Advanced Oxidation Processes

In the present study, comparison was made on the wastewater remediation efficiencies of chemically and biologically synthesized magnetite and zinc oxide nanoparticles. Starchytarpheta indica (snake weed) leaf extract was used as a reducing and capping agent in the green synthesis of magnetite and zinc oxide. The synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized by X-ray diffraction studies (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). These synthesized nanoparticles were further applied in the treatment of industrial pharmaceutical effluent basically comprising amoxicillin, acetaminophen and ascorbic acid. The NPs all performed differently in the removal of these pharmaceutical active compounds. Results showed that the NPs had significant removal efficiencies for acetaminophen, ranging from 67.07 % -93.59 %, with bio-ZnO having the highest removal efficiency and magnetite giving the least. The range of removal efficiency for ascorbic acid was 54.35 % -100 %, Magnetite and bio-magnetite showed the highest removal efficiencies whereas bio-ZnO had the least removal rate. Wastewater treatment for the removal of amoxicillin residues with the synthesized nanoparticles was not quite significant, negative removal patterns were observed for wastewater treatment with bio-ZnO and magnetite, a removal rate of 16.82 % was obtained for treatment with bio-magnetite, ZnO NPs had the highest removal efficiency of 49.73 %. Generally, ZnO and biomagnetite NPs displayed better removal capacities than the other NPs, with overall removal rates of 64.71 % and 48.92 % for ZnO and bio-magnetite NPs respectively.

Resumo: Este estudo investigou o tratamento de chorume gerado em aterro sanitário através do processo de eletrocoagulação, associando a esse método a adição de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) como forma de catalisar o processo de tratamento do efluente. O chorume é gerado através do processo de decomposição dos resíduos em aterros sanitários, gerando um liquido percolado de dificil tratamento. O estudo avaliou o processo de tratamento por eletrocoagulação sem a adição de H2O2 e com a adição do mesmo, como forma de avaliar os mecanismos de tratamento por ambos os processos. O H2O2 foi adicionado durante o tratamento com o intuito de gerar o processo Fenton durante a eletrocoagulação, liberando o radical hidroxila (OH∙). O radical hidroxila apresenta-se como agente extremamente oxidativo, agindo em diversos processos como agente oxidante de matéria orgânica. Para o estudo em questão diversos parâmetros foram avaliados para identificar as condições ótimas de tratamento para o chorume. Os...

This study introduces a novel composite catalyst formed by anchoring delta iron oxyhydroxide (δ-FeOOH) onto pyrolyzed Pili nutshell biochar via a room temperature coprecipitation technique, marking the first application of Pili nutshell waste in advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment. This innovative methodology enhances catalyst dispersion and stability, facilitating the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to generate reactive sulfate radicals (SO4•-) for the degradation of methylene blue (MB), a thiazine dye commonly used in the medical field and the dye industry. Different techniques have been used to characterize synthesized composites in terms of their morphology, elemental composition, surface functional groups, and crystalline phase structure. The system achieved a maximum MB degradation efficiency of 90.88% within 30 min at pH 6.0 when low dosages of PMS and the δ-FeOOH/biochar composite were used, following pseudo-first-order degradation kinetics. Radical scavenging experiments confirmed that SO4•- radicals were primarily responsible for the degradation process. Notably, the composite maintained over 70% removal efficiency after four reuse cycles, indicating its potential for sustainable and cost-effective wastewater treatment. This research highlights the effectiveness of the δ-FeOOH/biochar/PMS system as a promising solution for treating MB-laden wastewater, contributing to environmental sustainability and waste valorization.

El Negro Remazol B (NRB) es un colorante azoico, usado en la industria textil por su estabilidad química. Este tinte no se fija al 100%, ocasionando contaminación en el agua. En este trabajo se evaluó la decoloración de soluciones acuosas con NRB mediante fotocatálisis heterogénea con TiO2/UV. La reacción se realizó en un fotorreactor de aluminio equipado con cinco lámparas. El efecto de la concentración de TiO2 (0,1; 0,175 y 0,25 g L-1), y NRB (50, 75 y 100 mg L-1) y el pH (3, 7 y 11) fue evaluado durante 14 h, tomando un diseño estadístico experimental Box-Behnken. La decoloración completa del NRB se obtuvo después de 14 h (0,175 g L-1 de TiO2, 50 mg L-1 de NRB, y pH 3). Se alcanzó un 98,44% de decoloración después de 10 h (0,25 g L-1 de TiO2, 50 mg L-1 de NRB, y pH 7). Se encontró que el mejor porcentaje de decoloración del NRB (99,51%) se obtuvo a las 10 h de exposición a luz UV, utilizando 0,5 g L-1 de TiO2, 50 mg L-1 del colorante y un pH de 3. Los ensayos de citotoxicidad sob...

En la práctica, la humectación está relacionada con el ángulo de contacto en equilibrio del líquido (fase fluida) sobre el sólido (material textil). Cuando esta humectación es dinámica y el sólido se presenta en forma de fibra o monofilamento y, por tanto, con curvatura en la superficie a humectar, la obtención del ángulo de contacto presenta dificultades, dadas sus pequeñas dimensiones y las irregularidades geométricas y de anisotropía. Teniendo en cuenta lo expuesto, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo la determinación de la humectación dinámica de un polímero textil, tal como el Nylon 6.6, en forma de monofilamento de sección circular. Para ello se utilizaron soluciones acuosas de tensioactivos: aniónico, no-iónico y sus mezclas. Los tensioactivos utilizados fueron del tipo aniónico (DBSS) y como tensioactivo no-iónico un alquil poliglucósido de origen natural y sumamente interesante bajo el punto de vista ecológico. Esta humectación fue caracterizada mediante ángulos de contacto de ...

