Anthropological Linguistics

Desde hace tiempo, varios investigadores vienen considerando la posibilidad de la existencia de un área lingüística que incluiría a las lenguas aborígenes de la Patagonia. En el presente trabajo se presentan y discuten una serie de rasgos estructurales compartidos por lenguas pertenecientes a diferentes familias lingüísticas de la zona, aquí propuestos como rasgos que podrían definir un área lingüística patagónica. En el presente trabajo se mostrará la difusión de algunos rasgos estructurales en lenguas aborígenes patagónicas de diferentes familias. con el propósito de contribuir a la discusión acerca de si la Patagonia conforma o no un área lingüística.

This article examines the derogatory variants of personal names in Omani Arabic that adult women use to express exasperation towards their interlocutors in intimate social settings. These variants closely resemble the original names phonetically, but are considered gravely insulting as derogatory or taboo. The article describes the sociocultural functions of such derogatory names, the differences they reveal in the usage of terms of address between the two genders, and their distinctive role in the norms of speaking and socializing among women in Oman. Arabic by adult women in intimate social settings near and around Muscat, the capital of Oman, as a means of directly or indirectly expressing exasperation towards their female interlocutors. These variants closely resemble the original names phonetically, but are considered a grave insult as they are derogatory or taboo words in Arabic. Such names serve many sociocultural functions relevant to social status, prestige, and gender. Utilized only by women, derogatory names serve purposes of social bonding, entertainment, and ostracization of offenders from the group of female interlocutors. They also reveal differences between the two genders in the use of terms of address in intimate social settings, and highlight distinctive norms of speaking and socializing. In this article, section 2 provides some background on personal names and naming in Oman and other cultures. Section 3 examines gender, politeness, and the context of female interactions in Oman. The methodology used in the study is described in section 4. Sections 5 and 6 analyze the social contexts and uses of derogatory names in Omani Arabic. Section 7 offers some concluding remarks. In this section, in order to provide some context to the discussion of derogatory forms of Omani personal names, I briefly describe the significance of personal names and the beliefs about naming in Oman, and then consider how Omani derogatory naming practices relate to terms of abuse in Egyptian Arabic. In Oman, as in other cultures, personal names are considered to be of paramount social importance. Not only do they provide a symbolic means of identification, they also reflect dominant social values, cultural values, and religious affiliations, and relate to memorable events or pressing political and economic ordeals that influence the family at the

In northeast India, there are several indigenous peoples who reside along the Sino-Indian border about whom there is very little academic research. Some communities are present on either side of the border, making research very difficult. The Mishmi is one such indigenous group living in the northeast region of India bordering southern Tibet. Out of four Mishmi clans, three reside on the Indian side and one on the Chinese side of the international border. After the 1962 Sino-Indian War, movement of Mishmi people across the border was restricted, impacting social ties and trade-related activities. We discuss relations between the Mishmi and the British, followed by their interactions with the Indian administration. We document how people used the borders before the war and how development on the border has impacted Mishmi lives. This research is a first attempt to document information about the Mishmis in India and China. In this article, we present our preliminary observations based on anthropological fieldwork in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Secondary information was gathered from websites, archives, and reports.

La revitalisation de discours prophétiques et de schémas d'historicité prospective fut un ingrédient essentiel d'une révolte maya majeure qui bouleversa la péninsule du Yucatán (Mexique) au milieu du xix e siècle. Pour les Mayas descendants des rebelles, les prophéties restent aujourd'hui un paradigme central de la compréhension et de la fabrication de l'histoire. En outre, elles continuèrent et continuent de se régénérer. Comment s'est exercée cette dynamique interprétative, agentive et poïétique alors que, pourtant, il n'y a plus de prophète ? C'est ce que cet article s'attache à élucider.

Due to the growing need for effective communication strategies to promote environmental responsibility and address environmental challenges, this study examines Ecolinguistics' roles in addressing environmental challenges and raising EFL learners' awareness of their critical role in building a more equitable world. It aims to raise environmental responsibility among EFL learners and allow them to take action. The study used an online questionnaire of three dimensions, rated on five Likert scales, and a free, open-ended question to collect data from (n= 100) EFL graduates and undergraduates to explore the relationship among perceptions, knowledge, and active reflections on environmental issues. The quantitative data analysis revealed a strong link between language and environmental attitudes. The participants believed in the impact of language on positive changes in people's way of thinking about the environment. The participants' reflections on the open-ended question provided various solutions, from linguistic and nonlinguistic awareness-raising to youth engagement, policy changes, individual action, creative communication, and environmental management strategies. The study concluded that Ecolinguistics significantly stimulates environmental consciousness and advocates for a comprehensive approach involving education, policy, and individual action.

