in our back kitchen, cellar, or back garden?
In this particular book, there is some hope in the fact the main characters rescue, more or less, one person that has fallen into hell, and they manage to escape from that hellish world and the island where they are confined with a ship just waiting for them and they end up this episode of the story in a ship sailing on a vast ocean, going… we do not know where.
The story is essentially centered on males with a two-female exception. The Omnia Mater who is a putschistic lady who seizes the justice of her world to control it all but she ends up in plain burning dust. The second is Jeanne who provides the ship to escape from this world.
The whole book does not have one single square centimeter, or inch if you prefer, of color. Yet it is not black and white. The color of old, old, very old photos that were in the bister line of hues, shades, and colors.
That was a long time ago.

The discourse regarding offender rehabilitation has been criticized by various scholars who have claimed that reducing negative causes and managing risk will not automatically prompt positive human development and elements that are associated with desistance. Positive criminology is an innovative concept that challenges the common preoccupation with negative elements, by placing emphasis on human encounters and forces of inclusion that are experienced positively by target individuals and that can promote crime desistance. However, as the concept is relatively new, there are still no guiding principles for the practice of positive criminology that could direct research and the criminal justice system. This article attempts to fill that gap by providing principles that could be practiced by criminal justice personnel and examples of different interventions that reflect positive criminology. The article also provides ideological explanations for adopting the concept of positive crimino...

[This essay/review also appears on the Hollywood Progressive website at https://hollywoodprogressive.com/television/difficulty-of-parenting.] “Adolescence”--a four-part Netflix Series--is about 13-year-old Jamie, who is arrested and imprisoned in England for the multiple stabbing death of classmate Katie. Episodes 1 and 2 deal mainly with the arrest, booking, and incarceration of Jamie. In Episode 3 a female psychologist, Briony, talks with the imprisoned Jamie, and at times their interaction becomes volatile. Episode 4 deals mainly with the family (on the dad’s 50th birthday) minus Jamie, except for his voice on the phone (calling from prison) with which the family interact. It ends with his family second-guessing themselves about the ways they interacted with him. As a parent who helped raise three children through adolescence, I was struck--once again--by how difficult the parenting job is--and how lucky one is if all of one’s  kids pass through adolescence without incurring any major damage.  The whole cast is excellent, but the dad’s (Stephen Graham) performance is--or at least should be--award-winning.

Based on the Japanese General Social Survey conducted in 2010 on a representative sample of adults, the present analysis intends to identify the factors more likely to predict variations in death penalty attitudes in Japan. Compared to death penalty proponents, those who oppose capital punishment are less likely to express punitive attitudes in general and to be dissatisfied with government expenditures on crime control. Relative to retentionists, abolitionists tend to have a higher level of social trust, show a higher level of support for public participation in the criminal justice process, are more likely to practice a religion, and are younger. Instrumental factors, such as victimization and fear of crime, symbolic factors, such as institutional trust, trust in the judiciary, and the police, as well as gender do not differentiate death penalty opponents from supporters. The results of the multinomial logistic regression show that residents who did not express agreement or disagr...

In general, most studies that examined the relationship immigrants -criminal behavior focused on the immigrants' involvement in criminal activities as offenders and/or the effects of immigration on crime rates. Only limited research looked at the levels of victimization and perceived safety experienced by immigrants in their receiving countries. Using the most recent available data from the European Social Survey (Round 5/2010), the present quantitative analysis conducted on a representative sample of residents in United Kingdom (N=2422) tries to determine the levels of criminal victimization and fear of violent crime associated with foreign nationals living in a European country, where immigration is generally unpopular. Although foreign-born persons living in United Kingdom appear to have a higher degree of victimization (vicarious and direct) than natives, the inter-group difference is not sufficiently large to be significant at p< .05.Nevertheless, compared to natives, first-generation immigrants manifest a significantly higher level of fear of violent victimization. Results also show that in addition to inter-group differences in the levels of perceived unsafety and experiences with victimization, the effects of fear-of-crime correlates vary in intensity among respondents differentiated by their country of birth. In addition, one's level of acculturation contributes to differences in fear of crime among immigrants.