El objetivo de este trabajo fue el estudio del efecto de tres polímeros de polivilvinilpirrolidona (PVP), de diferente peso molecular y un copolímero de vinilpirrolidona/vinilmidazol (PVP/VI) para su aplicación como DTI (inhibidores de transferencia de colorante). Tales productos fueron utilizados en varias formulaciones de detergente en el lavado repetido de tejido de algodón que fue teñido con diferentes colorantes directos y se aplicó un tratamiento posterior con objeto de mejorar la solidez del colorante. Al mismo tiempo, se comprobó su eficacia para evitar la redeposición de colorante en el tejido sin teñir. Las formulaciones detergentes tuvieron los componentes siguientes: a) Tensioactivo aniónico; b) Mezcla de tensioactivo aniónico con no-iónico; c) La anterior más agente blanqueante y activador de blanqueo; y d) La anterior añadiendo coadyuvantes tales como zeolita y carbonato sódico. Se obtuvieron resultados de las diferencias de color CIELAB del tejido de algodón teñido y ...

This paper examines the improved behaviour of the cellulose ethers versus carboxylmethylcellulose when they are used as antiredeposition products in the washing of polyester and polyester-cotton fabrics. The deposition tests were carried out using black carbon as solid soil and the Dodecylbenzenesodium sulphonate (DBSS) an anionic surfactant and Triton X-100 as a non-ionic surfactant as well as mixtures of both surfactants without builders.

Full degradation of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in aqueous solution was investigated at room temperature through heterogeneous iron nano-structured as catalyst in this article. Iron Nano-structured was prepared through simple hydrothermal processes using Iron oxide (Fe2O3) as precursor. The catalytic activity of as prepared Nano-catalyst (NC) was investigated in the degradation of the acetaminophen as an environmental pollutant, commonly called paracetamol, under different operating parameters like pH, dosages of acetaminophen and dose of NC. Remarkable differences in IR spectra were observed after reaction which showed complete degradation of 15 ppm of Acetaminophen using 0.1 g of nano-structured with the recovery of NC followed by its activity four times with full catalytic performance.

The oxidation rates of nuclear-grade graphite IG-110 in the kinetically-controlled temperature regime of graphite oxidation were predicted and compared in Very High Temperature Reactor air ingress accident scenarios. The oxidative mass loss of graphite was measured thermogravimetrically from 873 to 1873 K in 100% air (21 mol%). The activation energy was found to be 222.07 kJ/mol, and the order of reaction with respect to oxygen concentration is 0.76. The surfaces of the samples were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy before and after oxidation. These results are compared with those available in the literature, and our recently reported results for NBG-18 nuclear-grade graphite using the same technique.

Ozonation has strong oxidation potential and is mostly preferred for oxidation processes. Due to its oxidation potential, environment-friendly nature, and process flexibility, ozonation was used for the removal of azo dyes. Different process parameters including the rate of ozone generation, pH, the flow rate of ozone, and initial dye concentrations were optimized for efficient removal of coloring potential of C.B-10X Blue and C.B.M-10X Blue dyes which are mostly used in the textile industry. Under optimized process parameters, the high removal efficiency of 75% for C.B-10X Blue and 72% for C.B.M-10X Blue was achieved at 100 mg concentration. However, removal efficiency strongly decreased with an increase in dye concentrations. Therefore, ozonation can only be used for the treatment of effluents having up to 100 mg/L concentrations of azo dyes.

Mirka Fugaš rođena je 1922. godine u Zagrebu gdje se i školovala. Nakon završene realne gimnazije upisala se na Kemijski odsjek Tehničkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu (danas Fakultet za kemijsko inženjerstvo i tehnologiju) na kojem je diplomirala 1949. godine. U međuvremenu je apsolvirala na Farmaceutskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu). Iste godine zapošljava se u Institutu za medicinska istraživanja i medicinu rada gdje radi sve do 1986. godine kada odlazi u mirovinu. Od 1961. do 1986. godine bila je voditeljica Odjela za higijenu okoline (danas Jedinice za higijenu okoline). Godine 1954. završila je poslijediplomski studij "Sanitacija okoline" pri Školi narodnog zdravlja "Andrija Štampar" (ŠNZ) Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Godine 1957. položila je specijalistički ispit iz sanitarnog inženjerstva, kao i tečaj za rukovanje radioaktivnim izotopima pri Institutu za nuklearne nauke "Boris Kidrič" u Vinči. Naslov magistra sanitarnog inženjerstva postigla je na ŠNZ-u 1964. godine obranom magistarskog rada "Određivanje dušikovih oksida u atmosferi naselja", a naslov doktora kemijskih znanosti 1980. pri Tehnološkom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu s disertacijom "Nove metode mjerenja i ocjenjivanja izloženosti stanovnika olovu u zraku". Tijekom svoga radnog vijeka dodatno se školovala u inozemstvu: -1951/52. London, stipendistica Akademijskog savjeta (tri mjeseca, higijena radne okoline) -1962. Engleska, Nizozemska, Njemačka i Italija, stipendistica Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije (SZO) (tri mjeseca, praćenje i upravljanje kakvoćom zraka) -1967/68. SAD, stipendistica Američke službe javnog zdravstva, Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University, SAD (godina dana, razvoj novih metoda za određivanje niskih koncentracija teških metala u zraku) -1977. Tokio, Moskva, stipendistica Programa razvoja Ujedinjenih naroda (UNDP) (tri tjedna, upravljanje kakvoćom zraka)

The trypan blue (TB) dye synthetic wastewater was treated in presence of chloride ions by electrochemical method. The effect of current density, pH, initial concentration of dye and supporting electrolyte on color and COD removal were investigated. The UV-Vis absorption intensity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gas chromatography -mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were conducted to investigate the kinetics and degradation pathway of TB dye.

