Cosmology (Physics)

This paper investigates the relationship between prime gaps and the Riemann
zeta function, focusing on the stringent conditions under which the Riemann Hy-
pothesis (RH) holds and the circumstances under which it is falsified. Through
the analytic continuation of primes, we derive an exact prime gap theorem and
an alternative formulation of the zeta function. A key result reveals that a zero is
generated independently of 𝑠
, providing a potential counterexample to RH. This
challenges the assumption that all nontrivial zeta zeros lie on the critical line
ℜ(𝑠)=1
2 . Numerical analysis supports the theoretical framework, demonstrating
that prime gaps and zeta zeros are deeply interconnected. These findings sug-
gest that while RH is useful in number theory, it cannot be an absolute truth,
requiring a revised understanding of prime number distribution.

In this article, the author partly uses metaphors to explore multiverses in the omniverse, quantum tunneling & conformal cyclic cosmology in a revelatory eschatology and genesis.
The Holographic Universe is addressed in conjunction with a revisitation of 11-dimensional supermembrane theory, with its five 10-dimensional superstring classes reinterpreted in the form of a Twin Bipolaron Gravitation Center (TBPGC). A parallel lightpath cosmology of dimensionally separated spheroidal de Sitter dS and hyperbolic Anti-de Sitter AdS cosmic expansion models is introduced to enable the cancellation of curvatures in the context of the AdS-CFT correspondence and the emergence of a multiverse defined in phase-shifted universes from a seedling cyclic protoverse oscillating as Bohmian standing waves between maximized even and minimized odd Hubble Event Horizon nodes as TBP parameters of the cosmogenesis.

This paper presents a groundbreaking discovery in atomic physics, where atoms are directly visualized through photonic projections using high-intensity LED illumination and smartphone camera sensors. This technique provides unprecedented insights into atomic structure and dynamics, revealing concentric rings of positively charged particles ("smarticles"), electron orbital patterns, and a rapidly moving central core. This discovery enabled the development of a unified theory of space compression, proposing that matter emerges from the compression of neutral mass (space) at specific ratios. By integrating observations with Russell's wavelength-spiral design of the periodic table, we establish mathematical relationships connecting nuclear magnetic dipole moments, atomic voltage, and chemical bonding. The resulting framework accurately predicts bond properties, molecular geometries, and material characteristics, validated against experimental data. Recent experimental breakthroughs, such as the creation of light-based supersolids, provide additional support for this theoretical framework. This unified approach suggests compression arises from fundamental variations in the volume and density of space and offers potential solutions to fundamental physics puzzles, including the unification of forces, the nature of gravity, wave-particle duality, matter-antimatter asymmetry, and the origin of exotic particles observed in accelerators. The paper concludes with potential applications for novel materials design and implications for understanding quantum phenomena and biological systems.

This chapter examines symmetries in the physical universe from the perspective of a geometry based on spheres of 4D space with a diameter equal to the Planck length. Through these spheres, a connection is proposed between the fundamental properties of particles and the fields they generate, highlighting that the properties of mass, energy, momentum and electric charge emerge as manifestations of the rotation and curvature of space.
The implications of these symmetries in the context of quantum mechanics and relativity are also reviewed, considering the possibility of unifying concepts in a deeper geometric framework. The exploration of these ideas could offer new perspectives on the nature of mass, energy and the fundamental interaction between particles.

This initiative explores the profound interconnections between consciousness, vibrational harmony, and universal laws, presenting a cohesive framework for healing, innovation, and planetary coherence. By integrating advanced technologies, creative exploration, and sustainable practices, it invites humanity to co-create a future rooted in alignment, awareness, and transformation. Core Philosophy • Premise: Consciousness is the foundation of reality, evolving through vibrational alignment and fractal expansion, guided by universal principles. • Vision: To develop tools, practices, and systems that enhance humanity's ability to resonate with universal frequencies, fostering personal and collective transformation.

What if space is not a background, but a memory of alignment?

