Atlantic World

At a time when Enlightenment ideology, European travel narratives and memoirs influenced racial discourses about African women and their daughters in the Americas, Mederic Elié Moreau de Saint-Méry, writing in 1796, composed the essay "Danse". This paper translates and explores the prominent writer's voyeuristic observations of the detailed preparations, festive gatherings and stylized body movements of free(d) and enslaved women on the island of Saint Domingue. Deconstructing Saint-Méry's biased gaze, I argue that intimacy needs to be redefined considering the everyday lives of women of colour, especially in the port cities of Cap Français and Port-au-Prince, before the stirrings of revolution. From his bookstore located at the intersection of Front and Walnut streets in Philadelphia, Mederic Louis Elié Moreau de Saint-Méry gathered his papers and wrote the essay, "Danse", in 1796. The article, based on his observations of social customs and fashionable dances on the North American mainland and in the Caribbean, was, as far as can be determined, never fully translated into English. 1 However, like most accounts detailing interactions with Africans and their descendants in the Americas, the article was popular and widely circulated in the young American republic and abroad, thus feeding the wild and biased imaginings of white colonists. 2 Central to Saint-Méry's musings were the dances performed by women of colour in the Caribbean. Like European writers before him, Saint-Méry impresses the image of beauty, savagery and lasciviousness upon the black female body. 3 Travellers to the African continent and

This project explores the histories of the Dutch Republic and the United States during the Age of Revolutions, using as a lens the life of Francis Adrian van der Kemp. Connections between the Netherlands and the United States have been understudied in histories of the Revolutionary Atlantic. Yet the nations' political and religious histories are entwined both thematically and practically. Van der Kemp's life makes it possible to examine republicanism and liberal religion anew, as they developed and changed during the era of Atlantic revolutions. The project draws on numerous archival collections that house van der Kemp's voluminous correspondence, political and religious writings, his autobiography, and the unpublished records of the Reformed Christian Church, now the Unitarian Church of Barneveld. With his activity in both countries, van der Kemp offers a unique perspective into the continued role of the Dutch in the development of the United States. The dissertation argues that the political divisions and incomplete religious freedom that frustrated van der Kemp in the Dutch Republic similarly manifested in America. Politically, the partisanship that became the hallmark of the early American republic echoed the experiences van der Kemp had during the Patriot Revolt. While parties would eventually stabilize radical politics, the collapse of the Dutch Republic in the Atlantic world and the divisiveness of American politics in those early decades, led van der Kemp to blunt his once radically democratic opinions. Heavily influenced by John Adams, he adopted a more conservative politics of balance that guaranteed religious and civil liberty regardless of governmental structure. This project would not have been possible without the tireless efforts of my advisor, Catherine O'Donnell. Though she probably does not remember, she supported my studies when I was contemplating a dissertation on the literature and the history of the American Southwest. Always possessing a deep interest in early American history and the Atlantic world, I decided it would be better for both of us if I moved away from Western history and have been infinitely better for it. Dr. O'Donnell's kindness and generous support are notorious qualities in the department as testified by the constant visitors, both faculty and students, to her office. I am grateful for her guidance and judicious editing. I would also like to thank the other members of my committee, Kent Wright and Calvin Schermerhorn. Both Dr. Wright and Dr. Schermerhorn have constantly been supportive of the project, often envisioning consequences of van der Kemp's life that had not occurred to me. I thank them not only for their comments of my project, but also for being exemplary historians and providing examples of the historian I wish to be. The dissertation benefitted from several grants and fellowships. The Wallace Adams Travel Award allowed an initial trip to the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society and helped convince me that van der Kemp was indeed a subject worthy of study.

Resumen | en el año de 1820, un autor anónimo envió un artículo al periódico Correo del Orinoco, donde analizó y ponderó los alcances de una serie de cartas escritas en 1818 por el capitán Pablo Morillo instando a la gente a formar parte de las filas del ejército realista, especialmente, a personas provenientes de los sectores subalternos del sistema estamental colonial, pero que creyesen firmemente en la defensa de la causa del rey borbónico. El valor de esta comunicación radica en que intensificó la tensión de los debates atizados por el abate francés Dominique-Georges-Frédéric Dufour de Pradt, así como por otros pensadores europeos e hispanoamericanos-hombres de acción o de letras-que discutían los conceptos de libertad, emancipación, ciudadanía o pueblo al calor del emergente pensamiento liberal que se tornaba cada vez más dominante. En este escenario, contar con la mirada de una persona anónima, nos permite indagar desde otro ángulo las relaciones problemáticas entre los sectores dominantes y los dominados en el contexto de cambio de las Independencias hispanoamericanas. Palabras clave | independencia; pueblo; ciudadanía; sectores subalternos; Pablo Morillo; Venezuela; siglo XIX. Pablo Morillo's Letters to the Subaltern Sectors: a reflection of the "People" on the principle of citizenship in the Venezuelan War of Independence Abstract | in 1820, an anonymous author sent an article to the newspaper Correo del Orinoco, where he analyzed and pondered the scope of a series of letters written in 1818 by Captain Pablo Morillo urging people to join the ranks of the royalist army, especially people coming from the subaltern sectors of the colonial class system, but who firmly believed in the defense of the Bourbon king's cause. The value of this communication lies in the fact that it intensified the tension of the debates stirred up by the French Abbé Dominique-Georges-Frédéric Dufour de Pradt, as well as by other European and Latin American thinkers-men of action or of letters-who discussed the concepts of freedom, emancipation, citizenship or people in the heat of the emerging liberal thought that was becoming more and more dominant. In this scenario, having the viewpoint of an