This work investigated the removal of the reactive green (R.G) dye from wastewater using the photo-Fenton process. Batch experiments were carried out to research the role of the Impacts of operating parameters. The dosage of H2O2; dosage Fe+2; pH; temperature, and irradiation time were examined. Maximum decolorization efficiencies green dye were achieved at the [H2O2]=100 ppm; [Fe2+]=20 ppm; pH 3; temperature=56 °C and irradiation time=90 min. This research focuses on modeling, kinetics and thermodynamics of the removal of pollutant (reactive green dye) of water. The results showed that the decolorization kinetic of R.G followed pseudo-first-order reaction kinetic. Also the thermodynamic parameters ∆G˚, ∆H˚ and ∆S˚ were determined using the Van't Hoff equation for the oxidation processes. The changes in Gibbs free energy showed the oxidation process under normal conditions is non-spontaneous.

Promoting action of electrical discharges on fuel combustion processes results in reduction of the ignition delay, improvement of the flame stability as well as the extension of the flammability limits and these are key technical issues in combustion improvement [1, 2]. One promising approach consists in plasma enhanced activation of oxidizing substance, e.g. molecular oxygen to its electronically excited singlet delta O 2 (a 1 Δ) and singlet sigma O 2 (b 1 Σ) states. In contrast with non-excited reactants, singlet oxygen molecules are more chemically active and can affect reaction kinetics due to decrease of the barrier of endoenergetic reactions. The present work presents results of our recent feasibility experiments on singlet oxygen generation in non-equilibrium electric discharges, from reduced pressures up to atmospheric pressure and for different discharge powers. A high voltage pulse generator (PPS) capable of delivering 50 ns electric pulses of 20 kV with a controlled voltage rise time of 20 ns at a frequency up to 25 kHz has been used. We are able to produce some quantities of O 2 (b 1 Σ) molecules and detect them by optical emission spectroscopy in the visible band O 2 (b 1 Σ→X 3 Σ) at 762 nm. Singlet oxygen generation has been performed in O 2 /He binary mixtures in the application of selfsustained and non-self-sustained discharges. Keywords-Plasma-assisted-combustion, excited oxygen, O 2 (b 1 Σ g + ), O 2 (a 1 Δ g ), dielectric barrier discharge, high voltage pulse generator

Photocatalytic technology offers novel solutions for wastewater treatment using visible light. Graphitic carbon nitride, as a polymeric semiconductor, has attracted significant attention in this field. However, overcoming the limitations of this material remains a major challenge for researchers. In this study, a graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst was synthesized using a thermal polymerization method with melamine as a precursor in a new gaseous atmosphere of CO2. For comparison, similar samples were synthesized in common atmospheres such as N2 and air. The structure, morphology, and properties of the samples were characterized using various analyses. Additionally, considering the importance of E.Coli bacteria, their antibacterial activity against this bacterium was evaluated under both light and dark conditions. The sample synthesized in the CO2 atmosphere had a surface area approximately 3 and 2 times higher than those synthesized in air and nitrogen atmospheres, respectively. Also, the luminescence intensity of this sample was significantly lower, indicating an improvement in photocatalytic performance. The results of microbiological tests showed that the CN-CO2 sample completely inactivated E.Coli bacteria with an initial concentration of 107 CFU/mL when exposed to an effective dose of 0.2 g/L within 180 minutes under visible light irradiation. In contrast, the CN-air and CN-N2 samples inhibited 62.7% and 29.5% of the bacteria, respectively. The results also indicated that CN-CO2 had a high ability to inhibit bacterial growth in the dark. The results of the disk diffusion assay and bacterial viability tests in solid media also confirmed these findings. Given the significant advantages of this nanomaterial (CN-CO2), including high photocatalytic activity, strong antibacterial properties, and a simple and one-step synthesis method, it can be used as an efficient photocatalyst for water and wastewater treatment industries.

Conventional urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs) are poorly effective in the removal of most contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), including antibiotics, antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARB&ARGs). These contaminants result in some concern for the environment and human health, in particular if UWTPs effluents are reused for crop irrigation. Recently, stakeholders' interest further increased in Europe, because the European Commission is currently developing a regulation on water reuse. Likely, conventional UWTPs will require additional advanced treatment steps to meet water quality limits yet to be officially established for wastewater reuse. Even though it seems that CECs will not be included in the proposed regulation, the aim of this paper is to provide a technical contribution to this discussion as well as to support stakeholders by recommending possible advanced treatment options, in particular with regard to the removal of CECs and ARB&ARGs. Taking into account the current knowledge and the precautionary principle, any new or revised water-related Directive should address such contaminants. Hence, this review paper gathers the efforts of a group of international experts, members of the NEREUS COST Action ES1403, who for three years have been constructively discussing the efficiency of the best available technologies (BATs) for urban wastewater treatment to abate CECs and ARB&ARGs. In particular, ozonation, activated carbon adsorption, chemical disinfectants, UV radiation, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and membrane filtration are discussed with regard to their capability to effectively remove CECs and ARB&ARGs, as well as their advantages and drawbacks. Moreover, a comparison among the above-mentioned processes is performed for CECs relevant for crop uptake. Finally, possible treatment trains including the above-discussed BATs are discussed, issuing end-use specific recommendations which will be useful to UWTPs managers to select the most suitable options to be implemented at their own facilities to successfully address wastewater reuse challenges.

