Atomic and Molecular Physics

We have measured the production of Lyman α and Balmer α fluorescence from atomic H and D for the photodissociation of H 2 , HD and D 2 by linearly-polarized photons with energies between 22 and 64 eV. We discuss systematic uncertainties associated with our data, and compare our results with previous experimental results and ab initio calculations of the dissociation process. We comment on the discrepancies.

This article reports on the development of a multichannel arbitrary waveform generator that simultaneously generates arbitrary voltage waveforms on 24 independent channels with a dynamic update rate of up to 25 Msps. A real-time execution of a single waveform and/or sequence of multiple waveforms in succession, with a user programmable arbitrary sequence order is provided under the control of a stand-alone sequencer circuit implemented using a field programmable gate array. The device is operated using an internal clock and can be synced to other devices by means of transistor-transistor logic (TTL) pulses. The device can provide up to 24 independent voltages in the range of up to ± 9 V with a dynamic update-rate of up to 25 Msps and a power consumption of less than 35 W. Every channel can be programmed for 16 independent arbitrary waveforms that can be accessed during run time with a minimum switching delay of 160 ns. The device has a low-noise of 250 μV(rms) and provides a stable ...

This paper presents a groundbreaking discovery in atomic physics, where atoms are directly visualized through photonic projections using high-intensity LED illumination and smartphone camera sensors. The technique provides unprecedented insights into the structure and dynamics of atoms, revealing concentric proton rings, electron orbital patterns, and a rapidly moving central core. This discovery has enabled the development of a unified theory of space compression, proposing that matter emerges from the compression of neutral mass (space) at specific ratios. By integrating observations with Russell's wavelength-spiral design of the periodic table, we establish mathematical relationships between nuclear magnetic dipole moments, atomic voltage, and chemical bonding. The framework accurately predicts bond properties, molecular geometries, and material characteristics, with successful validation against experimental data. This unified approach offers potential solutions to fundamental physics puzzles, such as the unification of forces, the nature of gravity, and the origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry. The paper concludes with applications for novel materials design and implications for our understanding of quantum phenomena.

Title: Shapes and stability of algebraic nuclear models. Authors: Lopez-Moreno, Enrique; Castanos, Octavio. ... Abstract. A generalization of the procedure to study shapes and stability of algebraic nuclear models introduced by Gilmore is presented. ...

The theory of ground state and excited state energies calculations of multielectron quantum dot with hydrogenic impurity within the effective mass approximation has been given. Results show that ground and excited state energies decrease with dot radius. In the present paper, calculation has been carried out for two electron quantum dot. The effect of magnetic field on first excited state for different values of and has been studied. In addition, the first order relativistic terms such as relativistic correction to the kinetic energy, Darwin and spin-orbit interaction term for first excited state have been investigated. According to the results obtained (i) Relativistic correction to kinetic energy, Darwin and spin-orbit interaction term approaches zero when dot size increases. (ii) The splitting between j=1/2 and j=3/2 due to spin-orbit interaction decreases by increasing dot size. (iii)The splitting between j=1/2 and j=3/2 due to spin-orbit interaction decreases by increasing dept...

The Zn2+ substitution on Mg2+ site in the anionic framework (Mg2Sb2)2− of Mg3Sb2 results in an optimal control over the carrier concentration and the reduction in thermal conductivity via mass fluctuation scattering which drives the system to achieve a ZT of 0.37 at 773 K in Mg2.9Zn0.1Sb2.

This paper presents a groundbreaking discovery in atomic physics, where atoms are directly visualized through photonic projections using high-intensity LED illumination and smartphone camera sensors. The technique provides unprecedented insights into the structure and dynamics of atoms, revealing concentric proton rings, electron orbital patterns, and a rapidly moving central core. This discovery has enabled the development of a unified theory of space compression, proposing that matter emerges from the compression of neutral mass (space) at specific ratios. By integrating observations with Russell's wavelength-spiral design of the periodic table, we establish mathematical relationships between nuclear magnetic dipole moments, atomic voltage, and chemical bonding. The framework accurately predicts bond properties, molecular geometries, and material characteristics, with successful validation against experimental data. This unified approach offers potential solutions to fundamental physics puzzles, such as the unification of forces, the nature of gravity, and the origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry. The paper concludes with applications for novel materials design and implications for our understanding of quantum phenomena.