BackgroundIndigenous people are overrepresented in prison populations of colonised justice systems, and Indigenous prisoners in these countries are at a particularly high risk of poor mental health and well-being. There is an acute need to ensure the access of these groups to culturally appropriate, evidence-based interventions.AimsTo conduct a systematic review, evaluating quantitative and qualitative evaluations of mental health and well-being interventions designed for Indigenous people in custody.MethodA search of relevant peer-reviewed journal articles to August 2019 was conducted. The focus was on colonised countries under a Western model of justice and health, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the USA. The review utilised Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, PsycNET, EBSCO, Proquest Criminal Justice Database and Informit.ResultsOf the 9283 articles initially found, only three quantitative and two qualitative evaluations of mental health or well-being interventions for I...

Juvenile justice and Medicaid agencies share an interest in serving delinquent youths, many of whom have a relatively poor health status. However, many state and local Medicaid policies result in these youths having no insurance coverage, making access to needed services difficult. A nationally representative survey of state and community juvenile justice and Medicaid agencies was conducted to assess Medicaid policies. Evidence from the survey suggests that in some areas delinquent youths are actively disenrolled from Medicaid benefits, and in others little effort is made to connect them to Medicaid coverage. Discrepancies between justice agency and Medicaid agency responses point to poor communication and coordination. Overall, the survey identified several opportunities for policy intervention to enhance access to services for justice-involved youths.