Es impresionante cómo un eslogan de campaña electoral de un país extranjero logró atravesar fronteras, convirtiéndose en un mantra discursivo de identificación y posicionamiento ideológico. La consigna de Milei se bolivianizó como un símbolo de identidad individual, pertenencia grupal y diferenciación del otro. Sin embargo, el significado de la libertad varía según cada persona.
La libertad, en términos filosóficos, históricos, económicos, políticos, ideológicos y jurídicos en el continente americano, no es homogénea. Aún es un campo de disputas conceptuales, prácticas sociales, relatos históricos y expresiones culturales. Su concepción y desarrollo son complejos debido a su importancia orientadora en los anhelos colectivos e individuales.

Em meados do século XIX, com a expansão do abolicionismo no mundo atlântico e com a consequente reconversão da economia da colônia portuguesa de Angola de uma fornecedora de pessoas escravizadas para o tráfico atlântico, em uma economia baseada na exportação de gêneros coloniais agrícolas e extrativistas, a demanda por trabalhadores para os serviços nas caravanas comerciais de longa distância aumentou consideravelmente. Sempre tendo sido objeto de preocupação das autoridades coloniais, o recrutamento de carregadores era instrumento fundamental para a própria existência do enorme fluxo de mercadorias entre o Atlântico e interior de Angola, e constantemente gerou revoltas e conflitos nas áreas de maior interferência política dos portugueses. Aparecendo no cerne do debate abolicionista português em meados do século, as condições de recrutamento e manutenção das caravanas mudaram radicalmente ao mesmo tempo que a economia colonial mais exigia tais serviços. Diante de tais fatores, esse texto buscará debater sobre os impactos múltiplos do abolicionismo colonial português sobre o trabalho nas caravanas em Angola, reconhecendo dinâmicas autônomas do comércio africano e reações heterogêneas de diversos agentes sociais.

Com frequência, ao analisarmos as obras de arte produzidas na América do Sul durante o período colonial, uma sensação de estranheza percorre-nos: não conseguimos "encaixar" estes objetos nos rígidos quadros de apreciação e valoração estética que nos são fornecidos a priori. Muitas dessas obras de arte, quando comparadas com os seus modelos europeus, parecem "más cópias", na medida em que não os repetem fielmente e em que apresentam formas diferentes dos originais. Essa "má cópia", no entanto, contém em si a raiz da identidade do homem americano, refletindo muitas das vezes o afã em conciliar formas culturais "herdadas", recebidas da metrópole, com outras expressões culturais. (1) Tentar uma compreensão contextual destes objetos artísticos, tanto no momento histórico da sua realização como no que diz respeito ao seu uso e "refuncionalização" através do tempo e em contextos espacio-geográficos diferentes, implica uma metodologia abrangente e pluridisciplinar (2), nem sempre fácil de manejar. Toda a história da América constitui um longo processo de transculturação, o que faz com que a arte colonial sul-americana não possa ser olhada como mero "satélite" dos centros criativos europeus. Em muitos casos, a "periferia", em vez de produzir manifestações estéticas seguidistas, passivas e atrasadas em relação aos "centros" artísticos dominantes, foi o local privilegiado da rutura estética e da abertura, ao permitir uma maior liberdade interpretativa, ou uma transformação das dimensões, da estrutura ou do programa iconográfico da obra de arte. Em vez de um barroco "na" América Latina, isto é, um barroco transplantado, só que mais pobre e esquematizado, devido à distância e ao transplante, encontraremos assim um barroco "da" América Latina, capaz de se assumir com características bem peculiares. (3) A definição de "centros" e "periferias" está intimamente ligada a uma reflexão sobre o espaço e, consequentemente, à negação de hierarquias entre as diferentes esferas espaciais. Para além de uma análise qualitativa e brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by Repositório Aberto da Universidade do Porto * Este texto baseia-se num trabalho apresentado no VII Simpósio Hispano-Português de Historia del Arte, realizado em Cáceres-Olivença, em novembro de 1993. Integra-se numa investigação mais vasta, destinada à dissertação de doutoramento, e que tem sido possível realizar graças às bolsas de estudo concedidas pela Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses, pela Fundação Luso-Americana para o Desenvolvimento, pela Comissão Cultural Luso-Americana e pela JNICT.