This study is aimed to look at the structure and meaning components of knowledge-type state verbs in Indonesian. The data analysed in this study are the pintar, pandai, cerdas, cermat, cakap, cerdik, mahir, dan terampil. These lexicons were chosen because in the The Great Indonesian Dictionary or Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) it was found that the eight lexicons had vague and rotating meanings, making them very interesting for further analysis. To analyse the data, the method of reading notes and reviewing the literature was used, which was then presented descriptively. The results found in this study are that pintar, pandai, cerdas, cermat, cakap, cerdik, mahir, dan terampil have almost the same structure and semantic components. The difference lies in the level of ability or knowledge contained in each of these lexicons.

In this chapter, I explore issues of language diversity loss from an ecological perspective of interconnectedness between speakers and the environment. To this end, I focus on ethnic minorities living in the socalled margins of Europe who, similarly to indigenous peoples worldwide, have been and continue to be disproportionately exposed to conditions of environmental destruction and thus to forms of environmental injustice. I argue that human intervention in the environment of ethnic minorities for the purpose of economic development, e.g. mining activities, not only disrupts local ecosystems and ways of life through degradation and pollution but also exerts negative effects on the cultural diversity of the affected areas, including their vulnerable minority languages, making it harder for minorities to survive as distinct socio-cultural entities. To illustrate the harmful repercussions of mining on the natural and linguistic environment, I present the challenges faced by a number of minority communities and their endangered languages in Europe, including the Sorbs in Lusatia (eastern Germany), the Vlachs in the Timok Valley (eastern Serbia) and the Sámi in northern Sweden. I emphasise that the voice of ethnolinguistic minority groups seems to be largely excluded from the debate on environmental change, as the modernisation and nationalisation imperatives of modern states have prevailed over the need to protect linguistic, cultural and biological diversity. In conclusion, I raise the question of how the struggles

The Aymara language is increasingly present in Bolivia’s largest metropolitan region. Developments in public transit transform residents’ relationship to urban social space and the location of Aymara within it. Transit signs include existing Aymara toponyms, but also descriptions of urban space without correspondence to Spanish toponyms. This essay combines text analysis with accounts of riders' experiences to argue the material textuality of bilingual signage suggests an assertion of Aymara hegemony in the city. Rather than just preserving heritage, this language policy intervention of bilingual signage throughout the city extends Aymara toponyms beyond areas of Indigenous confinement.

The common noun is a kind of noun which belongs to the group of abstract noun , collective noun, countable and uncountable noun. In Bodo language Basic or Primary and Secondary common noun are found. The word formation of primary common noun in Bodo is underived and structurally monosyllabic, bi-syllabic and Poly syllabic. But the word formation processes of the Secondary common nouns are differs from Basic or Primary common nouns. The words of common nouns are form by Deriving and Compounding processes in secondary common noun.

The common noun is a kind of noun which belongs to the group of abstract noun , collective noun, countable and uncountable noun. In Bodo language Basic or Primary and Secondary common noun are found. The word formation of primary common noun in Bodo is underived and structurally monosyllabic, bi-syllabic and Poly syllabic. But the word formation processes of the Secondary common nouns are differs from Basic or Primary common nouns. The words of common nouns are form by Deriving and Compounding processes in secondary common noun.

There has been extensive research on precolonial and postcolonial diffusions in Australia, but little research concerning the limits on diffusionsomething that is central to advancing analysis of diffusional processes. There is evidence that persistent and systematic limits can be reconstructed for some diffusions in precolonial Australia, and that colonization favored diffusion, altering limits. Precolonial limits and postcolonial changes are modeled using social network theory; weak ties favor diffusion, while strong ties do not. Precolonial limits on diffusion correlate with fewer weak ties; colonization increased the proportion of weak ties, favoring diffusion.

Medical ethnolinguistics is a discipline representing a branch of ethnolinguistics that is focused on the language used by ethnic groups in developing their medical terminology and phraseology, and in perceiving and defining their medical practices and traditions.

A groundbreaking critical discourse analysis of everyday language, reveals the underlying racist stereotypes circulating in American culture. In The Everyday Language of White Racism, prominent linguist Jane H. Hill provides an incisive analysis of the relationship between language, race, and culture. First published in 2008, this classic textbook employs an innovative framework to reveal the underlying racist stereotypes that continue to persist in White American culture and sustain structures of White Supremacy. Detailed yet accessible chapters integrate a broad range of literature from across disciplines, including sociology, social psychology, critical legal studies, anthropology, and sociolinguistics. Throughout the book, students are encouraged to engage with the linguistic data available through observation of racialized communication in their everyday lives.
 