Zirconium dioxide-titanium dioxide coatings were obtained by sol-gel method on stainless steel plates. The samples were treated at three Zirconium dioxide-titanium dioxide coatings were obtained by sol-gel method on stainless steel plates. The samples were treated at three temperatures 300, 400 and 500oC. The morphology and chemical surface composition were examined by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), while the phase composition was examined by X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD). The corrosion resistance was evaluated by weight loss measurements in NaCl medium. The coatings are possess relatively smooth surface with some microcracks. After corrosion test the coatings treated at 500oC, keep their surface structure without visible signs of corrosion and thecorrosion tests revealed zero mass loss. The good protective properties of these coatings could be attributed to (i) amorphous structure, leading to deterior...

LOS suavizantes catiónicos son tensioactivos TEMPERATURE SUR LA que, atiadidos en el último batio de aclarado durante SORPTION D'ADOUCISSEURS el lavado de materias textiles, les wnfieren una serie CATIONIQUES MICROEMULde propiedades deseables por sus usuarios,cuyas magnitudes dependen de su proceso de sorción SIONNES SUR DU COTON sobre las mismas. Esta sorción es más efectiva si el Los adoucisseurs cationiques sont des producto se presenta microemulsionado,dada su tensio-actifs qui, ajoutés a I'ea~ du dernier rincage mayor facilidad de penetración en el sustrato textil. de matieres textiles, leur conferent toute une serie El objetivo de este trabajo fue el estudio de de propriétés désirables pour les usagers, dont las cinéticas de sorción de varias suavizantes I'importance dépend de leur processus de sorption ca t j ó n jco s micro emuls jonado tipo de sur les dites matieres. Cette sorption estpl~s effective alquilamonio e amidoimidazolina ambos con dos si le produit est présenté microémulsionné, étant cadenas grasas) sobre un tejido de toalla de algoddn donné sa plus grande facilité de pénetration dans le en función de la temperatura del agua de substrat textile. aplicación.Se consideró también la estructura Ce travail a eu pour objectif d'étudier les química del suavizante. cinétiques de sorption de divers adoucisseurs cationiques microémulsionnés (du type Palabras clave: suavizantes catiónicos, microemulsión, algodón, alkylammonium ou amidoinidazoline tous deux ayant cinética.

LOS suavizantes catiónicos son tensioactivos TEMPERATURE SUR LA que, atiadidos en el último batio de aclarado durante SORPTION D'ADOUCISSEURS el lavado de materias textiles, les wnfieren una serie CATIONIQUES MICROEMULde propiedades deseables por sus usuarios,cuyas magnitudes dependen de su proceso de sorción SIONNES SUR DU COTON sobre las mismas. Esta sorción es más efectiva si el Los adoucisseurs cationiques sont des producto se presenta microemulsionado,dada su tensio-actifs qui, ajoutés a I'ea~ du dernier rincage mayor facilidad de penetración en el sustrato textil. de matieres textiles, leur conferent toute une serie El objetivo de este trabajo fue el estudio de de propriétés désirables pour les usagers, dont las cinéticas de sorción de varias suavizantes I'importance dépend de leur processus de sorption ca t j ó n jco s micro emuls jonado tipo de sur les dites matieres. Cette sorption estpl~s effective alquilamonio e amidoimidazolina ambos con dos si le produit est présenté microémulsionné, étant cadenas grasas) sobre un tejido de toalla de algoddn donné sa plus grande facilité de pénetration dans le en función de la temperatura del agua de substrat textile. aplicación.Se consideró también la estructura Ce travail a eu pour objectif d'étudier les química del suavizante. cinétiques de sorption de divers adoucisseurs cationiques microémulsionnés (du type Palabras clave: suavizantes catiónicos, microemulsión, algodón, alkylammonium ou amidoinidazoline tous deux ayant cinética.

This paper is a contribution to the physicochemical study of the formation of mixed micelles at different temperatures in a mix of sodium dodecylsulphate with non-ionic surfactants of nonylphenol oxyethylate at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 m.O.E at different temperatures. Variation of the micellar concentrations was obtained at 25°C, 35°C and 45°C from surface tension results for different mixtures, which were studied at each temperature as a function of the proportion of mixture and the length of the oxyethylate chain. Each mixture was characterised by an empirical parameter that provided a quantitative index of the molecular interaction of the mixed micelles and the synergetic effect of the reaction.

This paper is a contribution to the physicochemical study of the formation of mixed micelles at different temperatures in a mix of sodium dodecylsulphate with non-ionic surfactants of nonylphenol oxyethylate at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 m.O.E at different temperatures. Variation of the micellar concentrations was obtained at 25°C, 35°C and 45°C from surface tension results for different mixtures, which were studied at each temperature as a function of the proportion of mixture and the length of the oxyethylate chain. Each mixture was characterised by an empirical parameter that provided a quantitative index of the molecular interaction of the mixed micelles and the synergetic effect of the reaction.

The sonochemical degradation of acesulfame (ACE), a widely used artificial sweetener, was investigated. The impact of power density (40 and 71 W/L), initial ACE concentration (1.5-30.6 μМ), and initial solution pH for the elimination of the target pollutant from water was studied. It was found that nearly complete degradation of ACE was achieved within 120 min of treatment under conditions suitable for high production of free radicals. Degradation follows a pseudo-first order kinetic model. Coupling sonochemical degradation at optimal conditions with sodium persulfate (0.2-1.0 mM) enhanced the rate of ACE oxidation by six times. The influence of water complexity was also examined; the natural occurrence of humic acid in the water matrix reduced the degradation rate, despite the fact that at least 42 % of ACE removal was achieved. Finally, LC-QToF-MS was used to evaluate the generated transformation products (TPs). Using HRMS suspect and non-target screening, seven ACE TPs were identified, and their time-trend formation profiles showed a rising trend throughout the experiment. According to the ECOSAR model, most of the identified transformation products exhibited lower toxicity than acesulfame, with one notable exception that was classified as harmful due to its acute toxicity on fish and green algae.