A História da arte portuguesa no Novo Mundo tem sido muitas vezes confinada ao território brasileiro. Esta perspetiva reducionista, que ignora as relações entre portugueses e espanhóis na América Latina, deixa de fora todo um vasto e interessante campo de investigação, cujos contornos são difíceis de definir, e cuja amplitude nos escapa numa primeira análise. Estes contactos, no entanto, foram reconhecidamente duradouros, e suficientemente fortes para ultrapassar de forma admirável as barreiras geográficas, políticas e culturais. Qualquer estudo relativo à presença da arte barroca luso-brasileira no Novo Mundo é por inerência, como acertadamente defendeu Robert Smith 1 , um trabalho de proporções internacionais, envolvendo uma pluralidade de relações entre as colónias americanas, o pais colonizador, as suas fontes europeias, e, eventualmente, a ligação a outras colónias noutras zonas do globo -programa de uma extensão e dificuldade imensas, raras vezes superadas, sobretudo por limitações de acesso à documentação e à bibliografia, muito dispersas, e pela inexistência de inventários exaustivos e de levantamentos completos. Dispersão, viagem, integração, complementaridade: analisar a triangulação Portugal/Brasil/Rio da Prata é empreender uma longa e por vezes inesperada caminhada por percursos aventurosos, que sistematicamente nos obriga a sair do trilho da mera análise isolada do objeto artístico e a rever multas ideias feitas. Tentar uma compreensão contextual deste mesmo objeto, tanto no momento histórico da sua realização como no que diz respeito ao seu uso e "refuncionalização" através do tempo e em contextos espacio-geográficos diferentes, Implica uma metodologia abrangente e pluridisciplinar. 2 brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

Focused on a person whose life of faith can contribute to an understanding of Marian devotion and Marian spirituality found in the United States and Canada prior to the year 1900, this presentation will reflect upon the life and spirituality of St. Kateri Tekakwitha, a seventeenth-century Iroquois virgin from the Mohawk Nation who sought baptism and entered the Catholic Church at the age of twenty. Kateri lived the first *Lynn Marie Busch received her S. T. L. from the John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family (Washington, D.C.). She is currently pursuing an S.T.D. at t11e International Marian Research Institute (Dayton, Ohio).As a member of the United States Association of Consecrated Virgins, she has a special connection with St. Kateri. 1 In the time since this paper was presented at the 2011 meeting of the Mariological Society of America, Kateri Tekakwitha has been raised from being a blessed in the Church to sainthood; therefore, where her title is used in this paper, it has been corrected to read St. Kateri. Her canonization occurred on October 21, 2012, after the fmal approval of a miracle obtained through her intercession for the 2006 cure of Jake Finkbonner.Jake, a member of the Lummi tribe in the state ofWashington, was then five years old and near death due to a flesh-eating infection on his lip. Kateri's relic was placed on his leg. Though he was left with some scarring on his face, the infection stopped. Facial scars from tl1e infection were something that Jake shared in common with his intercessor who, throughout her lifetime, carried scars on her face from the smallpox virus she contracted at the age of four. While Jake's healing was the miracle accepted by the Vatican as the last required proof of Kateri's presence in Heaven for her 2012 canonization, seventeenth-century witnesses surmised Kateri's heavenly presence a mere fifteen minutes after her death as they observed the first post-mortem miraculous event surrounding the saint when the smallpox scars on her face disappeared leaving her in radiant beauty.

This article analyzes the successful legal struggle of Lope Rodriguez, a Castilian converso who in 1478, following his banishment from his town, petitioned for royal justice. While Rodriguez's case offers new information on conflicts between Old Christians and conversos in pre-inquisitorial Castile, it also sheds light on Castilian legal culture more broadly. Drawing on previously unpublished records from Rodriguez's dossier, the article analyzes how petitions and witness deposition records were deployed as weapons in one local conflict. Since such records were crucial for generating royal interventions in local disputes, effective documentary strategies could sometimes affect power relations on the local level. However, the analysis of Rodriguez's case also demonstrates that the capacity to produce and mobilize records was in itself a highly politicized process, in which local configurations of power often came to play a significant role.

A group of outstanding social scientists and cultural critics has collaborated to produce this remarkable collective publication about the reception and critique of "the postcolonial" in Latin America. The resulting volume is to my knowledge the most thorough criticism of postcolonial theory and criticism as an academic practice of North-Atlantic intellectuals and scholars. The group (which I will refer to as "the Coloniality Group") grounds its own criticism in the work of pioneers such as Walter Mignolo, Aníbal Quijano, and Enrique Dussel, while acknowledging the influence of various strands of literary and cultural critique from Latin America dating back to the post-WW II period. The book is as much a critical engagement with post-colonial theory from the Latin American point of view as a vindication of a

On 13 August 1521, Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire, fell into the hands of the Spanish. 500 years later, this book tells the early colonial history of America from Constance. It presents sources that we discovered in our research project on the colonial and slavery history of the Lake Constance region in the 16th century: Letters from Cortés, Charles V, Spanish ambassadors and missionaries to the long-distance trading house Ehinger from Constance. Contracts, letters of exchange, inventories and portraits that show the faces and wealth of the early colonial period from 1528 onwards.