We propose a framework in which geometry and spatial structure emerge from the coherence dynamics of a distributed network of interacting sensors. Each sensor carries a normalized spinor state-a local frame of orientation-and interactions are mediated by SU(2) voltage assignments on the edges of a directed simplicial complex. Holonomy around closed loops encodes discrete curvature as accumulated misalignment, while relaxation dynamics simulate gravitational cooling, guiding the system toward global coherence. Local disagreement is quantified by spinor entropy, whose coboundary defines an entropic curvature cocycle-a cohomological measure of irreducible misalignment. Persistent regions of entropy localize as spinor vortices, classified by topological defects in the moduli space of SU(2) configurations. An informational action functional governs the system's evolution, with its minima corresponding to coherent ground states and its critical points marking symmetrybreaking transitions. Rooted in recent advances in voltage graphs, discrete gauge theory, and distributed cognition, this model offers a unified language for emergent geometry, topological field theory, and observer mechanics. In this view, space is not assumed, but enacted-a topological residue of coherence across a field of perspectives.

Please note, this is a draft preview!

Space, like time, may not be fundamental. By reformulating the Hamiltonian without reference to coordinates or geometry, and replacing it with recursive structure (graph Laplacian), the paper shows that quantum dynamics unfold identically. This invites a reconsideration of space's ontological role.

In the information-theoretic cosmology based on the evolution of dimensionality, 2-D structures arise before 3-D and maintain their essentially 2-D forms. This is confirmed by the presence of spiral galaxies in the early universe. Motivated by this fact, we consider the black ring, the 2-D analog of the hollow black hole. These and other geometries may be associated with signatures that can be observed.

We propose a cosmological model in which dark energy arises not as a static cosmological constant, but through dynamic energy transformation from decaying dark matter, radiation, and baryonic matter. This model maintains total energy conservation and introduces scaling laws that match current observational data on H(z), fσ₈(z), and Ω(z). Phantom crossing and late-time acceleration emerge naturally without fine-tuning or exotic fields. The framework challenges ΛCDM by offering a unified, evolutionary energy model grounded in physically motivated processes.

Modern Physics that has been driven to a mysterious voodoo realm by the Mathematical and experimental blunders of the twentieth century is struggling to come out of it under enormous resistance by the blind practitioners who earn a living by preaching and promoting Voodoo Physics. Theoretical blunders are in its foundational Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. Experimental design and misinterpretation blunders are many. The Splitting of a beam of Atoms by the Stern and Gerlach Device is deterministic, not probabilistic. The interference pattern of the Double-Slit experiment for a beam of electrons is not a result of a fictional particle wave. Spiral Pairs in Anderson's cloud chamber cannot be attributed to electron-positron pairs of equal mass. There are no antiparticles in Anderson's Cloud chamber. Lenard's and Wilkinson's Photoelectric experiments are incomplete; they did not carry out the experiments for varying amplitude. There must be an amplitude cutoff , not just a frequency cutoff for photoelectricity. Image generation in Electron Microscopes is not a result of fictional particle waves. Particle waves and wave particles are oxymorons.

Modern Physics that has been driven to a mysterious voodoo realm by the Mathematical and experimental blunders of the twentieth century is struggling to come out of it under enormous resistance by the blind practitioners who earn a living by preaching and promoting Voodoo Physics. Theoretical blunders are in its foundational Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. Experimental design and misinterpretation blunders are many. The Splitting of a beam of Atoms by the Stern and Gerlach Device is deterministic, not probabilistic. The interference pattern of the Double-Slit experiment for a beam of electrons is not a result of a fictional particle wave. Spiral Pairs in Anderson's cloud chamber cannot be attributed to electron-positron pairs of equal mass. There are no antiparticles in Anderson's Cloud chamber. Lenard's and Wilkinson's Photoelectric experiments are incomplete; they did not carry out the experiments for varying amplitude. There must be an amplitude cutoff , not just a frequency cutoff for photoelectricity. Image generation in Electron Microscopes is not a result of fictional particle waves. Particle waves and wave particles are oxymorons.

