19th-Century American Literature

The Wizard of Oz has long been interpreted as an allegory for economic and political struggles, particularly in the context of monetary policy, banking, and systemic manipulation. When viewed in relation to America, China, and economic exploitation, the film (and the original novel by L. Frank Baum) can be analyzed through the following lens:

This article maps out the Gaza genocidal rhetoric onto a genealogy of European-American imaginative re-makings of the geography of Palestine. This tradition, rooted in nineteenth-century visions of ethnically cleansing and repurposing the land according to colonial and theological worldviews, has systematically imagined freeing a barren Palestine from Palestinian barbarity, neglect, and spiritual corruption. This hegemonic tradition and its geographies of domination, however, have not gone unchallenged. Indeed, as a model-one rarely studied though, Ibrahim Fawal's diasporic Palestinian novel On the Hills of God offers an alternate anti-colonial geography of resistance. To develop its claims, the article first uses a body of interdisciplinary scholarship to establish the genealogy and expose its genocidal spatial remapping of Palestinian geography. It, next, strategically resorts to On the Hills of God as an anti-colonial text that not only uncovers the Zionist destruction of a fairly harmonious multifaith local cultural geography in pre-1948 Palestine, but also captures traumatic memories of a nation currently besieged in its shrinking indigenous geography, exposes established hegemonic narratives, and charts a trajectory of resistance.

This article explores Emily Dickinson's poetics of labor and the relationship between work and leisure in both nineteenth-century and contemporary US culture. Historically, labor has been perceived as the axis of social and economic values. Individuals, however, are frequently encouraged to deviate from their work routines, making it difficult to appreciate them. Using a comparative and interdisciplinary approach, this study examines Dickinson's oeuvre in dialogue with the philosophical and sociological framework on the distinction between work and leisure and its implications for people's lives, as well as how the value of work has changed over time. Through a close reading of selected poems and letter fragments, this article demonstrates how Dickinson's work blurs traditional boundaries between labor and leisure, suggesting that creative work can hold intrinsic, self-validating worth irrespective of economic or societal pressures. Finally, Dickinson's perspective on work and time may inform contemporary debates around meaningful labor and life balance in a capitalist society.

Una revista de poesía dirigida por mujeres.
Un programa de televisión realizado por mujeres.
Los poetas del Grupo Cero realizamos un trabajo de difusión de la obra de los más grandes poetas de la historia, seguimos el trabajo emprendido en 1981 cuando se funda la Escuela de Poesía y Psicoanálisis Grupo Cero y que, a través de las revistas que componen su historia, continúa acercando la poesía a todas las clases sociales.
Una idea original de Miguel Oscar Menassa
www.poesiamaspoesia.com

Edgar Allan Poe's The TellTale Heart is a profound examination of the complexities of human consciousness, where the boundaries between reason and madness blur in a chilling psychological descent. This paper explores the narrator's obsession with control-over time, perception, and morality-as a manifestation of his doomed attempt to suppress the subconscious forces that ultimately consume him. Through an analysis of psychomachy, temporal fixation, and the interplay between rationality and instinct, the study argues that the narrator's downfall stems not from external judgment but from the inescapability of his own fragmented psyche. By situating the story within Gothic and Enlightenment contexts, this paper demonstrates how Poe subverts traditional notions of reason and empiricism, revealing that intellect, when detached from emotional depth and ethical grounding, becomes a self-destructive force. Ultimately, The TellTale Heart serves as an allegory for the futility of imposing order on chaos, illustrating the inevitability of subconscious truths emerging despite the most calculated attempts to silence them.

Racial segregation and identity crisis play an essential role in Black American literature as well as in American society. The objective of the study is to analyze the significant themes of identity crisis and racial segregation in Richard Wright's novel Black Boy. The study focuses on the concepts of racial segregation and identity crisis because these issues were and are still controversial and argumentative in Afro-American Literature. There is also an analysis of the features of post-colonialism. Postcolonialism is a major writing style used in this novel. It claims that Black American literature was written to fight against racial segregation, oppression, aggression in order to obtain self-pride and identity. It also concentrates on the theme of the problems of Blacks' identity and racial discrimination in American society to prove that racism and oppression are indeed prominent themes in Wight's novel because the book was written during the Jim Crow era at a point where racism was very important in American society.

