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2010, Cognitive technologies
to appear in Beyer, Fricke, Kjosavik (eds.), Husserl and Intersubjectivity, Routledge
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2012
This paper focuses on modelling capabilities to interpret another person's mind, taking into account both affective and cognitive states. A basic agent model to generate emotional responses and feelings in response to certain stimuli is taken as a point of departure. For the case these stimuli concern observation of another person's body state (e.g., face expressions), emotion reading is achieved, following the Simulation Theory approach to mindreading. Furthermore, by taking (internal) cognitive states instead of stimuli as a source for emotional responses, it is shown how to model the way in which a person associates feelings to cognitive states. Moreover, it is shown how another person can obtain empathic understanding of a person by simulating the way in which feelings are associated to cognitive states. The obtained agent model describes how the empathic agent deals with another agent's cognitive states and the associated feelings, thus not only understanding the other agent's cognitive state but at the same time feeling the accompanying emotion of the other agent.
2000
I claim that two important aspects of emotions are usually missed by current computational models and uses. On the one side, human emotions are complex and rich mental states, not simple reactive mechanisms. They have rich cognitive ingredients, in particular “evaluations”. I will propose some brief example of such a necessary “cognitive anatomy”(in terms of beliefs and goals) of complex social emotions (for ex. shame) and of the “meaning” of their expression.
2011
Leigh Bush 2 relationships once established or reaffirmed by commensality, highlighting an often overlooked commensal institution for the new individualist: the community table. By exploring our emotional, social and culinary desires I hope to illuminate new avenues that might provide helpful options for the hungry post-modern individual. You're So Emo: Putting Food Where Your Emotions Are Although we may like to think of ourselves as rational beings, emotions play a prominent part in our life experiences and decisions. According to Damasio (1998), emotion designates "a collection of responses triggered from parts of the brain, using both neural and humoral routes" with an end result being our emotional state "defined by changes within the body proper, e.g. viscera [and] internal milieu" (84). Sociologists, however, argue that, rather than being a prewired neurological condition, emotions are affected by our culture, our institutions and the people around us (Parkinson 1996). Studies have shown that people display emotions in institutionally appropriate ways, that they respond emotionally to other individuals' and that our perceptions about how others feel about us shape our emotional states. Regardless, emotions represent psychological and physiological conditions that are difficult if not impossible to invoke by concentrating the rational mind; they cue us into our environment, apprising us of what we find desirable (or not), and in so doing, emotions give us an index of value which we express in our daily lives (Donald 1997). We use emotions to communicate, oftentimes binding ourselves with or separating ourselves from other individuals through our reactions (Massey 2002). Although we usually think
C. Todd and S. Roser (eds.), Emotion and Value. Oxford: Oxford , 2014
Why think that emotions are kinds of evaluations? This chapter puts forward an original account of emotions as evaluations apt to circumvent some of the chief difficulties with which alternative approaches find themselves confronted. We shall proceed by first introducing the idea that emotions are evaluations (sec. I). Next, two well-known approaches attempting to account for this idea in terms of attitudes that are in and of themselves unemotional but are alleged to become emotional when directed towards evaluative contents are explored. According to the first approach, emotions are nothing but evaluative judgments. Sec. II reminds the reader of the problems associated with this idea: one of its consequences is to deprive creatures with limited cognitive capacities of any sort of partaking of emotional life. According to the second approach, which is often praised for its capacity to avoid the pitfalls facing an appeal to evaluative judgments, emotions are perception-like experiences of evaluative properties and are as such within the reach of creatures bereft of conceptual capacities. This perceptual theory is taken up in sect. III, in which we explain why it remains unsatisfactory insofar as it shares with the evaluative judgement theory the idea that what makes emotions evaluations is the specific contents that they have. On this basis, we proceed by outlining in sect. IV an alternative—the attitudinal theory of emotions. Its main point of departure from current theorizing about the emotions consists in elucidating the fact that emotions are evaluations not in terms of what they represent, but rather in terms of the sort of attitude subjects take towards what they represent. We explore here what sorts of attitudes emotions are and defend the idea that they are felt bodily attitudes.
2012
Abstract Two studies are presented that explore the interpersonal effect of emotion displays in decision making in a social dilemma. Experiment 1 (N= 405) showed that facial displays of emotion (joy, sadness, anger and guilt) had an effect on perception of how the person was appraising the social dilemma outcomes (perception of appraisals) and on perception of how likely the person was to cooperate in the future (perception of cooperation).