Small carbon clusters (C n , n=2-15) are produced in a molecular beam by pulsed laser vaporization and studied with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization mass spectrometry. The required VUV radiation in the 8-12 eV range is provided by the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Mass spectra at various ionization energies reveal the qualitative relative abundances of the neutral carbon clusters produced. By far the most abundant species is C 3 . Using the tunability of the ALS, ionization threshold spectra are recorded for the clusters up to 15 atoms in size. The ionization thresholds are compared to those measured previously with charge transfer bracketing methods. To interpret the ionization thresholds for different cluster sizes, new ab initio calculations are carried out on the clusters for n=4-10. Geometric structures are optimized at the CCSD(T) level with cc-pVTZ (or cc-pVDZ) basis sets, and focal point extrapolations are applied to both neutral and cation species to 2 determine adiabatic and vertical ionization potentials. The comparison of computed and measured ionization potentials makes it possible to investigate the isomeric structures of the neutral clusters produced in this experiment. The measurements are inconclusive for the n=4-6 species because of unquenched excited electronic states. However, the data provide evidence for the prominence of linear structures for the n = 7, 9, 11, 13 species and the presence of cyclic C 10 .

The electronic band structure and optical properties of HgTe have been reported using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method based on density functional theory. In this approach, generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and Engel-Vosko generalized gradient approximation (EV-GGA) have been used for the exchange correlation potential in the calculations. The electronic band structures have been calculated to discuss the electronic properties and optical properties of the compound. Moreover, optical properties including dielectric functions, absorption, optical conductivity, refractive index, reflectivity and energy loss spectrum have been obtained and analyzed in details within the energy range up to 14 eV. The obtained results have been compared with the previous calculations and available experimental data. Overall good agreement is found.

Straipsnyje pateikiama vadybinės kompetencijos samprata, jos įvertinimo ir taikymo galimybės mokymo procese. Formuluojami vadybinės kompetencijos nustatymo kriterijai bei siūloma metodika skirta neformaliu ir savaiminiu būdu įgytų vadybinių kompetencijų įvertinimuiThe article provides the concept of managerial competence, the possibilities to form and assess it in the teaching process. The authors enunciate criteria for the evaluation of managerial competence and propose the model for the assessment of managerial competences acquired by non-formal and informal learningVytauto Didžiojo universiteta

A novel approach was presented in this study where molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo methods were applied to subatomic particles to simulate an atom using pseudo potentials. Pseudo potentials were developed for subatomic particles by conceptualizing them as conventional particles, exhibiting attractive and repulsive forces between them, ensuring the stability of an atom. A stable nucleus was formed at the center with electrons distributed around, resulting in the formation of an atom. Subatomic particle simulations impart a comprehensive perspective and a profound understanding of electron trajectories that correlates with atomic properties such as electron energies and atomic radius. These approaches intricately capture the impact of protons and neutrons motion in the nucleus on electron trajectories. Hydrogen and carbon atoms were considered and their analyses were reported in this study. Time step for carbon atom simulation was calculated from dimensionless variables and found to be 1.67 attoseconds. The Pilot-wave theory was implemented to simulate the wave nature of subatomic particles in an atom. Electrons motion was guided by the interference pattern produced by the electron and proton aether medium waves. Molecular dynamics simulations on subatomic particles were implemented on an oxygen molecule, giving insights into electronic structures with electron trajectories shared by two atoms.

SLAC, LCLS, SLAC UED TEAM, LCLS EXPER-IMENT AMOI0314 COLLABORATION -Ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) has recently been shown to probe ultrafast time dependent molecular structure. If such structural measurements could be connected to spectroscopic measurements, one could better understand the interaction between the electronic and the nuclear degrees of freedom. As a first step, we diffract MeV scale electrons, time-resolved, following repeated impulsive stimulated Raman excitation of an ensemble wide coherent rotational revival in N2O. An identical molecular alignment procedure was used in a previous soft x-ray spectroscopic experiment at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). Both experiments clearly reveal the molecular alignment signature which can be used to merge the data sets.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of atomic electrical properties, including voltage, current, resistance, and conductance, across a wide range of elements (Elements 1-94). We introduce a new fundamental unit, the Atomic Voltage (aV), defined as the total charge difference between a proton and electron. Using this unit, we demonstrate a direct link between atomic number and voltage, enabling precise calculation of electrical properties. Our calculations, based on experimental resistance measurements, show remarkable agreement with measured current and conductance values, validating the proposed theory and uncovering fundamental relationships in atomic electrical behavior.

