Biochemical Engineering

Essential Oils (EOs) is responsible for their essence or odor, however, the natural composition of the product has been long defeated with the introduction of synthetic products to gag the inequality in demand and supply chain. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the Use of Synthetic Essential Oils as Perfumery Diluent in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained show that among heavy users of diluted (synthetic) essential oil are female (63%) as against the male (37%) counterparts. The three tires age ranking in this study revealed that 51% of the total user fall within the age bracket of 15-25 years, 26-50 years (38%) and only 51-70 years (11%). Due to time spent and complicated body beauty care processes female salon (65%) consume more EOs than men salon (35%); exposing them more to the danger of synthetic essential oils. The study revealed that synthetic essential oils are dangerous to human health, therefore, it is a wake-up call for caution in the used of synthetic essential oil to avert inherent self-inflicting health challenges. Cutting the supply chain by enforcing criminal laws against illegal Essential Oils business actors is a way forward to correct this menace.

The pressure on the environment from wastewater has been increasing in line with industrialization and urbanization, thus calling for better and eco-friendly solutions for wastewater treatment. Extremophilic microorganisms, which can grow in extreme conditions including high salinity, acidity, and temperature, can be applied in wastewater bioremediation. This review assesses the various functions of extremophiles, halophiles, thermophiles, alkaliphiles, and acidophiles in the treatment of organic and inorganic pollutants. They are capable of catabolizing a wide range of hazardous chemicals, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds, and heavy metals. Moreover, extremophilic microalgae, like Galdieria sulphuraria, have been effective in nutrient removal, biosorption of heavy metals, and pollutant conversion into valuable biomass. This dualfunctioning, therefore, helps not only in wastewater treatment but also in the production of biofuel and biofertilizer, making the process cost-effective. The use of extremophiles in biofilm reactors improves pollutant removal, with less energy input. Extremophilic microorganisms can, therefore, be used to revolutionize wastewater management by providing green solutions to current treatment approaches. This review discusses the existing drawbacks of wastewater treatment along with the additional requirements needed to enhance the capability of bioremediation and potential future research.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a cereal, that belongs to family Poaceae and is widely cultivated in Asian countries like China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh and Pakistan (Wani et al., 2012). Rice grains are rich source of starch as they comprise of 80% of starch (Lin et al., 2011). Rice starch granules are very small in size that ranges between 2-8 microns and having polygonal and angular shape with smooth surface. Rice starch provides a texture feeling similar to that of fat and it is considered to be non-allergic due to the hypoallergenicity of the linked proteins (Champagne, 1996). Amylose content in different rice types vary from high (2533%), intermediate (20-25%), low (12-20%) to very low (512%), whereas waxy rice contains less than 2% (Wani et al., 2012). Numerous studies showed that rice starch could be used in the preparation of rice cakes and bread as an alternative to wheat for the development of gluten free products having good flavor and the high nutrient levels (Sun et al.,...

Preparación enzimática de alto rendimiento para la fabricación de detergentes de lavado de ropa. BIOMIX COMPLET L es un concentrado enzimático líquido estabilizado, especialmente diseñado para potenciar la eficacia de los detergentes líquidos, para lavado de ropa. Se obtiene a partir cepas seleccionadas de microorganismos, que producen enzimas de grandes prestaciones, que ofrecen estabilidad y gran eficacia frente a una gran variedad de manchas. Su elevada actividad, se consigue gracias a la presencia de una extensa gama de enzimas: PROTEASA: Imprescindible para eliminar sangre, huevo, lácteos. AMILASA: favorece la eliminación de puré, patatas, salsas, pasta, arroz LIPASA: degrada grasas, aceites, cosméticos, pintalabios, sudor. MANANASA: elimina manchas que contienen mananos, presentes en helados y salsas. PECTINASA: eficaz en la degradación de manchas de mermeladas, zumos.etc. Además del efecto desmanchante de BIOMIX COMPLET L, la presencia de CELULASA ayuda a mantener los tejidos con colores más intensos y acabados más suaves, y la presencia de MANANASA contribuye a evitar la redeposición de suciedad sobre algodón.

The Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) process is well suited for enzymes, given the general availability of scientific data supporting enzyme safety, and the generally recognized (peer-reviewed) methodology and decision trees for evaluating the safety of microbial enzymes used in food processing and in animal feed, respectively. In this paper we describe the elements of a safety evaluation of an enzyme used in food and feed and how the available published data and information related to each element can form the basis for a determination of GRAS for an intended use.