2011
Abstract This paper explores whether and how facial displays of emotion can impact emergence of cooperation in a social dilemma. Three experiments are described where participants play the iterated prisoner's dilemma with (computer) players that display emotion. Experiment 1 compares a cooperative player, whose displays reflect a goal of mutual cooperation, with a control player that shows no emotion.
2018
Understanding emotions of others requires a theory of mind approach providing knowledge of internal appraisal and regulation processes of emotions. Multi-modal social signal classification is insufficient for understanding emotional expressions. Mainly, because many communicative, emotional expressions are not directly related to internal emotional states. Moreover, the recognition of the expression's direction is neglected so far. Even if social signals reveal emotional aspects, the recognition with signal classifiers cannot explain internal appraisal or regulation processes. Using that information is one approach for building cognitive empathic agents with the ability to address observations and motives in an empathic dialogue. In this paper, we introduce a computational model of user emotions for empathic agents. It combines a simulation of appraisal and regulation processes with a social signal interpretation taking directions of expressions into account. Our evaluation show...
Reacting to stimuli, perceiving our bodily reaction to events, feeling something, is not enough for human complex affects. Human emotions are based on typical configurations of beliefs, goals, expectations,… We will analyze the cognitive anatomies of: simple ‘anticipation-based’ emotions (‘hope’, ‘fear’, ‘disappointment’, ‘relief’); complex social emotions like ‘shame’, ‘guilt’. Although atomically decomposable complex mental states have a unitary nature, their non-reducible properties and functions. Our body does not respond just to ‘external’ stimuli (events); it reacts to our ‘interpretation’ of the stimulus, to the ‘meaning’ of the event. To really model affective architectures we have also to model the ‘body’, and its perception. We feel our bodily response, and we ascribe it to that event or idea; this combination gives an emotional nature to both sides. Emotional interaction (Ag-Ag; H-Ag; H-robot; etc.) cannot be based only on the expressive or physiological signals; it is based on the recognition of the mental stuff: of the other’s beliefs, motives, expectations, …
2018
An interdisciplinary research perspective is developed concerning the question of how we understand others’ emotions and how reliable our judgment about others’ emotion can be. After an outline of the theoretical background of emotions, we briefly discuss the importance of prior experiences and context information for the recognition of emotions. To clarify this role, we describe a study design, utilizing emotional expressions and context information while controlling for prior experiences and the actual emotional situation to systematically approach these questions
Cognition & Emotion, 2010
Artificial Intelligence Review, 2019
Computational modeling of empathy has recently become an increasingly popular way of studying human relations. It provides a way to increase our understanding of the link between affective and cognitive processes and enhance our interaction with artificial agents. However, the variety of fields contributing to empathy research has resulted in isolated approaches to modeling empathy, and this has led to various definitions of empathy and an absence of common ground regarding underlying empathic processes. Although this diversity may be useful in that it allows for an in-depth examination of various processes linked to empathy, it also may not yet provide a coherent theoretical picture of empathy. We argue that a clear theoretical positioning is required for collective progress. The aim of this article is, therefore, to call for a holistic and multilayered view of a model of empathy, taken from the rich background research from various disciplines. To achieve this, we present a comprehensive background on the theoretical foundations, followed by the working definitions, components, and models of empathy that are proposed by various fields. Following this introduction, we provide a detailed review of the existing techniques used in AI research to model empathy in interactive agents, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. We conclude with a discussion of future directions in this emerging field.
Cognition & Emotion, 2009
2023
According to an optimistic view, affective empathy is a route to knowledge of what it is like to be in a target person's state ("phenomenal knowledge"). Roughly, the idea is that the empathiser gains this knowledge by means of empathically experiencing the target's emotional state. The literature on affective empathy, however, often draws a simplified picture according to which the target feels only a single emotion at a time. Co-occurring emotions ("concurrent emotions") are rarely considered. This is problematic, because concurrent emotions seem to support a sceptical view according to which we cannot gain phenomenal knowledge of the target person's state by means of affective empathy. The sceptic concludes that attaining the epistemic goal of affective empathy is difficult, in practice often impossible. I accept the sceptic's premises, but reject the conclusion, because of the argument's unjustified, hidden premise: that the epistemic goal of affective empathy is phenomenal knowledge. I argue that the epistemic goal of affective empathy is phenomenal understanding, not knowledge. Attention to the under-explored phenomenon of concurrent emotions clarifies why this is important. I argue that this is the decisive epistemic progress in everyday cases of phenomenal understanding of another person.
