Ancient Greek History

The author analyses Romulus' role, monarch that, albeit having an aggressive image, he expresses himself through formal diplomatic actions, as a governor that, above all, attempts to avoid conflicts with the neighboring peoples. Secondly, the government of Numa Pompilius, pacific and religious king that renounces to the use of force and creates a diplomacy through which he seeks to maintain the best relationships with the peoples of the Lazio, is studied. Romulus lays the foundations of a formal diplomacy and Numa enjoys it and increases it.

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RAÚL BUONO-CORE V. NO EXISTE NINGUNA OBRA DE SÍNTESIS sobre la diplomacia romana para el período real y republicano. Para Grecia destaca la obra de F. Adcok y D.J. Mosley 1 , y recientemente la de L. Piccirilli 2 . Algunos inventarios sobre embajadas se prepararon a finales del siglo XIX, pero estos no fueron muy profundos; son las listas de A. Thurm o de Th. Büttner-Wobst, este último se ocupa solo de las misiones en Roma, o la más reciente de P. Knibbe quien hace el inventario solo de las embajadas enviadas por el senado hacia el Oriente entre el año 230 y 129 a.C 3 . Existe otro catálogo de delegaciones romanas en el Mediterráneo, pero es incompleto, porque trata solo desde el año 507 hasta el 129 a.C., lo preparó E. Krug; mientras que B. Schleussner se interesa solo en los comités senatoriales de diez miembros encargados de establecer las condiciones de la paz después de las victorias de Roma 4 . Recientemente B.E. Thomason 5 ha trabajado sobre las misiones diplomáticas entre la segunda guerra púnica y Actium, y F. Canali De 1

El presente artículo forma parte de una investigación más amplia sobre los diversos aspectos de la diplomacia en la antigua Grecia desde, los orígenes hasta la ocupación romana. Junto con ser la primera diplomacia europea, se estudia las principales características de los embajadores griegos de las diversas polis, pudiéndose constatar, a partir de la evidencias que las fuentes contienen, que fueron personajes de gran responsabilidad, prestigio y conocimientos, extraordinariamente profesionales en el desempeño de sus misiones, que buscaron la paz y el entendimiento, demostrándose en muchos aspectos, que fueron, en gran medida, un fundamento para los diplomáticos modernos.

This article explores Troy as a multi-layered site of memory, narrative, and cultural heritage, within the context of a graduate-level heritage education course. Inspired by Pierre Nora’s concept of lieux de mémoire, the study interprets Troy not merely as an ancient city, but as a symbolic memory space reconstructed through myths, archives, silences, and reinterpretations. From Homeric epics to Hittite treaties, and from museum practice to digital culture, it argues for a deeper understanding of cultural identity through memory.

The article presents a methodology to analyze the Greek amphora
epigraphy produced during the Roman Empire in its eastern part. The detailed information that appears as an abbreviated form in thousands of inscriptions distributed throughout the Roman territory is an essential element to understand the imperial socio-economic dynamics. Here we present a guide to using the Roman Open Data exploratory interface in its Greek text search section, and how, based on cases, we can determine for the first time the possible existence of a complex system of productions whose contracts would even be monthly.
The relational search system makes this interface the only one that allows the user to singularize their searches, granulating them based on their experience.

The “surname” of one of the most famous Carthaginian generals—Hamilcar “Barca”—has a unique connection with a toponym at the foot of Monte Pellegrino, in Palermo—fiefdom “Barca”—the site of the fortress where the Punics remained during the crucial years of the First Punic War (247-244). After examining the status quaestionis on the origin of the nickname, the article carries out a diachronic study of the territory. Starting from the Arabic toponym Barqah attested by al-Idrīsī and those of the map of the anonymous Arabic manuscript Book of curiosities, it attempts to find its origin by comparing it with possible Latin, Greek and Phoenician toponyms, and proposes a number of solutions, including one linked to the name of the fortress “Heirkte,” whose possible Phoenician name has emerged, which may have overlapped with that of Hamilcar’s nickname.