En los últimos años han aparecido buen número de estudios acerca tanto de la pacificación de las economías hispanoamericanas durante el siglo XVII y primeras décadas del siglo XVIII; como en torno a las navegaciones interamericanas practicadas por la Mar del Sur. Esto es, aquellos periplos que transgredían la prohibición de efectuar intercambios por vía marítima entre los virreinatos de Nueva España y el Perú, o entre México y Guatemala, por ejemplo. La presente propuesta pretende examinar a escala micro el desarrollo de estos periplos por medio de las cuentas de factoraje establecidas entre Miguel de Miner, un almacenero avecindado en la Ciudad de México; y su pariente radicado en Lima, Antonio de Zuasnavar y Miner. Un comercio en el que, por un lado, se producían envíos de textiles asiáticos y europeos, hierro, cera y tabaco; correspondido por la otra parte con cacao de Guayaquil. Subrayamos cómo, para su puesta en práctica, fue imprescindible no solamente el tránsito de fragatas peruleras que conectaban Perú y Guatemala, sino cabotajes de menor entidad que enlazaban puertos como Zihuatanejo, Acapulco, Chiapas, Puná, Manta, Guayaquil, Machala, Tumbes, Paita, Huanchaco y Callao.

This article is based on a new dataset —specifically focused on Lisbon’s role in outfitting ships and supplying cargo for the slave trade between 1701 and 1828— which complements the records of the Transatlantic Slave Trade Database. By analyzing these  new data, we conclude that the capital of the Portuguese empire played a significant role  in outfitting slave ships until at least the late 18th century. Additionally, by examining a  series of outbound cargoes, we show that vessels from Lisbon engaged in trade with  Angola carried higher-value cargoes than those departing from Brazil. Thus, the article also  challenges prevailing historiographical interpretations that emphasize Brazilian dominance  while downplaying Portuguese involvement in the slave trade.

O artigo analisa as mulheres escravizadas no município de Ilhéus, sul da Bahia, entre 1850 e 1888, período de expansão da lavoura cacaueira. A proposta é investigar as atividades em que tais mulheres estavam inseridas, as condições familiares e os desafios que enfrentaram durante a escravidão. As fontes principais são inventários post mortem e o Livro de classificação dos escravos para libertação pelo fundo de emancipação, que reúnem informações relevantes acerca do tema. Além de executarem serviços importantes no eito, nos espaços urbanos e domésticos, as mulheres podiam gerar filhos, fator considerável para os escravistas da época, sobretudo após o fim do tráfico atlântico de africanos, em 1850. Nessa conjuntura, as mulheres escravizadas em Ilhéus contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da economia cacaueira e reagiram de diversas formas aos imperativos da escravidão.

La presente investigación indaga sobre las preocupaciones en los sectores independentistas, en el campo militar, durante la guerra de Independencia en el territorio de la Nueva Granada. Las múltiples contingencias que se presentaron en este conflicto fueron elementos que condicionaron la emergencia de críticas sobre las acciones que se llevaban a cabo en la ejecución de la guerra, permitiendo a su vez que se elaboraran y reelaboraran propuestas en este aspecto. La prensa fue el lugar privilegiado en donde diferentes propuestas hallaron un espacio de discusión y debate, el Argos de la Nueva Granada fue uno de estos espacios, en él se sintetizó y resaltó esta problemática. La figura del militar y el ciudadano fueron los elementos más sobresalientes en dichos discursos, en donde adquirieron diferentes sentidos y lograron ser índice y factor del escenario en el que se enunciaron. Estas voces también muestran cómo las experiencias y expectativas de los sujetos que intervinieron en torno al tema militar se fueron modificando de acuerdo con las situaciones que se presentaron entre 1811 y 1816.

This article proposes the Spanish Inquisition as a site of productive conflict between the polyvalent significations of curiosity in early modern Spain. On one hand, the Spanish Inquisition promoted curiosity through diligent inquiry, while on the other it prosecuted those whose curiosity led them to impertinence. This article examines the significance of an archival curiosity whose dubious relevance within the archive highlights its fundamental illegibility before Inquisitorial curiosity. This article argues that despite an ethos of apparent orthodoxy and cryptic invitations to curious readers, the manuscript ultimately fails to prompt Inquisitorial inquiry and itself becomes designated as "Escrito curioso por su valor caligráfico" by an unidentified archivist. Impertinent as an archival misfit and insolent in its failure to adhere to standards of confession, the "Escrito curioso's" playful provocations invite a diligent reader to peruse its depths, only to find obstinate opacities nestled within the umbrage of orthodoxy. Ultimately, the article contends that the "Escrito curioso" ironically elucidates the Inquisition's paradoxical dependence upon the heretical curiosity it condemned. As a diligent expression of undying faithfulness to the Church and her Inquisition, it is relegated to the forgotten margins of the Holy Office's operations.