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2018
An interdisciplinary research perspective is developed concerning the question of how we understand others' emotions and how reliable our judgment about others' emotion can be. After an outline of the theoretical background of emotions, we briefly discuss the importance of prior experiences and context information for the recognition of emotions. To clarify this role, we describe a study design, utilizing emotional expressions and context information while controlling for prior experiences and the actual emotional situation to systematically approach these questions.
2012
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Emotion in interaction / edited by Marja-Leena Sorjonen and Anssi Peräkylä. p. cm.-(Oxford studies in sociolinguistics) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN ---- (alk. paper) . Emotive (Linguistics) . Language and emotions. . Sociolinguistics.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1982
The present research tested the hypothesis that the quality of an observer's vicarious emotional response, as measured by autonomic, expressive, and selfreport indexes, is a function of the observer's conditioning history with particular facial expressive displays of emotion. It was predicted that conditions of congruence (Symmetry) between the affective expression of a model and the outcome (shock or reward) presented to an observer would enhance initial empathetic responses, but that conditions of incongruence (Asymmetry) between the model's displays and observer's outcomes would lead to counter-empathetic responses. These changes in the quality of observers' vicarious emotional responses should generalize to a test phase when no rewards or punishments are presented to observers. The results for all measures were consistent and indicate that asymmetric conditioning modified the initial empathetic responses of observers to either counter-empathetic responses or indifference. On the other hand, symmetric conditioning enhanced observers' initial empathetic responses. These effects were evident in the test phase when no reinforcements were administered to the subject. The results are consistent with the theoretical assumption that facial expressions of emotion can acquire meaning and hedonic valence because of their predictive significance and thus can function as conditioned stimuli capable of evoking empathetic and counter-empathetic emotional responses. Most accounts of vicarious emotional response have implicitly assumed that an observer will respond to a model's emotional display empathetically, i.e., with a congruent emotional response. Baron and Byrne (1977), for example, in suggesting that children become phobic by observing parental fear responses, imply that the parent's fear response evokes a congruent emotional response in the child which then becomes attached to an otherwise neutral stimulus. This assumption of model-observer congruence has substantial empirical support.
dialectica, 2015
In this article, we encourage a fresh understanding of the sense in which emotions qualify as evaluations. We argue that we should not follow mainstream accounts in locating the emotion-value connection at the level of emotional content and that we should instead locate it at the level of emotional attitudes or modes. We begin by explaining the contrast between content and attitude, a contrast in the light of which we situate the leading accounts of the emotions in the contemporary literature. We next offer reasons to think that these accounts face substantial problems since they conceive of the link emotions bear to values at the level of content. This provides the incentive to pursue an alternative approach according to which emotions qualify as evaluations because they are specific types of attitudes, an approach we then substantiate by appealing to felt bodily stances. We conclude by considering two reasons for which such an approach may be resisted and which respectively pertain to the alleged impossibility to draw an attitude-content contrast in emotions and the suspicion that it introduces qualia.
Journal of Philosophy of Emotions, 2020
What would it mean for an emotion to successfully "recognize" something about an object toward which it is directed? This article draws from Rick Furtak's Knowing Emotions (2018) to articulate a novel account of emotional recognition. According to this account, emotional recognition can be assessed not only in terms of the "accuracy" of an emotional construal in a strictly epistemological sense, but also in terms of the quasi-ethical ideal of responding emotionally to what we encounter in ways that are "specific," "deep," and "balanced."
2015 International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII), 2015
Emotional signaling plays an important role in negotiations and other social decision-making tasks as it can signal intention and shape joint decisions. Specifically it has been shown to influence cooperation or competition. This has been shown in previous studies for scripted interactions that control emotion signaling and rely on manual coding of affect. In this work we examine face-to-face interactions in an iterative social dilemma task (prisoner's dilemma) via an automatic framework for facial expression analysis. We explore if automatic analysis of emotion can give insight into the social function of emotion in face-toface interactions. Our analysis suggests that positive and negative displays of emotion are associated with more prosocial and proself game acts respectively. Moreover signaling cooperative intentions to the opponent via positivity can leave participants more open to exploitation, whereas signaling a more tough stance via negativity seems to discourage exploitation. However, the benefit of negative affect is short-term and both players do worse over time if they show negative emotions.
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