The aim of the research is a circumstantiation that Nathaniel Hawthorne's literary work, and notably his Scarlet Letter,have always endorsed a clear idea pertaining to the achievement of the New English national unity. A vivid Biblical imagery, or sometimes even the ingrained Puritan prejudices that were still held by most of the New Englanders of Hawthorne's period, were used to accomplish this purpose. Hawthorne believed that only togetherness could save the Union in crucial political moments, and thus he was ready to forgive his compatriots many costly mistakes that were made during their common history. In what was often referred to as America's "promised land," exactly this hereditary trait of Hawthorne's generosity was paternally demonstrated in many cases. Methodologically, it has also empowered Hawthorne to be the prime torchbearer of Joseph Conrad's grandiose but slightly diabolical scheme of one's "heart of darkness" existent in still not gingerly explored and densely populated New England of his times. To Hawthorne, with a resulting implication extended as far as to the present, a new "chosen people" has started to wage a bitter struggle for the assurance of its survival therein while permeating it with its all-pervading gloom.

Proprietà letteraria riservata. I diritti di traduzione, memorizzazione elettronica, di riproduzione e di adattamento totale e parziale di questa pubblicazione, con qualsiasi mezzo (compresi i microfilm, le fotocopie e altro) sono riservati per tutti i paesi.

Having asserted that Mathew Franklin Whittier co-authored the original treatment of "A Christmas Carol" with his wife Abby, intending it to be a Spiritualist novella written in the Christian redemption genre, I explore Mathew's relevant literary background for such an endeavor.

, delighted in saying that Emerson "is as sweet as barbed wire." 1 Giamatti understood the full range of Emerson's thought, which spans the highs and lows of the human condition. Writings such as "Experience," "Illusions," "The Tragic," and "Fate" demonstrate the transcending of Emerson's transcendentalism beyond any soft Romanticism or naïve idealism. They consistently assert the reality of antagonistic forces pervading human experience and nature. "The Tragic" opens with the lines: "He has seen but half the universe who never has been shown the House of Pain. As the salt sea covers more than two thirds of the surface of the globe, so sorrow encroaches in man on felicity" (CW 10:334). 2 "Fate" similarly insists: "We cannot trifle with this reality [of fate], this cropping-out in our planted gardens of the core of the world. No picture of life can have any veracity that does not admit the odious facts" (CW 6:11; my emphasis). Emerson was made intimately aware of the House of Pain by his own personal hardships. To name only a few, there was the death of his first wife Ellen at age 19 from tuberculosis, a rheumatic eye disease that left Emerson nearly blind for months, the terrible loss of his five-year old son Waldo to scarlet fever, the untimely deaths of his two brothers Charles and Edward in their 20s, a fire that partially destroyed the Emerson family home, and the inexorable mental decline into aphasia afflicting Emerson in his final years. Emerson further bore sympathetic witness to the hardships of his friends, family, and community. In addition, he lived through the national crisis of the American Civil War, and was a committed abolitionist willing to face head on the real evils of slavery. These experiences and others were a discipline in the tragic

This paper is a response to "Another Early Parody of 'The Raven,'" published by Prof. Paul Lewis in "The Edgar Allan Poe Review," in which he briefly thanks me for having brought the subject of the paper, a parody (or ostensible parody) of "The Raven" to his attention; having isolated its meaning and context as I had originally presented to him.

Menippean satire, emerging in the 3rd century BCE, is a fluid, digressive genre that defies conventional definitions. Its adaptability across historical periods makes each example unique, often marked by cynicism, parody, and carnivalization. Menippean works question absolute truths through irony, challenging cultural, philosophical, and literary norms without providing alternative solutions. John Fowles's Mantissa (1982) exemplifies Menippean satire, exploring themes of metafiction, creative process, and literary theory. Through dialogues between author Miles Green and his characters, the novel blurs boundaries between reality and imagination. John Fowles' Mantissa challenges conventional fiction-writing through intertextuality, dialogy, and metafiction questioning the nature of existence, the boundaries between fiction and reality, and societal norms. The novel, through its playful, multilayered narrative, breaks binaries like sanity versus madness while satirizing traditional literary authority and high art conventions.

Applying linguistic tools on a literary text, especially if such a text is a translation, opens possibilities for a range of readings and interpretations. This paper focuses on discovering traces of discourse and metadiscourse readings in chosen examples of usage of focus in order to establish whether it is possible to detect the presence of specific inter and intratextual layers, which clearly offer themselves for interpretation on the surface level.