The most pressing question in all linguistics: what was the secret real identity of the language of the Minoans? Proto-Greek? Proto-Weak. Semitic? Semitisn't. Luwian? Ludicrous. Hurrian? You better be hurryin' back to the drafting board. I bring you a new, fresh and bold hypothesis for the true identity of the Minoan language of Linear A, a hypothesis so startling that you might interpret it as merely a bit of humor at the expense of equally tenuous but quite serious proposals, an amateur linguistics paper in Minecraft if you will. Haha, unless…? Unless Minoan really is Elamite.

Background: Galen is considered the founder of anatomy and experimental physiology and is the author of the De Usu Partium (Περὶ χρείας μορίων). In the 11 th century, Avicenna wrote El-Kânûn Fi't-Tıbb (Kânûn), one of the fundamental books of medicine, inspired by Galen's teachings. Teşrîhu'l-Ebdân ve Tercümân-ı Kıbâle-i Feylesûfân (Teşrîhu'l-Ebdân), an anatomy book written by physician Şemseddîn İtâkî in the 17 th century. The primary purpose of our study was to compare the ear anatomy of works written in different centuries with each other and current anatomy information. Materials and Methods: The Greek edition of De Usu Partium (Περὶ χρείας μορίων) and the Arabic edition of the Kânûn were obtained. Translations of the works into Turkish have been completed. One of the illustrated copies of Teşrîhu'l-Ebdân has been accessed. In this study, ear anatomy information obtained from three studies was compared with each other and with current anatomy. Additionally, the data in his Kânûn were compared with his first Turkish commentary, Tahbîzü'l-Mathûn. Results: Some information familiar to all three physicians was obtained, such as the fifth cranial nerve providing hearing, second cervical spinal nerve reaching the outer ear layer, and carotid artery providing blood supply to the ear. However, no information was found regarding the middle ear ossicles, middle ear muscles, inner ear structures, or the function of the ear to maintain balance in the narratives of the three physicians. Conclusion: Although some incorrect and incomplete information has been presented in the studies, the information given by the three physicians regarding ear anatomy is mainly similar to current ear anatomy. Our study shows that although they lived in different centuries, they were influenced by each other in terms of anatomy.

Situated in the border area of several powerful neighbors, the polis territory of Ambrakia was exposed to numerous territorial claims from its early history onwards. A close reading of the story of the quarrel of the gods fighting over the possession of the city reveals that the passage must be understood as an illustration of those various interests in the city prior to the Roman conquest. Yet it was precisely when the domination of Greek states in the region came to an end that the Ambrakiots undertook a remarkable border-management initiative including at least three boundary regulations dating to the 160s BC. This article asks for the reasons behind this initiative and emphasizes the political room for maneuver the Ambrakiots exploited after the Third Makedonian War.

This article aims to interpret some anomalies concerning Pseudo-Skylax’
description of southwestern Crete. In the first part it will be pointed out that the author not only takes into account the correct location of the places mentioned but also tries to emphasize the political relations between the cities. The second part argues that the peculiarities concerning the island of Crete can be understood in the context of sympoliteia relationships between the cities mentioned in the Periplous, especially between Lissos and Hyrtakina. Furthermore, it is tentatively suggested that Pseudo-Skylax may be regarded as the earliest witness regarding the league of Cretan cities known by the name of Oreioi.

Abstract: Introduction: Artists have depicted drowning episodes in drawings with a religious, mythological, historical, suicidal, homicidal and military context. We aimed to identify the messages that the paintings with a drowning scene during a military/combat situation deliver to viewers. Method: A criterion sampling method identified paintings that portray drowning episodes during military and combat situations (n=57). Chi-squared tests were used for comparison between categorical variables. Results: Ten statistically significant differences were identified between the bystanders at

This file contains the introduction to an essay about the Legal Charge in Demosthenes' Against Meidias, which was a public charge for hybris. The rhetoric in the speech was relevant this this charge, which sheds much light on the nature of hybris.

The most prevalent criticism of AYP (Vol.1) has become that the monograph ultimately proves thick on theory but thin on actual evidence. This Chapter therefore represents the second of several, which works through the surviving inscription evidence beginning Archonship Kephisophom and running through Archonship Arkhippos II.