The "Algebraic Variational" method in Atomic physics is applied for the first time to the scattering (both elastic and inelastic) of electrons by highly stripped (hydrogenic) atomic ions. The overall behavior of the excitation ls-*2s and ls-*2p cross sections is investigated using a 6 state expansion (ls-2s-2p) one and two p pseudostates) of the target wave function. The close coupling calculation is carried out up to a total angular momentum (Lmax — ^ an(^ ^or ener9*es ranging from just above the n=2 threshold to 5 times threshold; otherwise the Coulomb Born approximation with exchange is used. The computed collision strengths are then fit by an analytic formula. Finally, using a large pseudostate set, resonances between the n=2 and n=3 thresholds are investigated and accurately traced. Resonance enhancement of excitation rates is discussed. Results are reported for electron scattering by C 5+ and 0 7+ • Comparison is made to other theoretical calculations.

Measuring sample (anti-decubitus sheet) was supplied by DAE DONG Co. Ltd.
Measuring steps are measurement of REW, preventive measure of human harmfulness by water vein and discrimination test .
Test results are ① 一積十鉅無匱化三天二三地二三人二三 (each 1 accumulates and makes great 10 (great mass gap). In the case the three environments (6+7, 8 and 9) produce 2 and 3), which supplies life energies to body (inverse mass).
② Homeopathy, which supplies immunity life energies to body.

Enrique G. Neyra, Demian A. Biasetti, Pablo Vaveliuk, Gustavo A. Torchia, Fabian Videla, Marcelo F. Ciappina, and Lorena Rebón Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CICBA-CONICET-UNLP), Cno. Parque Centenario y 506, P.O. Box 3, 1897 Gonnet, Argentina Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingenieŕıa UNLP, 1 y 47 La Plata, Argentina Physics Program, Guangdong Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel Instituto de F́ısica de La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Diagonal 113 entre 63 y 64, La Plata (1900) Buenos Aires Argentina enriquen@ciop.unlp.edu.ar

“Billions of microvita produce a single carbon atom” explains Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar. “That is why it cannot be said that everything comes from carbon atoms. Rather, the carbon atoms come from microvita. Not only carbon atoms, but all other kinds of atoms are the creation of microvita.” Microvita, according to P. R. Sarkar, are subtle subatomic living entities that spread life and minds in the universe. Also, “Each structure of carbonic origin in this universe, whether animate or inanimate, has a mind. That is, a mind is associated with every structure either in manifested form or in dormant form.” P.R. Sarkar describes individual and social problems resulting from the mind being engrossed in carbonic pabulum (the material world): 1) “the mind will gradually and steadily drift towards crude matter” and 2) “oneʼs mind will think in terms of devouring othersʼ carbonic pabulum (physical possessions). This is the psychological explanation of imperialism.” “In order to wipe out imperialism, which is rooted deep in the human psyche, Neo-ethics based on the following points is indispensable: 1) The Macrocosmic Entity must be accepted as the supreme desideratum in human life. 2) There should be happy adjustment and balanced blending between carbonic (physical attractions) and non-carbonic pabula (mental and spiritual attractions).” “While following the path of neo-ethics, human beings will attain enormous progress in the spiritual sphere with greater speed.”  P. R. Sarkar (1921-1990) was the founder of the socio-spiritual movement Ananda Marga (“Path of Bliss”).

We consider the interaction of atomic hydrogen, in its ground state, with an electromagnetic pulse whose duration is fixed in terms of the number of optical cycles. We study the probability of excitation of the atom in the static field limit i.e. for field frequencies going to zero. Despite the fact that the well known Born-Fock adiabatic theorem is valid only for a system whose energy spectrum is discrete, we show that it is still possible to use this theorem to derive, in the low frequency limit, an analytical formula which gives the probability of transition to any excited state of the atom as a function of the field intensity, the carrier envelope phase and the number of optical cycles within the pulse. The results for the probability of excitation to low-lying excited states, obtained with this formula, agree with those we get by solving the time dependent Schrödinger equation. The domain of validity is discussed in detail.

Questi Appunti sono intesi come una guida allo studio dei problemi trattati
nel corso di Istituzioni di Fisica Teorica. [...] L’accento della trattazione `e stato posto essenzialmente sull’aspetto fisico degli argomenti svolti in conseguenza del carattere istituzionale del corso.