Microalgae-based biorefineries for the production of renewable biofuels like biodiesel, upgraded bio-oil, biochar, biogas and other high-value chemicals have received great attention in recent decades as potential major sources of energy for the future. Microalgae are a suitable species to produce biodiesel and other high energy density by-products; however, it is questionable whether a net energy gain can be realized or not considering the whole processing chain. In the present study, the energy balances of different algae-based biofuel and bioenergy production technologies are investigated in detail and compared to each other corresponding to a cradle-to-grave overall energetic analysis. The study includes cultivation, harvesting, cell pretreatments (cell disruption, drying, grinding), lipid extraction, transesterification, gasification and hydrothermal liquefaction with bio-oil stabilization and hydroprocessing. The energy consumption and energy gain are estimated for each operational step to determine the net energy ratio (NER, energy output over energy input) for the overall technologies studied. Our detailed investigation enables to detect the most energy consuming unit operation, that is, the bottleneck point(s) of the microalgae-based technologies which should be still improved in the future for the sake of more efficient algaebased biorefineries. The investigation makes also possible to evaluate and compare the different large scale alternatives for biomass transformation. Positive energy balances with a NER value of 1.109 and 1.137 are found in two already existing processes: open raceway ponds and closed photobioreactors, respectively. Our work gives also a detailed algorithm that can be followed at the evaluation of other microalgae-based biorefineries.

1. The regulation and management of chemical contaminants rarely use community-and ecosystemlevel endpoints, partly due to a lack of suitable methods. To overcome this limitation, we propose contaminant exposure substrata (CES), an adaptation of the widely used nutrient-diffusing substratum method, to assess responses of biofilm communities to chemical contaminants in situ. 2. We describe methods for using CES to assess effects on biofilm biomass, community structure, process rates, biofilm-consumer interactions and biofilm chemistry. We also provide equations to calculate the flux of soluble chemicals from CES and describe an approach to compare contaminant dose in CES assays to the contaminant dose encountered by biofilms in polluted surface waters. 3. Data from four case studies demonstrate that CES can detect impairment of biofilm structure and function. 4. The adaptability, simplicity and cost-effectiveness of CES make them valuable tools to assess community-and ecosystem-level responses to contaminants, suggesting potential for routine use and incorporation of data generated from such assays into contaminant regulation and management.

The Need for Detection of Antibiotic Residues The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts ten million annual deaths, globally, due to antibiotic-resistant infections, by 2050. The rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacteria is therefore considered a global threat. Cassini et al. studied deaths linked to drug-resistant infections in Europe and concluded that %700 000 infections in 2015 were related to resistant bacteria, of which 5% were fatal. Similarly, a study by Ventola demonstrated that two million patients in the USA developed hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), of which 99 000 cases proved fatal, a significant proportion of which were also caused by resistant bacteria. In addition to their impact on mortality, these resistant bacteria also pose a serious financial burden. Misurski et al. demonstrated that incorrect antibiotic prescription was estimated to be a $211 million burden,

This article explores the eco-friendly synthesis of aspirin utilizing natural catalysts, particularly organic acids and plant extracts, to replace traditional mineral acids. The study underscores sustainable pharmaceutical production with reduced environmental footprint.

Aim of the presented research is the exploitation of the effects of new sustainable compounds for paper restoration and protection: green ionic liquids (IL) and a polysaccharide extract from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima (PE). The sustainability of the proposed compounds in paper treatment was taken into account with respect to operators and environment safeguard; further, all feedstocks are renewable so that also the economic aspect is positively considered. Here the aim is to define a significant level of stress in paper, necessary for the successive testing of the effect of the proposed compounds: ionic liquids and polysaccharide extract. In this second stage a potential restoring effect is evaluated by comparing characteristics of aged samples before and after treatment with the compounds of interest; in parallel, a potential protective effect of the studied compounds is evaluated by comparing characteristics of treated samples before and after aging. The results deserve further deepening researches.

Aim of the presented research is the exploitation of the effects of new sustainable compounds for paper restoration and protection: green ionic liquids (IL) and a polysaccharide extract from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima (PE). The sustainability of the proposed compounds in paper treatment was taken into account with respect to operators and environment safeguard; further, all feedstocks are renewable so that also the economic aspect is positively considered. Here the aim is to define a significant level of stress in paper, necessary for the successive testing of the effect of the proposed compounds: ionic liquids and polysaccharide extract. In this second stage a potential restoring effect is evaluated by comparing characteristics of aged samples before and after treatment with the compounds of interest; in parallel, a potential protective effect of the studied compounds is evaluated by comparing characteristics of treated samples before and after aging. The results deserve further deepening researches.

Since environmental pollution is increasing, scientists try to find a sustainable way for its clean up and for environment protection. Due to increasing knowledge of genetics and recombinant technologies, recombinant enzymes have been increasingly applied for these purposes. This article deals with the possibilities of environmental treatment with different types of enzymes produced by P. pastoris. Environment is polluted mostly with pesticides, wastewaters, phenol compounds, plastics, toxic compounds, wastes from medical treatment, etc. All these compounds have to be eliminated considering the deteriorating biodiversity, human health, and condition of plants. Enzymes are an environmentally friendly way of such treatment.