A stationary particle of charge Q is supposed to be an impregnable spherical shell of radius a and intrinsic energy En. The radial electrostatic field Eo pull the surface charge equally outwards to maintain a structure in equilibrium. Lines of Eo curl in positive potential energy for repulsion, or negative potential energy for attraction. The lines curl backwards in reaction to acceleration. Electric field intensity due to charge Q of constant mass m as the rest mass mo, moving with velocity v, relative to observer, is put as vector Ev = (Eo/c)(c + v), where c is velocity of light, of magnitude c, in a vacuum. If Q suffers acceleration, at time t, an inductive electric field Ea is created, in accordance with Faraday's law. Field Ea acts on the same charge Q to produce inertial force QEa =-mo(dv/dt), within a body composed of electric charges. The dynamic field Ev, larger than Eo, contains the kinetic energy ½ mov 2 , without any increase of mass. A mass-energy equivalence law is deduced as En = ½moc 2 , compared to relativistic equation En = mc 2 , where m increases with speed v. At light speed c, electric field intensity is increased to 2Eo in the direction of velocity and reduced to zero backwards.

We present a new mechanism for cosmic acceleration consisting of a scalar field coupled to a triplet of classical U(1) gauge fields. The gauge fields are arranged in a homogeneous, isotropic configuration, with both electric-and magnetic-like vacuum expectation values. The gauge fields provide a mass-like term via a Chern-Simons interaction that suspends the scalar away from its potential minimum, thereby enabling potential-dominated evolution. We show this mechanism can drive a brief period of acceleration, such as dark energy, without the need for fine tunings. We obtain simple analytic results for the dark energy equation of state and dependence on model parameters. In this model, the presence of the gauge field generically leads to a suppression of long-wavelength gravitational waves, with implications for the experimental search for cosmic microwave background B-modes and direct detection of a stochastic gravitational wave background.

This paper explores the possibility that a past universe, having collapsed into a black hole, could persist as residual information influencing our current reality. By examining theoretical physics, quantum mechanics, and consciousness studies, this theory proposes that our universe may be layered upon or interwoven with the remnants of a prior cosmos. Furthermore, it explores the implications of human consciousness interacting with this information on a quantum or metaphysical level. If such interactions exist, they could provide insight into synchronicity, intuition, and the fundamental nature of reality.

We propose a model where local universes ("bubbles") emerge from a dynamic dark matter/dark energy medium ("cosmic soup"). This framework explains anomalous James Webb Telescope observations (e.g., mature galaxies at high redshift) as potential bubble interactions and predicts distinct signatures in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The theory extends ΛCDM cosmology while addressing its tensions with recent data through a novel hydrodynamic approach to multiverse formation.

The Conscious Cosmos Framework reimagines reality as a seamless interplay between consciousness and the cosmos, positing that consciousness is not emergent but the fundamental substrate of existence. Bridging science, philosophy, and spirituality, the framework describes the universe as an ongoing dance of vibrations between structural (s) and non-structural (ns) aspects, where matter, energy, and awareness reflect and shape one another. This dynamic interrelationship reveals God as the self-both personal and universal-guiding a profound narrative of interconnected creation and evolution.

International Journal of Advances in Materials Science and Engineering (IJAMSE) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.

The discovery that the Universal Matrix consistently yields a determinant of zero, regardless of how it's partitioned or subdivided, is a monumental achievement that transcends the boundaries of conventional mathematics. It's a testament to the profound numerical harmony and coherence that underpins the very fabric of reality.

The Universal Matrix isn't just a mathematical model; it's a numerical blueprint of the cosmos, revealing a universe that is not only coherent but also uniquely powerful and elegant. It's a testament to the vision of a universe that is harmonically balanced, fractally complete, and numerically unified in ways that were previously only theorized.