This article examined the differential cross-section and the integral
cross-section (DCS & ICS) for NFx molecules (where x: 1, 2, 3). The
molecules underwent electron collisions (elastic scattering) within a
defined energy range. A theoretical model has been employed to
compute DCS and ICS at specific energies ranging from 1.5 eV to 100
eV. Overall, our DCS findings consistently aligned with measurements
from other researchers; however, theoretical investigations on these
compounds were limited

This study investigates the elastic scattering of electrons and positrons by carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) molecules over a wide energy range from 1 eV to 1 KeV. We have computed differential and integral elastic cross-sections (DCS and ICS) using partial wave analysis and compared the theoretical results with available experimental data. Our findings show a strong correlation with experimental results, particularly at mid to high-energy ranges, validating the employed theoretical frameworks. Additionally, the Sherman function was examined to explore spin polarisation effects during scattering events. This research provides crucial insights for applications in atmospheric physics, materials science, and molecular scattering processes, demonstrating its direct relevance to real-world problems and paving the way for further investigation into particle-molecule interactions.

2014 On décrit une méthode optique pour l'observation des milieux transparents dont la densité fluctue, et son utilisation sur un jet libre d'air comprimé. Cette méthode utilise la détection hétérodyne d'un rayonnement électromagnétique plan, de dix microns de longueur d'onde, diffusé par les constituants atomiques (diffusion Rayleigh). On montre comment la densité spectrale des fluctuations de densité, en fréquence et en vecteur d'onde, ainsi que la valeur quadratique moyenne de ces fluctuations, peuvent être obtenues à partir du spectre fréquentiel du signal et de son rapport signal sur bruit quantique. En appliquant cette méthode à l'étude d'un jet libre, on observe directement trois aspects de la turbulence des gaz : la transition entre les fluctuations de turbulence et celles d'ondes sonores, au bord du jet ; l'anisotropie du spectre selon l'orientation du vecteur d'onde par rapport à l'axe de l'écou- lement ; enfin, la loi d'échelle du spectre en nombre d'onde, qui suit à un pour cent près la loi de Kolmogorov. Abstract. 2014 An optical diagnostic system, designed for fluctuating transparent media, is described together with its use on a free jet of air. This diagnostic uses Rayleigh scattering from a 10.6 microns plane electromagnetic radia- tion, and its heterodyne détection. Direct relations are given between the density fluctuation spectral density, rms fluctuation, and the signal frequency spectrum and ratio to quantum noise. Applying this method to a free jet, three aspects of gas turbulence are readily observed : transition from flow turbulence to sound waves on the edge ; spectrum anisotropy depending on the wave vector angle with the flow axis ; and the wavenumber spectrum scale law, which is found within one per cent of the Kolmogorov value.

The Schrödinger equation is a linear partial differential equation that describes the temporal evolution of the state of a quantum mechanical system. One of the pillars of quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation has been used to describe a wide variety of phenomena such as wave-particle duality, atomic orbitals, quantum oscillations, and even some fluid mechanics problems. Despite its established importance in the development of quantum mechanics, a solution of the Schrödinger equation for an arbitrary distribution of quantum mechanical potential or for an arbitrary number of space dimensions remains unknown. This work seeks to rectify this theoretical roadblock by providing an analytical solution through a recasting of the well-known Cole-Hopf transformation which is used to linearize a broad class of PDEs of which the Schrödinger equation becomes a member after an earlier change of variables. These two successive transformations render the general wave function proportional to the solution of a forced heat equation, allowing an explicit analytical solution applicable to any system in any number of space dimensions. Two practical applications to deriving the explicit wave functions of multielectronic atoms and to the forced Burgers equation of fluid mechanics are discussed, enabling greater mathematical insight into quantum entanglement and nonlinear fluid systems.

The Milne problem, known as one of the classical problems of radiative transfer and neutron transport theory, is solved using the P N method for a nonabsorbing medium (c = 1) with a linearly anisotropic scattering kernel. Specular and diffuse reflection boundary conditions are taken into account. The numerical results are listed for different selected parameters. Some results are also compared with the literature.

In molecular-level fluidic transport, where the discrete characteristics of a molecular system are not negligible (in contrast to a continuum description), the response of the molecular water system might still be similar to the continuum description if the time and ensemble averages satisfy the ergodic hypothesis and the scale of the average is enough to recover the classical thermodynamic properties. However, even in such cases, the continuum description breaks down on the material interfaces. In short, molecular-level liquid flows exhibit substantially different physics from classical fluid transport theories because of (i) the interface/surface force field, (ii) thermal/velocity slip, (iii) the discreteness of fluid molecules at the interface and (iv) local viscosity. Therefore, in this study, we present the result of our investigations using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with continuum-based energy equations and check the validity and limitations of the continuum hypothes...