Edited by a team of leading scholars, Christina Leza, Barbra Meek and Jacqueline Messing, the second edition of The Everyday Language of White Racism brings Hill's contributions to the study of racism into conversation with the most current literature on language and racism in the United States. Topics such as racial profiling, police violence, the Black Lives Matter movement, White nationalism, White fragility, and various forms of institutional racism are addressed within Hill's broader framework of White racial projects and the “White folk” theory of race and racism. New chapter-by-chapter annotations clarify and contextualize theoretical concepts, accompanied by new discussion questions that offer guidance for analytical conversations in classrooms.

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Tamang Tamsor Shyoshyo:
[གང་ཏོཀ་ ཡུལ་ས་། Gangtok Yulsa गाङतोक युल्सा; Vol: 2; No:3]  2005  journal, Published by Hyonzon Publications. This journal used Tamang Trible language & Tamyig script as well as Nepali language in Devanagari script, and English also used. Adviser: Honorable Lama Lakpa Bomjan; Chief Editor: Tamang Kumar Hyonzon; Guest Editor: Tamang Ajitman Lopchen; Assistance Editor: Tamang Nima; Marketing Manager: Tamang Diwang Ghising. Published in Gangtok, Sikkim, India.

In this paper we illustrate why it is important for linguists engaged in endangered language documentation to develop an analytical understanding of the cultural meanings that language, language loss, and language documentation have for the communities they work with. Acknowledging the centrality of cultural meanings has implications for the kinds of questions linguists ask about the languages they are studying. For example: How is age interpreted? What reactions are provoked by accented speech or multilingualism? Is language shift experienced as a painful loss, or a source of newfound freedom, or both? It affects the standards we set for what counts as a satisfying explanation for language endangerment, with prediction necessarily limited in sociogeographic scope. It has implications for the research methods employed, calling for serious engagement with the particular histories and interpretive practices of local linguistic communities. Analyzing cultural meanings can help us see h...

In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the libraries of this university may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis.

En este artículo se aborda la variación dialectal y la identidad lingüística en el ámbito educativo por medio de las percepciones de los docentes huaves de las cuatro variantes regionales: San Mateo, San Dionisio, San Francisco y Santa María del Mar. Se analizan y exponen las implicaciones de dichos componentes en la enseñanza de la lengua en el ámbito escolar. El estudio engloba una perspectiva cualitativa y los resultados muestran que las concepciones sobre la variación dialectal están mediadas por la identidad lingüística de los docentes. Asimismo, las discusiones en torno a la normalización del sistema de escritura refieren a la cuestión del o los alfabetos y de la representación de las grafías que la componen y esto repercute en la enseñanza de la lengua en el aula.

This study examines the classification and function of toponyms to reveal the local knowledge of Sundanese people in the western Bandung-North area. This research uses anthropological linguistic theory. The data of this research are lexicon in toponyms based on local knowledge in the western Bandung-North area. The data is sourced from several community components consisting of village elders and ordinary people. The study incorporates four methods for data collection, which are participant observation, participatory conversation observation, interviews, and documentation. These techniques are chosen based on their ability to gather comprehensive, accurate, and reliable data. The results show that there are five classifications of toponyms, namely (1) hydrologicalbiological characteristics, (2) hydrological-state characteristics, (3) geomorphological-biological characteristics, (4) geomorphological-state characteristics, and (5) state characteristics. This research also shows that the lexicon in toponyms in the western Bandung-North area portrays the closeness of humans to nature, humans to humans, and humans to their God. In addition, Sundanese people in the western Bandung-North area also have local knowledge about ethnoecology, which is recorded in the toponyms in the area. This local knowledge of ethnoecology has benefits as an effort to maintain the terrestrial ecosystem, which is one of the pillars of environmental development in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Durante el siglo XXI, en países como los E.E.U.U. o Chile, han aparecido varios grupos de gente que se han llamado "indígenas" sin tener un trasfondo histórico. Se han referido a una historia más o menos establecida del área, argumentando que son realmente descendientes de un grupo aborigen particular. A menudo es difícil determinar la validez de la relación entre los antepasados distantes y los descendientes. Para algunos antropólogos, este proceso ha sido llamado "etnogénesis". Personalmente, prefiero llamarlo "etnoregénesis" ya que el primer término debería ser reservado para el proceso que ocurre cuando un grupo descubre o llega a definir un cierto tipo de identidad étnica (Eriksen 1995:249, 251). Una identificación que ha estado inactiva por años o aún por siglos puede ser restablecida, incluso fuera del concepto de 'identidad étnica'. En estos casos particulares preferiría el uso del término "etnoregénesis". Este concepto indica que la etnicidad en sí misma no es un fenómeno fijo ni inflexible. De hecho, argumento que se trata de un fenómeno relacional que se construye y se reconstruye continuamente según el contexto social, político y ambiental. Además mantengo que la dimensión "étnica" es algo negociable y sólo parcialmente relacionado con la identidad del grupo. Un grupo puede obtener una continuidad cultural (ficticia o real) independiente de su asociación étnica (consciente o inconsciente). En el caso de Bolivia argumentaré que un extenso grupo de factores se combinó para producir un tipo de "etnoregénesis"