When research findings are successfully valorized, they greatly contribute to the development of communities. Promoting Research in Anglophone Studies in Africa exposes contextual milestones of Anglophone studies in Africa. It highlights the wide range of works produced in literature, linguistics, and didactics within the field of Anglophone Studies. The book discusses the complexities of teaching, learning, and use of English in settings where it is not always the native language. One of its key strengths lies in the fact that the contributors come from a variety of academic backgrounds including literature, culture, didactics, linguistics, translation, etc. This multidisciplinary expertise has contributed, to a large extent, to understanding and solving issues related to diverse challenges involved in valorizing Anglophone Studies within the African context. The book is a collection of selected papers

Europe dating to the fifth to third millennia BC. The surviving evidence consists largely of carved motifs, and until recently painted megalithic art was thought to be restricted to western Iberia. Recent discoveries have expanded that distribution, assisted by new methods of detection, recording and analysis. The discovery of painted motifs at Barnenez in northern Brittany, reported here, nonetheless marks a breakthrough and raises the possibility that many megalithic tombs in north-west Europe were once coloured as well as carved. Similarities in motifs and techniques also point to the likelihood of direct connections with Iberia.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Copyright

En la presente investigación se estudia las acciones y roles de los extranjeros en Santiago de Cali durante el siglo XVIII, por ello en un primer momento se aborda el concepto de vecindad donde nos acercamos desde el Reino de Castilla siglo XIV, la expansión del Imperio Español y su consolidación en el continente americano hasta llegar a Cali con el fin de comprender su funcionalidad en la ciudad, a su vez el provecho de este elemento jurídico por parte de los extranjeros por medio de las peticiones de vecindad obtenidas en el Archivo Histórico de Cali. Por otro lado, encontramos los negocios y funciones económicas ejercidas por estos sujetos que se han reflejado en los protocolos notariales, donde encontramos ventas y compras de censos, esclavos y bienes. Finalmente se incluyen los conflictos en los cuales estos se han visto involucrados con la dificultad de no contar una basta documentación en las fuentes, sin embargo, desde los negocios como base que también nos permite a través de una minuciosa búsqueda obtener este tipo de situaciones.

Reuben Gold Thwaites'in kaleme aldığı The Romance of Mississippi Valley History, Mississippi Vadisi'nin zengin ve dramatik tarihini, epik bir anlatımla sunuyor. İlk yerli halkların yaşamından, Avrupalı kaşiflerin maceralarına, sınır boylarındaki destansı mücadelelere ve kıtanın şekillenmesine kadar uzanan bu eser, tarihin kuru bir anlatıdan çok daha fazlası olduğunu gösteriyor. Thwaites, tarih ile hikâye anlatıcılığının iç içe geçtiği bir yaklaşımla, okuyucularına Mississippi Vadisi'nin bilinmeyen köşelerini keşfetme fırsatı sunuyor. Kolonileşme dönemindeki Fransız, İspanyol ve İngiliz etkilerini, Amerikan Devrimi’nden Batı’nın fethine uzanan olayları ve vadinin nasıl bir ulusun kaderini şekillendirdiğini, büyüleyici bir üslupla aktarıyor. Tarih, yalnızca akademik bir alan değil, bir milletin kimliğini oluşturan canlı bir hikâyedir anlayışıyla yazılan bu eser, tarih severler kadar edebiyat tutkunları için de kaçırılmayacak bir kaynak. Mississippi Vadisi'nin romantizmi ve destansı geçmişiyle tanışmaya hazır olun!

al año siguiente, realiza un breve recorrido por el continente. 1817 Entra en el bufete de Thomas Pemberton y nassau senior. En julio emprende un largo viaje, durante el cual oleccionar estampas y pinturas. desde Rotterdam, su itinerario pasa por Hannover, Berlín, dresde, Praga, Múnich, insbruck, Salzburgo y Linz, hasta llegar a Viena. En los primeros días de diciembre llega a Venecia, y a finales de febrero de 1818, a Roma, antes de alargar su viaje a nápoles, pasando a la vuelta por Ferrara, Bolonia, Florencia y Génova, y de ahí a París. 1818 Visita de nuevo varias ciudades italianas de camino hacia Roma, regresando de Livorno a Mónaco y de allí a París a través de Avignon.