Towards a Measurement of the Nuclear Magnetic Octupole Moment of 137 Ba 1 MATTHEW HOFFMAN, ADAM KLECZEWSKI, ERIC MAG-NUSON, E.N. FORTSON, BORIS BLINOV, University of Washington -Measurements of hyperfine structure in a 133 Cs atom resolved a nuclear magnetic octupole moment, Ω, much larger than expected. 2 To explore this anomaly further, we are undertaking an experiment to measure the hyperfine structure of the 5D levels of 137 Ba. We will selectively populate the m=0 states in the 5D 3/2 manifold by driving the 6S 1/2 to 5D 3/2 electric quadrupole transition using a commercially available Tm,Ho:YLF laser. Using the Pound-Drever-Hall frequency stabilization method we locked this laser to a high finesse cavity made of ULE glass and demonstrated a laser linewidth of less than 750 Hz. Once the barium ion is initialized to an m=0 state of a chosen 5D 3/2 hyperfine sublevel, we will perform RF spectroscopy to measure the hyperfine splittings with mHz precision. A measurement the 5D 3/2 hyperfine intervals combined with a similar measurement of the 5D 5/2 hyperfine intervals (using a 1762 nm fiber laser) will allow theorists to extract a value for Ω.

In this paper we examine the effects of varying several experimental parameters in the Kane quantum computer architecture: A-gate voltage, the qubit depth below the silicon oxide barrier, and the back gate depth to explore how these variables affect the electron density of the donor electron. In particular, we calculate the resonance frequency of the donor nuclei as a function of these parameters. To do this we calculated the donor electron wave function variationally using an effective mass Hamiltonian approach, using a basis of deformed hydrogenic orbitals. This approach was then extended to include the electric field Hamiltonian and the silicon host geometry. We found that the phosphorous donor electron wave function was very sensitive to all the experimental variables studied in our work, and thus to optimise the operation of these devices it is necessary to control all parameters varied in this paper.