Sunt îndrăgostit cu disperare, prostește, până peste urechi. O cheamă Daisy. Ne știm de când aveam patru ani. De atunci m-am îndrăgostit de fata asta -da, atât sunt de jalnic. Prima dată am văzut-o la locul de joacă, hrănind veverițe înfometate cu dumicați rupți din sendvișul ei, și singurul lucru la care m-am putut gândi a fost că n-am întâlnit în viața mea făptură mai frumoasă sau mai bună la suflet decât Daisy Driscoll. Și gata, atât mi-a trebuit. Multă vreme nu i-am spus ce simt. N-am putut. Părea imposibil ca îngerul acesta cu păr auriu, ochi de un albastru-deschis și pielea albă ca porțelanul chiuvetei din baia de la noi de-acasă să simtă măcar a zecea parte din ce simțeam eu pentru ea, așa că nu avea niciun rost să încerc. Însă, în ultima vreme, lucrurile s-au schimbat. În ultima vreme, Daisy mă lasă s-o conduc acasă de la școală. Dacă am noroc, mă lasă s-o țin de mână și îmi aruncă acel zâmbet micuț care-i arcuiește buzele roșii ca cireașa și îmi înmoaie genunchii. Parc-aș crede că-și dorește s-o sărut. Dar mă tem groaznic. Mă tem că, dacă aș încerca, m-ar plesni peste față. Mă tem că, dacă i-aș spune ce simt cu adevărat, m-ar privi cu milă și mi-ar zice că ea nu simte același lucru. Mă tem că s-ar putea să nu mă mai lase vreodată s-o conduc acasă. Și toate astea nici măcar nu sunt lucrul de care mă tem cel mai mult. Ce mă înfricoșează de-a dreptul e ca nu cumva, atunci când o să mă aplec ușor s-o sărut, Daisy să mă lase. Sunt înfricoșat ca nu cumva să vrea să fie iubita mea. Sunt înfricoșat ca nu cumva să mă lase să mă strecor în camera ei, când părinții nu sunt acasă, pentru ca, în sfârșit, să putem fi împreună, singuri. Și sunt îngrozit de-a binelea ca nu cumva, în clipa când o s-o prind singură, să-mi încleștez degetele pe gâtul ei alb și frumos și să strâng până ce o să-i storc din trup ultima fărâmă de viață. Cine e acest bărbat și ce s-a întâmplat cu tipul cu care trebuia să mă întâlnesc? Ar fi trebuit să mă văd cu un bărbat pe nume Kevin, să luăm cina împreună, la ora opt. Mă rog, ar fi trebuit să ne întâlnim să bem ceva în jur de șase -așa e mai simplu să scapi, la o adică -, dar Kevin mi-a trimis mesaj prin aplicația de dating Cynch că ceva îl reține la job: Nu ne-am putea vedea mai degrabă la cină, la opt? Fără să mă gândesc prea mult, am acceptat. Însă Kevin părea chiar simpatic pe când comunicam prin mesaje. Iar în poze era drăguț. De-a dreptul drăguț. Avea zâmbetul acela poznaș, cu o sclipire în ochi, iar părul îi cădea pe frunte, adorabil de ciufulit. Ziceai că e Matt Damon tânăr. Am avut parte de o grămadă de întâlniri proaste prin Cynch, însă de data asta am venit aproape optimistă. Ba chiar am ajuns mai devreme la restaurant și am petrecut ultimele zece minute la bar, așteptându-l cu nerăbdare să ajungă. -Sydney? întreabă bărbatul, postându-se în fața mea. -Da…? Mă holbez la el, parcă așteptând să-mi spună că acel Kevin a murit într-un tragic accident cu taxiul, pe drum spre locul de întâlnire, fiindcă tipul ăsta categoric nu e cel pe care-l așteptam. Însă el îmi întinde mâna. -Sunt Kevin. Nu mă clintesc de pe scaunul de bar. -Serios? OK, hai să spunem lucrurilor pe nume -nimeni nu arată în realitate la fel de bine ca în pozele din aplicația de dating. Adică, na, dacă urmărești să te alegi cu o întâlnire, n-o să te pozezi când te prăvălești din pat dimineața, eventual cu o mahmureală zdravănă. Te aranjezi și tu nițel, faci cam vreo cincizeci de poze din toate unghiurile posibile și cu o duzină de lumini diferite și apoi o alegi pe cea mai bună dintre ele. Pur și simplu, e o chestiune de bun-simț. Și, hei, poate că acea poză perfectă a fost făcută acum zece ani. Nu sunt de acord cu treaba asta, dar înțeleg de ce procedează astfel oamenii. Însă tipul ăsta… În niciun caz nu poate fi același din profilul din Cynch. Nici măcar într-o poză de acum zece ani -niciodată. Pur și simplu, nu cred că e același bărbat. Chiar dacă e o mișcare evident nepotrivită, scot telefonul din geantă și deschid aplicația fix în fața lui. Compar imaginea bărbatului chipeș, cu zâmbet băiețos, cu cel care stă în fața mea. Da, nu-i același. Bărbatul venit la întâlnire e cu cel puțin zece ani mai în vârstă decât cel din fotografie, doar piele și os, aș zice, aproape sfrijit. Cred că nici culoarea ochilor nu-i la fel. Părul blond s-a rărit considerabil și ce-a mai rămas din el e lung și prins la spate într-o coadă nepieptănată. Omul ăsta nu e cel din poză. Aș zice că sunt mai sigură de asta decât de faptul că-mi place să fac plimbări lungi prin Central Park sau să mă uit ore în șir pe Netflix. -Da, eu sunt, mă asigură falsul Kevin. (Deși, în realitate, tipul din poză e, de fapt, falsul Kevin. Poate că în fotografia aia chiar este Matt Damon. Încep să cred că așa stau lucrurile în realitate.) Dau să protestez cum că n-aduce nici pe departe cu fotografia din aplicație, însă cuvintele sună foarte superficial în mintea mea. OK, da, Kevin arată extrem de diferit față de poza de profil. Dar chiar contează treaba asta? Am