Two primary goals here: 1) Knowing what Calendar Equations ought have occurred aids greatly when working with recovered epigraphical evidence that display such equations. When any deviations surface, we can develop a thorough understanding of why they took place.

2) Show the ancient Athenian Calendar proves nowhere near as “chaotic” as assumed. Classicists can instead attribute most deviations to (simple) observational difficulties.

Book 1 (Alpha) 1.1 Theoretical Wisdom as a Science Concerned with Primary Causes and Starting-Points • 1.2 Theoretical Wisdom as the Science of God • 1.3 Earlier Philosophers Recognized the Material Cause • 1.4 The Discovery of the Efficient Cause • 1.5 Pythagoreans and Eleatics: Intimations of the Formal Cause • 1.6 Material and Formal Causes in Plato • 1.7 Prior Thinkers and the Four Causes • 1.8 Criticism of Pre-Platonic Philosophers • 1.9 Criticism of the Theory of Forms • 1.10 Earlier Philosophy Reveals No Causes beyond the Four Contents xv the athenIan constItutIon C. D. C. Reeve 909 (A) Fragments of the Lost Beginning (f1-f6) • (B) Cylon (1) • (C) Between Cylon and Solon (2-4) • (D) Solon (5-12) • (E) Between Solon and Pisistratus (13) • (F) The Tyranny (14-19) • (G) From Cleisthenes' Reforms to Xerxes' Invasion (20-22) • (H) The Mid-Fifth century (23-28) • (I) The Four Hundred and the Five Thousand (29-34) • (J) The Thirty and the Ten (34-41) • (K) The Conclusion to the First Part • (L) Registration and Training of Citizens (42) • (M) Officials and the Council (43-49) • (N) Annual Officials (50-54) • (O) The Archons (55-59) • (P) The Commissioners of Games (60) • (Q) Military Officials (61) • (R) Concluding Note on Officials (62) • (S) Courts (63-69) fragments Justin Vlasits 957

Molti teorici concordano che la democrazia si fonda sull'uguaglianza. Ma che tipo di uguaglianza? Nel "Grande discorso" di Protagora nel dialogo di Platone, il sofista suggerisce che gli esseri umani sono uguali principalmente nelle nostre capacità di esseri sociali e morali. In questo articolo esamino il potenziale di questo approccio come risposta ai critici anti-egualitari della democrazia del nostro tempo.

Taking the well-known "Marathon Stone" as a starting point, this article proposes that certain late 5th-and 4th-century BCE Attic funerary monuments were situated in such a way as to advertise a connection to a famous battlefield, even if the deceased had no personal connection to the relevant battle. Several monuments discovered outside of the deme named in their inscription stood on or near the plain of Marathon, along the renowned route between Marathon and Athens, or on the island of Salamis, while other monuments were set along sacred ways to sanctuaries such as those at Eleusis, Brauron, and Cape Zoster; this suggests a possible parallel between the routes to battlefields and sacred ways to sanctuaries. Accordingly, this article suggests a new avenue for the study of Attic funerary practices: namely, it elucidates a possible way in which the burial of the dead related to Athens's military past and the sacred landscape.