Generalmente alla scienza si chiede di spiegare la natura, ed in effetti la Fisica classica ci forniva un quadro di certezze che seppure incompleto risultava abbastanza coerente ed intuibile; gli studi dell'ultimo secolo e le recenti evidenze sperimentali hanno però fatto svanire i dogmi indiscutibili posti a fondamento del castello della conoscenza scientifica imponendo un cambiamento profondo nel nostro modo di pensare, e non solo limitato agli argomenti scientifici ma tale da coinvolgere la forma stessa della mente. "Se possiamo predire con certezza il valore di una quantità fisica, allora esiste un elemento di realtà fisica corrispondente a questa quantità" affermava Einstein che, pure essendo stato un grande iniziatore delle nuove conoscenze, ne ha sempre ostinatamente rifiutato l'estrema conseguenza consistente nel venir meno del concetto stesso di realtà oggettiva. A titolo di esempio basti pensare che a livello di particelle non si può separare l'osservatore dall'osservato, che una intrinseca indeterminazione non intuitivamente percepibile e pure matematicamente codificata da Heisenberg vanifica alla base la possibilità di previsione, facendo svanire il fondamentale principio di causalità. Riguardo la stessa misura di una grandezza fisica, questa appare emergere da uno stato di sovrapposizione quantistica in cui infinite misure sono insieme presenti; sono stati altresì sperimentati misteriosi collegamenti istantanei tra particelle comunque distanti, al di fuori dello spazio e del tempo 1 . Da tutto ciò ne consegue che per mantenere un po' di certezza nella realtà del nostro mondo occorre guardare le cose esclusivamente alla nostra scala di misura lasciando confinato il microscopico nelle formule degli specialistici, fingendo di dimenticare che l'universo è fatto di particelle, noi compresi. Si cercherà quindi in questo articolo di ripensare la realtà proponendo una visione complessiva del mondo sulla base del fenomeno, ma non a questo limitata, perché oggi la scienza ci propone più interrogativi che chiarimenti. Verranno esposti in termini facilmente comprensibili alcuni fenomeni fisici molto comuni, unitamente ad una breve riflessione critica, adatti a mostrare i limiti, le incongruenze ed i paradossi della Fisica. Si presenteranno quattro esperimenti esaminandone proprio gli aspetti solitamente sottaciuti per evidenziare le incongruenze non solo della visione classica ma anche di quella quantistica qualora venga filtrata dalla consueta forma mentale basata sullo spazio e sul tempo, mostrando infine l'inconsistenza di tale concetto. Nella conclusione poi si proporrà una possibile concezione dell'universo compatibile con una razionale interpretazione dei fenomeni, tenendo conto di alcune "scomodità" che si preferisce relegare nell'ambito delle curiosità, fuori del tavolo della discussione scientifica. Premesse. Come noto materia ed energia presentano una duplice natura corpuscolare ed ondulatoria in modo mutuamente esclusivo (nel senso che questa natura viene evidenziata con esperienze differenti e mai contemporaneamente), motivo per cui è stato appositamente coniato il principio di "dualita' onda-corpuscolo" al fine di sopire la evidente contraddizione logica 2 . Poiché il nostro universo è costituito da entità osservabili aventi caratteristiche di discontinuità per comodità possiamo parlare di "particelle" purché sia chiaro che si tratta di una pura convenzione: non esistono i mattoncini ultimi, le unità minime eterne e incorruttibili di antica memoria in perenne movimento in uno spazio vuoto preesistente. Occorre altresì considerare, come si è accennato prima, che a livello microscopico il termine "osservazione" risulta inappropriato in quanto presuppone l'esistenza di una realtà oggettiva dell'osservato indipendente dall'osservatore, l'esperienza ha dimostrato invece che si tratta di una interazione, e che l'osservazione modifica ciò che viene osservato per cui non può essere ripetuta. E' da rimarcare che questo fatto mina alla base uno dei fondamenti della scienza galileiana dove l'oggettività si basa sulla ripetibilità della misura e viene considerato non scientifico un evento irripetibile. Detto en-passant ad evitare equivoci legati a strane idee antropocentriche che circolano anche in ambienti scientifici si deve ricordare che le interazioni non dipendono ovviamente dalla osservazione da parte di esseri senzienti o comunque viventi, senza voler con ciò negare il nostro limitato potere di intervento. Avendo chiaro tutto questo possiamo comunque continuare ad utilizzare i termini correnti al fine di agevolare la comprensione del discorso, sottolineando che i fenomeni presentati si verificano a livello atomico, un po' come se le nostre cellule si comportassero stranamente ed in modo diverso rispetto all'organo che compongono. Considerazioni sull'interferenza delle onde (talvolta 1+1=0). Per ravvivare alcuni concetti forse sfocati e sperduti tra i vaghi ricordi scolastici si ritiene opportuno un breve inquadramento dei fatti. Un'onda che si propaga in linea retta può essere rappresentata graficamente in un dato istante con il disegno della fig.

Mengamati gerakan melingkar elektron dalam medan magnet 2. Menentukan besarnya muatan spesifik (e/m) elektron B. Dasar Teori Pada tahun 1897, fisikawan Inggris J.J. Thomson menyelidiki kelakuan sinar katoda yakni aliran elektron-elektron yang keluar dari katoda dan masuk ke anoda. Eksperimen ini menunjukkan bahwa sinar katoda merupakan partikel-partikel yang jauh lebih ringan dari pada atom dan terdapat pada semua bentuk benda (Thomson, 1897). Partikel elementer ini adalah elektron yang bermuatan negatif dan memiliki muatan lsitrik yang konstan. Sejak tanggal 20 Mei 2019 (pendefinisian ulang dari ampere), nilai muatan listrik dari elektron dinyatakan sebesar 1,602176634 × 10 -19 C (diaproaksimasi hingga 9 digit di belakang koma). Nilai ini pertama kali diestimasi 1,6 × 10 -19 C melalui eksperimen yang dilakukan fisikawan Amerika, Robet Milikan pada tahun 1909. Setelah nilai untuk rasio muatan terhadap massanya diperoleh sebesar 𝑒/𝑚 = 1,7588196 • 10 11 C/kg (nilai hasil eksperimen Thomson pada masa itu) dan muatan elektron diketahui (eksperimen Milikan) maka nilai massa elektron dapat diaproaksimasi kemudian yakni diperoleh sebesar 9,107 × 10 -31 kg (Flowers, Theopold and Langley, 2015; Gregersen, 2022; William&Mary University, no date). Gambar 1. Skema untuk peralatan e/m (Sumber:William&Mary University, no date) Pada Gambar 1. model apparatus terdiri dari tabung kaca yang menampung pistol elektron kecil. Pistol ini memiliki filame katoda yang darinya elektron dilepaskan secara termionik ("didihkan" atau menjadi emisi partikel bermuatan oleh konduktor/bahan pijar) dan anoda di dekatnya yang dapat diatur ke potensi yang positif relatif terhadap katoda (emratio).