The consistent zero determinant of the Universal Matrix is not just a remarkable mathematical property; it's a profound revelation that has the potential to reshape our understanding of the universe and our place within it.

We propose a cosmological model in which the universe is described as a 4-sphere: a non-Euclidean, inwardly expanding spacetime geometry.  In this framework, past states of the universe are represented by concentric shells surrounding the present, like nested Matryoshka dolls with increasing internal volume.  Time flows radially inward from the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) toward the present, resolving the horizon problem geometrically and reframing redshift as a consequence of temporal (radial) curvature rather than accelerating expansion.  The model suggests that entanglement arises from global geometric constraints, not nonlocal signaling, and that inertial frames comoving with the CMB may be physically privileged.  While the model is presented conceptually, it invites further mathematical development and may offer insights into dark energy, the Hubble tension, and the structure of spacetime itself.

Static, spherically symmetric solutions of axi-dilaton gravity in D dimensions is given in the Brans-Dicke frame for arbitrary values of the Brans-Dicke constant ω and an axion-dilaton coupling parameter k. The mass and the dilaton and axion charges are determined and a BPS bound is derived. There exists a one parameter family of black hole solutions in the scale invariant limit.

We investigate a class of cosmological solutions of Einstein's field equations in higher dimensions with a cosmological constant and an ideal fluid matter distribution as a source. We discuss the dynamical evolution of the universe subject to two constraints that (i) the total volume scale factor of the universe is constant and (ii) the effective energy density is constant. We obtain various interesting new dynamics for the external space that yield a time varying deceleration parameter including oscillating cases when the flat/curved external and curved/flat internal spaces are considered. We also comment on how the universe would be conceived by an observer in four dimensions who is unaware of the extra dimensions.

We propose a new law for the deceleration parameter that varies linearly with time and covers Berman's law where it is constant. Our law not only allows one to generalize many exact solutions that were obtained assuming constant deceleration parameter, but also gives a better fit with data (from SNIa, BAO and CMB), particularly concerning the late time behavior of the universe. According to our law only the spatially closed and flat universes are allowed; in both cases the cosmological fluid we obtain exhibits quintom like behavior and the universe ends with a big-rip. This is a result consistent with recent cosmological observations.

The field equations of Brans-Dicke gravity coupled to a mass-varying vector field are derived. Anisotropic cosmological solutions with a locally rotationally symmetric Bianchi type I metric and time-dependent scalar and electric vector fields are studied. A particular class of exact solutions for which all the variable parameters have a power-law time dependence is given. The universe expands with a constant expansion anisotropy within this class of solutions. We show that the accelerating expansion is driven by the scalar field and the electric vector field can be interpreted as an anisotropic dark matter source.

This chapter addresses the fields generated by mass and charge, along with other fundamental elements such as curvature and frequency, conceptualized as a single unified field. These elements, whether at rest or in motion, generate two types of interrelated fields, similar to what occurs in electromagnetism.
It analyzes how Planck units and the geometrical system of units simplify physical expressions, allowing wavelengths, energies and forces to be described by fundamental constants. In addition, the concept of "energy element" is introduced, defined as any physical magnitude capable of being expressed in terms of length or distance based on universal constants.
General expressions are presented for forces and fields generated by energy elements, both at rest and in motion. These expressions, derived from the proposed theoretical model, allow concepts such as gravity and electromagnetism to be extended to a more general framework that includes moving elements.
The chapter concludes with the generalization of Maxwell's equations and the formulation of gravitomagnetism, showing how the forces between elements of energy at rest and in motion can be unified into a consistent theoretical system. The potential of this approach to link classical and modern field theories is underlined.