This work examines the use of pristine Mo 2 C as an intriguing sodium persulfate (SPS) activator for the degradation of the drug losartan (LOS). Using 500 mg/L Mo 2 C and 250 mg/L SPS, 500 µg/L LOS was degraded in less than 45 min. LOS decomposition was enhanced in acidic pH, while the apparent kinetic constant decreased with higher LOS concentrations. According to experiments conducted in the presence of scavengers of reactive species, sulfate radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen participated in LOS oxidation, with the latter being the predominant reactive species. The presence of competitors such as bicarbonate and organic matter reduced the observed efficiency in actual matrices, while, interestingly, the addition of chloride accelerated the degradation rate. The catalyst showed remarkable stability, with complete LOS removal being retained after five sequential experiments. The system was examined for simultaneous LOS decomposition and elimination of Escherichia coli. The presence of E. coli retarded LOS destruction, resulting in only 30% removal after 3 h, while the system was capable of reducing E. coli concentration by 1.23 log. However, in the presence of simulated solar irradiation, E. coli was reduced by almost 4 log and LOS was completely degraded in 45 min, revealing a significant synergistic effect of the solar/Mo 2 C/SPS system.

The development of efficient heterogeneous persulfate activators is one of the main research topics in the wastewater treatment area. The present work deals with the heterogeneous activation of sodium persulfate (SPS) using nickel oxide/strontium carbonate (NiO/SrCO 3 ) for the degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a representative compound from the group of antibiotics. Results showed that NiO/SrCO 3 exhibited high performance towards the activation of SPS, leading to SMX elimination in brief time spans. The impact of SPS (25-100 mg/L), NiO/SrCO 3 (50-250 mg/L), and SMX (0.25-3.00 mg/L) concentration, and initial pH on the decomposition of SMX was further examined. Experiments were also conducted in real matrices such as secondary effluent and bottled water, revealing the existence of retarding phenomena compared to ultrapure water. This behavior was further investigated with the addition of bicarbonates, chlorides, or humic acid in ultrapure water. It was found that organic matter significantly hampered SMX removal. The role of the main radicals (hydroxyl and sulfate radicals) was determined using appropriate radical traps (methanol and tertbutanol). These quenching experiments combined with the conducted electrochemical measurements revealed that both a radical and a non-radical mechanism contribute to the decomposition of SMX.

In this work, the influence of supporting electrolytes (sodium sulfate and sodium chloride) on the electrochemical oxidation of the antihypertensive drug losartan (LOS) was studied under different operating conditions such as current density (4.1-12.5 mA cm -2 ), electrolyte concentration (0.05-0.5 M), initial pollutant concentration (250-1000 μg L -1 ) and solution pH. The role of cathodes on the removal of LOS has been investigated using five different cathodes with carbonaceous cathodes showing better LOS removal. The effect of matrix composition has been studied using simulated water spiked with various constituents and real water matrices such as bottled water (BW) and wastewater (WW). The removal of LOS was pronounced while using a chloride electrolyte as compared to the sulfate electrolyte. The apparent rate constant increased on adding persulfate (PS) up to concentrations of 150 mg L -1 and decreased in the presence of bicarbonates and organic matter. The transformation products (TPs) formed during the electrochemical oxidation depended on the supporting electrolyte and two common TPs were identified in both electrolytes with a total of 4 TPs identified in the chloride medium and 7 TPs in the sulfate medium. Degradation pathways for LOS in both electrolytes have also been proposed.

Biochar derived from pomegranate peel at different pyrolysis temperatures (450, 600, and 850 • C) was synthesized and characterized by BET, XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDX. Its catalytic efficiency in the degradation of the antihypertensive losartan (LOS) in the presence of sodium persulfate was examined. The biochar pyrolyzed at 850 • C exhibited higher catalytic activity, which was correlated with the greater surface area and higher concentration of minerals on its surface. Interestingly, despite adsorption being favored at alkaline pH, pH 3 showed the highest LOS degradation. LOS decomposition followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The addition of persulfate significantly increased LOS reduction, while the presence of inorganic and organic water matrix constituents such as sodium chloride, bicarbonate, and humic acid inhibited the oxidation. Experiments conducted with radical scavengers revealed that both hydroxyl and sulfate radicals, as well as singlet oxygen, participated in LOS decomposition, with the former being the dominant species. Using a continuous flow reactor, the system exhibited a satisfactory steady-state performance of 90% LOS removal for 114 h. Afterward, a moderate decrease in performance was observed, which can be attributed to the alteration of the catalyst's surface and mineral dissolution due to acidity.