Nowadays, with the rapid increase of people's living standards, they paid more attention to food safety. a new method to detect food additives and bacteria is urgently needed. MOFs are a great material to be used to make a chemosensory of their high stability and porous structure. Compared to the MOFs sensor with any other sensors, it is more convenient, fast and sensitive. It shows excellent potential for the detection of food safety issues in the future. In this article, the important research significance of MOF in the field of food containers was introduced. Various methods of preparing MOFs, including the hydrothermal method, diffusion method and solvent-free method are introduced. Then present the influencing factors of MOFs materials from their fluorescence properties and heavy metals. Finally, the detection of coffeic acid, nitrite and carbendazim by MOF electrochemical sensor in the food safety field has been extended and evaluated. Aiming to connect the MOFs-based chem...

Nowadays, with the rapid increase of people's living standards, they paid more attention to food safety. a new method to detect food additives and bacteria is urgently needed. MOFs are a great material to be used to make a chemosensory of their high stability and porous structure. Compared to the MOFs sensor with any other sensors, it is more convenient, fast and sensitive. It shows excellent potential for the detection of food safety issues in the future. In this article, the important research significance of MOF in the field of food containers was introduced. Various methods of preparing MOFs, including the hydrothermal method, diffusion method and solvent-free method are introduced. Then present the influencing factors of MOFs materials from their fluorescence properties and heavy metals. Finally, the detection of coffeic acid, nitrite and carbendazim by MOF electrochemical sensor in the food safety field has been extended and evaluated. Aiming to connect the MOFs-based chem...

Nowadays, with the rapid increase of people's living standards, they paid more attention to food safety. a new method to detect food additives and bacteria is urgently needed. MOFs are a great material to be used to make a chemosensory of their high stability and porous structure. Compared to the MOFs sensor with any other sensors, it is more convenient, fast and sensitive. It shows excellent potential for the detection of food safety issues in the future. In this article, the important research significance of MOF in the field of food containers was introduced. Various methods of preparing MOFs, including the hydrothermal method, diffusion method and solvent-free method are introduced. Then present the influencing factors of MOFs materials from their fluorescence properties and heavy metals. Finally, the detection of coffeic acid, nitrite and carbendazim by MOF electrochemical sensor in the food safety field has been extended and evaluated. Aiming to connect the MOFs-based chem...

To assess human health risks associated with chemicals, risk assessors often utilize models that evaluate the health effects of a chemical constituent based on inherent characteristics and the potential for human exposure to the chemical. The complexity of these models, however, makes them difficult to adopt. A simplified, screening-level assessment is needed. Although several approaches exist for screening chemical ingredient hazards in consumer and commercial products, few exist that allow users to combine this hazard information with exposure potential to screen ingredients or products based on risk. In this paper, we propose a tiered approach to effectively screen product ingredients using readily accessible public information. This approach evaluates hazard using the Globally Harmonized System for Classification and Labeling along with environmental persistence and bioaccumulation data. Based on the hazard results, one can then assess product ingredients for exposures that may lead to negative health effects. Ingredients that present low hazard, or have minimal exposure levels, are considered low priority. For ingredients that do not pass an initial hazard and exposure screen, more sophisticated approaches may be used to further evaluate the likelihood and extent of potential exposures. Each evaluation tier is designed to be conservative to provide an approach that helps to achieve safe use of the product.

PGPF (Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi) application is a revolutionary sustainable approach that enhances crop yields, improves soil health, and mitigates environmental degradation. PGPF interacts with plants, stimulating root growth, and boosting nutrient uptake, leading to improved crop productivity and quality. The fungal community also induces systemic resistance in plants through the expression of defence-related enzymes (such as peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and chalcone synthase) and defence chemicals (such as phytoalexin and anti-microbial phenolic compounds) for conferring structural and chemical barrier against pathogens and pests. Additionally, PGPF promotes soil biodiversity, structure, and fertility, increasing water retention and aeration. This approach reduces the reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, minimizing soil pollution and environmental harm. By adopting PGPF application, farmers can achieve sustainable agriculture, ensuring food security and environmental conservation.

Sustainable production of renewable energy is being hotly debated globally since it is increasingly understood that first generation biofuels, primarily produced from food crops and mostly oil seeds are limited in their ability to achieve targets for biofuel production, climate change mitigation and economic growth. These concerns have increased the interest in developing second generation biofuels produced from non-food feedstocks such as microalgae, which potentially offer greatest opportunities in the longer term. This paper reviews the current status of microalgae use for biodiesel production, including their cultivation, harvesting, and processing. The microalgae species most used for biodiesel production are presented and their main advantages described in comparison with other available biodiesel feedstocks. The various aspects associated with the design of microalgae production units are described, giving an overview of the current state of development of algae cultivation systems (photo-bioreactors and open ponds). Other potential applications and products from microalgae are also presented such as for biological sequestration of CO 2 , wastewater treatment, in human health, as food additive, and for aquaculture.