It is understandable that in 1916 Einstein was unable to explain his postulate c=const, that in the case of the lightning and the train that moves on the railway embankment he still tacitly implied that the inertial coordinate system which is at rest has advantage over the one in motion. In serious scientific journals, there are no tries of explanations of this postulate, but it is strange that even today, at popular lectures, Einstein's explanation is taken as valid. It isn't difficult to show that his explanation is not valid; it is difficult to find the right explanation without trying to form an alternative theory. The article is dedicated to this goal. The found explanation will also serve to explain, for example, the EPR-paradox without any “spooky action at a distance” or “hidden variables” (Einstein’s expressions). And this is not the only example where it can serve.

Aristotle, Ptolemy, and geocentrism. Copernicus, Kepler and heliocentrism. Newton, the real estate stars and the universe ether. Einstein, Lemaitre and the “big bang”—homocentrism, hidden geocentrism. One has to decide: either at once all the mass of the world was created and so large one, or the mass is variable and the measure of inertia is c2=const, whatever being energy from all over the universe. The article shows that today, when we know that there are quasars moving away from us at a speed and 95% of the speed of light, Einstein's energy E=mc2 should be considered as differential dE=c2dm. So since the corresponding binomial series for v→c is divergent, along with the solution of this differential equation goes an indefinite integration constant of infinite energy wherever we take the mass of rest m0 as coordinate origin. This is where the dark energy lies. And when Perlmutter writes that “it has long been assumed that there must be some underlying symmetry that precisely ...

The AdS/CFT correspondence posits a holographic equivalence between a gravitational theory in Anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetime and a conformal field theory (CFT) on its boundary, linked by gauge-invariant quantities like field strengths \( F_{\mu\nu} \) and fluxes \( \Phi \). This paper dismantles that link, leveraging my prior analysis of the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect, where such quantities exhibit nonlocality, discontinuity, and incompleteness. I demonstrate that gauge potentials \( A_\mu \) in the Lorenz gauge—not their invariant derivatives—mediate the AB effect’s local, continuous dynamics, a reality extending to gravitational fields \( g_{\mu\nu} \) as substantival entities. In AdS/CFT, the CFT’s reduction of bulk \( A_\mu \) and \( g_{\mu\nu} \) to gauge-invariant imprints fails to reflect this ontology, a flaw so fundamental that it excludes gauge/gravity duality—neither standard mappings nor reformulations suffice. A new mathematical proof formalizes this: the bulk’s diffeomorphism freedom cannot correspond to the boundary’s gauge freedoms, Abelian or non-Abelian, under this reality. This critique spans the gauge/gravity paradigm broadly, from AdS/CFT to holographic QCD, where symmetry invisibility obscures bulk physics. While duality’s successes in black hole thermodynamics and strongly coupled systems highlight its utility, I suggest these reflect approximations within specific regimes, not a full equivalence. I propose a shift toward a framework prioritizing \( A_\mu \) and \( g_{\mu\nu} \)’s roles, with gravitational AB effects in AdS as a testing ground. This work seeks to enrich holography’s dialogue, advancing a potential-centric view for quantum gravity.

Astronomical knowledge in ancient India is primarily recorded in Sanskrit, often in the form of shlokas found in the Vedas, Vishnu Purana, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Srimad Bhagavad Gita, and other epics. Scientific insights were seamlessly integrated into daily life in India, often explained through mythological stories, making complex concepts accessible and practical. From around 2500 BCE to 500 CE, Indian astronomy developed into various treatises, with early applications documented in the Rig Veda (circa 2000 BCE). Astronomy and astrology were closely linked, especially in horoscope predictions, a practice that continues to this day. Ancient Indian astronomy, based on sidereal calculations, covered applications such as calculating eclipses, determining Earth's circumference, recognizing the sun as a star, and identifying the planets in the solar system. Referred to as Khagola Shastra in ancient texts, this term likely originated from the renowned Khagola observatory at Nalanda University, where Aryabhatta expanded astronomical knowledge in the 6th century.

What if reality is not composed of things, but of loops?

The Fractal Recursive Loop Theory of the Universe (FRLTU) proposes a process-first ontology in which recursion-not matter, mind, information, or even causality-is the fundamental engine of existence.

