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A Rapid Assessment of Natural Environments in the Maldives: Supplementary Site Assessments

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Abstract

The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), USAID (United States Agency for International Development), Project REGENERATE or the Government of Maldives concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, USAID, Project REGENERATE or the Government of Maldives. This publication has been made possible in part by generous funding from USAID. The facilitation required for the research has been made possible by the Ministry of Environment (MoEnv), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Maldives Marine Research Institute (MMRI).

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Table 1: Description of the four types of mangrove ecosystems found in the Maldives. From Saleem and Nileysha (200¢
Table 1: Description of the four types of mangrove ecosystems found in the Maldives. From Saleem and Nileysha (200¢
Figure 1: Map of Bodulhaimenchoo survey areas. Terrestrial survey areas are (A) Central pond, (B) NW pond, (C) NE pond and the coastal fringe area which runs around the island perimeter. Black diamonds indicate the start and end points of the coral reef surveys
Figure 1: Map of Bodulhaimenchoo survey areas. Terrestrial survey areas are (A) Central pond, (B) NW pond, (C) NE pond and the coastal fringe area which runs around the island perimeter. Black diamonds indicate the start and end points of the coral reef surveys
Figure 2: Recording data at a terrestrial survey point The terrestrial survey area was the divided into four habitats: the coastal fringe, centre pond fringe, north east pond fringe and north west pond fringe. Survey points were identified using a stratified sampling approach with sites selected around pond fringes and around the coastal fringe area. GPS coordinates were extracted from Google Earth© version 7.3.1 and entered into a handheld GPS (either Garmin etrex 20x or Garmin GPS maps 64s) for navigation to the point (Figure 2), Ata survey point a 2.5 m radius circle was estimated and the dominant and secondary flora within the area were identified to species and their respective percent Covers were estimated. The height of the dominant species was estimated to the nearest metre. Substrate type was recorded and counts of crab burrows and rubbish were conducted. The number of Survey points for each zone was dependent on zone size and accessed on foot or by kayak. If identified points were inaccessible a new point was taken as close as possible to the original and the survey was performed here. Wetland bird and fish surveys were conducted concurrent with terrestrial habitat surveys. All birds mhaanian \njara inanttfian tn anarinc Noonu Atoll is the southern administrative division of the large Miladhunmadulu Atoll, in the north of the Maldives. Partly because of its location in the far north of the country and generally low population, the atoll iS under surveyed and currently has no marine protected areas or sustainable management plans for any of the inhabited islands.
Figure 2: Recording data at a terrestrial survey point The terrestrial survey area was the divided into four habitats: the coastal fringe, centre pond fringe, north east pond fringe and north west pond fringe. Survey points were identified using a stratified sampling approach with sites selected around pond fringes and around the coastal fringe area. GPS coordinates were extracted from Google Earth© version 7.3.1 and entered into a handheld GPS (either Garmin etrex 20x or Garmin GPS maps 64s) for navigation to the point (Figure 2), Ata survey point a 2.5 m radius circle was estimated and the dominant and secondary flora within the area were identified to species and their respective percent Covers were estimated. The height of the dominant species was estimated to the nearest metre. Substrate type was recorded and counts of crab burrows and rubbish were conducted. The number of Survey points for each zone was dependent on zone size and accessed on foot or by kayak. If identified points were inaccessible a new point was taken as close as possible to the original and the survey was performed here. Wetland bird and fish surveys were conducted concurrent with terrestrial habitat surveys. All birds mhaanian \njara inanttfian tn anarinc Noonu Atoll is the southern administrative division of the large Miladhunmadulu Atoll, in the north of the Maldives. Partly because of its location in the far north of the country and generally low population, the atoll iS under surveyed and currently has no marine protected areas or sustainable management plans for any of the inhabited islands.
Figure 4: Percent cover of tree species at the four areas of vegetation surveyed on Bodulhaimendhoo lasted 15 minutes with start and finish times, survey location (GPS of start/ finish or entry/exit), reef type (wall, slope, channel), estimated average depth and visibility recorded. The percent was visually estimated for eight different substrate categories: live coral, sponge, turf algae, macroalgae, rock, rubble, sand, and crustose coralline algae (CCA). Reef structural complexity was estimated on a scale of O — 5, where O was considered completely flat and 5 very complex with a high number of holes and refuges, complex coral structure and tall coral
Figure 4: Percent cover of tree species at the four areas of vegetation surveyed on Bodulhaimendhoo lasted 15 minutes with start and finish times, survey location (GPS of start/ finish or entry/exit), reef type (wall, slope, channel), estimated average depth and visibility recorded. The percent was visually estimated for eight different substrate categories: live coral, sponge, turf algae, macroalgae, rock, rubble, sand, and crustose coralline algae (CCA). Reef structural complexity was estimated on a scale of O — 5, where O was considered completely flat and 5 very complex with a high number of holes and refuges, complex coral structure and tall coral
Figure 3: Recording ecological data during roaming surveys Fish were identified to family and their abundance was estimated. Due to the close proximity of the four survey habitats it was not possible to clearly identify which habitat birds were observed in therefore counts were made for the whole island.
Figure 3: Recording ecological data during roaming surveys Fish were identified to family and their abundance was estimated. Due to the close proximity of the four survey habitats it was not possible to clearly identify which habitat birds were observed in therefore counts were made for the whole island.
Table 2: Bird species observed during the terrestrial surveys at Bodulhaimendhoo
Table 2: Bird species observed during the terrestrial surveys at Bodulhaimendhoo
Figure 5: Mean number of items of refuse found in per 20 m? survey point in the four areas of vegetation surveyed on Bodulhaimendhoo The reef type around Bodulhaimendhoo was predominantly steep rocky wall, stretching from about 3 — 35 m deep. Both the north and south reef walls had numerous cave and fissures, however they were more abundant on the southern reef All terrestrial Survey areas had refuse present. Plastic was the dominant type of waste observed followed by polystyrene foam, rubber, metal cans and glass. The amount of refuse found around the coastal fringe area was significantly great than at the other three areas (Figure 5). All refuse items found were less than 50 cm.
Figure 5: Mean number of items of refuse found in per 20 m? survey point in the four areas of vegetation surveyed on Bodulhaimendhoo The reef type around Bodulhaimendhoo was predominantly steep rocky wall, stretching from about 3 — 35 m deep. Both the north and south reef walls had numerous cave and fissures, however they were more abundant on the southern reef All terrestrial Survey areas had refuse present. Plastic was the dominant type of waste observed followed by polystyrene foam, rubber, metal cans and glass. The amount of refuse found around the coastal fringe area was significantly great than at the other three areas (Figure 5). All refuse items found were less than 50 cm.
Figure 6: Percent cover of biotic substrate at the two Bodulhaimendhoo reef survey sites.
Figure 6: Percent cover of biotic substrate at the two Bodulhaimendhoo reef survey sites.
Figure 7: Percent cover of abiotic substrate at the two Bodulhaimendhoo reef survey sites.
Figure 7: Percent cover of abiotic substrate at the two Bodulhaimendhoo reef survey sites.
Figure 9: Images of the coral reef around Bodulhaimendhoo Mangrove growth was limited to the large central pond, and to just a single species Rhizophora apiculata. This genus is characterised by large prop roots which intertwine to create a complex habitat above and below the water and is important for many fish, bird and insect species. However, due to poor water visibility and difficulty surveying the large, soft A total of 87 families of reef associated fish were observed during surveys (Jable A7). Only Acanthuridae, Chaetodontidae, Labridae, Lutjanidae, Pomacentridae, Scaridae and Serranidae were observed on all surveys. Six families were recorded only at the north reef site (Figure 8). The herbivorous families Acanthuridae and Scaridae were observed within the first six minutes of all surveys. Lutjanidae were observed in less than 8 minutes on all surveys and in less than 3 minutes northern reef Surveys. Chaetodontidae were rapidly observed across all surveys.
Figure 9: Images of the coral reef around Bodulhaimendhoo Mangrove growth was limited to the large central pond, and to just a single species Rhizophora apiculata. This genus is characterised by large prop roots which intertwine to create a complex habitat above and below the water and is important for many fish, bird and insect species. However, due to poor water visibility and difficulty surveying the large, soft A total of 87 families of reef associated fish were observed during surveys (Jable A7). Only Acanthuridae, Chaetodontidae, Labridae, Lutjanidae, Pomacentridae, Scaridae and Serranidae were observed on all surveys. Six families were recorded only at the north reef site (Figure 8). The herbivorous families Acanthuridae and Scaridae were observed within the first six minutes of all surveys. Lutjanidae were observed in less than 8 minutes on all surveys and in less than 3 minutes northern reef Surveys. Chaetodontidae were rapidly observed across all surveys.
Common Name Number of surveys Table A 1: All fish families observed on surveys in Bodulhaimendhoo Appendix
Common Name Number of surveys Table A 1: All fish families observed on surveys in Bodulhaimendhoo Appendix
Table A 2: All vegetation species observed on surveys in Bodulhaimendhoo
Table A 2: All vegetation species observed on surveys in Bodulhaimendhoo
Table 1: Description of the four types of mangrove ecosystems found in the Maldives. From Saleem and Nileysha (200¢
Table 1: Description of the four types of mangrove ecosystems found in the Maldives. From Saleem and Nileysha (200¢
Figure 1: Map of Dhiffushimaadhoo survey areas. Yellow polygons indicate terrestrial survey areas, .OGoogle Earth 2015
Figure 1: Map of Dhiffushimaadhoo survey areas. Yellow polygons indicate terrestrial survey areas, .OGoogle Earth 2015
Figure 2: Recording data at a terrestrial survey point Wetland bird and fish surveys were conducted concurrently with terrestrial habitat surveys. All birds observed were identified to species. Fish were identified to family and their abundance was estimated.
Figure 2: Recording data at a terrestrial survey point Wetland bird and fish surveys were conducted concurrently with terrestrial habitat surveys. All birds observed were identified to species. Fish were identified to family and their abundance was estimated.
Figure 3: Proportion of cover of tree species at the two vegetation areas surveyed The bay at Dhiffushi Maadhoo appears to be an important area for marine and avifauna. Many juvenile reef fish were observed as well as a high number of prey fish species. The number of juvenile blacktip reef sharks suggests Nine species of flora were identified during the surveys (Jab/e 2), including a single species of mangrove. Pemphis acidula was the dominant vegetation in both survey areas. In the coastal fringe and mangrove bay it made up over 65 % and 95 % respectively of the total vegetation recorded (Figure 1). Both habitats had a similar mix of species. The mangrove species recorded was Heritiera littoralis. A single adult tree was found surround by many juvenile trees.
Figure 3: Proportion of cover of tree species at the two vegetation areas surveyed The bay at Dhiffushi Maadhoo appears to be an important area for marine and avifauna. Many juvenile reef fish were observed as well as a high number of prey fish species. The number of juvenile blacktip reef sharks suggests Nine species of flora were identified during the surveys (Jab/e 2), including a single species of mangrove. Pemphis acidula was the dominant vegetation in both survey areas. In the coastal fringe and mangrove bay it made up over 65 % and 95 % respectively of the total vegetation recorded (Figure 1). Both habitats had a similar mix of species. The mangrove species recorded was Heritiera littoralis. A single adult tree was found surround by many juvenile trees.
Table A 1: Bird species observed in the mangrove bay area Appendix
Table A 1: Bird species observed in the mangrove bay area Appendix
Table A 2: Fish species observed in the mangrove bay area
Table A 2: Fish species observed in the mangrove bay area
DHIGULAABADHOO rainwater in depressions. There was also an area of coconut grove that is regularly harvested. Pond vegetation was made up of the same species as the coastal scrub communities, with no true mangrove species present. Ponds contained small fish and gastropods and several bird species were observed in the surrounding vegetation. There was a large bay area with a smaller mangrove bay in the north. Many juvenile sharks and rays were observed throughout the mangrove bay, as well juvenile reef fish and birds. There were several large patch reefs extending from the bay area to the outer reef. These had high coral cover of resilient Porites corals and had high numbers of juvenile reef fish. A fringing reef was present around the outside of the island. The outer atoll facing reef had many small branching and table corals. The inner atoll facing reef and channel reef area had some large patches of dead coral. Introduction
DHIGULAABADHOO rainwater in depressions. There was also an area of coconut grove that is regularly harvested. Pond vegetation was made up of the same species as the coastal scrub communities, with no true mangrove species present. Ponds contained small fish and gastropods and several bird species were observed in the surrounding vegetation. There was a large bay area with a smaller mangrove bay in the north. Many juvenile sharks and rays were observed throughout the mangrove bay, as well juvenile reef fish and birds. There were several large patch reefs extending from the bay area to the outer reef. These had high coral cover of resilient Porites corals and had high numbers of juvenile reef fish. A fringing reef was present around the outside of the island. The outer atoll facing reef had many small branching and table corals. The inner atoll facing reef and channel reef area had some large patches of dead coral. Introduction
Figure 1. Branching and Tabular corals complementing the complexity of the reef found in Laabadhoo
Figure 1. Branching and Tabular corals complementing the complexity of the reef found in Laabadhoo
Table 2. Location, mean complexity and mean substrate cover of the quantitative surveys.