Nowadays, the development of Quantum Dots and the use of new quantum science technologies play an effective role in the development of medical technologies, and the use of this science can be effective from identifying to improving and treatment various diseases. In general, the use of quantum dots is effective in bio-imaging, drug delivery, and the development of new medical implants. The present study was conducted to express the importance of quantum dots in medical engineering and examining the role of quantum materials in the future of medical engineering. In general, the results show that in the near future, the use of Graphene and carbon quantum dots will play an important role in bio-imaging, and due to the high biocompatibility of these materials, they can also be used in the development of drug delivery materials. Drug delivery to cancer cells is one of the important and noteworthy issues that can be achieved using Graphene and carbon quantum dots. The results also show that ZnS quantum dots and Au quantum dots can also be useful in the development of bio-imaging and the manufacture of new generation implants. Quantum dots were also considered in the treatment of genetic diseases. In a general view, according to the present study, researchers are also suggested to take important steps in medical engineering and new treatment methods in the near future by focusing on various types of quantum dots.

Postbiotics, which are bioactive substances derived from the metabolic processes of beneficial microbes, have received considerable attention in the field of microbiome science in recent years, presenting a promising path for exploration and innovation. This comprehensive analysis looks into the multidimensional terrain of postbiotic production, including an extensive examination of diverse postbiotic classes, revealing their sophisticated mechanisms of action and highlighting future applications that might significantly affect human health. The authors thoroughly investigate the various mechanisms that support postbiotic production, ranging from conventional fermentation procedures to cutting-edge enzyme conversion and synthetic biology approaches. The review, as an acknowledgment of the field's developing nature, not only highlights current achievements but also navigates through the problems inherent in postbiotic production. In order to successfully include postbiotics in therapeutic interventions and the production of functional food ingredients, emphasis is given to critical elements, including improving yields, bolstering stability, and assuring safety. The knowledge presented herein sheds light on the expanding field of postbiotics and their potential to revolutionize the development of novel therapeutics and functional food ingredients.

Several deterministic models simulate the main molecular biology interactions among the numerous mechanisms controlling the dynamics of the tryptophan operon in native strains. However, no models exist to investigate bacterial tryptophan production from a biotechnological point of view. Here, we modified tryptophan models for native production to propose a biotechnological working model that incorporates the activity of tryptophan secretion systems and genetic modifications made in two reported E. coli strains. The resultant deterministic model could emulate the production of tryptophan in the same order of magnitude as those quantified experimentally by the genetically engineered E. coli strains GPT1001 and GPT1002 in shake flasks. We hope this work may contribute to the rational development of biological models that define and include the main parameters and molecular components for designing and engineering efficient biotechnological chassis to produce valuable chemicals.

The use of adverse effect data from animals as the gold standard in regulatory toxicology has a long tradition dating back to the 1960s. It has also been increasingly criticised, based on both scientific and animal welfare concerns, and yet, animal studies remain the gold standard in most areas of toxicology to this very day. In the 1980s, when the first generation of non-animal methods were evaluated as alternatives to animal testing, it was logical to compare the 'new' data obtained with historical animal data. This worked reasonably well for simple endpoints, such as skin and eye irritation, but became problematic for the more complex systemic endpoints, since in these cases, the in vivo effects are not directly comparable to those observed in in vitro systems. While the need to redefine the gold standard is not new, there is still no consensus on how to do so. We propose a consistent principle that avoids the need for animal reference data, while also ensuring an equivalent or better level of protection. We argue that the gold standard can be redefined, or rather bypassed, by focusing on risk management outcomes rather than the outputs of animal methods. This allows us to more efficiently protect human health and the environment, ensuring the safe use of chemicals while also identifying less hazardous chemicals for use as substitutes. We describe how this might work out for two main contexts of use: classification and labelling, and risk assessment. This has implications for the implementation of the EU Commission Roadmap toward the phasing out of animal testing in chemical safety assessments.

Bioprocess for conversion of ethanol and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) into medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) is termed as microbial chain elongation. MCFAs are saturated monocarboxylic acids with applications as antimicrobials, corrosion inhibitors and are precursors for the production of biodiesel and bioplastics. In the present study, a two-stage mixed culture fermentation was employed for the production of SCFAs and MCFAs from food waste (FW). In the first stage, FW was hydrolyzed into leachate (contains SCFAs) by the addition of anaerobic bacteria and in the second stage SCFAs present in leachate were converted in to MCFAs by the chain elongation bioprocess. The production of MCFAs such as caproic, heptanoic, caprylic and decanoic acids were demonstrated for 91 days in four different experimental conditions, i.e., control (no bacteria), pure culture (Clostridium kluyveri), non-augmentation (only enriched mixed culture), and bio-augmentation (C. kluyveri bio-augmented with enriched mixed culture). Produced SCFAs, MCFAs and biogas were analysed at different time intervals. Bio-augmented culture showed highest SCFAs (8.9 g/l of butyric acid) and MCFAs (8.1 g/l of caproic acid) production than other conditions. Microbial population was characterized by using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis with the highest MCFAs producing culture. The bacterial diversity observed contained predominantly Clostridia, Sphingobacteriales, Desulfobacteraceae and Bacillus groups in the bioaugmented mixed culture. Results have depicted the potential of employing the bio-augmentation strategy for the valorization of food waste into useful products like SCFAs and MCFAs.