tot vorbit prin Cynch și pare un tip destul de simpatic. Ar trebui să-i dau o șansă. Și, dacă lucrurile nu merg bine, prietena mea Gretchen o să mă sune oricum în vreo douăzeci de minute, cu o scuză inventată ca să mă scoată naibii de-aici. Niciodată, dar absolut niciodată, nu merg la întâlnire fără un plan de salvare. -E minunat să ne întâlnim și în persoană, spune adevăratul Kevin. Arăți exact ca în poză. Oare se așteaptă să-i spun și eu același lucru? E vreun soi de test? -Oh, răspund. -Hai să ne așezăm undeva. Ochim un separeu spre colțul barului. În timp ce ne îndreptăm într-acolo, nu mă pot abține să nu observ cât de înalt e față de mine. Îmi plac bărbații înalți, dar el are mare nevoie să mai pună niște carne pe oase. Mi se pare că merg alături de un măturoi. -Mă bucur foarte tare că ne-am întâlnit în sfârșit, spune Kevin, strecurându-se pe locul din fața mea. De ce are coada aia atât de ciufulită? Nu putea și el să se pieptene, măcar pentru întâlnirea de azi? -Și eu, îi răspund și nici nu-i în totalitate o minciună. Își coboară privirea asupra mea, cu o expresie aprobatoare pe chipul osos. -Trebuie să-ți mărturisesc, Sydney, acum că ne-am întâlnit în persoană, că îmi pari cu adevărat femeia perfectă. -Chiar așa? -Categoric. Îmi zâmbește larg. -Dacă aș închide ochii și mi-aș imagina fata perfectă, aceea ai fi tu. Uau! Asta chiar e… drăguț. Poate că e cel mai simpatic compliment primit vreodată la o întâlnire. "Îți mulțumesc, adevăratule Kevin." Încep să mă bucur că am rămas. Și, după cum am zis, îmi plac bărbații înalți, așa încât, chiar dacă arată extrem de diferit față de profilul din aplicație, tot simt un ghimpe mic de atracție. -Mulțumesc. -Mă rog, adaugă el, în afară de brațe. -În afară de brațe? -Sunt un pic cam fleșcăite, zice și încrețește nasul. Dar, în afară de asta, ești uau! Așa cum am zis, ești femeia perfectă. Stai așa. Brațele mele sunt cam fleșcăite? Chiar mi-a zis asta? Mai rău, acum mă stresez să mă uit pe furiș la brațele mele goale. Și de ce-oi fi ales să port o rochie fără mâneci taman în seara asta? N-am decât două astfel de rochii în dulap. Aș fi putut opta pentru ceva cu mâneci, care să-mi ascundă brațele, se pare, hidoase, dar, nu, eu am ales asta. -Pot să vă aduc ceva de băut? Chelnerița așteaptă în picioare lângă masă, cu sprâncenele ridicate. Îmi desprind privirea de la brațele monstruoase și o ridic spre ea. -Eu… eu vreau o cola fără zahăr. -Cola fără zahăr? Kevin pare ofensat. -E de-a dreptul plicticos. Ia-ți o băutură adevărată. Nu beau niciodată alcool la prima întâlnire cu un bărbat găsit pe Cynch. Nu vreau ca judecata să-mi fie influențată în vreun fel. -Cola fără zahăr este o băutură adevărată. -Ba nu, nu e. -În fine, e un lichid, zic și mă uit la el peste tăblia lipicioasă a mesei de lemn, apoi adaug: Așa că o s-o numesc băutură. Kevin își dă ochii peste cap spre chelneriță. -Bine, mie adu-mi o Corona și ei o cola fără zahăr. Apoi îi face cu ochiul și mimează din buze: îmi pare rău. Arunc o privire spre geanta de lângă mine. Când are de gând Gretchen să sune? Am nevoie de un colac de salvare. Dar poate că nu sunt corectă. Îl cunosc pe Kevin de doar cinci minute. Ar trebui să-i dau mai mult de o șansă. La urma urmei, ăsta-i motivul pentru care iam spus lui Gretchen să sune la douăzeci de minute după ora întâlnirii. Cinci minute înseamnă o judecată pripită. Dacă nu-i pot acorda unui tip mai mult deatât, atunci o să am parte de prime întâlniri încă douăzeci de ani de-acum înainte. Și am împlinit deja treizeci și patru, așa că nu mă bucur de acest lux. -Sexy ca naiba, comentează Kevin, urmărind-o cu privirea pe chelneriță care a plecat să ne aducă băuturile comandate. Ea chiar are brațe superbe. "Gretchen, unde ești?" CAPITOLUL 2 -Deci trebuie să plătești 2 000 de dolari ca membru nou în acest grup, îmi explică Kevin, dar, pentru fiecare pachet de vacanță pe care-l vinzi, primești un comision de 5 000 de dolari. E destul de bine, nu? Târăsc un cartof prăjit prin dâra de ketchup din farfurie. Au trecut deja patruzeci de minute din întâlnire și, inexplicabil, mă aflu încă aici. Proasta aia de Gretchen! Probabil că se giugiulește cu iubitul sau ceva de genul ăsta și a uitat cu totul de biata de mine. Ba i-am trimis chiar și un mesaj SOS și tot nu m-a sunat. -În mod sigur pot să te bag și pe tine în grup. Revin înfulecă dintr-una din aripioarele cu sos barbecue picant -are un apetit incredibil de sănătos pentru un bărbat atât de slab. L-am atenționat o dată că i s-a împrăștiat sosul pe obraz și atunci l-a șters, dar de fiecare dată când mușcă se murdărește tot. La un moment dat, m-am săturat să-i tot spun că s-a mânjit pe față. -Vrei s-o sun pe Lois, la sediul central? Asta e o oportunitate extraordinară, Sydney. Ești norocoasă că ai dat peste mine. -Nu, mulțumesc. Kevin se întinde și-mi ia paharul cu cola. Când au venit aripioarele, s-a plâns că sunt prea picante și apoi, în decurs de cincisprezece minute, a dat o bere pe gât, apoi încă una, iar acum a pus stăpânire...