Table 2. Location, mean complexity and mean substrate cover of the quantitative surveys.
Table 3. Location, total number of fish families and mean number of fish families per transect observed across all sites and at individual survey sites Values for the fish community matched the national averages for fish diversity. A diverse fish community indicates a healthy reef and a resilience against future degradation (Bellwood et al. 2004). Groupers and butterflyfish are indicators of unfished and healthy
Table 3. Location, total number of fish families and mean number of fish families per transect observed across all sites and at individual survey sites Values for the fish community matched the national averages for fish diversity. A diverse fish community indicates a healthy reef and a resilience against future degradation (Bellwood et al. 2004). Groupers and butterflyfish are indicators of unfished and healthy
Figure 3. Mean percentage cover of substrate categories across all surveys on Dhigulaabadhoo
Figure 3. Mean percentage cover of substrate categories across all surveys on Dhigulaabadhoo
Table 4. Location, total number of species, mean number of species and mean density per transect observed for grouper anc butterflyfish across all sites and at individual survey sites
Table 4. Location, total number of species, mean number of species and mean density per transect observed for grouper anc butterflyfish across all sites and at individual survey sites
Table 5. Location, total number of species, mean number of species and mean density per transect observed for parrotfish and surgeonfish across all sites and at individual survey sites
Table 5. Location, total number of species, mean number of species and mean density per transect observed for parrotfish and surgeonfish across all sites and at individual survey sites
Figure 5. Turtle skeleton found buried in the island Figure 4. Blacktip Reef Shark crusing in the reef These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. Complex reef flats and slopes are foraging grounds for reef sharks
Figure 5. Turtle skeleton found buried in the island Figure 4. Blacktip Reef Shark crusing in the reef These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. Complex reef flats and slopes are foraging grounds for reef sharks
Table 6. Location and number of IUCN Redlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed during rapid surveys.
Table 6. Location and number of IUCN Redlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed during rapid surveys.
Figure 7. Magrove trees found at the bay area of Laabaadhoo. Figure 6. Vegetation found in the island. The coastal fringe facing the outer atoll was dominated by Scaevola taccada, Talipariti tiliaceum and Guettarda speciosa. Here the vegetation line is far from the high-water line. Pemphis scidula dominated on the bay fringe where the high-water line reached the vegetation edge. The pond fringe areas were also dominated by these species, though there were also patches of Pandanus tectorius. Ponds had no evidence of any mangrove vegetation. The mangrove bay was dominated by Ceriops tegal, with few stands of Rhizophora mucronata. The width of mangrove growth was very narrow, usually only a single tree deep. Though seedling density was not recorded, there was evidence of juvenile growth, an indicator of a healthy community.A
Figure 7. Magrove trees found at the bay area of Laabaadhoo. Figure 6. Vegetation found in the island. The coastal fringe facing the outer atoll was dominated by Scaevola taccada, Talipariti tiliaceum and Guettarda speciosa. Here the vegetation line is far from the high-water line. Pemphis scidula dominated on the bay fringe where the high-water line reached the vegetation edge. The pond fringe areas were also dominated by these species, though there were also patches of Pandanus tectorius. Ponds had no evidence of any mangrove vegetation. The mangrove bay was dominated by Ceriops tegal, with few stands of Rhizophora mucronata. The width of mangrove growth was very narrow, usually only a single tree deep. Though seedling density was not recorded, there was evidence of juvenile growth, an indicator of a healthy community.A
Table 7. Percent cover of plant species in the three vegetation zones surveyed.
Table 7. Percent cover of plant species in the three vegetation zones surveyed.
Table 8. Abundance of bird species observed in the three zones surveyed
Table 8. Abundance of bird species observed in the three zones surveyed
Figure 8. Juvenile Blacktip Reefshark found in the Mangrove bay area of Laabaadhoo Figure 9. Juvenile fish species found in the Mangrove bay area of Laabaadhoo
Figure 8. Juvenile Blacktip Reefshark found in the Mangrove bay area of Laabaadhoo Figure 9. Juvenile fish species found in the Mangrove bay area of Laabaadhoo
Table A’. All fish families recorded Fish families observed at Dhigulaabadhoo
Table A’. All fish families recorded Fish families observed at Dhigulaabadhoo
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census around Dhigulaabadhoc Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census around Dhigulaabadhoc Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater
Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Dhigulaabadhoo
Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Dhigulaabadhoo
Table 1. Latitude and longitude of the quantitative survey sites
Table 1. Latitude and longitude of the quantitative survey sites
mucronata was also present. Many juvenile sharks and rays were observed throughout the bay, as well juvenile reef fish and birds. Juvenile sicklefin lemon sharks (Negaprion acutidens), a vulnerable (IUCN Redlist) species, were observed in high numbers. A ringing reef is present around the outside of the island. The outer atoll acing reef had many small branching and table corals. The inner reef slope was generally rubble with small rocky patches of coral growth.
mucronata was also present. Many juvenile sharks and rays were observed throughout the bay, as well juvenile reef fish and birds. Juvenile sicklefin lemon sharks (Negaprion acutidens), a vulnerable (IUCN Redlist) species, were observed in high numbers. A ringing reef is present around the outside of the island. The outer atoll acing reef had many small branching and table corals. The inner reef slope was generally rubble with small rocky patches of coral growth.
Figure 1. A sting ray hovering on top of the benthic habitat of Farukolhu Fish Community Coral Reef Benthos
Figure 1. A sting ray hovering on top of the benthic habitat of Farukolhu Fish Community Coral Reef Benthos
Figure 2. Mean percentage cover of substrate categories across all surveys on Farukolhu Two sites were surveyed using quantitative transect methods (Jable 7). The substrate of the reefs surveyed was predominantly rock, rubble and sand. This characterised the inner and northem fringing reef. However, environmental conditions prevented detailed surveys of the oute reef which rapid surveys indicated had
Figure 2. Mean percentage cover of substrate categories across all surveys on Farukolhu Two sites were surveyed using quantitative transect methods (Jable 7). The substrate of the reefs surveyed was predominantly rock, rubble and sand. This characterised the inner and northem fringing reef. However, environmental conditions prevented detailed surveys of the oute reef which rapid surveys indicated had
Total number of families Mean number of families Table 3. Location, total number of fish families and mean number of fish families per transect observed across all sites and at individual survey sites
Total number of families Mean number of families Table 3. Location, total number of fish families and mean number of fish families per transect observed across all sites and at individual survey sites
Table 4. Location, total number of species, mean number of species and mean density per transect observed for grouper and butterflyfish across all sites and at individual survey sites
Table 4. Location, total number of species, mean number of species and mean density per transect observed for grouper and butterflyfish across all sites and at individual survey sites
Table 5. Location, total number of species, mean number of species and mean density per transect observed for parrotfish and surgeonfish across all sites and at individual survey sites
Table 5. Location, total number of species, mean number of species and mean density per transect observed for parrotfish and surgeonfish across all sites and at individual survey sites
Figure 3. An Endangered hawksbill turtle laying on the benthos in Farukolhu Number of Endangered Animals
Figure 3. An Endangered hawksbill turtle laying on the benthos in Farukolhu Number of Endangered Animals
Table 6. Location and number of IUCN Redlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed during rapid surveys.
Table 6. Location and number of IUCN Redlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed during rapid surveys.
Figure 7. Bruguier sp. Figure 6. Mangrove vegetation Figure 4. Shoreline vegetation of Farukolhu Figure 5. Island vegetation
Figure 7. Bruguier sp. Figure 6. Mangrove vegetation Figure 4. Shoreline vegetation of Farukolhu Figure 5. Island vegetation
Vegetation
Vegetation
Zone Table 7. Percent cover of plant species in the three vegetation zones surveyed.
Zone Table 7. Percent cover of plant species in the three vegetation zones surveyed.
Figure 9. A Grey Heron flying on top of the mangrove trees
Figure 9. A Grey Heron flying on top of the mangrove trees
Figure 8. A flock of black Naoed Tern
Figure 8. A flock of black Naoed Tern
Table 8. Abundance of fish species observed in the mangrove bay Table 8. Abundance of bird species observed in the three zones surveyed
Table 8. Abundance of fish species observed in the mangrove bay Table 8. Abundance of bird species observed in the three zones surveyed
A high number of birds were observed across the island. The bird species observed differed between survey zones. Birds were most abundant in the mangrove bay habitat. This might be due to the abundance of potential prey, including gastropods and small fish. Surveys were limited to daylight hours, SO no roosting was observed, and we were unable to determine the location of any nesting sites. The mangrove bay had an abundant and diverse fish community sheltering or hunting amongst the mangrove roots. of A high number of juvenile sharks and rays were found at indicating this habitat is an important nursery ground. Notably, juvenile sicklefin lemon sharks (Negaprion acutidens), a rare and vulnerable (IUCN
A high number of birds were observed across the island. The bird species observed differed between survey zones. Birds were most abundant in the mangrove bay habitat. This might be due to the abundance of potential prey, including gastropods and small fish. Surveys were limited to daylight hours, SO no roosting was observed, and we were unable to determine the location of any nesting sites. The mangrove bay had an abundant and diverse fish community sheltering or hunting amongst the mangrove roots. of A high number of juvenile sharks and rays were found at indicating this habitat is an important nursery ground. Notably, juvenile sicklefin lemon sharks (Negaprion acutidens), a rare and vulnerable (IUCN
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census Grouper, butterflyfish, parrotfisn and surgeonfish species observed at Farukolhu
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census Grouper, butterflyfish, parrotfisn and surgeonfish species observed at Farukolhu
Common Family — Family Common Family Family
Common Family — Family Common Family Family
Fish families observed at Farukolhu
Fish families observed at Farukolhu
Table A’. All fish families recorded
Table A’. All fish families recorded
Table A4. All parrotfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census Table A. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census
Table A4. All parrotfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census Table A. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census
Table A5. All surgeonfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census
Table A5. All surgeonfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census
Point # Latitude Longitude
Point # Latitude Longitude
Table A6. Latitude and longitude of the terrestrial surveys
Table A6. Latitude and longitude of the terrestrial surveys
Table 1: Description of the four types of mangrove ecosystems found in the Maldives From Saleem and Nileysha (2003)
Table 1: Description of the four types of mangrove ecosystems found in the Maldives From Saleem and Nileysha (2003)
Figure 1: Map of Kendhikulhudhoo survey areas. Yellow polygons indicate terrestrial survey areas, A) northern wetland, B) north pond, C) south pond and D) southern wetland. Black diamonds indicate the coral reef survey sites. O©Google Earth 2019 The terrestrial survey area on Kendhikulhucdhoo was identified as the habitat in the south east of the island, the two large ponds along the eastern edge and wetland area at the north (Figure 7). Survey points were identified using a stratified sampling
Figure 1: Map of Kendhikulhudhoo survey areas. Yellow polygons indicate terrestrial survey areas, A) northern wetland, B) north pond, C) south pond and D) southern wetland. Black diamonds indicate the coral reef survey sites. O©Google Earth 2019 The terrestrial survey area on Kendhikulhucdhoo was identified as the habitat in the south east of the island, the two large ponds along the eastern edge and wetland area at the north (Figure 7). Survey points were identified using a stratified sampling
Figure 2: Recording data at a terrestrial survey point
Figure 2: Recording data at a terrestrial survey point
Figure 3: Surveyors carrying out marine surveys. (A) fish and benthic survey (B) coral recruitment survey The coral reef habitat was surveyed using transects SCUBA at a depth of 10m. Six transects were conducted at each site and a aap of at least 5
Figure 3: Surveyors carrying out marine surveys. (A) fish and benthic survey (B) coral recruitment survey The coral reef habitat was surveyed using transects SCUBA at a depth of 10m. Six transects were conducted at each site and a aap of at least 5
Figure 4: Images of the coral reef surveys at the. (A) south, (B) North and (C) Inside reef survey sites
Figure 4: Images of the coral reef surveys at the. (A) south, (B) North and (C) Inside reef survey sites
Figure 5: Percent cover of tree species at the four areas of vegetation surveyed on Kendhikulhuchoo.