Microplastics (5 mm) are a developing threat that contaminate every environmental compartment. The detection of these contaminants is undoubtedly an important topic of study because of their high potential to cause harm to ecosystems. For many years, scientists have been assiduously striving to surmount the obstacle of detection restrictions and minimize the likelihood of receiving results that are either false positives or false negatives. This study covers the current state of electrochemical sensing technology as well as its application as a low-cost analytical platform for the detection and characterization of novel contaminants. Examples of detection mechanisms, electrode modification procedures, device configuration, and performance are given to show how successful these approaches are for monitoring microplastics in the environment. Additionally included are the recent developments in nanoimpact techniques. Compared to electrochemical methods for microplastic remediation, the use of electrochemical sensors for microplastic detection has received very little attention. With an overview of microplastic electrochemical sensors, this review emphasizes the promise of existing electrochemical remediation platforms toward sensor design and development. In order to enhance the monitoring of these substances, a critical assessment of the requirements for future research, challenges associated with detection, and opportunities is provided. In addition to-or instead of-the now-in-use laboratorybased analytical equipment, these technologies can be utilized to support extensive research and manage issues pertaining to microplastics in the environment and other matrices. Owing to numerous transport phenomena like wind and ocean currents, microplastics (MPs) can be found in coastal areas and aquatic ecosystems worldwide in different size fractions. Household sewage discharge, polymeric particles from cosmetic and cleaning goods, feedstocks used to make plastic products, and plastic pellets or powders used for air blasting are the primary sources of these contaminants. 1 The secondary source of MPs is the progressive fragmentation of larger plastic items under atmospheric conditions, such as mechanical deterioration and UV-light exposure, which helps to introduce signicant amounts of MPs into the environment. 2 This increases the consumption of plastic waste by a wide range of creatures and the emergence of new environmental threats.

Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a wellestablished method to evaluate impacts of chemicals on the environment and human health along the lifespan of products. However, the increasingly produced and applied nanomaterials (defined as one dimension \100 nm) show particular characteristics which are different from conventional chemicals or larger particles. As a consequence, LCA does not provide sufficient guidance on how to deal with synthetic nanomaterials, neither in the exposure, nor in the effect assessment. This is particularly true for the workplace, where significant exposure can be expected via the lung, the route of major concern. Therefore, we developed a concise method which allows the inclusion of indoor nanoparticle exposure into LCA. New nanospecific properties are included along the LCA stages with a particular focus on the workplace environment. We built upon existing LCA methods and nanoparticle fate and exposure studies. The impact assessment requires new approaches for nanoparticles, such as guidance on relevant endpoints, nanospecific properties that are relevant for the toxicity, and guidance on the chemical identity of nanomaterials, i.e., categorization and distinction of different forms of nanomaterials. We present a framework which goes beyond traditional approaches of LCA and includes nanospecific fate parameters in the indoor exposure assessment as well as guidance on the development of effect and characterization factors for inhaled nanoparticles. Specifically, the indoor one-box model is amended with new particle-specific parameters developed in the exposure literature. A concentration conversion and parameter estimation tool are presented. Finally, the modification of the traditional intake fraction to capture size-specific deposition and retention rate are discussed along with a strategy for a more robust effect assessment. The paper is a further step toward a fair comparison between conventional and nano-enabled products by integrating occupational exposure to synthetic nanomaterials into LCA.

Due to environmental issues and the depletion of fossil-based resources, ecofriendly sustainable biomass-based chemical production has been given more attention recently. Succinic acid (SA) is one of the top value added bio-based chemicals. It can be synthesized through microbial fermentation using various waste steam bioresources. Production of chemicals from waste streams has dual function as it alleviates environmental concerns; they could have caused because of their improper disposal and transform them into valuable products. To date, Actinobacillus succinogenes is termed as the best natural SA producer. However, few reviews regarding SA production by A. succinogenes were reported. Herewith, pathways and metabolic engineering strategies, biomass pretreatment and utilization, and process optimization related with SA fermentation by A. succinogenes were discussed in detail. In general, this review covered vital information including merits, achievements, progresses, challenges, and future perspectives in SA production using A. succinogenes. Therefore, it is believed that this review will provide platform to understand the potential of the strain and tackle existing hurdles so as to develop superior strain for industrial applications. It will also be used as a baseline for identification, isolation, and improvement of other SA-producing microbes.