докторка юридичних наук, професорка, адвокатка, членкиня Ради комітету з питань кримінального права та процесу Національної асоціації адвокатів України, членкиня Комітету із конституційного правосуддя та прав людини, Рада адвокатів Одеської області м. Одеса, Україна

Концептуальні напрями розвитку кримінального провадження та тенденції його криміналістичного забезпечення: збірник статей за матеріалами Всеукраїнської науково-практичної конференції з нагоди 25-річчя кафедри кримінального процесу і криміналістики Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка (3 грудня 2024 року, м. Львів) / орг. ком. Н.Р. Бобечко, І.І. Когутич, В.Т. Нор [та ін.]. Львів: Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка, 2024. С. 69-77.

What will the prosecutor say about you in court?" The forensic psychiatrist asked the seven-year-old accused of setting a fire. "He'll say that I am a good boy," the child answered. "Then what will your lawyer say about you?" "He'll say I am a very, very good boy!"-From a competency evaluation in a Connecticut juvenile court case

There has been much discussion concerning capital trial decisions which have focused on aggravating circumstances and the likelihood of obtaining a sentence of death after conviction, as well as discussions of murder cases that are not processed as capital cases, but which contain similar aggravating circumstances. Comparing the results of capital and non-capital cases with similar aggravating circumstances can reveal to us some of the most basic problems with the use of capital punishment in America. This paper will address this issue in two ways. First, we compare two strikingly similar time-proximate cases in different states (one with and one without a death penalty statute) that yielded very different results, and which highlight the most basic problems with considering aggravating circumstances as having primary importance in murder cases. We then discuss the utility of arguments in favor of capital punishment by those in law enforcement which stem from a traditional strong law enforcement ideology, in light of evolving arguments against capital punishment which have come to challenge this ideology with evidence of its weakness and effectiveness. We suggest that these challenges can move the strong consideration of aggravating circumstances as justification for capital punishment to the back burner in the death penalty debate and allow a more reasoned and practical approach with law enforcement toward removing their support for the claimed benefits of a death penalty statute.