Figure 5: Percent cover of tree species at the four areas of vegetation surveyed on Kendhikulhuchoo.
Figure 7: Mean number of items of refuse found in per 2.5m radius survey point in the four areas of vegetation surveyed on Kendhikulhudhoo
Figure 7: Mean number of items of refuse found in per 2.5m radius survey point in the four areas of vegetation surveyed on Kendhikulhudhoo
Figure 8: (A) Waste dumped in pond area (B) dried up marsh-based mangrove area
Figure 8: (A) Waste dumped in pond area (B) dried up marsh-based mangrove area
able 2: Bird species observed in each of the four areas of vegetation surveyed on Kendhikulhudhoo
able 2: Bird species observed in each of the four areas of vegetation surveyed on Kendhikulhudhoo
Table 3: Fish families observed in water bodies each of the four areas of vegetation surveyed on Kendhikulhudhoo
Table 3: Fish families observed in water bodies each of the four areas of vegetation surveyed on Kendhikulhudhoo
Figure 9: Percent cover of biotic substrate at the three Kendhikulhuchoo reef survey sites. Abiotic substrates were the dominant benthic cover at all three sites making up 67.8% (Inside), 53.6% (South) and 66.1% (North) (Figure 70). Rock was the predominant substrate at both outside reefs, however no substrate dominated on the inside reef, with rock, rubble and sand making up approximately equal parts of the Acanthuridae was the dominant surveyed family at all three sites (Figure 71). However, their biomass varied greatly between sites. The biomass of Scaridae at the two outer atoll survey sites was double that of the inside site. The biomass of Acanthuridae families was also significantly lower at the lagoonward site. A large school of Macolor macularis (midnight snapper) was present on
Figure 9: Percent cover of biotic substrate at the three Kendhikulhuchoo reef survey sites. Abiotic substrates were the dominant benthic cover at all three sites making up 67.8% (Inside), 53.6% (South) and 66.1% (North) (Figure 70). Rock was the predominant substrate at both outside reefs, however no substrate dominated on the inside reef, with rock, rubble and sand making up approximately equal parts of the Acanthuridae was the dominant surveyed family at all three sites (Figure 71). However, their biomass varied greatly between sites. The biomass of Scaridae at the two outer atoll survey sites was double that of the inside site. The biomass of Acanthuridae families was also significantly lower at the lagoonward site. A large school of Macolor macularis (midnight snapper) was present on
Figure 10: Percent cover of abiotic substrate at the three Kendhikulhudhoo reef survey sites.
Figure 10: Percent cover of abiotic substrate at the three Kendhikulhudhoo reef survey sites.
Figure 11: Biomass kg 100 m-2 at the three Kendhikulhudhoo reef survey sites oceanward reef site. Coral recruits from families that typically have a more complex structure, Such as Acroporidae and Pocilloporidae wer
Figure 11: Biomass kg 100 m-2 at the three Kendhikulhudhoo reef survey sites oceanward reef site. Coral recruits from families that typically have a more complex structure, Such as Acroporidae and Pocilloporidae wer
Figure 12: Density of the seven most common coral recruits per m? by family at the three Kendhikulhudhoo reef survey sites
Figure 12: Density of the seven most common coral recruits per m? by family at the three Kendhikulhudhoo reef survey sites
Figure 13: Mean visual complexity at the three Kendhikulhudhoo reef survey sites. more common on the oceanward ree sites. dumps for the island. In addition to the waste, attempts at managing waterflow through the ponds are apparent. In the southem wetland area this has resulted in the drying out of at least one pond and is likely to be the cause of drying ot a nearby muddy mangrove area.
Figure 13: Mean visual complexity at the three Kendhikulhudhoo reef survey sites. more common on the oceanward ree sites. dumps for the island. In addition to the waste, attempts at managing waterflow through the ponds are apparent. In the southem wetland area this has resulted in the drying out of at least one pond and is likely to be the cause of drying ot a nearby muddy mangrove area.
Figure 14: Sustainable and eco-friendly uses of the mangrove in Kendhikulhudhoo. (A) local woman in the process of extracting coir fibres from coconut husks soaked in mangrove ponds. (B) local café built into the mangroves. The natural environment around Kendhikulhudhoo showed clear signs of human impact. Significant amounts of refuse had been dumped throughout the wetland and pond habitats. This was particularly severe in the north pond, where large areas were clearly being used as refuse The mangrove system runs the whole length of the island’s east coast, with narrow channels connecting the small ponds and wetland area in the south with the large ponds in the middle of the island and all the way up to the wetland area in the north. In the southem wetland area, the vegetation around pond fringes and channels was dominated by mangrove trees from the genus Rhizophora. This genus is characterised by large prop roots which intertwine to create a complex habitat above and below the water and is
Figure 14: Sustainable and eco-friendly uses of the mangrove in Kendhikulhudhoo. (A) local woman in the process of extracting coir fibres from coconut husks soaked in mangrove ponds. (B) local café built into the mangroves. The natural environment around Kendhikulhudhoo showed clear signs of human impact. Significant amounts of refuse had been dumped throughout the wetland and pond habitats. This was particularly severe in the north pond, where large areas were clearly being used as refuse The mangrove system runs the whole length of the island’s east coast, with narrow channels connecting the small ponds and wetland area in the south with the large ponds in the middle of the island and all the way up to the wetland area in the north. In the southem wetland area, the vegetation around pond fringes and channels was dominated by mangrove trees from the genus Rhizophora. This genus is characterised by large prop roots which intertwine to create a complex habitat above and below the water and is
Figure 15: School of convict surgeon fish grazing off the algae on a rock Islands in the Maldives are dynamic, constantly changing in shape and size (Kench and Brander 2006). Mangroves and coastal vegetation play a key role in this process by binding and stabilising sediments around the shoreline and are considered to act as a natural barrier against ocean dynamics. They can protect the shore and inland areas from natural disasters Such as tsunamis (Alongi 2008). They can break the force of waves and help to prevent coastal- erosion processes (Mazda et al. 2002). Island instability and increasing human populations have led to the reliance on engineered structures to combat erosion and maintain island shorelines. The introduction of such structures can result in a range of negative environmental impacts, including accelerated erosion and reef degradation (Maragos 1998). An examination of the efficacy of these engineered structures has proposed the revaluation of islands as “static landforms” with one that recoanises the
Figure 15: School of convict surgeon fish grazing off the algae on a rock Islands in the Maldives are dynamic, constantly changing in shape and size (Kench and Brander 2006). Mangroves and coastal vegetation play a key role in this process by binding and stabilising sediments around the shoreline and are considered to act as a natural barrier against ocean dynamics. They can protect the shore and inland areas from natural disasters Such as tsunamis (Alongi 2008). They can break the force of waves and help to prevent coastal- erosion processes (Mazda et al. 2002). Island instability and increasing human populations have led to the reliance on engineered structures to combat erosion and maintain island shorelines. The introduction of such structures can result in a range of negative environmental impacts, including accelerated erosion and reef degradation (Maragos 1998). An examination of the efficacy of these engineered structures has proposed the revaluation of islands as “static landforms” with one that recoanises the
Figure 16: Massive boulder corals found in the outer reef in Kendhikulhudhoo
Figure 16: Massive boulder corals found in the outer reef in Kendhikulhudhoo
Appendix
Appendix
Table A 1: All species of Acanthuridae, Chaetodontidae, Holocentridae, Lethrinidae, Lutjanidae, Pomacanthidae, Scaridae and Serranidae observed on transects in Kendhikulhudhoo
Table A 1: All species of Acanthuridae, Chaetodontidae, Holocentridae, Lethrinidae, Lutjanidae, Pomacanthidae, Scaridae and Serranidae observed on transects in Kendhikulhudhoo
Table A 2: All fish families observed on transects in Kendhikulhudhoo
Table A 2: All fish families observed on transects in Kendhikulhudhoo
Table A 3: All coral genera observed on transects in Kendhikulhudhoo
Table A 3: All coral genera observed on transects in Kendhikulhudhoo
Table A 4: All coral recruit genera observed on transects in Kendhikulhudhoo
Table A 4: All coral recruit genera observed on transects in Kendhikulhudhoo
KEYLAKUNU with B. cylindrica growth around this side of the island. There was a solitary Sonneratia caseolaris in an isolated area to the north of the wetland. The charismatic white (Phaethon lepturu) was observed in -tailed tropical bird high numbers across the island. The beaches had a hi gh number of turtle nests, however all had evidence of human disturbance, indicating illegal egg collection. A ringing reef wrapped around the outside of the island, with no lagoon area between the island and the reef. The shal ow reef habitat was in a spur and groove formation, indicating high wave action reef had low cora around the island. The cover, though there was high structural complexity created by remnant table skeleton. and branching coral
KEYLAKUNU with B. cylindrica growth around this side of the island. There was a solitary Sonneratia caseolaris in an isolated area to the north of the wetland. The charismatic white (Phaethon lepturu) was observed in -tailed tropical bird high numbers across the island. The beaches had a hi gh number of turtle nests, however all had evidence of human disturbance, indicating illegal egg collection. A ringing reef wrapped around the outside of the island, with no lagoon area between the island and the reef. The shal ow reef habitat was in a spur and groove formation, indicating high wave action reef had low cora around the island. The cover, though there was high structural complexity created by remnant table skeleton. and branching coral
Table 1. Latitude and longitude of the quantitative survey sites
Table 1. Latitude and longitude of the quantitative survey sites
Table 2. Location, mean complexity and mean substrate cover of the quantitative surveys.
Table 2. Location, mean complexity and mean substrate cover of the quantitative surveys.
Figure 1. Groove formation on the reef of Keylakunu
Figure 1. Groove formation on the reef of Keylakunu
Figure 2. Mean percentage cover of substrate categories across all surveys on Keylakunu
Figure 2. Mean percentage cover of substrate categories across all surveys on Keylakunu
Table 3. Location, total number of fish families and mean number of fish families per transect observed across all sites and at individual survey sites reef areas and the species richness here was high. 51 reef associated fish families were observed across the country, 32 of which were found on Keylakunu. The density of the key herbivores, surgeonfish and parrotfish was low, though the species richness was high. Herbivores are a functionalh important group on coral reefs They Values for the fish community matchec the national averages for fish diversity. A diverse fish community indicates a healthy reef and a resilience against future degradation (Bellwood et al. 2004). Groupers and butterflyfish are indicators of unfished and healthy
Table 3. Location, total number of fish families and mean number of fish families per transect observed across all sites and at individual survey sites reef areas and the species richness here was high. 51 reef associated fish families were observed across the country, 32 of which were found on Keylakunu. The density of the key herbivores, surgeonfish and parrotfish was low, though the species richness was high. Herbivores are a functionalh important group on coral reefs They Values for the fish community matchec the national averages for fish diversity. A diverse fish community indicates a healthy reef and a resilience against future degradation (Bellwood et al. 2004). Groupers and butterflyfish are indicators of unfished and healthy
Table 4. Location, total number of species, mean number of species and mean density per transect observed for grouper and butterflyfish across all sites and at individual survey sites
Table 4. Location, total number of species, mean number of species and mean density per transect observed for grouper and butterflyfish across all sites and at individual survey sites
Table 5. Location, total number of species, mean number of species and mean density per transect observed for parrotfish and surgeonfish across all sites and at individual survey sites
Table 5. Location, total number of species, mean number of species and mean density per transect observed for parrotfish and surgeonfish across all sites and at individual survey sites
Figure 4. Rhizophora sp. Figure 3. Rhizophora sp. Vegetation
Figure 4. Rhizophora sp. Figure 3. Rhizophora sp. Vegetation
Figure 5. Abundance of mangrove trees in Keylakunu Figure 6. One of the many Avicennia marina trees in Keylakunu
Figure 5. Abundance of mangrove trees in Keylakunu Figure 6. One of the many Avicennia marina trees in Keylakunu
Table 6. Location and number of IUCN Redlistd (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed during rapid surveys. These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. Complex reef flats and slopes are foraging grounds for reef sharks and provide shelter spaces for large
Table 6. Location and number of IUCN Redlistd (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed during rapid surveys. These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. Complex reef flats and slopes are foraging grounds for reef sharks and provide shelter spaces for large
Zone Table 7. Percent cover of plant species in the three vegetation zones surveyed.