In this study, a series of Pd/CeO 2 catalysts were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for the activation of persulfate and the degradation of the micropollutant, bisphenol A (BPA). The efficiency followed a volcano-type behavior with respect to Pd loading, and the 0.25% wt. Pd/CeO 2 exhibited the highest catalytic activity. However, this activity strongly depended on the operating conditions. The system was able to degrade 500 μg/L BPA in less than 30 min, and the removal was favored at near neutral pH (6.2). Scavenging experiments highlighted the role of superoxide and singlet oxygen, followed by sulfate radicals. The efficiency was found to be stable across several cycles, despite a slight decrease in the first cycle. The removal of BPA decreased with the complexity of the water matrices, showing the need for system optimization under real conditions. Five transformation products were identified using UHPLC/TOF-MS and their ecotoxicity was estimated using ECOSAR. Intriguingly, the system was capable of inactivating 99.99% of 2.4 × 10 5 CFU/mL E. coli, in less than 210 min making it an appealing alternative technology for the simultaneous inactivation of pathogens and degradation of micropollutants in environmental systems. conduction band ⟶ photocatalysis SO .- 4 + SO 2- 4 (2) Biochar surface -OH + S 2 O 2- 8 →Biochar surface -O . + SO .- 4 + HSO - 4

BACKGROUND: The present study investigates the in situ electrogeneration of H 2 O 2 by the 2e -oxygen reduction reaction in an electrochemical flow cell using three commercially available cathodic electrode materials with different interfacial properties; that is, activated carbon felt (ACF), non-activated carbon felt (NACF) and gas diffusion electrode (GDE). RESULTS: Experiments were first performed to optimize the operating parameters and to determine the yield of H 2 O 2 electrosynthesis. The estimated maximum yield of ∼40% was achieved with the NACF electrode after 30 min of operation. Furthermore, the performance of the electrodes was investigated in two scenarios, namely (i) under conditions with O 2 -saturated electrolyte and (ii) under continuous air supply, to study the differences in O 2 distribution within the electrode material as a function of its interfacial properties. The maximum H 2 O 2 concentration for the first scenario was 3.86 mg L -1 after 60 min of operation, which was obtained with the NACF electrode. In contrast, in the second scenario, H 2 O 2 electrogeneration was significantly increased for all three electrodes, with the GDE exhibiting the best performance, at 43.3 mg L -1 after 60 min of operation. CONCLUSIONS: The properties of the electrode material play a decisive role in H 2 O 2 electrogeneration. The hydrophilicity of the electrode is very important when O 2 is dissolved in the electrolyte. Hydrophobicity is preferable when gaseous O 2 is applied to the electrode as a three-phase interface is formed, which favors the transfer/penetration of O 2 . The pore size of the electrode is of crucial importance, as mesoporous materials facilitate the distribution of gaseous O 2 in the electrode body.

Heat-activated sodium persulfate eliminates ACE. • Elevated temperatures, acidic pH boost degradation. • Water matrix constituents can hinder degradation. • Eight ACE transformation products (TPs) detected. • Most TPs formed predicted non-toxic by ECOSAR.

The simultaneous degradation of a mixture containing 1 mg L -1 each of ethylparaben, methylparaben, and propylparaben using the UV-C/persulfate process was investigated. The degradation of these three parabens showed a similar decay pattern, resulting in >90 % reduction in <10 min. The system was capable of removing the parabens across a wide pH range; however, its efficiency was optimum at pH 6. The presence of sulfates, nitrates, and chlorides hindered slightly to moderately the removal of parabens, while a more significant decrease was observed in the presence of bicarbonates. Conversely, the addition of humic acid significantly reduced the apparent kinetic constants. In experiments conducted in environmentally relevant matrices, the observed efficiency was in the order of ultrapure water > drinking water > lake water > secondary effluent. Twelve transformation products were identified in different water matrices using high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography. Toxicity measurements conducted using Scenedesmus rubescens across different matrices revealed that despite the formation of more toxic compounds during the initial stages of the reaction due to oxidation of parabens and matrix constituents, the system has the potential to significantly reduce the observed toxicity (to <10 %) after 180 min. Electric energy consumption using all the studied aqueous matrices was also evaluated which was found to increase using polluted water matrices.

on the bubble/liquid interface of the formed cavities, while the reactive species produced from the thermal or light excitation of the prepared semiconductor also participated in the reaction. Five first-stage and four latestage transformation products were identified using UHPLC/TOF-MS, and a pathway for the sonocatalytic degradation of BPA was proposed. According to ECOSAR software prediction, most transformation by-products (TBPs) present lower ecotoxicity than the parent compound, although some remain toxic to the indicators chosen.

The escalating challenge of eliminating persistent micropollutants from aquatic environments acted as a driving force for the development of innovative Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). Among various AOPs, Light-Activated Persulfate (LAP) stands out for its efficacy due to its homogeneous nature and the potential for coupling with renewable sources, leading to enhanced sustainability. From this perspective, this review summarizes the research on LAP for the degradation of micropollutants over the previous six years. It examines the effect of operational parameters such as persulfate concentration, light type and intensity, and pH, with particular emphasis on the effect of water matrices consisting of inorganic ions and organic matter and the application in environmentally relevant water matrices. Particular emphasis was given to the investigation of toxicity variation during the treatment. In addition, some elements of a preliminary estimation of the energy and cost needed are included. Finally, this comprehensive review includes some indicative hybrid systems that achieve dual activation of persulfate with enhanced efficiency and provides suggestions for the intensified future research needed for the transition from the lab scale to industrial application.

Persulfate (PS) is widely used to degrade emerging organic contaminants in groundwater and soil systems, and various PS activation methods (e.g., energy or chemical inputs) have been considered to increase oxidation strength. This study investigates PS activation through manganese amendment in the form of potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) and manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) to subsequently degrade the emerging and recalcitrant groundwater contaminant 1,4-dioxane (1,4-D). The activation of PS by MnO 2 was confirmed by radical trap and by product formation. The degradation kinetics of 1,4-D by PS was also compared with varying amendments of KMnO 4 and MnO 2 . The results showed that MnO 2 activated PS, which increased the degradation rate constant of 1,4-D. KMnO 4 activation of PS was not observed even though the binary oxidant mixture did enhance the degradation of 1,4-D. These results have implications for applying in situ chemical oxidation in subsurface systems, especially for conditions wherein manganese exists naturally in groundwater or aquifer minerals to support possible PS activation.

h i g h l i g h t s g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t O 3 and 1,4-dioxane complex within hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin (HPbCD). O 3 reactivity and 1,4-dioxane removal were enhanced within HPbCD cavity. 1,4-Dioxane removal rate constants increased with HPbCD addition. 1,4-Dioxane removal rate constants increased with co-contaminants. 1,4-Dioxane removal rate constants increased with salt addition.