The origins of mathematics accompanied the evolution of social systems. Many, many social needs require calculation and numbers. Conversely, the calculation of numbers enables more complex relations and interactions between peoples. Numbers and calculations with them require a well organized operational system. Such systems were perhaps the earliest models of complex rigorous systems. As we will see, not just one but several number systems come to us from antiquity. However, as interesting as the basic notions of counting may be, the origins of mathematics include more than just enumeration, counting, and arithmetic. Thus, also considered are other issues of mathematics to be considered. Number provides a common link between societies and a basis for communication and trade. This chapter illustrates various entries into our ancient knowledge of how our number system began. Examples range from prehistory to contemporary. The ancient evidence is easy to accept, but the modern examples yield more conclusions. It is remarkable that even though mathematics achieved its first zenith twenty three hundred years ago, more than a hundred generations, there are peoples today that still count with their fingers or with stones, that have no real language for numbers, and moreover have not the general concept of number beyond specific examples. There is every reason to believe that in the future, near or distant, there will exist a far more credible theory for the origin of counting than there may ever for the development of geometric proof, the PythagoreanTheorem in particular. The human needs that inspired mankind's first efforts at mathematics, arithmetic in particular were • counting, • calculations, • measurement 1 c °2000-03, G. Donald Allen

Debates about language of instruction are central to many speech communities. This study examines the role of language attitudes in recent language policy changes to the language of instruction in  Moroccan science classrooms. We take a bott om- up approach to analyzing the role of stakeholders’ (students, teachers, and families) attitudes toward the application of a new framework law that introduces French in science classrooms and its effect on students’ educational trajectories. The data analysis shows that commentators’ stance against the use of French in science instruction primarily stems from identity- based reasons and the inefficiency of foreign language instruction. Respondents’ attitudes highlight the social ramifications and inherent inequalities in changing the medium of instruction to a non- native language. The significance of the results for language policy and planning debates in Morocco and for language policy and planning research is discussed.

The study measured the effects of building learner profiles for homogeneous groups of students to increase the effectiveness of Spanish language teaching to foreigners. Studies on the effectiveness of learning profiles of L2 students for addressing their language learning needs are almost inexistent.The corpora were collected following an adaptation of the model of Tare et al. (2014). Subsequently, the Tare et al. model for the collection of the corpus was applied. Once the corpus was collected, latest software like OCR Stylus (2022), MAT tagger and AntConc were utilized to analyze the corpus. For this analysis the Ellis error analysis approach (2005) was applied, to reveal common patterns of errors when producing a student output in Spanish language. The results show that Pakistani immigrants present similar characteristics demographically and linguistically and a large number of errors in Spanish language usage derive from their L1. The profile built was tested for a year and utilized for the improvement of teaching and learning materials with positive results. The analysis resulted in a language profile that can be utilized for the teaching of Spanish language to Pakistani learners in any language center by any instructor.