This Extremely rare book about the primeval beginnings of the Egyptian land to hints of knowledge about the beginnings of the Giza Plateau and the recent find in 2025 of underneath Khafri Pyramid where large pillars were found well this Old book may give some answers! This Highly valuable, high caliber Text presents a pioneering reinterpretation of Manetho’s Egyptian dynastic records, arguing that these were not merely historical accounts but encoded astrogeological observations of the Nile and its cyclical behavior. The treatise suggests that ancient Egyptian civilization maintained a meticulous system of recording celestial and terrestrial changes, which not only shaped the kingdom’s chronological framework but also persisted into modern times. Through a rigorous examination of Nile inundation patterns, astronomical cycles, and geological shifts, Hekekyan Bey postulates that these records served as scientific annals, reflecting an advanced understanding of natural laws. This work challenges conventional historiographical approaches and offers an alternative perspective on how ancient societies conceptualized time, continuity, and environmental adaptation. The treatise provides critical insights into the symbiotic relationship between astronomical observations and dynastic chronology, establishing an argument for reinterpreting historical texts through the lens of scientific phenomena.
Reconstructed Table of Contents with Expanded Sections
1. Introduction
• Objective of the Study
Hekekyan Bey introduces his thesis that the Egyptian dynasties recorded by Manetho represent a chronological framework based on astrogeological cycles, particularly the behavior of the Nile.
• Manetho’s Records: Historical and Modern Interpretations
A brief overview of Manetho’s Aegyptiaca and its traditional role in reconstructing Egyptian history. The author challenges prior interpretations that treat the text as a simple historical list, advocating instead for a scientific perspective.
• Methodological Considerations
The treatise employs comparative analysis, geological data, and ancient astronomical knowledge to argue for an alternative reading of historical sources.
2. Historical Context
• Egyptian Chronology and the Debate Over Its Authenticity
A critical examination of prior scholars’ reconstructions of Egyptian history, highlighting inconsistencies in their reliance on Manetho.
• The Influence of Classical and Islamic Historians
Discussion on how later Greek and Arab historians, including Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus, and Al-Maqrizi, interpreted Egyptian chronology and how their perspectives shaped European Egyptology.
• Critique of Conventional Dating Methods
Hekekyan Bey challenges methods such as regnal year calculations, carbon dating (as an emerging discipline), and astronomical dating techniques, arguing for a geological approach.
3. Astrogeological Observations and the Nile’s Role in Chronology
• Annual Flood Cycles and Dynastic Timekeeping
The Nile’s seasonal floods served as a primary mechanism for measuring time in ancient Egypt. The treatise explores how Manetho’s records correlate with cycles of inundation and drought.
• The Precession of the Equinoxes and its Role in Egyptian Astronomy
Evidence that Egyptian priests observed the slow shift of constellations over millennia and integrated this into their record-keeping.
• Sedimentology and the Accretion of Geological Data in Chronological Records
Analysis of how sedimentary deposits, Nile silt levels, and recorded high flood years contribute to an understanding of long-term chronology.
• Astronomical Alignments in Egyptian Monuments
The correlation between temple alignments, pyramid orientations, and heliacal risings of Sirius (Sothis) as a timekeeping mechanism.
4. Reinterpretation of Manetho’s Dynastic Records
• Deciphering Manetho’s Lists: A Non-Historical Approach
Hekekyan Bey presents evidence that the succession of dynasties corresponds to shifts in major astronomical cycles rather than political history.
• Periods of Cosmic Catastrophes and Environmental Changes
Examination of historical accounts of environmental disasters (e.g., prolonged droughts, excessive flooding) and their alignment with dynastic transitions.
• Possible Continuation of Manetho’s Observational Traditions Beyond Ancient Egypt
The hypothesis that later civilizations, including Islamic scholars and medieval astronomers, inherited and preserved aspects of the ancient astrogeological record.
5. The Continuity of Observational Practices
• Evidence of Astronomical and Geological Record-Keeping in Greco-Roman and Islamic Egypt
Comparative analysis of Egyptian observational traditions with those of later civilizations, including the Ptolemies, Romans, and early Islamic scholars.
• Legacy in Coptic and Arabic Chronological Writings
Tracing the remnants of Egyptian astrogeological methodology in medieval texts such as The Akhbar al-Zaman and other Arabic sources.
• Modern Scientific Corroboration
How recent geological and climatological studies support aspects of Hekekyan Bey’s hypothesis about the historical correlation between climate, astronomy, and Egyptian chronology.
6. Conclusion and Implications for Chronological Studies
• Summary of Key Findings
Restating the primary argument: Egyptian dynastic records are fundamentally astrogeological in nature, necessitating a paradigm shift in how historians interpret them.
• Impact on the Study of Ancient Chronologies
Repercussions for Egyptology, particularly in revising established timelines and questioning conventional historical methodologies.
• Future Research Directions
Recommendations for integrating geological and astronomical analysis into the broader study of ancient history, particularly in re-examining the role of celestial events in shaping historical narratives
Significance of the Work
Hekekyan Bey’s treatise stands as a provocative and underappreciated contribution to 19th-century Egyptology and historical astronomy. By proposing a scientific framework for interpreting Manetho’s dynastic records, the work challenges established historiographical conventions and suggests an interdisciplinary approach that merges astronomy, geology, and textual analysis. Though largely overlooked in mainstream academia, this study provides a compelling argument for revisiting ancient texts with a more nuanced understanding of natural science.
Tags
Egyptology, ancient history, chronology, Manetho, Siriadic monuments, Nile River, astrogeology, astronomy, geological records, ancient astronomy, precession of the equinoxes, heliacal rising, Sirius star, Sothic cycle, flood cycles, Nile inundation, sedimentology, climate history, dynastic chronology, Egyptian temples, pyramid alignments, historical methodologies, classical historians, Diodorus Siculus, Herodotus, Al-Maqrizi, Coptic history, Arabic manuscripts, Greco-Roman Egypt, medieval astronomy, environmental history, cosmic catastrophes, astronomical dating, regnal years, carbon dating, historical climatology, celestial observations, sacred geography, astrotheology, ancient wisdom, temple inscriptions, hieroglyphic studies, sacred texts, mythological records, Egyptian priesthood, Thoth, Hermes Trismegistus, Hermetic tradition, esoteric Egyptology, zodiac signs, planetary movements, star maps, archaeoastronomy, geomythology, chronomancy, ancient calendars, solar cycles, lunar cycles, planetary conjunctions, stellar alignments, Babylonian astronomy, Mesopotamian records, Sumerian kings list, Assyrian chronology, Persian astronomy, Greek astronomy, Ptolemaic system, Roman astrology, Alexandrian scholarship, Islamic science, medieval chronologies, Akhbar al-Zaman, Book of Sothis, Egyptian cosmology, sacred numerology, kabbalistic Egyptology, neoplatonic philosophy, neoplatonic astrology, Egyptian theology, sun worship, Ra, Osiris cult, Isis mysteries, Horus cycle, Anubis symbolism, Sethian traditions, temple star charts, ancient engineering, pyramid construction, Great Pyramid, Orion correlation theory, Dendera zodiac, Karnak alignments, Abydos temple records, Philae inscriptions, Esna temple, Saqqara burials, Theban necropolis, Valley of the Kings, Luxor temples, Memphis archaeology, Abydos kings list, Turin Canon, Palermo Stone, Rosetta Stone, Champollion, Egyptomania, Napoleonic Egyptology, colonial archaeology, orientalism, hieroglyphic decipherment, linguistic palaeography, scriptural analysis, Book of the Dead, Pyramid Texts, Coffin Texts, Sun Temples, cosmic cycles, prophetic astronomy, Christian Egyptology, biblical chronology, Genesis flood narrative, Noah’s flood, deluge myths, Zoroastrian chronology, Persian timekeeping, Hindu yugas, Vedic astrology, ancient Egyptian science, early mathematics, Thales, Pythagorean astronomy, ancient surveying, Nile flood records, sacred geometry, temple architecture, golden ratio, Fibonacci sequence, harmonic resonance, vibrational frequencies, geomagnetic history, magnetosphere studies, earth’s axial tilt, wobble effect, climatic catastrophism, pole shifts, historical earthquakes, tsunami records, drought records, ice core data, dendrochronology, deep-time history, geological stratigraphy, sediment deposition, lost civilizations, Atlantis theories, Lemuria speculation, ancient maps, Piri Reis map, early cartography, ancient navigation, star-based travel, celestial navigation, meridian alignments, ancient meridians, primeval wisdom, lost sciences, prophetic records, esoteric Christianity, apocalyptic astronomy, end times cycles, millenarianism, cosmic ages, Aeons, Gnostic cosmology, Egyptian resurrection beliefs, Book of Enoch, Dead Sea Scrolls, Chaldean astrology, Orphic traditions, Mithraic mysteries, ancient timekeeping, stellar clocks, hieratic script, demotic script, Coptic language, Alexandria Library, Hermetic Egypt, neopagan traditions, occult Egypt, Masonic Egyptology, Rosicrucian studies, alchemical symbolism, great year cycle, sidereal time, heliocentri...