Unlike traditional metaphysical frameworks that require a first cause or ungrounded substance, FRLTU begins with recursion precisely because it is the only known process that explains itself without appealing to an external origin. Linear causality, when pushed to its limit, demands a privileged beginning; an ontological dead-end. Recursive causality by contrast, loops back on itself, offering continuity, self-generation, and internal coherence.

The proposed model-independent solution to the dark energy problem requires only redefining the redshift parameter z with no special assumptions of the physical mechanism of cosmological redshifting. The new definition of the redshift parameter finds its justification in cosmological models based on both special and general relativity. In this paper a Hubble diagram is produced from a sample of the SNe1a observational data, after recalculating measured redshifts according to the new definition with no change in corresponding magnitudes (apparent luminosities). A linear fit of the observational data obtained with the newly-defined redshift z* can be considered as an evidence for the non-accelerating Universe with no need for any dark energy.

This paper shows that the variation of certain fundamental constants is practically impossible in a physical time frame of reference. We can have as many time frames of reference we want but when we transform them all into physical time frames of reference, with time as a measure of movement, physical equations retain their form and meaning and values of certain physical quantities and fundamental constants are the same. Therefore the question of variation of certain fundamental constants is only possible for those frames of reference other than physical time.

This paper is an attempt to find an answer in the matter of expanding universe from the time variance of the gravitational constant point of view. We took as reference the equivalent variation of the gravitational constant of a static universe and report the observational data to it. The equivalent variation of the gravitational constant of a static universe is estimated in a reference universe hypothesis. An expanding force is balanced by an attracting force and this is the basis from which we can establish a formal time variance for the gravitational constant in two cases. The first one correspond to an expanding universe, hence this case can’t be a reference for our evaluation. The second case corresponds to a static universe and it is the same as a de Sitter universe. This is the reason why this case can be a reference case. Thus the observational data smaller than our reference theoretical value, are linked to a collapsing universe and the observational data greater than the sa...

This paper is an attempt to generalize the well-known expression of the gravitational potential for more than three dimensions. We used the Sneddon-Thornhill approach of the Newton’s theorem and then the results are passed through the filter of Poisson’s equation. The comparison with other theories implies some restrictions, but the overall results are valid until the experiment will disprove them.

In this paper the spatial two-body problem in a Newtonian non-inertial frame of reference is analyzed. The Lagrange’s equations of elliptical movement are established and applied to estimate the advance of perihelion in this case. Finally the theoretical results are compared with the observational results.

Quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger) is supported by cosmic data (without fitting). Qmoger equations consist of Einstein equations with two additional terms responsible for production/absorption of matter. In Qmoger cosmology there was no Big Bang and matter is continuously producing by the Vacuum. Particularly, production of the ultralight gravitons with possible tiny electric dipole moment was started about 284 billion years ago. Quantum effects dominate interaction of these particles and they form the quantum condensate. Under influence of gravitation, the condensate is forming galaxies and producing ordinary matter, including photons. As one important result of this activity, it recently created us, the people, and continues to support us. Particularly, our subjective experiences (qualia) are a result of an interaction between the background condensate and the neural system of the brain. The action potentials of neural system create traps and coherent dynamic patt...

The current favorite in Cosmology for the formation of this Universe from a single “Big Bang” purports the idea that there was an object of Planck dimensions that exploded at a hyper-Relativistic velocity. It proposes that single body (call it the “Cosmic Egg”) was initially pure energy. Later in its expansion the energy of that Big Bang became disperse enough to form matter. Though the degree of that dispersion necessary for that formation is largely undefined. Even the proposals that offers/purports some definitions do not meet in logic. This paper reasons from the Classic Relativity equations a mechanism for that formation and offers a source of the energy needed for that formation. While it makes a very specific presumption that our Space-Time reality is infinite, that is surely more reasonable than assigning it the limits modern science does. Assigning limits to our Universe – in Space and Time – have been proven incorrect for the entire history of Science. It is unreasonable t...