Zone Table 7. Percent cover of plant species in the three vegetation zones surveyed.
Table A‘. All fish families recorded Fish families observed at Keylakunu Grouper, butterflyfish, parrotfish and surgeonfish species observed at Keylakunu Annex
Table A‘. All fish families recorded Fish families observed at Keylakunu Grouper, butterflyfish, parrotfish and surgeonfish species observed at Keylakunu Annex
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census
Table AS. All butterflyfisn species recorded across detailed underwater visual census
Table AS. All butterflyfisn species recorded across detailed underwater visual census
Table A4. All parrotfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census
Table A4. All parrotfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census
Table AS. All surgeonfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census
Table AS. All surgeonfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census
MAAKAN’DOODHOO are scattered across 25 natural atolls which are divided into 16 complex atolls, 5 oceanic faros, 4 oceanic platform reefs covering a total surface area of 21,372km2 (Naseer and Hatcher 2004). Maldivian islands are known as low lying islands with 80% of the country being less than a meter above the sea level and the majority of islands being less than 5 km in size. (Ministry of Environment and Energy 2015). Studies to understand the atoll and island formation have suggested that the island reefs in the Maldives have be around 4000 yr. B.P (Kench et al. 2005, Perry et al. 2018). mangroves, tree growth is limited to a narrow band around the water's edge. Around 15 species of mangroves are found across approximately 150 islands (Ministry of Environment and Energy 2015). Maldivian avifauna is made up of seasonal migrants, breeding residents and introduced birds. Over 167 species of birds have been recorded in the Maldives. Around 70 species of shorebirds are recorded, some of which are breeding residents while others are recorded as migrants. Migratory birds visit during certain seasons to breed or use the islands as a transit point to their breeding grounds (Ministry of Environment and Energy 2015). Introduction In light of the extent and scale of natural and anthropogenic impacts threatening marine and island habitats across the Maldives, it is crucial that areas with potentially high ecological value are identified and assessed to formulate ecological management plans specific to these habitats. The long-term goal is to create a network of well managed areas throughout the Maldives, increasing the habitat’s resilience against future change. In collaboration with the Ministry of Environment and Project REGENERATE (a government of Maldives project, implemented by IUCN and generously funded by USAID) a series of ecological assessments were conducted at various key marine and terrestrial sites. This report describes the findings of habitat assessments conducted at Maakan’docdhoo in Shaviyani Atoll and presents elements that should be considered when
MAAKAN’DOODHOO are scattered across 25 natural atolls which are divided into 16 complex atolls, 5 oceanic faros, 4 oceanic platform reefs covering a total surface area of 21,372km2 (Naseer and Hatcher 2004). Maldivian islands are known as low lying islands with 80% of the country being less than a meter above the sea level and the majority of islands being less than 5 km in size. (Ministry of Environment and Energy 2015). Studies to understand the atoll and island formation have suggested that the island reefs in the Maldives have be around 4000 yr. B.P (Kench et al. 2005, Perry et al. 2018). mangroves, tree growth is limited to a narrow band around the water's edge. Around 15 species of mangroves are found across approximately 150 islands (Ministry of Environment and Energy 2015). Maldivian avifauna is made up of seasonal migrants, breeding residents and introduced birds. Over 167 species of birds have been recorded in the Maldives. Around 70 species of shorebirds are recorded, some of which are breeding residents while others are recorded as migrants. Migratory birds visit during certain seasons to breed or use the islands as a transit point to their breeding grounds (Ministry of Environment and Energy 2015). Introduction In light of the extent and scale of natural and anthropogenic impacts threatening marine and island habitats across the Maldives, it is crucial that areas with potentially high ecological value are identified and assessed to formulate ecological management plans specific to these habitats. The long-term goal is to create a network of well managed areas throughout the Maldives, increasing the habitat’s resilience against future change. In collaboration with the Ministry of Environment and Project REGENERATE (a government of Maldives project, implemented by IUCN and generously funded by USAID) a series of ecological assessments were conducted at various key marine and terrestrial sites. This report describes the findings of habitat assessments conducted at Maakan’docdhoo in Shaviyani Atoll and presents elements that should be considered when
Table 1: Description of the four types of mangrove ecosystems found in the Maldives. From Saleem and Nileysha (2003
Table 1: Description of the four types of mangrove ecosystems found in the Maldives. From Saleem and Nileysha (2003
Figure 1: Abounded houses found in the island (A & B) Methods
Figure 1: Abounded houses found in the island (A & B) Methods
Figure 2: Map of Maakan’doodhoo survey areas. Yellow polygons indicate terrestrie survey areas, A) Central pond, B) North pond and C) Wetland. ©Google Earth 2019
Figure 2: Map of Maakan’doodhoo survey areas. Yellow polygons indicate terrestrie survey areas, A) Central pond, B) North pond and C) Wetland. ©Google Earth 2019
Figure 4: Recording data at a terrestrial survey point
Figure 4: Recording data at a terrestrial survey point
Figure 5: Proportion of cover of tree species at the three vegetation areas surveyed
Figure 5: Proportion of cover of tree species at the three vegetation areas surveyed
Figure 6: Some Species of Mangrove trees found in Maakan’doodho Figure 7: The mean number of refuse items found per 2.5 m radius survey point in the three areas of vegetation surveyed
Figure 6: Some Species of Mangrove trees found in Maakan’doodho Figure 7: The mean number of refuse items found per 2.5 m radius survey point in the three areas of vegetation surveyed
Figure 8: Some refuse found in pond C
Figure 8: Some refuse found in pond C
Table A 2: Bird species observed in the three survey areas Table A 1: All vegetation species recorded during the pond fringe survey
Table A 2: Bird species observed in the three survey areas Table A 1: All vegetation species recorded during the pond fringe survey
Appendix
Appendix
JTable A 3: Fish observed in the ponds
JTable A 3: Fish observed in the ponds
MAAKOA
MAAKOA
Table 1: Description of the four types of mangrove ecosystems found in the Maldives. From Saleem and Nileysha (2002
Table 1: Description of the four types of mangrove ecosystems found in the Maldives. From Saleem and Nileysha (2002
Figure 1: Map of Maakoa survey areas. Yellow polygon indicate terrestrial survey area ©Google Earth 2019
Figure 1: Map of Maakoa survey areas. Yellow polygon indicate terrestrial survey area ©Google Earth 2019
Figure 2: Recording data at a terrestrial survey point
Figure 2: Recording data at a terrestrial survey point
Seven species of flora were identified during the surveys (Jab/e 2), including a single species of mangrove. Pemphis acidula was the dominant vegetation, making up over three quarters of the vegetation cover. Bruguiera cylindrica was the only species of mangrove present around the pond fringe. Birds were highly abundant throughout the pond area (Jable 3), Four nests were observed in the trees. The pond was home to a high number of Chanos chanos (milkfish). Pathways had been built across the pond to allow access Figure 4: Images of some species of vegetations found in Maakoa
Seven species of flora were identified during the surveys (Jab/e 2), including a single species of mangrove. Pemphis acidula was the dominant vegetation, making up over three quarters of the vegetation cover. Bruguiera cylindrica was the only species of mangrove present around the pond fringe. Birds were highly abundant throughout the pond area (Jable 3), Four nests were observed in the trees. The pond was home to a high number of Chanos chanos (milkfish). Pathways had been built across the pond to allow access Figure 4: Images of some species of vegetations found in Maakoa
Figure 3: Proportion of cover of plant species at the pond fringe area
Figure 3: Proportion of cover of plant species at the pond fringe area
Figure 5: Dried muddy area of the pond
Figure 5: Dried muddy area of the pond
Figure 6: Signs placed throughout the island and near the pond area restricting garbage disposal
Figure 6: Signs placed throughout the island and near the pond area restricting garbage disposal
Table A 1: All vegetation species recorded during the pond fringe survey Appendix
Table A 1: All vegetation species recorded during the pond fringe survey Appendix
Table A 2: Species and abundance of birds observed in the pond area
Table A 2: Species and abundance of birds observed in the pond area
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
ANEMONE THILA Natural environment of the Maldives Introduction The Maldives is an archipelago of coralline islands located in the middle of Indian Ocean. Around 1192 islands are scattered across 25 natural atolls which are divided into 16 complex atolls, 5 oceanic faros, 4 oceanic platform reefs covering a total surface area of 21,872km2 (Naseer and Hatcher 2004). Maldivian islands are known as low lying islands with 80% of the country being less than a meter above the sea level and the majority of islands being less than 5km_2 in size. (Ministry of Environment and Energy 2015). Studies to understand the atoll and island formation have suggested that the island reefs in the Maldives have be around 4000 yr. B.P (Kench et al. 2005, Perry et al. 2018). In light of the extent and scale of natural and anthropogenic impacts threatening marine and island habitats across the Maldives, it is crucial that areas with potentially high ecological value are identified and assessed to formulate ecological management plans specific to these habitats. The long-term goal is to create a network of well managed areas throughout the Maldives, increasing the habitat’s resilience against future change. In collaboration with the Ministry of Environment and Project REGENERATE (a government of Maldives project, implemented by IUCN and generously funded by USAID) a series of ecological assessments were conducted at various key marine and terrestrial sites. This report describes the findings of habitat assessments conducted at Anemone Thila in Lhavyani Atoll and presents elements that should be considered when develooing manaaemert olans.
ANEMONE THILA Natural environment of the Maldives Introduction The Maldives is an archipelago of coralline islands located in the middle of Indian Ocean. Around 1192 islands are scattered across 25 natural atolls which are divided into 16 complex atolls, 5 oceanic faros, 4 oceanic platform reefs covering a total surface area of 21,872km2 (Naseer and Hatcher 2004). Maldivian islands are known as low lying islands with 80% of the country being less than a meter above the sea level and the majority of islands being less than 5km_2 in size. (Ministry of Environment and Energy 2015). Studies to understand the atoll and island formation have suggested that the island reefs in the Maldives have be around 4000 yr. B.P (Kench et al. 2005, Perry et al. 2018). In light of the extent and scale of natural and anthropogenic impacts threatening marine and island habitats across the Maldives, it is crucial that areas with potentially high ecological value are identified and assessed to formulate ecological management plans specific to these habitats. The long-term goal is to create a network of well managed areas throughout the Maldives, increasing the habitat’s resilience against future change. In collaboration with the Ministry of Environment and Project REGENERATE (a government of Maldives project, implemented by IUCN and generously funded by USAID) a series of ecological assessments were conducted at various key marine and terrestrial sites. This report describes the findings of habitat assessments conducted at Anemone Thila in Lhavyani Atoll and presents elements that should be considered when develooing manaaemert olans.
Figure 1: Recording ecological data during roaming surveys Anemone Thila is located at 5.44194 N, 73.49722W in Lhaviyani atoll. The thila is approximately 6 km from the nearest resort island and 10 km from the nearest community island. Anemone Thila is around 60m in diameter and the depth of the top reefs ranges from 10 — 12 m. Despite the thila’s relatively small size it is rich in fish life. The thila is Known for the high Surveys were performed using a roaming survey approach. Due to the relatively small size of the thila three surveys were conducted, one along the northern side of the reef, one on the southern side and one over the thila top reef. Each survey lasted 15 minutes with start and finish times, survey location (GPS of start/finish or entry/exit), reef type (wall, slope, channel), estimated average depth and visibility recorded (Figure 7). The percent was visually estimated for eight different substrate categories: live coral, sponge, turf algae, macroalgae, rock, rubble, sand, and crustose Tourism and fishing industries depend directly on the nature. This highlights the significance of the natural environment to the Maldives and the need to protect and conserve valuable and threatened habitats across the country. Therefore, there is an immediate need for biodiversity assessments and management plans to ensure the sustainable use and management of these natural resources within communities. Such approaches will play a key role in standardizing the efforts to manage and monitor the resources in a co-managed concept.
Figure 1: Recording ecological data during roaming surveys Anemone Thila is located at 5.44194 N, 73.49722W in Lhaviyani atoll. The thila is approximately 6 km from the nearest resort island and 10 km from the nearest community island. Anemone Thila is around 60m in diameter and the depth of the top reefs ranges from 10 — 12 m. Despite the thila’s relatively small size it is rich in fish life. The thila is Known for the high Surveys were performed using a roaming survey approach. Due to the relatively small size of the thila three surveys were conducted, one along the northern side of the reef, one on the southern side and one over the thila top reef. Each survey lasted 15 minutes with start and finish times, survey location (GPS of start/finish or entry/exit), reef type (wall, slope, channel), estimated average depth and visibility recorded (Figure 7). The percent was visually estimated for eight different substrate categories: live coral, sponge, turf algae, macroalgae, rock, rubble, sand, and crustose Tourism and fishing industries depend directly on the nature. This highlights the significance of the natural environment to the Maldives and the need to protect and conserve valuable and threatened habitats across the country. Therefore, there is an immediate need for biodiversity assessments and management plans to ensure the sustainable use and management of these natural resources within communities. Such approaches will play a key role in standardizing the efforts to manage and monitor the resources in a co-managed concept.