Bu makale, Romalı devlet adamı, hatip ve filozof Marcus Tullius Cicero’nun
mektuplarında kızı Tullia’nın hayatı ve ölümü üzerine verdiği bilgileri ve bu kaybın Cicero’nun düşünsel ve duygusal dünyası üzerindeki etkilerini ele almaktadır. Cicero’nun mektupları, onun kişisel yas sürecini anlamakla kalmayıp aynı zamanda Roma toplumunda baba-kız ilişkilerine dair önemli ipuçları sunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, özellikle Ad Atticum ve Ad Familiares başlıklı mektuplara odaklanarak Tullia’nın sağlık durumu, hastalığı ve ölümünün ardından Cicero’nun yaşadığı derin acıyı ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelemektedir. Cicero’nun mektuplarında, kızı
Tullia’ya duyduğu sevgi, şefkat ve bağlılık açıkça görülmektedir. Bu yazışmalar, baba-kız ilişkisinin samimi yönlerini ortaya koyarken, Cicero’nun entelektüel ve politik yaşamındaki yankılarını da gözler önüne sermektedir. Çalışmada, Cicero’nun mektuplarında yer alan ifadeler analiz edilerek, bu kaybın onun felsefi düşüncelerine, politik tutumuna ve kişisel hayatına olan etkileri değerlendirilmektedir.
Bu yazışmalar, baba-kız ilişkisinin samimi yönlerini ortaya koyarken, Cicero’nun entelektüel ve politik yaşamındaki yankılarını da gözler önüne sermektedir. Çalışmada, Cicero’nun mektuplarında yer alan ifadeler analiz edilerek, bu kaybın onun felsefi düşüncelerine, politik tutumuna ve kişisel hayatına olan etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, yas sürecinin Cicero’nun edebi ve felsefi üretkenliğine olan katkıları incelenmiş, onun bu dönemde kaleme aldığı metinlerin içeriği ve amacı detaylı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Roma toplumunda baba-kız ilişkilerinin sosyal ve kültürel bağlamını ele alan bu çalışma, Cicero’nun yas sürecini sadece bireysel bir trajedi olarak değil, dönemin toplumsal normlarıyla bağlantılı bir olgu olarak değerlendirmektedir