My corpus-based research examines demonstratives in Norton Sound Kotlik Yup'ik and how the abundant semantics of the demonstrative system influences its use in temporal reference and discourse cohesion. Central Alaskan Yup'ik is purported to have one of the world's most complex spatial demonstrative systems with several dozen reflexes (Miyaoka, 2012). However, previously elicited descriptions posited an idealized and widely adopted paradigm focused on fitting the system into a canonical distance-based typology for spatial location. Effectively, these accounts overlay a two-way distance opposition with features for object shape, accessibility, and riverine directionals (Jacobson and Jacobson, 1995). The resulting system is semantically imprecise and restricted in its descriptive power, particularly in describing Yup'ik conceptualizations and expressions of time. One of the most recognizable conceptual metaphors across languages is TIME IS SPACE (Casasanto & Boroditsky, 2008; Rice et al., 1999). In fact, Casasanto and Boroditsky show that this metaphor is so deeply embedded in our cognition that even in non-linguistic tasks it can be challenging to ignore spatial properties when interpreting temporal events. Utilizing a corpus of spontaneous speech, I examine demonstrative usage in the under-documented Norton Sound Kotlik dialect of Yup'ik. My analysis of connected discourse presents an account of the 30-plus demonstrative reflexes that reduces the importance of distance oppositions while emphasizing frame of reference (FoR) models , which index reference objects from different perspectivizing grounds. Three distinct demonstrative for models emerge in the Yup'ik system: an intrinsic egocentric frame, a relative allocentric frame, and an absolute geocentric frame of reference that contains a distance opposition (Diessel, 2014; Levinson, 2006). These FoR models are used across the domains of space, time, and discourse. These demonstratives are used to bring objects into spatial and temporal joint attention or place narrative focus on objects, to bring thematic cohesion to discourse, and they cluster in topic constructions to help the speaker ground the textual world within the real world. Using the conceptual metaphor TIME IS SPACE, Yugtun maps its three FoR models onto temporal space, allowing for an intricate system such that time can be viewed from the speaker's position at the time of utterance or from an allocentric perspective at a different point in time, or from a different location in time based on a sub-metaphor TIME IS A RIVER. Additionally, temporal entities can be conceptualized as telic and atelic points or spans of time. I identify five principal demonstrative bases used to index past events that shape temporal space. The first, wa(t)-, indexes the moment of speaking as the present and is translated as 'this/here/now.' The second, tama(t)-, is a demonstrative that indexes a period from a past perspective, translated as 'this/here/during this time,' both shown in (1). (1) Cali-llu, wani-gga angasuqaarema anertekellemeggni, tamaani qanruqulalluangnga, waten wani... 'Moreover, now when both my parents were alive, during this time they used to always tell me, like this now...' NSKY Corpus (AAy 2018:29.1) The third is the highly grammaticalized riverine demonstrative, taug-, which is used to mark an atelic event that began in the past or conceptually "upriver" and is still "flowing downriver" to the present and is translated as 'this/here/from then on,' shown in (2). This demonstrative is interesting as it is one of a select few that have been further extended into discourse space to assist in discourse cohesion. In discourse, tauguam means ‘however,’ and relates the previous “upriver” comment to the following “downriver comment,” exemplified in (3). Further pushing the riverine conceptual metaphor beyond the temporal domain, the Yup’ik language systematically employs relative and absolute demonstrative bases in discourse to maintain cohesion across clauses, as in the demonstratives tau(=i) ‘and then,’ tayima ‘hopefully,’ and kiituani ‘thereafter.’ (2) Taugkun-llu, tauna kuik Kaikvayagmek, acirsaurluku. ‘From then on, that river was named Kaikvayak.’ NSKY Corpus (MP 2016:8.3) (3) Tauguam, tayima ilaita yuut un’gani-llu ‘However, hopefully, some of the people downriver-there too’ NSKY Corpus (AAy 2018:31.1) Additionally, a(ug/w)-, is a geocentric demonstrative that indexes an event as happening before or across a period in relation to the present, translated as ‘that/there/back then.’ Finally, uk-, is a demonstrative used to index future points translated as ‘this/here/after this (coming up),’ both shown in (4). (4) awani ukaqvarni tamaani 1980 ‘back then, right after this, during this time in 1980’ NSKY Corpus (MH 2016:90) In (4), the speaker recalls past moments progressing through time as though in the present. In fact, the first word in the preceding sentence (not included) is Naparcilruat, a verb which has both a past and a future tense suffix: to build-fut-pst-ind.tr-pl translated as ‘they would build it.’ These few examples from my corpus, among many, show a complex deictic temporal world, where time is able to flow vividly through a temporal landscape. By examining the language on its own terms in connected discourse, the Yup’ik conceptualizations of time and discourse emerge through a conceptual metaphor influenced by three frame of reference models interacting on a riverine landscape. These temporal and discursive demonstrative spaces are rich ecosystems that need further exploration, especially regarding their interactions with the language’s tense, aspect, modal, and evidential systems.

The monograph is based on a defended dissertation thesis. The core of the study consists of lexicographically registered phraseological units (PhU) with a zoological or phytological component in two Balkan languages – Bulgarian and Modern Greek. The body contains a total of 4,738 PhU of which 3,811 PhU in Bulgarian and 927 in Modern Greek. The selected components appear to be some of the most frequent and fixed constituent parts in the structure of a PhU. Designations of animals have a major preponderance (mainly these of domestic animals – dog, cat, donkey, horse, mouse, sheep, etc.). Plants are more rarely used as parts of a PhU, which is due to the possible properties and distinctive features attributed to them. Symbolical meanings related to animals and plants can be divided into two groups – one that conveys positive connotations (patience, goodness, industriousness), and another with a pejorative connotation (stubbornness, cunning, stupidity, laziness).
The comparative study has a predominantly synchronical nature. Diachrony cannot be disregarded completely as there is a large number of historical, dialectical, archaic and Biblical linguistic units. As fundamental features of such units we have distinguished the pejorative pattern and the anthropocentric tendency. There are four distinct groups of PhU – phrasemes, similes, paremias, and oaths, wishes and blessings, which are subjected to a comprehensive comparative linguistic analysis.