Nanoparticles ranging below several 10 nm such as metals, semiconductors and metal oxides are of great interest for a wide variety of applications in the field of information, energy, environmental and medical technologies due to their unique size, composition and structure. In this review article synthesis method of nanosized particles is briefly described including their application in today’s world. The preparation and synthesis of nanoparticles is carried out by different methods such as polymerization, preformed polymers or ionic gelation etc. These methods can be useful in certain methods such as drugs can be entrapped in the polymer matrix, encapsulated in a nanoparticle core, surrounded by a shelllike polymer membrane, chemically conjugated to the polymer, or either it may be bound to the particle’s surface by adsorption.

Enzymes are the tools of choice in the on-going quest for non-pollutant processes to discover molecules for use in skin products. Amongst these biocatalysts, lipases offer considerable potential in terms of ingredient development and are of interest in skin dermocosmetic formulations possessing sensory or biological activities. Lipases have been studied for around thirty years and, in most cases, these enzymes function under what are deemed to be mild conditions, displaying remarkable efficacy particularly in terms of selectivity. This particularly effective strategy will be illustrated through typical synthesis, demonstrating how ester or amide active ingredients are obtained.

The term "nanozyme" refers to a nanomaterial possessing enzymatic capabilities, and in recent years, the field of nanozymes has experienced rapid advancement. Nanozymes offer distinct advantages over natural enzymes, including ease of production, cost-effectiveness, prolonged storage capabilities, and exceptional environmental stability. In this review, we provide a concise overview of various common applications of nanozymes, encompassing the detection and removal of pollutants such as pathogens, toxic ions, pesticides, phenols, organic contaminants, air pollution, and antibiotic residues. Furthermore, our focus is directed towards the potential challenges and future developments within the realm of nanozymes. The burgeoning applications of nanozymes in bioscience and technology have kindled significant interest in research in this domain, and it is anticipated that nanozymes will soon become a topic of explosive discussion.

Alhamdulillah, dengan penuh rasa syukur saya ucapkan pada Allah SWT, tanpa kehendak-Nya penulis tidak akan dapat menyelesaikan penulisan skripsi ini. Tulisan ini saya persembahkan kepada : 1. Aba dan Umi tercinta yang selalu memberikan cinta dan dukungan moral serta materi kepada saya dalam penyelesaian Studi S-1 dan penulisan naskah skripsi. 2. Kakakku tercinta yang turut serta memberi dukungan. 3. Bapak/Ibu dosen dengan penuh kesabaran dalam membimbing penyusunan naskah skripsi. 4. Seluruh teman-teman Chemist 2012 dan Abah Yai, Umik, santri paseduluran Pondok Pesantren Sabilurrosyad Gasek Malang. viii KATA PENGANTAR Assalamua'alaikum Wr. Wb. Syukur alhamdulillah penulis haturkan kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah melimpahkan Rahmat dan Hidayah-Nya, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penelitian ini. Sholawat serta salam tak lupa penulis panjatkan kepada baginda besar nabi Muhammad SAW yang telah memberikan penulis pencerahan tentang memaknai apa arti kehidupan. Selanjutnya penulis haturkan banyak terimakasih terhadap orang-orang paling berjasa bagi penulis dalam menyelesaikan naskah skripsi ini, baik berupa materi, tenaga, pengatahuan, saran, do'a, ataupun lainnya. Ucapan terima kasih ini penulis sampaikan kepada :

Focus on understanding the Cell Theory and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Memorize the functions of organelles with examples.
Practice labeled diagrams of cells and organelles.
Revise key scientists and their contributions (Hooke, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow).
These notes cover the essential points of Chapter 8 as per the CBSE Class 11 Biology syllabus. Let me know if you need further clarification or additional details!

The potential biotechnological application of plant cell cultures for the production of various biochemicals and possible advantages of such a process are reviewed. To date, only one commercial process based on the culture of plant cells for the production of a chemical compound (shikonin) is in operation. and this process is briefly described. Problems related to the large-scale culture of plant cells are also discussed, and a comparison between microbial cells and cultured plant cells is used to illustrate some special features of the plant cells that complicate scaling up. Methods available for the establishment of high yielding cell cultures are described. Finally, the potentials of immobilized plant cells for the production of biochemicals are discussed. Various methods available for the immobilization of plant cells are briefly reviewed and some characteristics of such biocatalysts are given. The possible advantages of immobilized plant cells over suspension cells are pointed out.

The article considers and presents the classification methods of identifying and assessing petroleum biological contamination and techniques in maintaining biological stability of hydrocarbon fuel. The article focuses on analysis, arrangement and classification of the methods for identifying petroleum biological contamination and maintaining microbiological stability of hydrocarbon fuels.