This thesis reexamines the evolving friendship between the two most prominent U.S. abolitionists of the Nineteenth Century, Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison. The purpose is to provide a more complex picture of their friendship than one-sided antagonistic view often highlighted by scholars. While applying the political principle of egalitarianism and Aristotle's three notions of friendship (pleasure, utility, and goodness) from Nicomachean Ethics, one can derive an alternative vista to a profound and fruitful relationship. By doing so, one can acknowledge that within their friendship, they were morally sovereign men led by reason despite the adverse events that played out in the public eye, events that tend to overshadow their virtuous friendship. By acknowledging an Aristotelian friendship, one can derive the goodwill and generosity between the Douglass-Garrison friendship, their actions, intentions, and character despite their differences and in spite of their commonalities. The argument is not to disprove what was, but to iv reveal the discourse of an undiscovered layer of the Douglass-Garrison friendship. It is significant to recognize that although this initial relationship between Douglass-Garrison was pleasant because of one another's knowledge and similarities and their goal of emancipation; the friendship between the two men cocooned into an interdependent relationship of convenience where both were each other's equals. They were sovereign men who were nonetheless transformed by the friendship that shaped them into the men they eventually became. This relationship is crucial to revisit not only for the integrity of the Douglass-Garrison friendship, but to recognize that although the world discriminated, this impartial friendship, existed between two sovereign men. It was, not, as may appear at first glance, a relationship based on oppression or victimhood. v DEDICATION For my corner stone, my comfort, my Father, and my shield and protector, Jesus Christ God Almighty. There is no possible way I could have accomplished anything without HIM. I dedicate this to my beloved families, the Madrigal's, the Rodriguez', and the Saenz'. I also dedicate this to my beloved, my husband, my love, and unwavering supporter through my meltdowns and panic attacks, Eddie "Lovey" Saenz. To my mommy-n-law, thank you for your love, understanding, and never-ending support; I will always be indebted to you. I would also like to recognize my father-in-law, Lalo and my step mommy-n-law Juanita, for their encouragement throughout my endeavor. To my older sister and brother, Gladys and Hugo, thanks for always looking up to your little sister. I would also like to dedicate this project to my mother for refusing to let me think that a disability like dyslexia would hold me back from anything, for constantly listening to me over the phone as I read my papers or bounced off ideas, thank you for your unnecessary apology and relentless overbearing love. To the first man I loved, my father, for reassuring me when you spoke to me that I could accomplish my goal by reiterating, "tu si eres chingona mija" meaning a bad a** intelligent woman who defies the odds and gets things done. I also want to dedicate this thesis to all "my kids" (students) that I have educated and to those whom God will place in my path, and to my unborn child I hope to meet one day. Also, to my angel Mema, my stellar grandmother that watches over me, and last but not least to generosity and sacrifice both my vice and virtue. In my journey to complete this chapter of my life, I have come across so many beautiful relationships that have challenged the betterment of my intellect and who have believed in me and prayed for me throughout the process of acquiring my master's degree. I am grateful to both Dr. Deborah Blackwell and Dr. Alfonso R. Vergaray for being my supportive muse and allowing me to concoct and bring to life my topic and vision for my thesis. I would like to recognize Dr. Blackwell for being such a great inspirational role model of a woman for me. Thank you for being there for me both academically and personally throughout this process, you have no idea how much your attention and kindness means to me. Of all the professors that I have been in contact with at this university, you know me the best and have encouraged me even more to have faith in myself as a writer. Dr. Vergaray I genuinely appreciate the talks we had after class and your constructive feedback to my ideas and especially for reassuring me to pursue this topic further and maybe one day publish my thesis. You gave me immense joy knowing that I could publish my work out into the field of social science for all to read. I humbly thank you for your kindness. You might not remember the conversation we had about generosity, but I will forever remember to practice it. We spoke about Spinoza, and I was quick to judge Spinoza without being charitable or generosity to what his perspective was about the topic. Now we are all here, and now I am the one trying to ask for generosity and ask the committee to show generosity to my viewpoint on Douglass and Garrison's relationship. I hope my ideas are not too farfetched from our idiosyncratic Spinoza, nevertheless your generosity towards this endeavor and my topic overwhelms me. Thank you both for being so instrumental in the process and success of my endeavors. I am also grateful to committee members Dr. Simon Zschirnt and Dr. Andrew J. vii Hazelton for agreeing to be part of such a monumental stepping stone in my life and taking the time to read my proposal and chime in with your suggestions. My sincerest thanks and appreciation to my friend and colleague, Linda Garcia and Monica Vela who cheered me on, bounced ideas off of and offered advice when I got stuck or unsure of my approach. I would also like to express my most heartfelt thanks to the rest of my families and friends for understanding when I could not attend special family events or travel due to my studies or would take my work with me to the ranch. I would like to acknowledge a couple of my students who inspired me and encouraged me along the way. These particular students have offered prayer and have supported me since day one and continue to do so. They remind me that I am almost done, and asks for my progress, Ruben and Livier, thank you and may you both be even greater than what I have become, God, bless you always. Again, I would like to thank my husband, Eddie Saenz, you are truly God sent, you go above and beyond for both of us, you are my kindred soul. You and God have been my steadfast strength to endure and persevere through all of the sacrifices I faced. Lovey, thank you for taking this journey with me and dancing in the kitchen and letting me cry while you sang to me "everything's gonna be alright." There are no actions to every repay or words to express my deepest gratitude for what you have given me-tranquility, love, and understanding. Another person who had would like to acknowledge is Mr. Jose Aguilar. Thank you for being such a great example of a caring and encouraging mentor and teacher. I give you credit for molding me into what I have become. You are so humble and still say "I just helped along the way, you became who you are and accomplished what you have because of what you have done." Thank you so very much, my friend. viii I am truly honored and grateful to United Independent School District for the UCAN program. Mr. Mario Rosales Director of Advanced Academics for choosing me as one of their candidates for their first cohort of the UCAN program, and Mr. Bobby Santos, Superintendent for the UCAN masters initiative at U.I.S.D. Finally, to TAMIU in providing its students with the best and most knowledgeable professors that continue to make a significant impact in our community and its students.