Using a sample of 118 drug-involved women originally released from prison in the 1990s and reinterviewed between 2010 and 2011, this paper examines the role motherhood played in the desistance process from crime and substance abuse. Interview narratives revealed that motherhood rarely functioned as a turning point per se that activated desistance, but caring for children did serve to solidify prosocial identities once offenders had transformed their addict/criminal identities. Despite their identity transformations, however, the journey of desistance for the majority of mothers was still a long and arduous path. The reality for these mothers most often resembled a hostile terrain marked by the competing demands of battling addiction, finding employment and suitable housing with a criminal record, establishing visitation and custody rights in family court, and regaining the trust of children and family members who had long ago lost faith in their commitment to their families. This research illuminates the complexities inherent in the desistance process for a contemporary sample of drug involved adult women entrenched within the criminal justice system.

Ce texte porte sur les enjeux du numérique liés aux pratiques de médiation à partir d'une discussion sur la notion de médiation sociotechnique. L’extrait en exergue pointe vers le background de cet essai : l'innovation est une affaire aux multiples composantes qui sont transversales aux connaissances acquises et celles qui se veulent nouvelles, dans un champ controversé et porteur de changements théoriques et de pratiques à l’image du champ de la médiation comme mode de régulation des conflits.

Le point de départ de mon argumentaire est la présence incontournable du numérique dans notre vie quotidienne. En fait, les éléments techniques liés au numérique sont aujourd'hui devenus omniprésents et sont intégrés dans un très large spectre de routines ordinaires de citoyens dans notre monde. Routines, qui se déclinent dans les communications interpersonnelles, la circulation d'informations, l'éducation, l'administration publique, l'organisation des mouvements sociaux, pour ne nommer que ces quelques domaines dans lesquels le numérique est devenu, ce que l’on pourrait dire, un élément structurant. Dans ce contexte global, les « nouvelles techniques d'information et de communication », plus communément appelées TIC, s'imposent comme une innovation dans les pratiques de médiation en raison de leur pervasivité (omniprésence). Elles se caractérisent par leur intégration aux objets du quotidien et par la perméabilité entre les dispositifs, qu'ils interagissent entre eux ou non, et ceci, avec ou sans intervention humaine directe.

Reform of probation services in England and Wales has been a frequent feature of its history, though the pace of review, restructuring and modification has increased exponentially in the last 30 years. This paper provides a brief history of changes to the National Probation Service since its inception in the Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 to the recent announcements of the merger of prison and probation services into a new agency, Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service. Commonalities are identified between the various programmes of reform instigated throughout the last 17 years, drawing on insights from Pollitt. The paper addresses the implications for the future of a public probation service in England and Wales after the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) ceased to exist in April 2017 and Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service was inaugurated.

This book offers a multidisciplinary examination of the international crimes committed in the Russia-Ukraine War, and the challenges of their prosecution and documentation. As the largest international armed conflict in Europe since World War II, Russia's war against Ukraine has provoked strong reactions and questions about the post-1945 world order, the utility of the war, and the effectiveness of international criminal justice. Throughout the chapters in this volume, scholars and legal practitioners from Canada, Germany, Poland, Ukraine, the UK, and the United States present the results of interdisciplinary research, insights from the perspective of other postcommunist states, and first-hand expertise from directly working on the documentation and prosecution of these crimes. This offers a broader picture of post-Cold War relations and sheds light on the roots and nature of the war and the importance of regional approaches. The chapters also present some possible responses to the crimes committed in the conflict, with a focus on a victims-centered approach to transitional justice. This volume will be of interest to scholars and students of international criminal and humanitarian law, security studies, peace and conflict studies, and Eastern European history. List of illustrations viii List of contributors ix Introduction: the rocky road to justice -efforts to document and prosecute crimes in Ukraine from a historical and legal perspective xvi