The study on the acquisition of negation in the Anaañ child language aimed at examining how an Anaañ child acquires negation. It also identifies the negative forms used by the Anaañ child. Ten children from Afaha Esang, Abak Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State were studied between the ages of one and a half and four years. The children's conversations with peers at play-the ground, with siblings and parents as well as interactive questionings by the researchers which were recorded formed the instrument for the collection of data for the study. The framework of principles and parameters (P&P) was adopted for the analysis of the data. The basic assumption for its adoption is the claim that children simply need to learn the values of relevant parameters to acquire the grammar of their native language. The study concluded that the Anaañ child makes use of the pre-verbal negation 'kú'-"don't" and the one-word negation, 'ìyó'-"no" to communicate rejection, denial, and disagreement. I, therefore,e recommends that more studies on different aspects of linguistic analysis be carried out on the Anaañ child language acquisition.

In this paper, I examine how liminal spatio-temporal contexts both afford and constrain how immigrant children navigate their social lives in educational settings. Liminal schooling contexts have largely been unexamined in micro-ethnographic approaches to schooling, despite the potential of these contexts for illuminating the educational lives of youth. Shifting the ethnographic lens to the interactions occurring in seemingly liminal schooling contexts (in between ratified activities, in between ratified places, etc.) reveal heightened forms of behavior at the extremes of a continuum ranging from empathy/inclusion to violence/exclusion. On the one hand, liminality can render immigrant youth more vulnerable to racialized bullying, including verbal and physical aggression, since many of the institutional protections that apply in ratified schooling contexts are in abeyance. On the other hand, liminal contexts also allow for displays of support and empathy that can lead to the development of cross-ethnic peer friendships, which can happen when social-ethnic boundaries and hierarchies that are reproduced in more central contexts are relaxed. This paper builds on a linguistic ethnography documenting the social lives of Moroccan immigrant children in a Southwestern Spanish town. Using videoanalysis and ethnographic methods in discourse analysis, I focus on videotaped interactions between immigrant students and their Spanish counterparts taking place in the interstices of school lifewhen students are walking between buildings, in the fringes/corners of the schoolyard, in between classes … etc. The long-term ethnography allows me to examine the interactions occurring in these liminal contexts in relation to institutional culture and to the relational history between children. This paper calls for examining youth's schooling experiences more holistically. What happens in liminal contexts is crucial to achieving educational equity in the 21st century: it can, for example, undermine progressive curricular efforts and can have positive/negative implications for immigrant youth's enduring feelings of belonging and educational enfranchisement.

By endowing nations, societies, or cultures with the qualities of internally homogeneous and externally distinctive and bounded objects, we create a model of the world as a global pool hall in which the entities spin off each other like so many hard and round billiard balls.

Hajong is a language used by the ethnic tribe called Hajong living in the states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and West Bengal in India and the Mymensing district in Bangladesh. The Hajong language belongs to the Indo Aryan (IA) family of language. As per the Ethnologue, Hajong is classified as Indo-European > Indo- Iranian > Indo- Aryan > Eastern zone > Bengali- Assamese. The Hajong language used by the Hajong people today may be considered as a mixture of Assamese and Bengali (involving different dialects of these languages). The Hajongs of Assam are seen to use a mixture of Kamrupi and Goalparia dialects of the Assamese language in their conversation. However, Ratan Kumar Ray Hajong (1982) holds that the Hajongs had their own language in the distant past and it disappeared in course of time the certain reasons for which are known to nobody. Our study reveals that Hajong as spoken in the present day has affinity with Assamese and Bengali as well as it has some unique features of its own. “Hajong is classified as an Indo-Aryan language. It has some degree of similarity with Assamese and Bengali, the two IA languages spoken in the region” (Guts 2012). The paper tries to introduce this tribal language and analyze how it has affinity with Assamese and Bengali. It also tries to discuss about its linguistic features along with its present status concerning its development.

In terms of most communication theories and common sense, a map is a scientific abstraction of reality. A map merely represents something which already exists objectively 'there.' In the history I have described [of Siam], this relationship was reversed. A map anticipated spatial reality, not vice versa. In other words, a map was a model for, rather than a model of, what it purported to represent.

La semiótica y la cultura material "No podemos entrar en el no discurso porque el no discurso no existe". En el tejido intrincado de la vida humana, las imágenes, los signos y los símbolos desempeñan un papel fundamental en la comunicación de significados y valores culturales que trascienden las barreras del tiempo y el espacio. Desde las antiguas pinturas rupestres que narraban la historia de cazadores prehistóricos hasta las modernas vallas publicitarias que promueven productos de consumo, la cultura material ha sido un lienzo en constante evolución donde estas representaciones visuales han dejado su huella. Este escrito se adentra en el mundo de las imágenes y los símbolos en la cultura material, explorando cómo han sido utilizados para transmitir mensajes culturales en diversas sociedades y a lo largo de diferentes épocas. En este análisis, incorporamos el concepto de semiótica, que es la disciplina que estudia los signos y símbolos y su papel en la comunicación. A medida que desentrañamos este complejo entramado de significados visuales desde la perspectiva semiótica, descubriremos cómo las imágenes no solo reflejan nuestras creencias y valores, sino que también moldean y perpetúan nuestra comprensión del mundo que nos rodea. Desde la antigüedad hasta la era digital, este viaje nos llevará a través de la historia de la comunicación visual, y nos permitirá comprender mejor cómo las imágenes han sido un puente entre las culturas y una ventana a la esencia misma de la humanidad. La semiótica, al proporcionar un marco teórico para entender la naturaleza

This article describes the 34th Sino-Tibetan Linguistics Conference held in Kunming, Yunnan China October 24-28, 2001 with emphasis on the Tibeto-Burman branch of this large language family. The Tibetan Studies Internet Newsletter was produced by The Center for Research on Tibet, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.