Figure 4: Anemones on the top reef of the thila Figure 3: Percent cover of abiotic substrate and time of first observation for each fish family was recorded. The family Pomacentridae was split into sub groups pomacentrids, amphipriones (clownfish) and chromis. This provides a representation of how common these families were. All Surveys were conducted using SCUBA and were between 10 m and 25 m deep.
Figure 4: Anemones on the top reef of the thila Figure 3: Percent cover of abiotic substrate and time of first observation for each fish family was recorded. The family Pomacentridae was split into sub groups pomacentrids, amphipriones (clownfish) and chromis. This provides a representation of how common these families were. All Surveys were conducted using SCUBA and were between 10 m and 25 m deep.
Figure 5: Mean time to first observation of fish families. Only fish families observed on all three surveys were include
Figure 5: Mean time to first observation of fish families. Only fish families observed on all three surveys were include
Appendix Table A 1: All fish families observed at Anemone Thila
Appendix Table A 1: All fish families observed at Anemone Thila
Total number of families Mean number of families Table 1. Start and end GPS point Latitude and longitude of the dive survey "51 reef associatec fish families were observed across the country, 33 of which were found on banana reef." Banana reef is a large rocky pinnacle, ocally called a thila, in the south- eastern corner of North Malé Atoll. it is amongst the oldest dive sites in the country which led to it being designated as one of the first marine protected areas. The pinnacle has steep sides and a flat top. There are several large caves and overhangs
Total number of families Mean number of families Table 1. Start and end GPS point Latitude and longitude of the dive survey "51 reef associatec fish families were observed across the country, 33 of which were found on banana reef." Banana reef is a large rocky pinnacle, ocally called a thila, in the south- eastern corner of North Malé Atoll. it is amongst the oldest dive sites in the country which led to it being designated as one of the first marine protected areas. The pinnacle has steep sides and a flat top. There are several large caves and overhangs
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used
Table 3. Location, total number of fish families and mean number of fish families observed across all sites and during survey dives reef. Groupers and butterflyfish are indicators of unfished and healthy reef areas and were observed within the first two minutes of all surveys. The key herbivores, surgeonfish and parrotfish were also observed within the first two minutes of all surveys. Herbivores are a functionally important group on coral Values for the fish community matched the national averages for fish diversity. A diverse fish community indicates a healthy reef and a resilience against future degradation (Bellwood et al. 2004). 51 reef associated fish families were observed across the country, 38 of which were found on banana reefs. They play a key role in keeping algae levels low enough for corals to thrive (Mumby et al. 2006). Herbivorous fish are not typically targeted by fisheries in the Maldives and are generally present in high numbers on reef throughout the country.
Table 3. Location, total number of fish families and mean number of fish families observed across all sites and during survey dives reef. Groupers and butterflyfish are indicators of unfished and healthy reef areas and were observed within the first two minutes of all surveys. The key herbivores, surgeonfish and parrotfish were also observed within the first two minutes of all surveys. Herbivores are a functionally important group on coral Values for the fish community matched the national averages for fish diversity. A diverse fish community indicates a healthy reef and a resilience against future degradation (Bellwood et al. 2004). 51 reef associated fish families were observed across the country, 38 of which were found on banana reefs. They play a key role in keeping algae levels low enough for corals to thrive (Mumby et al. 2006). Herbivorous fish are not typically targeted by fisheries in the Maldives and are generally present in high numbers on reef throughout the country.
Table 4. Location and number of IUCN Redlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed during rapid surveys. Number of Endangered Animals:
Table 4. Location and number of IUCN Redlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed during rapid surveys. Number of Endangered Animals:
Fish families observed at Banana reef Table A1. All fish families recorded at banana reef ANNEX
Fish families observed at Banana reef Table A1. All fish families recorded at banana reef ANNEX
Table 1. Latitude and longitude of the entrance and exit points of the two survey dives in Embudhoo Kandu
Table 1. Latitude and longitude of the entrance and exit points of the two survey dives in Embudhoo Kandu
Total number of families | Mean number of families Table 3. Location, total number of fish families and mean number of fish families observed across all sites and during survey dive: Values for the fish community matched the national averages for fish diversity. A diverse fish community indicates a healthy reef and a resilience against future degradation (Bellwood et al. 2004). 51 reef associated fish families were observed across the country, 38 of which were found in Embudhoo andu. Groupers and butterflyfish are indicators of unfished and healthy reef areas and were observed within the irst five minutes of all but one Surveys. The key herbivores, surgeonfish and parrotfish were also observed within the first five minutes of all Surveys. Herbivores are a functionally important
Total number of families | Mean number of families Table 3. Location, total number of fish families and mean number of fish families observed across all sites and during survey dive: Values for the fish community matched the national averages for fish diversity. A diverse fish community indicates a healthy reef and a resilience against future degradation (Bellwood et al. 2004). 51 reef associated fish families were observed across the country, 38 of which were found in Embudhoo andu. Groupers and butterflyfish are indicators of unfished and healthy reef areas and were observed within the irst five minutes of all but one Surveys. The key herbivores, surgeonfish and parrotfish were also observed within the first five minutes of all Surveys. Herbivores are a functionally important
Table A1. All fish families recorded at banana reef Fish families observed at Embudhoo Kandu ANNEX
Table A1. All fish families recorded at banana reef Fish families observed at Embudhoo Kandu ANNEX
Table 1. Latitude and longitude of the entrance and exit points of the dive survey in Fushi Faru Kandu Fushi Faru Kandu is a channel that connects the Indian ocean with the inner atoll waters of Lhavyani atoll. It subject to strong currents as the water runs into or flushes out of the atoll depending on the tides. During times of strong currents, it is a well-known
Table 1. Latitude and longitude of the entrance and exit points of the dive survey in Fushi Faru Kandu Fushi Faru Kandu is a channel that connects the Indian ocean with the inner atoll waters of Lhavyani atoll. It subject to strong currents as the water runs into or flushes out of the atoll depending on the tides. During times of strong currents, it is a well-known
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used Mean coral cover in Fushi Faru Kandu was 11.25%. The deeper outer reef area had little coral or structural development and the substrate was predominantly bare limestone rock and rubble. The corner of the channel had some ledges which created structure and shelter for fish. Inside the channel there was a small thila with coral growtr and high structural complexity. CCA covered significant portions of the reef within the channel area.
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used Mean coral cover in Fushi Faru Kandu was 11.25%. The deeper outer reef area had little coral or structural development and the substrate was predominantly bare limestone rock and rubble. The corner of the channel had some ledges which created structure and shelter for fish. Inside the channel there was a small thila with coral growtr and high structural complexity. CCA covered significant portions of the reef within the channel area.
species shelter in the in complex reef habitats and form aggregations in channel areas to spawn (Robinson et al. 2008). These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. High numbers of grey reef sharks were recorded during the survey, predominantly on the outer atoll edge and channel comer. Large grouper species were also abundant. These Table 4. Survey number and number of IUCN Redlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed
species shelter in the in complex reef habitats and form aggregations in channel areas to spawn (Robinson et al. 2008). These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. High numbers of grey reef sharks were recorded during the survey, predominantly on the outer atoll edge and channel comer. Large grouper species were also abundant. These Table 4. Survey number and number of IUCN Redlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed
Fish families observed at Fushi Faru Kandu Table A1. All fish families recorded at Fushi Faru Kandu
Fish families observed at Fushi Faru Kandu Table A1. All fish families recorded at Fushi Faru Kandu
Table 1. Latitude and longitude of the entrance and exit points of the dive survey in Fushi Kandu Fushi Kandu, is a channel that connects the Indian ocean with the inner atoll waters of Dhaalu atoll. It subject to strong currents as the water runs into or flushes out of the atoll depending on the tides. The channel has a series of rocky ridges and grooves that run perpendicular tc the channel mouth and extend across the channel. These ridges had a high cover of branching corals and acted as aggregation points for schools of snappers and jacks. Large groupers were observed sheltering within the overhangs along these ridges.
Table 1. Latitude and longitude of the entrance and exit points of the dive survey in Fushi Kandu Fushi Kandu, is a channel that connects the Indian ocean with the inner atoll waters of Dhaalu atoll. It subject to strong currents as the water runs into or flushes out of the atoll depending on the tides. The channel has a series of rocky ridges and grooves that run perpendicular tc the channel mouth and extend across the channel. These ridges had a high cover of branching corals and acted as aggregation points for schools of snappers and jacks. Large groupers were observed sheltering within the overhangs along these ridges.
Table 1. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used Coral cover in Fushi Kandu was 35% which was the highest recorded in a channel zone and amongst the highest recorded in the whole country. Large colonies of tabular Acropora covered large ridges that ran perpendicular to the channel opening. High water- flow may confer some resilience to temperature increases (Nakamura and Van Woesik 2001) which might explain the high coral cover. CCA covered much of the remaining structure with little bare rock or algae cover. The structural complexity was high in these areas with many ledges and vertical relief. The ridges were separated by flat grooves of rock/sand.
Table 1. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used Coral cover in Fushi Kandu was 35% which was the highest recorded in a channel zone and amongst the highest recorded in the whole country. Large colonies of tabular Acropora covered large ridges that ran perpendicular to the channel opening. High water- flow may confer some resilience to temperature increases (Nakamura and Van Woesik 2001) which might explain the high coral cover. CCA covered much of the remaining structure with little bare rock or algae cover. The structural complexity was high in these areas with many ledges and vertical relief. The ridges were separated by flat grooves of rock/sand.
Table A1. All fish families recorded at Fushi Kandu Fish families observed at Fushi Kandu ANNEX
Table A1. All fish families recorded at Fushi Kandu Fish families observed at Fushi Kandu ANNEX
Figure 1: Different methodologies used in the survey Juvenile coral recruitment was quantified on the transects. A 25 x 25 cm quadrat was placed above and below the transect every 5 m along the transect. The number of coral recruits (colonies <5 cm diameter) within each quadrat were counted and identified to genus where possible. Recruit density was then calculated as the number of recruits per mé? (Fig 7B). Structural complexity was estimated on a scale from O (completely flat) to 5 (highly complex) (following Wilson et al. 2007) for the length of each transect. The coral reef habitat on the outer atoll edge of each reef was surveyed using transects at a depth of 10 m. Due to conditions the channels between reefs and the inner atoll reefs were surveyed using a roaming survey approach. Four surveys were conducted on the north and south channels of each reef area and two surveys on the inner reef area. Each survey lasted 15 minutes with start and finish times, Survey location
Figure 1: Different methodologies used in the survey Juvenile coral recruitment was quantified on the transects. A 25 x 25 cm quadrat was placed above and below the transect every 5 m along the transect. The number of coral recruits (colonies <5 cm diameter) within each quadrat were counted and identified to genus where possible. Recruit density was then calculated as the number of recruits per mé? (Fig 7B). Structural complexity was estimated on a scale from O (completely flat) to 5 (highly complex) (following Wilson et al. 2007) for the length of each transect. The coral reef habitat on the outer atoll edge of each reef was surveyed using transects at a depth of 10 m. Due to conditions the channels between reefs and the inner atoll reefs were surveyed using a roaming survey approach. Four surveys were conducted on the north and south channels of each reef area and two surveys on the inner reef area. Each survey lasted 15 minutes with start and finish times, Survey location
Figure 2: The percent cover of biotic substrate at (a) the four outer atoll sites surveyed using transects and (b) channel and inner atoll reef sites surveyed using the roaming survey method. Mau ldaruldalu Tel alGd MdQ a IlGal) COfal cover of 21.3 % (+ 3.8 s.e.). Coral cover on the outer reefs was similar across the four sites (Figure 2a). The coral cover on the inside and channel reefs varied significantly (ANOVA, p < 0.01) (Figure 2b). The inside reef at Hatharufaru 4 had the highest coral cover observed in the area. Algae cover was generally low across there reefs, though there were some sites, such as Hatharufaru 3 outer reef and Hatharufaru 2 South where turf and macroalgae was a significant proportion of the substrate. Sponge cover was relatively high in many of the channel sites. Rock was the predominant abiotic substrate across the majority of the sites (Figure 3a & b). The channel and inner reef sites typically had a more even mix of abiotic substrate, though all sites at the most northern reef, Hatharufaru 1. were dominated by rock.