Am 5. Februar 1866 traf in Athen die Nachricht ein, dass der Vulkan auf den Kameni-Inseln in der Mitte der Caldera von Santorin aktiv geworden war. Die griechische Regierung ersuchte jene europäischen Mächte, die über Stationsschiffe in griechischen Gewässern verfügt haben, diese nach Santorin zu entsenden, um für den Fall einer Evakuierung der Bevölkerung bereit zu sein. Nach zwei schweren Eruptionen zogen sich die britischen, französischen und russischen Einheiten zurück. Als das österreichische Kanonenboot Reka mit Verspätung eintraf, wusste dessen Kommandant nichts von der Gefahr und ankerte in unmittelbarer Nähe zum aktiven Vulkan ...

Resumen Este artículo pretende reflexionar sobre los motivos por los que la Ilíada de Homero ha sido tan traducida a lo largo de la historia y sobre por qué sentimos la necesidad de crear nuevas traducciones de tal obra. Usaremos un fragmento de un episodio de la historia, los dioses en asamblea ante Troya, y algunas traducciones en inglés y en español de los siglos XX y XXI de ese fragmento, incluidas traducciones producidas por inteligencia artificial, para descubrir las razones por las que se sigue traduciendo la obra en ambas lenguas. La adaptación del texto a la época, la preservación de su estatus de obra clásica y la creatividad que la misma obra inspira parecen las razones más evidentes para seguir traduciendo la Ilíada.