Resumen En el artículo se revisan las principales aportaciones sobre el Libro del conoscimiento de todos los reinos desde 1999, fecha en la que se reeditó simultáneamente en dos ediciones, hasta la actualidad, con especial atención a lo referido a las islas Canarias y a Le Canarien. Frente a la crítica del siglo xix, la bibliografía más reciente se preocupa menos de la autenticidad de lo narrado y de la identidad del autor, aunque siguen repitiéndose a veces datos erróneos. Hoy interesa más la concepción del espacio, la relación con otros libros de viajes y la percepción de Oriente. Por último, el trabajo se centra en el libro ilustrado Le frère mendiant, que incluye extractos del Libro del conoscimiento junto a dibujos de Pablo Picasso.

Eğitimin yalnızca bireysel gelişimi değil, aynı zamanda bir ulusun kaderini de şekillendirdiğini savunan Edward Wilmot Blyden, The Aims and Methods of A Liberal Education for Africans adlı eserinde, Afrikalı gençlerin eğitimi üzerine derinlemesine bir analiz sunuyor. 1882’de Cambridge’de ilk kez yayımlanan ve günümüzde yeniden basılarak okuyucularla buluşturulan bu klasik eser, liberal eğitimin Afrika toplumları üzerindeki etkisini inceliyor ve kıtanın kendi özgün eğitim modelini oluşturması gerektiğini vurguluyor. Blyden, Afrika'daki eğitim sisteminin Batı’nın doğrudan bir kopyası olmaması gerektiğini, aksine Afrika’nın kendi kültürel, tarihi ve sosyo-politik dinamiklerine uygun bir model geliştirmesi gerektiğini savunuyor. Kitap, Batılı eğitim yöntemlerinin Afrikalı öğrenciler üzerindeki olumlu ve olumsuz etkilerini ele alırken, eğitimin yalnızca bilgi aktarımı değil, aynı zamanda kimlik, özgüven ve bağımsız düşünme becerilerini geliştirme aracı olması gerektiğini ortaya koyuyor. Liberia College’da başkanlık yaptığı dönemdeki deneyimlerine dayanarak yazılan bu eser, hem eğitimciler hem de Afrika’nın entelektüel geleceğine yön vermek isteyen herkes için eşsiz bir kaynak niteliğinde. The Aims and Methods of A Liberal Education for Africans, yalnızca bir eğitim manifestosu değil, aynı zamanda bir medeniyet inşası projesinin temel taşlarından biri olarak kabul ediliyor. Afrika’nın eğitim yolculuğuna ışık tutan bu vizyoner eser, kıtanın geleceğini şekillendirmek isteyen herkes için ilham verici bir rehber olmaya devam ediyor.

Esta segunda parte del dosier tiene como objetivo el estudio de la difusión de libros, moda y alimentos entre Europa y América durante la Edad Moderna. Así, el estudio de la oferta, circulación y consumo de estos objetos culturales muestra su relación con los cambios en la historia económica, social, cultural y política en ambos lados del Atlántico.

On December 1, 1773, a 22-year-old enslaved man, about five feet tall and originally from South Africa, was captured by French authorities in Petit-Goâve, on Saint-Domingue. The captive had run away from the man who had enslaved him to become a maroon, or a fugitive from slavery. Upon his capture, when the jailer asked for his name, the man, who spoke no French, said likely the only word he knew, “liberté,” or liberty. The jailer then foolishly recorded his captive’s name as Liberty. This was cruel irony. The poor captive couldn’t have been further from freedom.