Figure 2: The percent cover of biotic substrate at (a) the four outer atoll sites surveyed using transects and (b) channel and inner atoll reef sites surveyed using the roaming survey method. Mau ldaruldalu Tel alGd MdQ a IlGal) COfal cover of 21.3 % (+ 3.8 s.e.). Coral cover on the outer reefs was similar across the four sites (Figure 2a). The coral cover on the inside and channel reefs varied significantly (ANOVA, p < 0.01) (Figure 2b). The inside reef at Hatharufaru 4 had the highest coral cover observed in the area. Algae cover was generally low across there reefs, though there were some sites, such as Hatharufaru 3 outer reef and Hatharufaru 2 South where turf and macroalgae was a significant proportion of the substrate. Sponge cover was relatively high in many of the channel sites. Rock was the predominant abiotic substrate across the majority of the sites (Figure 3a & b). The channel and inner reef sites typically had a more even mix of abiotic substrate, though all sites at the most northern reef, Hatharufaru 1. were dominated by rock.
Figure 3: The percent cover of abiotic substrate at (a) the four outer atoll sites surveyed using transects and (b) channel and inner atoll reef sites surveyed using the roaming survey method.
Figure 3: The percent cover of abiotic substrate at (a) the four outer atoll sites surveyed using transects and (b) channel and inner atoll reef sites surveyed using the roaming survey method.
Figure 4: The mean percent cover of substrate by the three reef types surveyed
Figure 4: The mean percent cover of substrate by the three reef types surveyed
Figure 5: Density of the six most common coral recruits per m? by family at the four outside reef survey sites The mean density of recruits across all outside reefs was 5.0/ m?. It ranged between 3.4/ m? at Hatharufaru 2 to 6.0/ m? at Hatharufaru 1, but total density of recruits did not vary significantly between sites (ANOVA, p > 0.05). Agariciidae was the most common family of recruits across the four sites (Figure 5). Coral recruits from families that typically have a more complex structure, Such as Acroporidae and Pocilloporidae were also common across reef sites. Sites had similar patterns of recruitment, with the same families present across all sites, thought their densities did vary somewhat between sites.
Figure 5: Density of the six most common coral recruits per m? by family at the four outside reef survey sites The mean density of recruits across all outside reefs was 5.0/ m?. It ranged between 3.4/ m? at Hatharufaru 2 to 6.0/ m? at Hatharufaru 1, but total density of recruits did not vary significantly between sites (ANOVA, p > 0.05). Agariciidae was the most common family of recruits across the four sites (Figure 5). Coral recruits from families that typically have a more complex structure, Such as Acroporidae and Pocilloporidae were also common across reef sites. Sites had similar patterns of recruitment, with the same families present across all sites, thought their densities did vary somewhat between sites.
Figure 6: Mean visual complexity at the four outside reef survey sites
Figure 6: Mean visual complexity at the four outside reef survey sites
Figure 7: Biomass of (a) predatory reef fish families and (b) herbivorous and corallivorous fish families at the four outside reef survey sites WIGAGH! IEG! COTIVIGALY AClOQoe all olhGo was 2.9 (40.3 s.e.). Complexity was significantly higher at Hatharufaru 1 (ANOVA, p < 0.05) (Figure 6). Lutjanidae was the dominant predatory ish family across all four outside reef survey sites (Figure 7a), however their biomass was highly variable, and wasn't always significantly greater than the biomass of other camivorous amilies. Biomass of these families did not vary significantly between the survey sites (ANOVA, p > 0.05). Herbivore biomass was relatively high across all sites. Scaridae was the dominant herbivore family at all sites, though its biomass varied within sites (Figure 7b). The biomass of Chaetodontidae did not vary between survey sites. The coral reef habitat at Hatharufaru appears to be relatively healthy. Coral cover across the area is high, particularly on the outside reefs and two of the inside reef sites. The four aro reefs in a row creates a diverse habitat ranging between exposed outer reef slope, sheltered inner reefs and high current channel areas. These habitats all have different characteristics allowing a range of species to thrive in the area. There is however, evidence that the reefs have been impacted by the 2016 coral bleaching and the coral cover is below the historical average for the country (Pisapia et al. 2016).
Figure 7: Biomass of (a) predatory reef fish families and (b) herbivorous and corallivorous fish families at the four outside reef survey sites WIGAGH! IEG! COTIVIGALY AClOQoe all olhGo was 2.9 (40.3 s.e.). Complexity was significantly higher at Hatharufaru 1 (ANOVA, p < 0.05) (Figure 6). Lutjanidae was the dominant predatory ish family across all four outside reef survey sites (Figure 7a), however their biomass was highly variable, and wasn't always significantly greater than the biomass of other camivorous amilies. Biomass of these families did not vary significantly between the survey sites (ANOVA, p > 0.05). Herbivore biomass was relatively high across all sites. Scaridae was the dominant herbivore family at all sites, though its biomass varied within sites (Figure 7b). The biomass of Chaetodontidae did not vary between survey sites. The coral reef habitat at Hatharufaru appears to be relatively healthy. Coral cover across the area is high, particularly on the outside reefs and two of the inside reef sites. The four aro reefs in a row creates a diverse habitat ranging between exposed outer reef slope, sheltered inner reefs and high current channel areas. These habitats all have different characteristics allowing a range of species to thrive in the area. There is however, evidence that the reefs have been impacted by the 2016 coral bleaching and the coral cover is below the historical average for the country (Pisapia et al. 2016).
Figure 9. Schools of fish at the north corners of the channels The main reef fishery target families, Lutjanidae and Serranidae were present at all survey sites. Large sc hools of Lutjanids were encountered in certain areas along the reefs. This in their biomass being high on the surveys. This family resulted Y variable exhibits schooling behaviour around large structures on reefs during t he day before moving across the reef to forage
Figure 9. Schools of fish at the north corners of the channels The main reef fishery target families, Lutjanidae and Serranidae were present at all survey sites. Large sc hools of Lutjanids were encountered in certain areas along the reefs. This in their biomass being high on the surveys. This family resulted Y variable exhibits schooling behaviour around large structures on reefs during t he day before moving across the reef to forage
Figure 8: Coral covered area on the inside of Hatharufaru 4 inside
Figure 8: Coral covered area on the inside of Hatharufaru 4 inside
Table A 2: All fish families observed on roaming surveys
Table A 2: All fish families observed on roaming surveys
Table A 3: All coral genera observed on transects
Table A 3: All coral genera observed on transects
Table A 5: All IUCN RedList species observed Table A 4: All coral recruit genera observed on transects
Table A 5: All IUCN RedList species observed Table A 4: All coral recruit genera observed on transects
Table 1. Start and end GPS points of the survey dive Hitadhoo comer is a flat rocky plateau at the sout hern edge of Laamu atoll. The area has a number of large (5 — 10 m diameter and up to 5 m tall) coral patches. TI with many hese are structurally complex arge holes and ledges for fish to shelter in. These patches have created hal bitat for many small wrasses
Table 1. Start and end GPS points of the survey dive Hitadhoo comer is a flat rocky plateau at the sout hern edge of Laamu atoll. The area has a number of large (5 — 10 m diameter and up to 5 m tall) coral patches. TI with many hese are structurally complex arge holes and ledges for fish to shelter in. These patches have created hal bitat for many small wrasses
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used The average coral cover for the area was 18.8%. The coral cover was concentrated in the large coral patches, where cover was almost 100%, the rest of the area was bare rock area. Soft coral was recorded growing within the coral patches. Much of the coral on the patches bleached in 2016, however they had fully recovered by the time these surveys were conducted.
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used The average coral cover for the area was 18.8%. The coral cover was concentrated in the large coral patches, where cover was almost 100%, the rest of the area was bare rock area. Soft coral was recorded growing within the coral patches. Much of the coral on the patches bleached in 2016, however they had fully recovered by the time these surveys were conducted.
Table 4. Survey number and number of IUCN Redlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed during rapid surveys. These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. Hitadhoo Corner is a very in the in complex reef habitats and form aggregations in channel areas to spawn (Robinson et al. 2008).
Table 4. Survey number and number of IUCN Redlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed during rapid surveys. These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. Hitadhoo Corner is a very in the in complex reef habitats and form aggregations in channel areas to spawn (Robinson et al. 2008).
ANNEX Table A1. All fish families recorded at Hitadhoo Corner
ANNEX Table A1. All fish families recorded at Hitadhoo Corner
Table 1. Start and end GPS points of the survey dive andoomaa Thila is a large rocky pinnacle, locally called a thila, which ies in a channel on the eastern edge of South Malé atoll. It is exposed to the strong currents common to channel habitats in the Maldives. It is a well- nown shark aggregation area. Grey reef (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) sharks are commonly observed at the head of the thila. The top is relatively flat, but the sides have a number of ledges which are sheltered form the currents and have significant soft coral development. The area is frequently dived by local resorts and safari boats, however changeable conditions make it a challenging dive site.
Table 1. Start and end GPS points of the survey dive andoomaa Thila is a large rocky pinnacle, locally called a thila, which ies in a channel on the eastern edge of South Malé atoll. It is exposed to the strong currents common to channel habitats in the Maldives. It is a well- nown shark aggregation area. Grey reef (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) sharks are commonly observed at the head of the thila. The top is relatively flat, but the sides have a number of ledges which are sheltered form the currents and have significant soft coral development. The area is frequently dived by local resorts and safari boats, however changeable conditions make it a challenging dive site.