This study aims to identify Indonesian acquisition in Nga'o-speaking areas. This research was conducted in order to determine developments related to Indonesian acquisition that occurred in the Nga'o speaking area with Ethnolinguistic studies. The data of this study was taken from five (adult) native speakers of the Nga'o language. The method used in this study was observation data collection and interviews. Non-participatory observation techniques are used accompanied by note-taking techniques. Structured interview techniques are used in this research. The data were analyzed qualitatively and presented informally and descriptively. This study used language acquisition theory. The results showed that the acquisition of Indonesian in Nga'o speakers was influenced by the cultural environment of the Nga'o speaking community. The occurrence of Indonesian acquisition by nga'o speakers is often during social activities of the local community. Native Nga'o speakers often use Indonesian every social gathering of the community, such as the stages of marriage customs, stages of thanksgiving culture, and activities in local markets. Indonesian spoken by Nga'o speakers is a direct translation of the Nga'o regional language. The direct translation process can affect the grammatical meaning of Indonesian. There are gaps in meaning in Indonesian for example; "give me is more a little (give [pati] me [nga'o] more [so] a lot [woso] a little [selo'o)", the meaning in Indonesian is "I ask for more (saya minta lebih banyak)". Factors that influence the occurrence of Indonesian acquisition in Nga'o speakers are educational factors, cultural factors, and geographical location factors.

Based on the study of artistic, ethnographic and memoir literature of the XIX century, the article examines the process of formation of ethnic consciousness of Belarusians, their collective reflection and the expansion of the use of endo-ethnonyms. An important place in the research process is occupied by the role of the individual and his own creativity in the process of creating a narrative of the collective picture of the world. The main directions of the spiritual heritage of Belarusians, which are revealed in the article, relate to three aspects: ethnolinguistic, ethno-cultural and nation-building processes.

На аснове вывучэння мастацкай, этнаграфічнай і мемуарнай літаратуры ХІХ стагоддзя ў артыкуле разглядаецца працэс фарміравання этнічнай свядомасці беларусаў, іх калектыўная рэфлексія і пашырэнне сферы выкарыстання эндаэтнонімаў. Важнае месца ў даследчым працэсе займае роля асобы і яе ўласнай творчасці ў працэсе стварэння наратыва калектыўнай карціны свету. Асноўныя напрамкі духоўнай спадчыны беларусаў, раскрытыя ў артыкуле, адносяцца да трох аспектаў: ​​этналінгвістычнага, этнакультурнага і працэсаў нацыянальнага будаўніцтва.

На основе изучения художественной, этнографической и мемуарной литературы XIX века в статье рассматривается процесс формирования этнического сознания белорусов, их коллективная рефлексия и расширение сферы использования эндоэтнонимов. Важное место в исследовательском процессе занимает роль личности и ее собственного творчества в процессе создания нарратива коллективной картины мира. Основные направления духовного наследия белорусов, раскрытые в статье, относятся к трем аспектам: этнолингвистическому, этнокультурному и процессам национального строительства.

Nynorsk, one of two official and state- sanctioned written forms of Norwegian, has been a hotbed of socio- political debate in Norway since the engagement of National Romanticist rhetoric in discourses of Norwegian national identity from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries until today. Used by roughly 15% of the Norwegian population today (see Grepstad 2015), Nynorsk is in effect also a minoritized language variety, and consequently the site of minority language activism which historically has promoted and defended socio- political ideals associated with the promotion of tolerance and widespread use of spoken dialects. In this chapter, I touch on recent observations of this movement which reflect a historical trajectory of Nynorsk language activism and its relationship with other social campaigns in Norwegian society over time.

El artículo explora la terapéutica evangélica-pentecostal dirigida el tratamiento de adicciones en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Para ello analiza el marco ficcional que construyen los líderes y las controversias que las estructuran internamente. El trabajo identifica tres polémicas significativas: (a) La primera, comprende el vínculo entre el ministerio y la iglesia de referencia; (b) La segunda, aborda  el contrapunto entre la psicología y la espiritualidad así como las tecnologías del yo que se desprenden de cada una de ellas y finalmente (c) la tercera, reconoce el conflicto entre distintas fuentes de autoridad que tensionan el funcionamiento del Programa. En las conclusiones se destaca el modo en que la figura potencialmente contaminante del individuo en tratamiento es reclasificada en términos morales. El trabajo se basa en una estrategia de abordaje cualitativo que incluye entrevistas en profundidad, observación participante, un corpus de documentos escritos y audiovisuales y etnografía virtual en redes sociales.