An enslaved person has few ways to control their own life, or that of their children, and enslavers exerted many forms of violence against them every day, in ways big and small, to prevent the people they enslaved from exercising any will. Yet the enslaved of Saint-Domingue heavily resisted this cruelty every day too. In the town of Mirebalais, for example, a colonist named Denis burned the feet of one of the women he enslaved, the 38-year-old Marie-Jeanne, called Grande Jeanne. To prevent experiencing this torture again, she ran away.

Also called marronnage, this was common on the island and spanned all ages.

This article addresses recent work on empire and colonisation which calls for a reappraisal of how agency and resistance manifests among groups responding to structural marginalisation. We argue that approaching these questions from within the colonial order reveals important idiosyncrasies regarding how groups understood resistance, agency, and popular organising as possible responses that emerged from within imperial landscapes. Using the example of race as a central regulatory category and practice of colonial power, we analyse two cases which we suggest benefit from an account of agency and resistance within colonial order: the Black Loyalists in English America and the Indigenous royalists of New Granada, two groups which pursued emancipation by choosing to remain under colonial rule. The resulting analysis produces a more dynamic account of resistance and emancipation which responds to the far-reaching influence of colonial order for resistance movements at local, national, and international levels. This account contributes to recent debates which call for theoretical analysis of "middle actors" and popular thinking as it relates to international politics, postcolonial movements, and studies of empire.

Todos os direitos reservados. Nenhuma parte desta obra pode ser reproduzida ou transmitida por qualquer forma e/ou quaisquer meios (eletrônico ou mecânico, incluindo fotocópia e gravação) ou arquivada em qualquer sistema ou banco de dados sem permissão por escrito da Parábola Editorial Ltda.

RESUMEN: Este texto vuelve a interrogar las causas que subyacieron al famoso conflicto que opuso al obispo de Puebla y enviado del conde-duque de Olivares, el aragonés Juan de Palafox, a los jesuitas de la Nueva España. Basándose en parte en las cartas secretas del jesuita Francisco de la Canal al prelado poblano, se trata de demostrar de qué manera el enfrentamiento entre Palafox y los jesuitas novohispanos tuvo su origen en desacuerdos clientelares y no en factores corporativos o patriotas. En términos historiográficos, el objetivo es señalar, para mediados del siglo XVII, el poder y la calidad del asentamiento imperial de unas élites novohispanas y, por extensión, americanas (criollas), en comparación con sus pares aragonesas en la península.

O presente texto pretende abordar a obra célebre de Gaspar Frutuoso, as Saudades da Terra, tentando identificar algumas das fontes a que o autor açoriano terá recorrido na respectiva composição. Muito embora se justificasse hoje uma nova edição crítica desta monumental crónica dos arquipélagos atlânticos, não é possível negar o extraordinário mérito da edição que foi preparada e publicada pelo Instituto Cultural de Ponta Delgada, sob a responsabilidade de João Bernardo de Oliveira Rodrigues, a partir de 1963, em oito tomos (com diversas reedições posteriores dos vários volumes). 1 Entretanto, esta edição histórica, verdadeiramente notável, está hoje disponível em papel e também on-line, numa reedição do mesmo Instituto Cultural. 2 A versão em PDF, embora menos apreciada por leitores mais convencionais, que preferem os livros em papel (e nos quais eu me incluo), tem a inequívoca vantagem de facilitar as pesquisas no corpo da obra de Gaspar Frutuoso. Começarei por explicar a minha ideia básica, que já segui em outros trabalhos anteriores, com resultados que me parecem deveras interessantes. Há mais de duas décadas atrás, publiquei em Macau um livro intitulado A biblioteca de Diogo do Couto, 3 que foi o resultado de uma investigação que pretendia identificar as fontes em que o conhecido cronista português de finais do século XVI e inícios do século XVII se tinha

A pesquisa centrou-se nas áreas da Sintaxe e da Semântica e os trabalhos elaborados foram divulgados em três colóquios anuais -realizados, respectivamente, em Coimbra, Fortaleza e Lisboa -e publicados em actas, 1 e em revista da especialidade, 2 estando outras publicações ainda em preparação. Os estudos, que lançaram luz sobre aspectos importantes do Português Europeu e Brasileiro, assumiram preponderantemente uma perspectiva comparativa, sendo privilegiado o confronto entre as normas cultas escritas das duas variedades. Para desenvolver a pesquisa, criaram-se, na generalidade dos casos, parcerias entre investigadores falantes do Português Euro-* O presente trabalho foi apresentado como uma contribuição à mesa redonda intitulada "PE-PB: Unidade e Diversidade na Passagem do Milénio". Agradeço os comentários que me foram feitos pelos intervenientes e a assistência desta mesa. Os meus agradecimentos vão especialmente para Cristina Figueiredo Silva. Agradeço também à fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, que me atribuiu uma bolsa de deslocação para participar no CELSUL e no 1º CILP, em Florianopolis, Novembro de 2004.