by soft corals, though there was also sponge cover. These ledges created a complex habitat along the sides while the top of the thila was relatively flat, with little shelter. Mean coral cover in Kandoomaa Thila was 17%. There was a high cover of CCA on the exposed rock area. The sheltered ledge areas which ran along the sides of the thila, was dominated Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used
by soft corals, though there was also sponge cover. These ledges created a complex habitat along the sides while the top of the thila was relatively flat, with little shelter. Mean coral cover in Kandoomaa Thila was 17%. There was a high cover of CCA on the exposed rock area. The sheltered ledge areas which ran along the sides of the thila, was dominated Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used
Table A1. All fish families recorded at Kandooma Thila ANNEX massive, foliose, free-living, encrusting, finger and others. The structural complexity of the reef was estimated ona scale from O (completely flat) to 5 (highly complex). Roaming fish surveys were conducted at the same time and over the same area as the roaming benthos surveys. During surveys, the presence and time of first observation for each fish family was recorded. This provides a representation of how common these families were Divers entered the water at the eastern end of the thila and drifted back over the thila switching from side to top at regular intervals. The strong currents and challenging dive conditions resulted in only two surveys being conducted. Timed roaming surveys were used to survey the benthic habitat and fish community on all reef tyoes and environmental conditions. Roaming
Table A1. All fish families recorded at Kandooma Thila ANNEX massive, foliose, free-living, encrusting, finger and others. The structural complexity of the reef was estimated ona scale from O (completely flat) to 5 (highly complex). Roaming fish surveys were conducted at the same time and over the same area as the roaming benthos surveys. During surveys, the presence and time of first observation for each fish family was recorded. This provides a representation of how common these families were Divers entered the water at the eastern end of the thila and drifted back over the thila switching from side to top at regular intervals. The strong currents and challenging dive conditions resulted in only two surveys being conducted. Timed roaming surveys were used to survey the benthic habitat and fish community on all reef tyoes and environmental conditions. Roaming
Table 1. Start and end GPS points of the survey dive Kuredu Express is a channel! that connects the Indian ocean with the inner atoll waters of Lhavyani atoll. It subject to strong currents as the water runs into or flushes out of the atoll depending on the tides. During times of strong currents, it is a well-known
Table 1. Start and end GPS points of the survey dive Kuredu Express is a channel! that connects the Indian ocean with the inner atoll waters of Lhavyani atoll. It subject to strong currents as the water runs into or flushes out of the atoll depending on the tides. During times of strong currents, it is a well-known
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach use The channel area was relatively flat with little coral growth. Mean coral cover was 13.3%. The substrate was predominantly rock with a fine layer of sandy sediment on top. There were
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach use The channel area was relatively flat with little coral growth. Mean coral cover was 13.3%. The substrate was predominantly rock with a fine layer of sandy sediment on top. There were
These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. High numbers of grey reef shark were recorded during the surve\ predominantly on the outer atoll edge Table 4. Survey number and number of IUCN Rdlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed METHODS
These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. High numbers of grey reef shark were recorded during the surve\ predominantly on the outer atoll edge Table 4. Survey number and number of IUCN Rdlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed METHODS
ANNEX
ANNEX
Table 1. Start and end GPS points of the survey dive Madivaru is a channel that connects the Indian ocean with the inner atoll waters of Raschoo atoll. There is an extension of outer atoll fringing reef that extends into the channel which is quite rare. This has created a reef habitat for reef fish within the channel and a sheltered sand covered area behind the reef. At the reef’s extent in the
Table 1. Start and end GPS points of the survey dive Madivaru is a channel that connects the Indian ocean with the inner atoll waters of Raschoo atoll. There is an extension of outer atoll fringing reef that extends into the channel which is quite rare. This has created a reef habitat for reef fish within the channel and a sheltered sand covered area behind the reef. At the reef’s extent in the
Table 1. Start and end GPS points of the survey dive
Table 1. Start and end GPS points of the survey dive
Table 3. Number of fish families observed on each survey and the total and mean number observed across all surveys These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. Grey reef sharks were recorded during METHODS
Table 3. Number of fish families observed on each survey and the total and mean number observed across all surveys These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. Grey reef sharks were recorded during METHODS
Table A1. All fish families recorded at Madivaru
Table A1. All fish families recorded at Madivaru
ANNEX
ANNEX
Table 1. Start and end GPS point Latitude and longitude of the dive surveys Manta Point Addu is a channel that connects the Indian ocean with the inner atoll waters of Addu atoll. It subject to strong currents as the water runs into or flushes out of the atoll depending on the tides. There are two sections to the area, one just outside the channel has an exceptionally high coral cover with significant Acropora
Table 1. Start and end GPS point Latitude and longitude of the dive surveys Manta Point Addu is a channel that connects the Indian ocean with the inner atoll waters of Addu atoll. It subject to strong currents as the water runs into or flushes out of the atoll depending on the tides. There are two sections to the area, one just outside the channel has an exceptionally high coral cover with significant Acropora
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section fc description of approach used Coral cover across the zone average 38.6%, however it was significantly higher than this in large area where tabular Acropora corals dominated. High water-flow may confer some
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section fc description of approach used Coral cover across the zone average 38.6%, however it was significantly higher than this in large area where tabular Acropora corals dominated. High water-flow may confer some
Table 4. Number of fish families observed on each survey and the total and mean number observed across all surveys These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. High numbers of the IUCN
Table 4. Number of fish families observed on each survey and the total and mean number observed across all surveys These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. High numbers of the IUCN
Table A1. All fish families recorded at Manta point
Table A1. All fish families recorded at Manta point
ANNEX
ANNEX
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used Mean coral cover was 10%. The main area of survey was the section where sections of the thila had broken off. This area was dominated by soft corals. Structural complexity in this
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used Mean coral cover was 10%. The main area of survey was the section where sections of the thila had broken off. This area was dominated by soft corals. Structural complexity in this
Common Family Scientific Family Common Family Scientific Family Table A1. All fish families recorded at Nassimo Thila ANNEX
Common Family Scientific Family Common Family Scientific Family Table A1. All fish families recorded at Nassimo Thila ANNEX
Common Family Scientific Family
Common Family Scientific Family
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used. Note depth and complexity were not recorded on two surveys. Mean coral cover across the thila was 11.8%. The area was dominated by rock, with few large patches of sand. Soft corals and sponges grew in the sheltered ledges found along the thila’s sides. These ledges created complex structures in many areas across the thila.
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used. Note depth and complexity were not recorded on two surveys. Mean coral cover across the thila was 11.8%. The area was dominated by rock, with few large patches of sand. Soft corals and sponges grew in the sheltered ledges found along the thila’s sides. These ledges created complex structures in many areas across the thila.
Table 1. Start and end GPS point Latitude and longitude of the dive survey
Table 1. Start and end GPS point Latitude and longitude of the dive survey
Table 4. Survey number and number of IUCN Redlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. High numbers of grey reef shark were recorded during the survey predominantly at the tip of the thila.
Table 4. Survey number and number of IUCN Redlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. High numbers of grey reef shark were recorded during the survey predominantly at the tip of the thila.
Table A1. All fish families recorded at Orimas Thila ANNEX
Table A1. All fish families recorded at Orimas Thila ANNEX
Common Family Scientific Family
Common Family Scientific Family
Table 1. Start and end GPS point Latitude and longitude of the roaming surveys. Note GPS points were not recorded for survey four reef manta rays (Manta alfredi) are commonly observed. This has made it a popular day trip for tourists staying at resorts on North Malé. This may impact the manta ray’s natural behaviour and a clear management plan with interaction guidelines is required. Rasfari corner is large shallow reef platform which extends to the north of Rasfari island. On the western edge of North Malé Atoll. The reef area is exposed to rough seas which has created a spur and groove formation across the platform. During the season
Table 1. Start and end GPS point Latitude and longitude of the roaming surveys. Note GPS points were not recorded for survey four reef manta rays (Manta alfredi) are commonly observed. This has made it a popular day trip for tourists staying at resorts on North Malé. This may impact the manta ray’s natural behaviour and a clear management plan with interaction guidelines is required. Rasfari corner is large shallow reef platform which extends to the north of Rasfari island. On the western edge of North Malé Atoll. The reef area is exposed to rough seas which has created a spur and groove formation across the platform. During the season
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used Mean coral cover was 22.5% The area was predominantly rock cut into a spur and groove formation by wave action on the reef. On the spurs (small ridges) hard coral development createc structurally complex patches, however much of the area was flat. Grooves between the ridges often contained sand. Macro algae cover was relatively high compared other sites across the country.
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used Mean coral cover was 22.5% The area was predominantly rock cut into a spur and groove formation by wave action on the reef. On the spurs (small ridges) hard coral development createc structurally complex patches, however much of the area was flat. Grooves between the ridges often contained sand. Macro algae cover was relatively high compared other sites across the country.
Table A1. All fish families recorded at Rasfari Corner ANNEX
Table A1. All fish families recorded at Rasfari Corner ANNEX
Survey number Chaetodon trifascialis | Eretmochelys imbricata Manta alfredi Table 4. Number of IUCN Redlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. This area was one of only three where manta rays were observed. Though only one individual was observed on surveys the area is well-known for high numbers during the right time of year. Develooment and enforcement of amanagement plan for this area is important given its proximity to many tourist resorts. Chevron butterflyfish
Survey number Chaetodon trifascialis | Eretmochelys imbricata Manta alfredi Table 4. Number of IUCN Redlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. This area was one of only three where manta rays were observed. Though only one individual was observed on surveys the area is well-known for high numbers during the right time of year. Develooment and enforcement of amanagement plan for this area is important given its proximity to many tourist resorts. Chevron butterflyfish
Common Family Scientific Family Common Family Scientific Family Common Family Scientific Family
Common Family Scientific Family Common Family Scientific Family Common Family Scientific Family
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used Mean coral cover was 53.3%. This was amongst the highest found anywhere in the Maldives during these surveys. The reef was predominantly massive corals with branching corals interspersed. This has created a structurally complex area with varying growth forms and a range of shelter types. The area was relatively unaffected by the 2016 bleaching event. The area had one of the highest covers of macro algae. This may outcompete coral for free space on the reef should a disturbance or future degradation cause a decline in coral cover.
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used Mean coral cover was 53.3%. This was amongst the highest found anywhere in the Maldives during these surveys. The reef was predominantly massive corals with branching corals interspersed. This has created a structurally complex area with varying growth forms and a range of shelter types. The area was relatively unaffected by the 2016 bleaching event. The area had one of the highest covers of macro algae. This may outcompete coral for free space on the reef should a disturbance or future degradation cause a decline in coral cover.
Table A1. All fish families recorded at Thoondi Area ANNEX
Table A1. All fish families recorded at Thoondi Area ANNEX
Table 4. Location and number of IUCN Redlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed during rapid surveys. These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. A very high number of the
Table 4. Location and number of IUCN Redlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed during rapid surveys. These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. A very high number of the
Common Family Scientific Family Common Family Scientific Family
Common Family Scientific Family Common Family Scientific Family
Table 1. Start and end GPS point Latitude and longitude of the survey dive Thresher Point is a section on a rocky limestone plateau that extends from the south of Fuvahmulah. The top of the plateau is relatively flat with large boulders creating some structure. The sides of the plateau are steep, have several large ledges running along and descend very quickly to deep water. Two species of thresher sharks, bigeye (Alopias superciliosus) and common (Alopias vulpinus) thresher sharks, are frequently observed in
Table 1. Start and end GPS point Latitude and longitude of the survey dive Thresher Point is a section on a rocky limestone plateau that extends from the south of Fuvahmulah. The top of the plateau is relatively flat with large boulders creating some structure. The sides of the plateau are steep, have several large ledges running along and descend very quickly to deep water. Two species of thresher sharks, bigeye (Alopias superciliosus) and common (Alopias vulpinus) thresher sharks, are frequently observed in
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used Mean coral cover was 16.25%. The area was dominated by bare rock substrate. The exposed nature of the area means there is likely to be high wave action preventing significant cora development. The ledges running alon¢ the walls of the rocky platform created some structural complexity, however much of the top and wall areas were flat.
Table 2. Depth, complexity and percent cover of substrate categories estimated during roaming surveys. See methods section for description of approach used Mean coral cover was 16.25%. The area was dominated by bare rock substrate. The exposed nature of the area means there is likely to be high wave action preventing significant cora development. The ledges running alon¢ the walls of the rocky platform created some structural complexity, however much of the top and wall areas were flat.