The ability of lipolytic yeasts to grow on olive mill wastewater (OMW)-based medium and to produce high-value compounds while degrading this waste, was tested. OMW collected from three-phase olive mills from the North region of Portugal were characterized and used. OMW with COD ranging from 100 g L À1 to 200 g L À1 were supplemented with yeast extract and ammonium chloride. Studies of OMW consumption were carried out in batch cultures of Candida rugosa, Candida cylindracea and Yarrowia lipolytica. All strains were able to grow in the OMW-based media, without dilution, to consume reducing sugars and to reduce COD. C. cylindracea was the best strain concerning the lipase production and the reduction of phenolic compounds and COD. For all strains, the phenols degradation was quite difficult, mostly when more easily degradable carbon source is still present in the medium. Among the phenolic compounds tested catechol is the most inhibitory to the cells.

The use of anaerobic membrane bioreactor technology (AnMBR) is rapidly expanding. However, depending on the application, AnMBR design and operation is not fully mature, and needs further research to optimize process efficiency and enhance applicability. This paper reviews state-of-the-art of AnMBR focusing on modelling and control aspects. Quantitative environmental and economic evaluation has demonstrated substantial advantages in application of AnMBR to domestic wastewater treatment, but detailed modelling is less mature. While anaerobic process modelling is generally mature, more work is needed on integrated models which include coupling between membrane performance (including fouling) and the biological process. This should include microbial factors, which are important to generation of specific foulants such as soluble and particulate inert organics. Mature and well-established control tools, including better feedback control strategies are also required for both the process, a...

3-The introduction is also confusing to some extent. The authors wrote about too many different problems and ideas without proper linking between them. Hence, it is recommended to rewrite or restructure it to be more focused on LA production and how it is related to biomass valorization, besides the gaps in literature that motivated the authors to write this review. 4-Sections 2, 3, and 4 are recommended to be gathered in one section. 5-The future work and recommendations section should be extended to include more recommendations with a proper structure. 6-Before this section, another section about the gaps and limitations should be added. 7-The authors should be more focused on the aspect of the review; is it about LA production or about the production of modified microbial strains that facilitate LA production? 8-The quality of the figures, including the graphical abstract, needs improvement.

Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are molecules capable of mimicking the natural hormones of the body and interfering with the endocrine system in both humans and wildlife. Cosmetic products are one source of EDs; these include an extensive variety of personal care and beauty products designed for the skin and hair, as well as makeup. The widespread use of such products has raised concerns about the presence of EDs within them. In this study, we highlight the issue of EDs and analyze the functioning of the EU regulatory framework for chemicals, specifically those which act as EDs in cosmetic products. We also highlight issues related to the interface between science and policy in the critical area of risk regulation within the EU. In addition, we investigate how chemical substances that act as EDs are identified based on specific criteria and conditions, a process which involves the production and adoption of particular scientific opinions. Finally, we assess the efficiency, suitability, a...

The prevalence of diabetes is rising in Bangladesh, posing significant health challenges. This cross-sectional study conducted at BIRDEM General Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, involved 1,020 subjects, including 752 with type-2 diabetes and 268 non-diabetic controls, aged 23 to 87 years. The study aimed to compare serum levels of magnesium, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, total carbon dioxide), calcium, amylase, and lipase between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects, and to explore correlations among these parameters. Diabetic subjects exhibited significantly higher mean levels of fasting blood sugar (P < 0.01), urea (P < 0.01), creatinine (P < 0.01), amylase (P < 0.01), and lipase (P < 0.01) compared to non-diabetic subjects. Conversely, sodium (P < 0.01), potassium (P < 0.01), chloride (P < 0.01), total carbon dioxide (P < 0.05), calcium (P < 0.01), magnesium (P < 0.01), and inorganic phosphate (P < 0.01) concentrations were significantly lower in diabetic subjects. Fasting blood sugar showed negative correlations with urea (P < 0.01) and inorganic phosphate (P < 0.02) in diabetic subjects. Multivariate analysis adjusted for age and sex revealed significant associations of fasting blood sugar with all parameters except urea, total carbon dioxide, and potassium. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring serum magnesium in type-2 diabetes and considering magnesium supplementation where necessary.

Economic development changes people’s lifestyle from various aspect. The changes do not only apply on the positive side instead it includes negative effect that are harmful to surrounding. One of the changes in people lifestyle is the widely usage of plastic utensils where it can be found at the restaurant that provide take-away services. Lifestyle alteration claimed modern eating utensils such as paper, plastic and Styrofoam types of plates, bowls, cups, spoons, forks, tissue paper and chafing dishes are to have modified the consumption of foods [1]. These utensils ease and decrease the usage of manpower in cleaning the food ware. Metal, glass, and paper are increasingly replaced by plastic packaging, particularly for foods. By 2009, plastic packaging accounted for 30 percent of packaging sales [4]. It is different from the old day tradition which prefer to serve using steel and glass food ware. The easiness came with price that had to be paid by the environment. Plastic-based prod...