MNA assessment methods for contaminant treatment reagent delivery assessment. Aqueous ozone solute transport through porous media with both decay and sorption. Mixed reactors, transport experiments, and modeling had comparable rate constants. Comparable methods for quantification of reagent delivery attenuation kinetics.

Recalcitrant organic groundwater contaminants, such as 1,4-dioxane, may require strong oxidants for complete mineralization. However, their efficacy for in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is limited by oxidant decay and reactivity. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) was examined for its ability to stabilize aqueous-phase ozone (O 3 ) and prolong oxidation potential through inclusion complex formation. Partial transformation of HPβCD by O 3 was observed. However, HPβCD proved to be sufficiently recalcitrant, because it was only partially degraded in the presence of O 3 . The formation of a HPβCD:O 3 clathrate complex was observed, which stabilized decay of O 3 . The presence of HPβCD increased the O 3 half-life linearly with increasing HPβCD:O 3 molar ratio. The O 3 halflife in solutions increased by as much as 40-fold relative to HPβCD-free O 3 solutions. Observed O 3 release from HPβCD and indigo oxidation confirmed that the formation of the inclusion complex is reversible. This proof-ofconcept study demonstrates that HPβCD can complex O 3 while preserving its reactivity. These results suggest that the use of clathrate stabilizers, such as HPβCD, can support the development of a facilitated-transport enabled ISCO for the O 3 treatment of groundwater contaminated with recalcitrant compounds.

The existence of the artificial sweetener acesulfame (ACE) in quantities of significance can negatively impact water quality, and its consumption has been associated with deleterious health effects. The present investigation explores the efficacy of heat-activated sodium persulfate (SPS) for eliminating ACE. The complete degradation of 0.50 mg L−1 of ACE was achieved within 45 min under a reaction temperature of 50 °C and 100 mg L−1 of SPS. The impact of thermal decomposition on ACE at a temperature of 60 °C was negligible. This study considers several factors, such as the SPS and ACE loading, the reaction temperature, the initial pH, and the water matrix of the reactor. The results indicate that the method's efficiency is positively correlated with higher initial concentrations of SPS, whereas it is inversely associated with the initial concentration of ACE. Furthermore, higher reaction temperatures and acidic initial pH levels promote the degradation of acesulfame. At the same time, certain constituents of the water matrix, such as humic acid, chlorides, and bicarbonates, can hinder the degradation process. Additionally, the data from LC-QToF-MS analysis of the samples were used to investigate transformation through suspect and non-target screening approaches. Overall, ACE's eight transformation products (TPs) were detected, and a potential ACE decomposition pathway was proposed. The concentration of TPs followed a volcano curve, decreasing in long treatment times. The ecotoxicity of ACE and its identified TPs was predicted using the ECOSAR software. The majority of TPs exhibited not harmful values.

BACKGROUND
The present study investigates the in situ electrogeneration of H2O2 by the 2e− oxygen reduction reaction in an electrochemical flow cell using three commercially available cathodic electrode materials with different interfacial properties; that is, activated carbon felt (ACF), non-activated carbon felt (NACF) and gas diffusion electrode (GDE).

RESULTS
Experiments were first performed to optimize the operating parameters and to determine the yield of H2O2 electrosynthesis. The estimated maximum yield of ~40% was achieved with the NACF electrode after 30 min of operation. Furthermore, the performance of the electrodes was investigated in two scenarios, namely (i) under conditions with O2-saturated electrolyte and (ii) under continuous air supply, to study the differences in O2 distribution within the electrode material as a function of its interfacial properties. The maximum H2O2 concentration for the first scenario was 3.86 mg L−1 after 60 min of operation, which was obtained with the NACF electrode. In contrast, in the second scenario, H2O2 electrogeneration was significantly increased for all three electrodes, with the GDE exhibiting the best performance, at 43.3 mg L−1 after 60 min of operation.

CONCLUSIONS
The properties of the electrode material play a decisive role in H2O2 electrogeneration. The hydrophilicity of the electrode is very important when O2 is dissolved in the electrolyte. Hydrophobicity is preferable when gaseous O2 is applied to the electrode as a three-phase interface is formed, which favors the transfer/penetration of O2. The pore size of the electrode is of crucial importance, as mesoporous materials facilitate the distribution of gaseous O2 in the electrode body

n the last few years, the in situ H2O2 electrogeneration through the 2e− oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) pathway has increasingly intrigued the scientific community. In particular, a wide experimental campaign has addressed the synthesis of different carbonaceous cathodes. This has resulted in a high number of 2D and 3D cathode materials, either pristine or modified, whose ability to electrogenerate H2O2 in an efficient manner has been tested in different types of electrochemical reactors. Although there is some experimental work correlating the properties of cathode materials with the H2O2 production efficiency, there is no systematic study on this subject. The purpose of this critical review, which is focused on the literature published within the period 2010-2022, is to elucidate the role of the interfacial properties of carbonaceous cathodes in this field. These cathodes can be classified in two categories according to their structure (i.e., crystalline and fibrous), and in five sub-categories: reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC), graphite, carbon felt, graphite felt and gas-diffusion electrode (GDE). These categories are briefly introduced and the performance of materials is compared. Additionally their interfacial properties (hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, O 1s/C 1s ratio, pore size and specific surface area) are analyzed, trying to show their influence on the cathode performance in terms of current efficiency. The durability of the cathodes is also examined, along with density functional theory (DFT) studies conducted for the 2e− ORR. Finally, general conclusions and recommendations for future research are presented.