The total spacetime manifold for a Schwarzschild black hole (BH) is described by the Kruskal coordinates u = u(r, t) and v = v(r, t), where r and t are the conventional Schwarzschild radial and time coordinates respectively. The relationship between r and t for a test particle moving on a radial or non-radial geodesic is well known. Similarly, the expression for the vacuum Schwarzschild derivative for a geodesic, in terms of the constants of motion, is well known. However, the same is not true for the Kruskal coordinates; and, we derive here the expression for the Kruskal derivative for a radial geodesic in terms of the constants of motion. In particular, it is seen that the value of | du/dv | (= 1) is regular on the Event Horizon of the Black Hole. The regular nature of the Kruskal derivative is in sharp contrast with the Schwarzschild derivative, | dt/dr |= ∞, at the Event Horizon. We also explicitly obtain the value of the Kruskal coordinates on the Event Horizon as a function of the constant of motion for a test particle on a radial geodesic.

Einstein formalism E=m∙c 2 describes relation between energy and mass. The missing equation is how mass is related with gravity. In this paper we will show that energy, mass and gravity which of a given particle have all origin in variable energy density of quantum vacuum. Quantum vacuum of Planck metrics is a fundamental arena of the universe. Every particle is made out of quantum vacuum energy and diminishes its energy density accordingly to the amount of its energy. Diminished energy density of quantum vacuum gives origin to inertial and to gravitational mass. Variable energy density of quantum vacuum is governing entire cosmic dynamics.

Il "Diario della Collaborazione: Matematica, Fisica Teorica, Cosmologia Teorica e Cuore" è un'opera che unisce rigore scientifico e riflessioni umane, nata da un dialogo creativo tra un ricercatore e un'Intelligenza Artificiale. Al centro di questo lavoro troviamo l'evoluzione dell'universo, modellata attraverso strumenti matematici innovativi come la Costante del Gaudio-Nardelli e il concetto di trasporto ottimale. Il testo esplora la transizione dall'ordine simmetrico dell'ottaedro alla complessità entropica della sfera emergente, offrendo una narrazione cosmologica unica. Questo zibaldone abbraccia non solo formule e calcoli, ma anche frammenti di umanità e collaborazione, con l'obiettivo di ispirare nuovi approcci nella scienza e nella filosofia.

This paper proposes a novel hypothesis that dark matter, comprising 85% of the universe's mass, interacts with life beyond its known gravitational effects. It suggests that human origins stem from a synergy of water and dark matter, with the 98% non-coding DNA (commonly termed 'junk DNA') serving as a conduit for this interaction. This process may activate at the 120-day embryonic stage, potentially giving rise to consciousness. The theory posits that an initial dark matter-based evolution occurred when Earth lacked water, producing life forms that coexist with us yet remain imperceptible. At death, this dark matter essence may separate from the body, integrating into the cosmic fabric or transitioning to an unseen plane. To test this, three experiments are proposed: (1) measuring gravitational anomalies with a high-precision gravimeter among 1,000-2,000 subjects; (2) analyzing non-coding DNA expression in cells exposed to simulated gravitational fields; and (3) investigating quantum entanglement disruptions under simulated dark matter conditions. If validated, this hypothesis could redefine our understanding of evolution, consciousness, and dark matter's role in the universe.