Çakalca-Karadoğan Mound excavations revealed that the city of
Amisos was first colonized by Miletos colonists in the mid–6th century BC. The
second foundations of the city were laid here at the end of the 4th century BC,
at the Toraman Hill and its surroundings, 16 km away. Based on the findings
from the Archaic and Classical Period unearthed during the Çakalca-Karadoğan
Mound excavation carried out in Samsun’s Atakum district, Büyükoyumca
District, Kurupelit Town in 2009, under the chairmanship of the Samsun
Museum Directorate, it has been revealed where the city started to be established
during the colonial period. Vessels such as bowls, kylixes, lekythoi, skyphoi,
amphorae, plates, etc. were unearthed during the excavations. Most of
the black and red figure ceramic fragments made with graffiti technique were
unearthed in trench no. III, while the fragments of black glazed Attic ceramics
were unearthed in trenches no. I and III. 28% of the black glazed ceramic fragments
recovered from the Çakalca-Karadoğan Mound excavation were found in
trench No. I and 22% were found in trench No. III. Black glazed ceramic fragments
are respectively kylix, skyphoi, bowls, and lekythoi in trench No. I, and
kylix, skyphoi, lekythoi, and bowl in trench No. III. These fragments are generally
decorated with human, animal, mythological figures, and geometric motifs.
Black and red-figure ceramic fragments dating back to the 6th century BC and
5th century BC were also brought to Amisos by Miletos colonists, as were terracotta
statuettes and figurines.

Abstract- This article explores the role of sacrificial rituals in ancient Greek religious practices, emphasizing their function as a means of establishing and maintaining communion between mortals and the divine. Sacrifices were integral to both individual and collective life, marking key transitions such as birth, initiation, warfare, and civic celebrations. Through an
interdisciplinary approach combining literary, iconographic, and archaeological sources, this study examines the typologies of offerings, the material and symbolic significance of altars as the focal point of ritual activity, and the complex interplay between sacrificial practices and sociopolitical structures. Particular attention is given to the ideological and performative dimensions of blood sacrifices, as well as to the
debated phenomenon of human sacrifice. By analyzing a broad spectrum of evidence, this article contributes to a nuanced understanding of how ritualized violence functioned as a mechanism of religious expression, social cohesion, and power negotiation in the ancient Greek world.
Keywords: greek sacrifice, ritualized violence, sacred, altars, divine communion, religious practice, archaeology, iconography, classical literature.

Fin dal primo esame superficiale, la storia greca appare segnata non da uno sviluppo continuo, come nel caso cosí evidente del progressivo incremento della potenza romana, ma da una successione di pulsazioni in cui si manifesta un imperialismo ora politico, ora mercantile. Sotto l'apparente improvvisazione si scorge una costante: la stretta necessità per il genio degli uomini di supplire alla povertà delle risorse naturali, d'inventare nuovi mezzi per evitare l'autarchia». Muovendo da tale presupposto, Lévêque investiga il rapporto fra un ambiente naturale come quello della Grecia e lo sviluppo di una civiltà, sorta quasi per sfida alle ostilità del suolo. Ciò stimolò l'invenzione di nuovi mezzi per superare tali ristrettezze, promuovendo cosí quella che l'autore definisce l'avventura greca. Simbolo di questa genialità inventiva ed espansiva è appunto Ulisse. Dalle avventure militari a quelle mercantili a quelle del pensiero: questo il percorso che consente a Lévêque di ricostruire nella sua indagineche muove dalla Grecia prima dei greci (il Neolitico) fino alla conquista romana e all'ultima fioritura ellenisticai diversi momenti della civiltà greca: le dottrine politiche, la filosofia, le scienze, le arti figurative, la letteratura, le tecniche belliche, ma anche la vita quotidiana sono le componenti di un'avventura non soltanto intellettuale. L'area geografica del libro si dilata inoltre ad ambiti piú remoti rispetto al centro d'irradiazione: il Nord Europa, l'Oriente, i deserti dell'Africa, avvalendosi di un costante comparatismo. Entro un ambito In sopracoperta, Giovane donna che piange. Particolare di una lecythis ateniense, y secolo a.C. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. x Indice p. 148