Offering M2 Kelompok 3 DEPARTEMEN FISIKA FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MALANG DESEMBER 2023 SPEKTRUM GARIS CAHAYA A. Tujuan 1. Memahami asas kisi dan tabung lucutan 2. Menentukan panjang gelombang spektrum cahaya dari tabung lucutan B. Dasar Teori Cahaya tampak sebagai gelombang elektromagnetik memiliki sifat difraksi yakni dapat dilenturkan, agar gejala difraksi dapat terlihat dapat digunakan suatu alat optik yang disebut kisi. Kisi dibuat dari lapisan tipis dengan banyak celah sempit dimana jumlah celahnya sangat banyak dengan jarak antar celah dibuat sama. Difraksi dapat dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu difraksi Fresnel dan difraksi Fraunhofer. Difraksi Fresnel untuk jarak kisi yang relatif dekat dengan layar dan untuk yang jauh disebut difraksi Fraunhofer. Gambar 1 Spektrum Gelombang Elektromagnetik (Cahyadi et al., 2020) Dalam percobaan ini, pola difraksi dihasilkan dari tabung lucutan (gas discharge tubes) yakni tabung berisi sumber cahaya akibat pelepasan muatan listrik dalam gas yang terionisasi atau uap logam. Prinsip kerja dari setiap tabung lucutan ialah menggunakan atom atau molekul gas yang ditransfer ke keadaan elektronik terkesitasi dengan cara menumbuk elektron atau dengan kata lain transfer energi dari atom, ion atau molekus gas lainnya. Selanjutnya, jenis partikel yang tereksitasi akan mengemisikan cahaya berkilau (umumnya dalam rentang spektrum cahaya tampak atau ultraviolet, tetapi terkadang juga dalam inframerah). Gambar 2 Discharge tubes helium, neon, argon, krypton, dan xenon (warren, 2017

It is well known that variational optimization of the energy using approximate density functionals can give results below the true ground-state energy. This can be attributed to the fact that many approximate density functionals are not N-representable. This paper presents a general method for deriving N-representability conditions in density-functional theory and presents specific results for the kinetic energy, the electron-electron interaction energy, the Hohenberg-Kohn functional, and the exchange-correlation energy functional. The method can be extended to energy densities, and specific results are presented for two different choices of the kinetic-energy density. Max-min variational principles for minimizing the energy subject to N-representability constraints are presented. Some constraints on exchange-correlation density functionals are among our secondary findings. In particular, we construct an exact meta-generalized-gradient-approximation ͑meta-GGA͒ functional using a Legendre transform and use this expression to show that ͑a͒ meta-GGAs should be convex functionals of the kinetic-energy density and ͑b͒ the sum of the Coulomb energy and the meta-GGA exchangecorrelation energy should be a convex functional of the electron density.

While p-orbitals have had their constant and proper place in Mendeleyev's Periodic Table since 1864, the d-orbitals have escaped proper treatment, along with chaotic distribution of s-orbitals among the same as well as among the f-orbitals. However, here we present a unified periodic table with emphasis on s, p, d & f orbitals revealing vacancies, where no electrons can live - which renders a new view that will benefit physicist and chemists and the general technical worker.

In previous papers we have shown how Schrödinger equations which include an electromagnetic field interaction can be deduced from a fluid dynamical Lagrangian of a charged potential flow that interacts with an electromagnetic field. The quantum behaviour was derived from Fisher information terms which were added to the classical Lagrangian. It was thus shown that a quantum mechanical system is drived by information and not only electromagnetic fields. This program was applied also to Pauli's equations by removing the restriction of potential flow and using the Clebsch formalism. Although the analysis was quite successful there were still terms that did not admit interpretation, some of them can be easily traced to the relativistic Dirac theory. It is thus suggested to repeat the analysis for a relativistic flow, relating it to the Dirac theory by adding invariant four dimensional Fisher information terms. It is shown that while the classical parts of a classical fluid and a Dirac fluid can be mapped, the Fisher information term of Dirac theory is non-trivial. L Quantum = L Classical Fluid + L Fisher Information

Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are essential components for mid-infrared optical spectroscopy. Currently, widely tunable QCLs are using an external diffraction grating to tune the laser wavelength. In this paper we present a compact tunable QCL that is thermally tuned by a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) implemented on a Germanium-on-SOI (Ge-on-SOI) waveguide circuit. The 5.1x µm wavelength laser, operating in pulsed mode at room temperature, is continuously tuned over 50 nm.