Both Vietnam and Taiwan were introduced to the Romanized writing systems in the 17th century by Western missionaries. In Vietnam, Alexandre de Rhodes is usually referred to as the missionary who provided the first systematic work of Vietnamese Romanization. In 1651, Alexandre de Rhodes published the first Vietnamese-Portuguese-Latin dictionary, Dictionarivm Annamiticvm, Lusitanvm et Latinvum, and a Vietnamese catechism Cathechismus. In 1865, Gia Dinh Bao (Gia Định Báo 1865-1910), the first Romanized Vietnamese newspaper was founded by Truong Vinh Ky (Trưong Vĩnh Ký1837-1898) in Saigon. The Romanized chữ Quốc ngữ system eventually replaced the traditional chữ Nôm and Han characters and became the official national scripts in 1945. However, its counterpart in Taiwan, the Romanized Taiwanese Pe̍h-ōe-jī still has not yet become widespread. In 1885, the first Romanized Taiwanese newspaper Tâi-oân-hú-siân Kàu-hōe-pò (Taiwan Prefectural City Church News) was founded by missionary Reverend Thomas Barclay. Nevertheless, the later imported Han writing system is used much more widely and has obtained the dominant status in contemporary Taiwan’s society. This paper examines the missionary scripts in Vietnam and Taiwan from the perspectives of linguistics and sociolinguistics. The orthographic schemas of Vietnamese and Taiwanese Roman scripts were analyzed. The author finds that what have prevented the Han characters from being replaced by Romanization are socio-political factors, rather than linguistics factors.

This project collected linguistic data for spatial relations across a typologically and genetically varied set of languages. In the linguistic analysis, we focus on the ways in which propositions may be functionally equivalent across the linguistic communities while nonetheless representing semantically quite distinctive frames of reference. Running nonlinguistic experiments on subjects from these language communities, we find that a population's cognitive frame of reference correlates with the linguistic frame of reference within the same referential domain.* INTRODUCTION. This study examines the relationship between language and cognition through a crosslinguistic and crosscultural study of spatial reference. Beginning with a crosslinguistic survey of spatial reference in language use, we find systematic variation that contradicts usual assumptions about what must be universal. However, the available number of general spatial systems for describing spatial arrays can be sorted into a few distinctive frames of reference. We focus on two frames of reference: the ABSOLUTE, based on fixed bearings such as north and south, and the RELATIVE, based on projections from the human body such as 'in front (of me)', 'to the left'. In assessing language use, it is not enough to rely on descriptions of languages that are based on conventional elicitation techniques as these may not fully reflect actual socially anchored conventions. We have developed and used director/matcher language games which facilitate interactive discourse between native speakers about spatial relations in tabletop space. The standardized nature of these games allows more exact comparison across languages than is usually possible with conventionally collected discourse. Having observed the variation of language use across communities, we further ask whether there is corresponding conceptual variation-the question of the linguistic relativity of thought. For this, we developed nonlinguistic experiments to determine the speaker's cognitive representations independently of the linguistic data collection. The findings from these experiments clearly demonstrate that a community's use of linguistic coding reliably correlates with the way the individual conceptualizes and memorizes spatial distinctions for nonlinguistic purposes. Because we find linguistic relativity effects in a domain that seems basic to human experience and is directly linked to universally shared perceptual mechanisms, it seems likely that similar correlations between language and thought will be found in other domains as well. 1. A CROSSLINGUISTIC AND CROSSCULTURAL STUDY OF SPATIAL REFERENCE. The primary goal of our project is to test, refine, and reformulate hypotheses about language and human cognition drawing on in-depth information from a broad sample of non-* This article developed from a presentation entitled 'Cultural variation in spatial conceptualization' at

This paper presents a basic delineation of the Khamti Shan grammar and provides language data to support fundamental aspects of its morphosyntax. This Shan variety of Tai Khamti is a subgroup whose speakers live in Myanmar, distinguishing them from the more widely known and studied Tai Khamti group from Northeast India. I limit the scope of the description to the Khamti variety found in Myanmar. The data used is collected from the Khamti people over the course of 15 years while working closely with them in language development endeavors, and it includes a small interlinearized natural text with audio recording. While certain attention is given to issues of grammaticalization where warranted, the overall goal is to provide a fundamental understanding of the language from which to do further in-depth research. As such, the topics covered are respective of breadth and less so with depth.