Il volume raccoglie gli Atti della III Edizione (2023-2024) del Certamen Classicum Philosophicum del Liceo Classico e Musicale “C. Cavour” di Torino, una competizione di traduzione e commento di testi antichi per le studentesse e per gli studenti degli ultimi due anni dei Licei di tutta Italia. L’edizione è stata dedicata alla figura archetipica dello straniero e alle strategie che le culture antiche e quella moderna hanno messo e mettono in atto per accoglierlo, integrarlo e rispettarlo. Alle conferenze preparatorie e alla tavola rotonda sono intervenuti ricercatori di antichistica, studiosi di diritto internazionale, esperti impegnati in ONG lungo i punti nevralgici del bacino del Mediterraneo: è consapevolezza forte di chi ha organizzato la competizione e ha curato queste pagine che un approccio integrato al tema in oggetto, nutrito di riflessioni teoriche e di esemplificazioni pratiche, di confronti tra modelli culturali diversi, possa consentire agli allievi di cogliere l’attualità e la problematicità della “questione straniero”, rispetto alla quale tutti noi siamo chiamati a prendere posizione chiara e netta. Vengono qui raccolti i vari contributi degli studiosi, le riflessioni sui laboratori preparatori al Certamen e le considerazioni che alcuni allievi della classe IV D dell’anno 2023-2024 hanno raccolto sul testo I rifugiati, di Viet Thanh Nguyen; concludono il volume le tre prove sorteggiate per la gara.

Partindo de fontes escritas, tendo como delimitadores inicias e finais as obras de Homero e Esquilo respectivamente, a autora busca reconstituir o contexto socioeconômico, político e cultural do mundo grego antigo durante o Período Arcaico. O material disponibilizado foca os dois primeiros capítulos da segunda parte do livro.

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Slaves’ legal status and owners’ and doctors’ “humanitarianism” have often been privileged in discussions of the medical treatment of slaves in the Greek world. This article looks beyond these and puts centre stage an overlooked but perhaps the most important variable of the equation, that of economics. Through careful analysis of literary and epigraphic material, it is shown that medical treatment could vary depending on a multiplicity of (logistical) factors as well as the presence or absence of relevant incentives, incentives that were sometimes shared by slave patients, owners, and doctors alike. In addition, close examination of the social and spatial context of treatment, including the role of slave traders, doctors-speculators, relations of kinship, as well as slaves’ ability to procure their own treatment, enables us to acknowledge additional variables of what must have been a multivariate equation.

Polar bears (PBs) are superbly adapted to the extreme Arctic environment and have become emblematic of the threat to biodiversity from global climate change. Their divergence from the lower-latitude brown bear provides a textbook example of rapid evolution of distinct phenotypes. However, limited mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evidence conflicts in the timing of PB origin as well as placement of the species within versus sister to the brown bear lineage. We gathered extensive genomic sequence data from contemporary polar, brown, and American black bear samples, in addition to a 130,000- to 110,000-y old PB, to examine this problem from a genome-wide perspective. Nuclear DNA markers reflect a species tree consistent with expectation, showing polar and brown bears to be sister species. However, for the enigmatic brown bears native to Alaska's Alexander Archipelago, we estimate that not only their mitochondrial genome, but also 5–10% of their nuclear genome, is most closely related ...

Although this 8 page paper focuses initially on a three word fragment of Sappho's poetry (No.165) it is intended to be an introduction to a detailed analysis of other works influenced directly or indirectly by Sappho.  In addition, it includes references to other papers on Sappho that that I have posted on academia.edu (see footnotes 3 & 5) and constitutes an elaboration on another of my papers on academia.edu entitled "Sappho's Microcosmic Perspective" that has been either downloaded or viewed over 1000 times.

La presencia de monedas de la serie VI sardo-púnica en contextos militares relacionados con la Segunda Guerra Púnica nos llevan a analizar la circulación de esta moneda en todo el territorio peninsular. Mediante el análisis de los patrones de distribución y la comparativa con otros conjuntos monetales del conflicto, establecemos una relación entre la presencia de estas piezas y la logística del ejército romano republicano.

In this essay, I first aim to pinpoint the factors that have historically marginalized art within anthropological thought. I propose that this marginalization stems from two main influences: the aesthetic conception of art and the metaphysical underpinnings of the social sciences, which suggest that art must be understood through theoretical frameworks. Drawing on phenomenology and following Heidegger’s seminal essay The Origin of the Work of Art, I assert that art’s role in establishing and navigating the metaphysical coordinates of a community, guiding its historical course, should be central to anthropological inquiry. I argue thus for an anthropological approach to art that prioritizes its ontological potentiality, thereby enabling us to appreciate the generative aspects of what we call society and culture. This approach invites a dialogical engagement with the world’s great artworks, fostering a relationship marked by interpretive reciprocity among the works, their creators, and interpreters.