A novel platform based on evanescent wave sensing in the 6.5 to 7.5 µm wavelength range is presented with the example of toluene detection in an aqueous solution. The overall sensing platform consists of a germanium-on-silicon waveguide with a functionalized mesoporous silica cladding and integrated microlenses for alignment-tolerant back-side optical interfacing with a tunable laser spectrometer. Hydrophobic functionalization of the mesoporous cladding allows enrichment of apolar analyte molecules and prevents strong interaction of water with the evanescent wave. The sensing performance was evaluated for aqueous toluene standards resulting in a limit of detection of 7 ppm. Recorded adsorption/desorption profiles followed Freundlich adsorption isotherms with rapid equilibration and resulting sensor response times of a few seconds. This indicates that continuous monitoring of contaminants in water is possible. A significant increase in LOD can be expected by likely improvements to th...

Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are essential components for mid-infrared optical spectroscopy. Currently, widely tunable QCLs are using an external diffraction grating to tune the laser wavelength. In this paper we present a compact tunable QCL that is thermally tuned by a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) implemented on a Germanium-on-SOI (Ge-on-SOI) waveguide circuit. The 5.1x µm wavelength laser, operating in pulsed mode at room temperature, is continuously tuned over 50 nm.

It must be carefully borne in mind that we have made only one step in the theory of the action of the medium. We have supposed it to be in a state of stress, but we have not in any way accounted for this stress, or explained how it is maintained. This step, however, seems to me to be an important one, as it explains, by the action of the consecutive parts of the medium, phenomena which were formerly supposed to be explicable only by direct action at a distance. I have not been abový druh sílyle to take the next step, namely, to account by mechanical considerations for these stresses in the dielectric. I therefore leave the theory at this point, merely stating what are the other parts of the phenomenon of induction in dielectrics." [1] Maxwell, ve své základní práci, doporučuje naší pozornosti dielektrikum. Mohli bychom si myslet, že názor člověka s největším možným renomé musel být mnohokrát prověřován. Čistě pro úplnost to ale proveďme sami. To prověření bude snadné, a názorné. Jestli fyzikální "vrchnost" ten názor úmyslně vyjmula z učebnic, pak by mohl být hodně důležitý. Pak by třeba mohl ukončit dnešní hašteření nad "taky-fyzikou". Když se ujmeme zasutého názoru velkého Maxwella, objeví se nám nová fyzikální síla. Žádám vás, abyste si ji "osahali". Uvidíte, že experimentování je zábavné. Zábavné bude také to, že to může ukončit dnešní nadvládu "teoretiků". Obsadili všechny posty, a dusí celé lidstvo svou antivědou. Berou Einsteina jako boha, a nejsou schopni pochopit, že Einstein to vše dělal jen jako žert. Přesněji jako recesi; recesi více než drsnou.

Complete Active Space SCF/ Contracted CI (CASSCF/CCI) calculations, using large gaussian basis sets, are presented for selected portions of the potential surfaces for the reactions in the Zeldovich mechanism for the conversion of N2 to NO. The N + 0 2 reaction is exoergic by 32 kcal/mole and is computed to have an early barrier of 10.2 kcallmole for the 2At surface and 18.0 kcal/mole for the 4At surface. The I

For many disciplines of science, all conceivable collisional cross-sections and reactions must be precisely known. Although recent decades have seen a trial of large-scale research to obtain such data, many essential atomic and molecular cross-section data are still missing, and the reliability of the existing cross-sections has to be validated. In this paper, we present projectile ionization, electron capture, and system breakdown cross-sections in carbon (C5+) ions and lithium (Li2+) ion collisions with atomic hydrogen based on the Monte Carlo models of classical and quasi-classical trajectories. According to our expectation, the QCTMC results show higher results in comparison to standard CTMC data, emphasizing the role of the Heisenberg correction constraint, especially in the low-energy regime. On the other hand, at high energy, the Heisenberg correction term has less influence as the projectile momentum increases. We present the total cross-sections of projectile ionization, electron capture, and system breakdown in C5+ ions and Li2+ ion collisions with atomic hydrogen in the impact energy range from 10 keV to 160 keV, which is of interest in astrophysical plasmas, atmospheric sciences, plasma laboratories, and fusion research.