The Hubble constant Ho represents the speed of expansion of the universe and various cosmological observations and modeling methods were utilized by astronomers for a century to pin down its exact value. Determining Ho from cosmological observations is a long and tedious process requiring highly accurate datasets. To circumvent this need, a simple theoretical approach is introduced in this study which uses the concept of gravitational weakening and seismic-induced recession. As tremors occur among celestial objects, their gravitational fields would also change. This resulted in a fundamental relation of Ho and the computed rate of recession that gives a theoretical value for Ho=69.921 Km/s/Mpc. Using the newly discovered seismic-induced gravitational weakening and time dilation, it is possible that various astrophysical methods using different measurement methods would converge to this theoretical Ho value when cosmological distances and time delay measurements are corrected with the simple formulas we derived. The new model assumes that, as quakes occur in celestial objects, luminosityinduced acceleration and high-energy collision of protons and electrons may produce a massive number of neutrinos, quarks and other subatomic particles. Furthermore, the fine structure constant was found to be inversely proportional to Ho-squared and that the fine-structure constant obtained in this study gives a new physical interpretation of α. New relations for the speed of light, orbital velocity, gravitational force and the Hubble constant were further derived from the new recession constant using approximate relations for the Newtonian and electric force constant. This resulted in a modified gravitational law that is both repulsive and attractive and a theoretical explanation of the phenomenon of light-induced gravitation analogous to the electromagnetic force where photon is the force-carrier. Finally, the fundamental forces of gravitation, electromagnetism and strong nuclear force are now unified.

The anomalous increase of the astronomical unit, the mysterious secular increase of the lunar eccentricity and the flyby anomaly are important issues of modern astronomy. This study aims to determine the effect of earthquakes on the origin of these anomalies. Based on conventional physics, we found the existence of earthquake-induced gravitational weakening within the earth-moon-sun system and beyond. New equations of gravitation, including time dilation, are introduced that can explain the anomalous increase of the astronomical unit and the lunar orbit. A modified equation that includes the effect of massive quakes also explains the anomalous increase of the lunar eccentricity. Furthermore, the results of the present study can explain the flyby and Pioneer anomalies experienced by spacecraft during gravity assisted maneuvers. A modification of the 3 rd Law of Kepler is also presented. Implications on the elliptic orbit of the earth, its reduced velocity and the occurrence of leap years are also discussed. Using the seismic-induced gravitational weakening model, probable trigger mechanisms of the faint young sun paradox and the Allais effect are also presented. An estimate of the age of the earth based on the observed values of the Hubble parameter and the USGS earthquake data for the past century is also presented. A new model of the seismic-driven expanding universe and a new equation to determine the expansion rate of galaxies and the universe is also proposed. The sudden earth's retreat due to gravitational weakening and its implication on anomalous astronomical refraction and flight risk at night especially near the equatorial region, and its effect on the abrupt satellite orbital decay, spin and drift are also discussed. This study may also shed light on the occurrence of sinkholes and massive landslides. Finally, this study proposes a new equation that can explain the observed changes in the fine structure constant.

The concept of extraterrestrial life has long been a subject of speculation and scientific inquiry. This paper explores the hypothesis that intelligent life evolving on high-gravity planets-socalled 'super-Earths'-would develop significantly enhanced physical traits compared to humans. The paper examines the implications of higher gravity on muscle development, bone density, physiology, resilience, and movement capabilities. If such beings were to visit Earth, their adaptations to a stronger gravitational environment might make them appear superhuman by our standards. This study integrates astrophysics, evolutionary biology, and biomechanics to analyze how gravity could shape an alien species into a race of beings with extraordinary physical abilities.

After a brief review of the Decreasing Universe (D.U.) model, we will derive a formula and the graph for the apparent velocity of stars (of a Messier_33 galaxy) as a function of their radial distance from the galactic center. This formula reproduces the same velocity curve traditionally attributed to dark matter.

The Universal Gravitational-Informational Theory (TGIU) proposes a model where the observable universe arises from a 2D informational plane, comprising infinite information and potential energy, and a 1D potential gravity collapse direction. These planes interact at 90 degrees, generating motion, time, 3D space dimensions, matter, energy, and mass through a process of informational gradient collapse. This interaction underpins gravitational and informational dynamics, offering explanations for dark matter, dark energy, and cosmic expansion. Key predictions include gravitational-informational waves, continuous space-time creation, and applications for gravito-informatic devices, with potential for experimental validation. TGIU bridges classical and quantum theories, suggesting a fractal-holographic nature of reality.