Inorganic phosphorous (P) is an essential plant nutrient that must be added to most soils to maintain plant growth and sustain crop yields. Phosphatases enzymes play a major role in the processes of mineralization of organic P substrates. In the present study we propose a precise and accurate method to determine the alkaline and acid phosphatase activity in soil using adenosine monophosphate (AMP) as a substrate. The adenosine released by the enzymatic reaction was quantified by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method. The background electrolyte (BGE) consisted in 20 mM phosphate buffer, 10 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and 10% acetonitrile (ACN). The LOD and LOQ for adenosine were 2.27 10 -4 and 6.4 10 -4 mg mL -1 , respectively. This sensitive method allowed the use a natural compound as enzymatic substrate, which is commonly found in soil. Moreover, we improve the detection method by diminishing the amount of waste and using a harmless substrate.

Inorganic phosphorous (P) is an essential plant nutrient that must be added to most soils to maintain plant growth and sustain crop yields. Phosphatases enzymes play a major role in the processes of mineralization of organic P substrates. In the present study we propose a precise and accurate method to determine the alkaline and acid phosphatase activity in soil using adenosine monophosphate (AMP) as a substrate. The adenosine released by the enzymatic reaction was quantified by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method. The background electrolyte (BGE) consisted in 20 mM phosphate buffer, 10 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and 10% acetonitrile (ACN). The LOD and LOQ for adenosine were 2.27 10 -4 and 6.4 10 -4 mg mL -1 , respectively. This sensitive method allowed the use a natural compound as enzymatic substrate, which is commonly found in soil. Moreover, we improve the detection method by diminishing the amount of waste and using a harmless substrate.

In response to the FDA's call for applying Quality by Design (QbD) to the manufacturing process, the biopharmaceutical industry has invested extensively into the monitoring and controlling of product quality attributes for bioprocesses. To assure the safety and efficacy of the drug product, defining critical quality attributes (CQA) and understanding their correlation with critical process parameters (CPP) becomes vitally important. In this work, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based multi-attribute method (MAM) has been applied to the monitoring and trending of multiple CQAs of a monoclonal antibody product. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of applying MAM to both a 3-liter development mini-bioreactor (3 L bioreactor) and a 2000-liter GMP single use bioreactor (2000L SUB). MAM was proven not only to be a great analytical tool for monitoring product quality attributes throughout the time course of the cell culture process, it could also provide critical product quality information in order to understand any potential process performance differences during scale-up and/or technology transfer. The successful monitoring and trending of the multiple CQAs throughout the 17-day cell culture process lays a solid foundation for possible real time in-process control and release of biotherapeutics using MAM in the future.

Nanoparticles play a vital role in energy and yield optimization of biofuels for competitive cost and commerical production. The role of nanomaterials, functions, various characterization techniques, nucleation and growth kinetics have been discussed in this review.

In order to create ecologically safe food products by improving the bioecological system based on microorganisms, it is important to breed nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-mobilizing bacteria on the basis of biotechnological methods and create biopreparations from strains for use in agriculture. As a result of the influence of various abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors of the environment on plants, the cultivation of useful plants in agriculture causes a number of problems every day. As a result of intensive demographic growth, the population's demand for food is increasing. The decrease in productivity due to the low production of plant products may lead to the problem of food shortage in the future. As a result of the use of large amounts of synthetic fertilizers to increase productivity, soil fertility has decreased and salinity has increased. Therefore, many studies are currently focused on improving plantmicroorganism-soil system mediation relationships. Representatives of other classes of plants need nitrogen fixers. Treating them with biostimulators prepared on the basis of associative and free-living AFB living in the rhizosphere allows not to use synthetic fertilizers beyond the permissible limit in the future, thus improving soil fertility and growing environmentally friendly products.

ABSTRACTOnline and non‐invasive quantification of critical tissue engineering (TE) construct quality attributes in TE bioreactors is indispensable for the cost‐effective up‐scaling and automation of cellular construct manufacturing. However, appropriate monitoring techniques for cellular constructs in bioreactors are still lacking. This study presents a generic and robust approach to determine cell number and metabolic activity of cell‐based TE constructs in perfusion bioreactors based on single oxygen sensor data in dynamic perfusion conditions. A data‐based mechanistic modeling technique was used that is able to correlate the number of cells within the scaffold (R2 = 0.80) and the metabolic activity of the cells (R2 = 0.82) to the dynamics of the oxygen response to step changes in the perfusion rate. This generic non‐destructive measurement technique is effective for a large range of cells, from as low as 1.0 × 105 cells to potentially multiple millions of cells, and can open‐up n...