These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. Endangered species of sharks and Table 4. Location and number of IUCN Redlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed during rapid surveys. rays including whale sharks (Rhincodor tyous), big eye and common thresher sharks, tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) and oceanic manta rays (Manta
These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. Endangered species of sharks and Table 4. Location and number of IUCN Redlisted (endangered, vulnerable and least concern) species observed during rapid surveys. rays including whale sharks (Rhincodor tyous), big eye and common thresher sharks, tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) and oceanic manta rays (Manta
Common Family Scientific Family Common Family Scientific Family Table Ai All fish families recorded at Thresher Point
Common Family Scientific Family Common Family Scientific Family Table Ai All fish families recorded at Thresher Point
Common Family Scientific Family
Common Family Scientific Family
Table 1. Start and end GPS point Latitude and longitude of the survey dive Turtle Point is a submerged reef area inside the southern section of South Malé atoll. The reef is a complex structure approximately 5 — 20 m deer Though it has been created by coral growth it is now dominated by algae
Table 1. Start and end GPS point Latitude and longitude of the survey dive Turtle Point is a submerged reef area inside the southern section of South Malé atoll. The reef is a complex structure approximately 5 — 20 m deer Though it has been created by coral growth it is now dominated by algae
Table 1. Start and end GPS point Latitude and longitude of the survey dive Mean hard coral cover was 5% which was amongst the lowest of all sites surveyed. The reef area was predominantly covered in zoanthids (genus: Palythoa) which were categorised as other in surveys. At no other reef area did zoanthids form greater than 5% of the substrate cover, however here mean cover was Fish community:
Table 1. Start and end GPS point Latitude and longitude of the survey dive Mean hard coral cover was 5% which was amongst the lowest of all sites surveyed. The reef area was predominantly covered in zoanthids (genus: Palythoa) which were categorised as other in surveys. At no other reef area did zoanthids form greater than 5% of the substrate cover, however here mean cover was Fish community:
Table 4. IUCN Red Listed species observed on each survey These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. A very high number of the critically endangered hawksbill turtle were
Table 4. IUCN Red Listed species observed on each survey These species are under threat and identifying and protecting habitat where they are found is key to their survival. A very high number of the critically endangered hawksbill turtle were
Common Family Scientific Family Common Family Scientific Family Table A1. All fish families recorded at Turtle Point ANNEX
Common Family Scientific Family Common Family Scientific Family Table A1. All fish families recorded at Turtle Point ANNEX
Common Family Scientific Family
Common Family Scientific Family
Number of Endangered Animals: Invertebrates (7), Groupers (2), Sharks (8), Turtles (2)
Number of Endangered Animals: Invertebrates (7), Groupers (2), Sharks (8), Turtles (2)
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Angsana Ihuru Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Angsana |huru
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Angsana Ihuru Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Angsana |huru
Fish families observed at Angsana Ihuru
Fish families observed at Angsana Ihuru
Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid
Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Angsana Ihuru
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Angsana Ihuru
Endangered Species observed at Angsana lhuru Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 7) around Angsana Ihuru
Endangered Species observed at Angsana lhuru Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 7) around Angsana Ihuru
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site
Table A7 Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
Table A7 Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Table AQ. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site
Table AQ. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site
Transect survey site Mean parrotfish density/100m? Mean surgeonfish density/100m? Table A10. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
Transect survey site Mean parrotfish density/100m? Mean surgeonfish density/100m? Table A10. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 12) around Angsana Velavaru Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Angsana Velavaru
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 12) around Angsana Velavaru Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Angsana Velavaru
Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid surveys (n = 24) around Angsana Velavaru
Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid surveys (n = 24) around Angsana Velavaru
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 12) around Angsana Velavaru
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 12) around Angsana Velavaru
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 24) around Angsana Velavaru Endangered Species observed at Angsana Velavaru
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 24) around Angsana Velavaru Endangered Species observed at Angsana Velavaru
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site
Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site
Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site
Fish families at transect survey sites Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Fish families at transect survey sites Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Table AQ. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site
Table AQ. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site
Table A10. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
Table A10. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
lable A1. All fish families recorded across rapid surveys (n = 14) around Bandos Fish families observed at Bandos
lable A1. All fish families recorded across rapid surveys (n = 14) around Bandos Fish families observed at Bandos
Common name _ Scientific name Common name _ Scientific name
Common name _ Scientific name Common name _ Scientific name
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 16) around Bandos
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 16) around Bandos
Table A3. All butterflyfisn species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 16) around Bandos
Table A3. All butterflyfisn species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 16) around Bandos
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 14) around Bandos Endangered Species observed at Bandos
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 14) around Bandos Endangered Species observed at Bandos
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site
Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
Transect survey site Total number of families observed Mean number of families observed Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Transect survey site Total number of families observed Mean number of families observed Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Grouper and butterflyfisn species at transect survey sites Table AQ. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site
Grouper and butterflyfisn species at transect survey sites Table AQ. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site
Table A10. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
Table A10. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Banyan Tree Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Banyan Tree
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Banyan Tree Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Banyan Tree
surveys (n = 8) around Banyan Tree Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid
surveys (n = 8) around Banyan Tree Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid
Common name __ Scientific name Common name _ Scientific name Common name __— Scientific name
Common name __ Scientific name Common name _ Scientific name Common name __— Scientific name
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 8) around Banyan Tree Endangered Species observed at Banyan Tree
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 8) around Banyan Tree Endangered Species observed at Banyan Tree
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Banyan Tree
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Banyan Tree
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site
Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site
Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site
Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Table AQ. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site Grouper and butterflyfisn species at transect survey sites
Table AQ. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site Grouper and butterflyfisn species at transect survey sites
Table Ai0. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
Table Ai0. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
HURAWALHI ISLAND RESORT bleaching event which was caused by high ocean temperatures. Local stress such as predation, sedimentation and competition with algae can increase a coral's susceptibility to bleaching (Atewebernan et al. 2013), Reducing this local stress on corals through reef management efforts can improve coral reef resilience (Carilli et al. 2009).
HURAWALHI ISLAND RESORT bleaching event which was caused by high ocean temperatures. Local stress such as predation, sedimentation and competition with algae can increase a coral's susceptibility to bleaching (Atewebernan et al. 2013), Reducing this local stress on corals through reef management efforts can improve coral reef resilience (Carilli et al. 2009).
surveys (n = 15) around Hurawalhi Table Ai. All families recorded across rapid
surveys (n = 15) around Hurawalhi Table Ai. All families recorded across rapid
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Hurawalhi Grouper and butterflyfish species observed at Hurawalhi
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Hurawalhi Grouper and butterflyfish species observed at Hurawalhi
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Hurawalhi
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Hurawalhi
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 15) around Hurawalhi Endangered Species observed at Hurawalhi
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 15) around Hurawalhi Endangered Species observed at Hurawalhi
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site Benthic cover at transect survey sites
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site Benthic cover at transect survey sites
fable A7 Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
fable A7 Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
Fish families at transect survey sites Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Fish families at transect survey sites Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Table A9. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site Grouper and butterflyfisn species at transect survey sites
Table A9. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site Grouper and butterflyfisn species at transect survey sites
Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites Table A10. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site
Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites Table A10. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site
Aerial image of the zone to be provided by Basheer
Aerial image of the zone to be provided by Basheer
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Kuramathi Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Kuramathi
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Kuramathi Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Kuramathi
Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid surveys (n = 8) around Kuramathi
Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid surveys (n = 8) around Kuramathi
Common name _ Scientific name Common name _ Scientific name
Common name _ Scientific name Common name _ Scientific name
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 8) around Kuramathi Endangered Species observed at Kuramathi
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 8) around Kuramathi Endangered Species observed at Kuramathi
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Kuramathi
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Kuramathi
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site
Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each sit Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each sit Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Table AQ. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed anc average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site
Table AQ. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed anc average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site
Table A10. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
Table A10. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
KUREDU ISLAND RESORT & SPA by the other. This means managing for a healthy coral habitat will help ensure fish diversity and protecting fish communities will help maintain healthy corals
KUREDU ISLAND RESORT & SPA by the other. This means managing for a healthy coral habitat will help ensure fish diversity and protecting fish communities will help maintain healthy corals
Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid surveys (n = 14) around Kuredu Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Kuredu
Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid surveys (n = 14) around Kuredu Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Kuredu
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Kuredu
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Kuredu
Common name __ Scientific name Common name _— Scientific name Common name _ Scientific name
Common name __ Scientific name Common name _— Scientific name Common name _ Scientific name
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Kuredu
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Kuredu
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 14) around Kuredu Endangered Species observed at Kuredu
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 14) around Kuredu Endangered Species observed at Kuredu
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys GPS coordinates of transect survey sites
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys GPS coordinates of transect survey sites
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site
Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Table A9. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site
Table A9. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site
Table Ai0. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
Table Ai0. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
KURUMBA MALDIVES
KURUMBA MALDIVES
Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid surveys (n = 14) around Kurumba
Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid surveys (n = 14) around Kurumba
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Kurumba Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Kurumba
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Kurumba Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Kurumba
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Kurumba Endangered Species observed at Kurumba
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Kurumba Endangered Species observed at Kurumba
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 14) around Kurumba
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 14) around Kurumba
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site
Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Table AQ. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site
Table AQ. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site
Table A10. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
Table A10. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
indicates a healthy reef and a resilience against future degradation (Bellwood et al. 2004). Groupers and butterflyfish are indicators of unfished and healthy reef areas. 51 reef associated fish families were observed across the country, 33 of which were found on Shangri-La. The relationship between the fish community and the coral habitat exhibits a feedback loop, where changes in one is reflected by the other. This means managing for a healthy coral habitat will help ensure fish diversity and protecting fish communities will help maintain healthy corals.
indicates a healthy reef and a resilience against future degradation (Bellwood et al. 2004). Groupers and butterflyfish are indicators of unfished and healthy reef areas. 51 reef associated fish families were observed across the country, 33 of which were found on Shangri-La. The relationship between the fish community and the coral habitat exhibits a feedback loop, where changes in one is reflected by the other. This means managing for a healthy coral habitat will help ensure fish diversity and protecting fish communities will help maintain healthy corals.
Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid surveys (n = 5) around Shangri-La
Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid surveys (n = 5) around Shangri-La
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Shangri-La Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Shangri-La
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Shangri-La Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Shangri-La
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 5) around Shangri-La Benthic cover at transect survey sites
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 5) around Shangri-La Benthic cover at transect survey sites
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Shangri-La
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Shangri-La
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys Endangered Species observed at Shangri-Lav
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys Endangered Species observed at Shangri-Lav
Table A6 Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site
Table A6 Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site
Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Table AQ. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site Grouper and butterflyfisn species at transect survey sites
Table AQ. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site Grouper and butterflyfisn species at transect survey sites
Transect survey site Mean parrotfish density/100 m? Mean surgeonfish density/100 m? Table A10. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
Transect survey site Mean parrotfish density/100 m? Mean surgeonfish density/100 m? Table A10. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
SIX SENSES LAAMU
SIX SENSES LAAMU
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Six Senses Grouper and butterflyfish species observed at Six Senses
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Six Senses Grouper and butterflyfish species observed at Six Senses
surveys (n = 14) around Six Senses Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid
surveys (n = 14) around Six Senses Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Six Senses Endangered Species observed at Six Senses
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Six Senses Endangered Species observed at Six Senses
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 14) around Six Senses
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 14) around Six Senses
Table AS. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table AS. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site
Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Transect survey site Mean parrotfish density/100m2 Mean surgeonfish density/100m2 Table AQ Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site
Transect survey site Mean parrotfish density/100m2 Mean surgeonfish density/100m2 Table AQ Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site
Table A10. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
Table A10. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
The national average during the surveys was 19%. Both values are oelow historic levels of coral cover jationwide (Pisapia et al. 2016) due ‘o the severe 2016 coral bleaching avent which was caused by high ocean temperatures. Local stress such as predation, sedimentation and competition with algae can increase a coral's susceptibility to bleaching Ateweberhan et al. 2013). Reducing his local stress on corals through reef management efforts can improve cora eef resilience (Carilli et al. 2009).
The national average during the surveys was 19%. Both values are oelow historic levels of coral cover jationwide (Pisapia et al. 2016) due ‘o the severe 2016 coral bleaching avent which was caused by high ocean temperatures. Local stress such as predation, sedimentation and competition with algae can increase a coral's susceptibility to bleaching Ateweberhan et al. 2013). Reducing his local stress on corals through reef management efforts can improve cora eef resilience (Carilli et al. 2009).
surveys (n = 14) around Soneva Jani Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid
surveys (n = 14) around Soneva Jani Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Soneva Jani Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Soneva Jani
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Soneva Jani Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Soneva Jani
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 14) around Soneva Jani Endangered Species observed at Soneva Jani
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 14) around Soneva Jani Endangered Species observed at Soneva Jani
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site Benthic cover at transect survey sites
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site Benthic cover at transect survey sites
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Soneva Jan
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Soneva Jan
Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Table A8. Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Grouper and butterflyfisn species at transect survey sites Table A9. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site
Grouper and butterflyfisn species at transect survey sites Table A9. Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site
Table A10. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
Table A10. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
such as predation, sedimentation and competition with algae can increase a coral's susceptibility to bleaching (Ateweberhan et al. 2018). Reducing this local stress on corals through reef management efforts can improve coral reef resilience (Carilli et al. 2009).
such as predation, sedimentation and competition with algae can increase a coral's susceptibility to bleaching (Ateweberhan et al. 2018). Reducing this local stress on corals through reef management efforts can improve coral reef resilience (Carilli et al. 2009).
Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid surveys (Nn = 8) around Vivanta by Taj
Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid surveys (Nn = 8) around Vivanta by Taj
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Vivanta by Taj Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Vivanta by Taj
Table A2. All grouper species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Vivanta by Taj Grouper and butterflyfisn species observed at Vivanta by Taj
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Vivanta by Ta
Table A3. All butterflyfish species recorded across detailed underwater visual census (n = 18) around Vivanta by Ta
Table A4. All UCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 3) around Vivanta by Taj Endangered Species observed at Vivanta by Taj
Table A4. All UCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 3) around Vivanta by Taj Endangered Species observed at Vivanta by Taj
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table A5. Latitude and longitude of transect surveys
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site Benthic cover at transect survey sites
Table A6. Benthic cover of substrate categories averaged across six transects at each site Benthic cover at transect survey sites
Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
Table A7. Juvenile coral recruit density and structural complexity averaged across six transects at each site Recruitment and complexity at transect survey sites
Table A8 Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Table A8 Total number of fish families observed, and average number of fish families observed across six transects at each site
Table AQ Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site
Table AQ Total number of grouper and butterflyfish species observed, average number of grouper butterflyfish species observed and average density of grouper and butterflyfish species across six transects at each site
Table Ai0. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
Table Ai0. Abundance of parrotfish and surgeonfish averaged across six transects at each site Parrotfish and surgeonfish abundance at transect survey sites
TAJ EXOTICA RESORT AND SPA
TAJ EXOTICA RESORT AND SPA
surveys (n = 12) around Taj Exotica Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid Fish families observed at Taj Exotica
surveys (n = 12) around Taj Exotica Table A1. All fish families recorded across rapid Fish families observed at Taj Exotica
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 12) around Taj Exotica Endangered Species observed at Taj Exotica
Table A4. All IUCN Redlisted species recorded across rapid surveys (n = 12) around Taj Exotica Endangered Species observed at Taj Exotica

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