This work examines the use of pristine Mo2C as an intriguing sodium persulfate (SPS) activator for the degradation of the drug losartan (LOS). Using 500 mg/L Mo2C and 250 mg/L SPS, 500 μg/L LOS was degraded in less than 45 min. LOS decomposition was enhanced in acidic pH, while the apparent kinetic constant decreased with higher LOS concentrations. According to experiments conducted in the presence of scavengers of reactive species, sulfate radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen participated in LOS oxidation, with the latter being the predominant reactive species. The presence of competitors such as bicarbonate and organic matter reduced the observed efficiency in actual matrices, while, interestingly, the addition of chloride accelerated the degradation rate. The catalyst showed remarkable stability, with complete LOS removal being retained after five sequential experiments. The system was examined for simultaneous LOS decomposition and elimination of Escherichia coli. The presence of E. coli retarded LOS destruction, resulting in only 30% removal after 3 h, while the system was capable of reducing E. coli concentration by 1.23 log. However, in the presence of simulated solar irradiation, E. coli was reduced by almost 4 log and LOS was completely degraded in 45 min, revealing a significant synergistic effect of the solar/Mo2C/SPS system

pathway has increasingly intrigued the scientific community. In particular, a wide experimental campaign has
addressed the synthesis of different carbonaceous cathodes. This has resulted in a high number of 2D and 3D
cathode materials, either pristine or modified, whose ability to electrogenerate H2O2 in an efficient manner has
been tested in different types of electrochemical reactors. Although there is some experimental work correlating
the properties of cathode materials with the H2O2 production efficiency, there is no systematic study on this
subject. The purpose of this critical review, which is focused on the literature published within the period 20102022, is to elucidate the role of the interfacial properties of carbonaceous cathodes in this field. These cathodes
can be classified in two categories according to their structure (i.e., crystalline and fibrous), and in five subcategories: reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC), graphite, carbon felt, graphite felt and gas-diffusion electrode
(GDE). These categories are briefly introduced and the performance of materials is compared. Additionally their
interfacial properties (hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, O 1s/C 1s ratio, pore size and specific surface area) are
analyzed, trying to show their influence on the cathode performance in terms of current efficiency. The durability
of the cathodes is also examined, along with density functional theory (DFT) studies conducted for the 2e

A comparison is made between results of edible oils gathered by sensory analysis and data obtained from an electronic nose. Both techniques were applied to the following cases: separation of soybean oil, sunflower oil, olive oil (ordinary olive oil) and virgin olive oil. Evaluation of degradation effects of olive oil and virgin olive oil due to oxidation processes produced by their exposition to daylight and heat, were also analyzed. The importance of sensory analysis has grown (particularly, in case of olive oils) because of legislation in several countries (among them, U.S.A and the European Community) that require the application of sensory analysis to food and beverages before commercialization. However, as sensory analysis exhibits limitations due to its dependence of many physical and psychological factors affecting the subjectivity of human judgement, it is interesting to compare sensory panel results with electronic nose data, that is to say, with results from an olfactory system exhibiting higher objectivity and invariable response with time (contributing to the success of a routine analysis). En este trabajo se efectua una comparación entre los resultados del análisis sensorial de aceites de oliva comestibles y los datos de una nariz electrónica. Ambas técnicas fueron aplicadas a los siguientes casos: separación de aceite de soja, aceite de girasol, aceite de oliva (aceite de oliva puro) y aceite de oliva virgen. La evaluación de los efectos de la degradación del aceite de oliva y del aceite de oliva virgen, debidos a los procesos de oxidación producidos por su exposición a la luz del día y al calor, es también discutida. La importancia del análisis sensorial ha crecido (particularmente, en el caso de los aceites de oliva) porque la legislación en varios países (entre ellos EE.UU y la Comunidad Europea) requiere el análisis sensorial de alimentos y bebidas antes de su comercialización. Como el análisis sensorial presenta limitaciones debido a su dependencia de factores físicos y sicológicos que afectan la subjetividad del juicio humano, ha resultado interesante comparar las evaluaciones del panel sensorial con los datos de una nariz electrónica, es decir, con los resultados de un sistema olfativo que presenta mayor objetividad y respuesta invariable con el tiempo (lo que contribuye al éxito de un análisis de rutina).

The present investigation focuses on the identification of popular PhACs in roots, leaves and rice grains, which
are cultivated in soil irrigated with waters and wastewater. The present study reveals the presence of PhACs in
rice grains from different brands which are available in the current market, which has thus motivated these
experiments. The rice plants were cultivated in garden containers and irrigated with three different water
sources. All PhAC compounds were recovered within an 89–111 % range using the extraction technique,
reproducibility, and sensitivity (LOQ <25 μg/g). Further, PhAC compounds were identified using liquid chromatography
quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QqTOF-MS). Interestingly, several PhAC compounds
were detected in rice grains, aligning with hypotheses and findings from published literature. A total of
ten (10) PhACs were found in the root, leaf, and rice grain of the 20 popular PhACs that were targeted. The
annual exposure and medical dose equivalent for individual PhACs was negligible. According to our knowledge,
this study is the first to show the accumulation of several categories (cocktail) of PhACs in rice grains and show
the approximate human health risk assessment by its consumption. The study’s results provide valuable insights
for researchers, policymakers, and agricultural practitioners working on sustainable agriculture and public
health.