В статье рассмотрен неизвестный факт московской литературной жизни 1866 г. – визит американской поэтессы Эллен Ллойд (Ки) Блант в Россию. Биография Э.Л. Блант, чье имя сейчас почти забыто, вводит нас в ряд культурных и политических контекстов своего времени, а ее не опубликованные ранее стихотворения, в свою очередь, точечно обозначают исторические события и процессы эпохи. Кн. В.Ф. Одоевский проявил к дарованию и личности Э.Л. Блант живой интерес, отразившийся в активных действиях, в частности – в организации ее «чтения», состоявшегося в Москве 25 июня 1866 г. Внимание, проявленное Одоевским, многопланово: это и эстетическая, и политическая увлеченность, характеризующая Одоевского и как писателя, и как сенатора. Так, почти случайное и непродолжительное литературное сотрудничество князя с американской поэтессой может послужить небольшим, но ценным дополнением к давно сложившемуся образу Одоевского-мыслителя.

In this paper, I examine Melville's discussion in Moby Dick of the whiteness of the whale from the perspective of a Kantian account of the sublime. My aim, in the first instance, is to see if the comparison helps to shed light on Melville's puzzling discussion of the color white and why this color serves to heighten the feeling of being overwhelmed by terror when confronted with something extremely large or powerful. In turn, I intend to use Melville's discussion of whiteness to put pressure on some of the philosophical assumptions behind a Kantian analysis of the sublime. In particular, I hope to show that Melville's account of the war between Captain Ahab and the great white whale can serve as an aesthetic counterexample to the Kantian claim that both generals and war are sublime-but only if the general possesses civic virtue and the war is conducted in a just manner. I will attempt to use this counterexample to challenge the philosophical assumption that the power of reason is the basis of our nobility in the experience of the sublime, for this assumption is behind those contemporary accounts of the sublime that have been motivated by the Kantian analysis. As a result, the argument of this paper is an attempt to offer philosophical support to the efforts of those contemporary artists who, like Robert Motherwell, draw inspiration from Melville's discussion of the color white.

In this paper, I examine Melville's discussion in Moby Dick of the whiteness of the whale from the perspective of a Kantian account of the sublime. My aim, in the first instance, is to see if the comparison helps to shed light on Melville's puzzling discussion of the color white and why this color serves to heighten the feeling of being overwhelmed by terror when confronted with something extremely large or powerful. In turn, I intend to use Melville's discussion of whiteness to put pressure on some of the philosophical assumptions behind a Kantian analysis of the sublime. In particular, I hope to show that Melville's account of the war between Captain Ahab and the great white whale can serve as an aesthetic counterexample to the Kantian claim that both generals and war are sublime-but only if the general possesses civic virtue and the war is conducted in a just manner. I will attempt to use this counterexample to challenge the philosophical assumption that the power of reason is the basis of our nobility in the experience of the sublime, for this assumption is behind those contemporary accounts of the sublime that have been motivated by the Kantian analysis. As a result, the argument of this paper is an attempt to offer philosophical support to the efforts of those contemporary artists who, like Robert Motherwell, draw inspiration from Melville's discussion of the color white.

Abstract: The title poem of Timoleon returns to a theme Herman Melville developed across his long career—the regular emergence of tyranny. Drawing on Walter Benjamin’s juxtaposition of the tyrant and the martyr in The Origin of German Tragic Drama, this article shows that Melville’s incisive analysis of a key challenge democracy always faces—the possibility that tyranny will pre- vail—and links the poem to another late work, Billy Budd. Melville’s wariness about the ability to assert knowledge of the common good links these works.

Ever since Cesare Pavese's pioneering 1932 translation of Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, Italy has proven particularly receptive to Herman Melville's masterpiece, which has not only been enthusiastically loved by generations of readers and stimulated the interest and acumen of local Americanists, but has also inspired an extensive number of Italian writers and artists. The first part of this article sketches a provisional map of some of the most recent examples of Moby-Dick's reception in the Italian arts. These range from Simona Mulazzani's dreamy etchings of tattooed whales and Giovanni Robustelli's delicate watercolours, to Sara Filippi Plotegher's environmentally inspired illustrations and designer Matteo Ugolini's Moby-Dick lamps. These works shed light on some of the meanings typically associated with Melville's work and how they have changed over the last two decades. In particular, I intend to show how the understanding of Melville's work has recently shifted from the somber and grave tone of early twentieth-century interpretations and rewritings - when it was all about tragedy, darkness, sacrifice, and folly - to the lighter tone of more recent admirers. Building on this shift, this essay investigates one of the most successful recent transmedial adaptations of Moby-Dick: Roberto Abbiati's play Una tazza di mare in tempesta (A Sea Storm in a Teacup). This adaptation distills Moby-Dick into a seventeen-minute show performed for a very small audience within a wooden box that simulates the hold of a tiny ship. Abbiati manages to evoke the whole drama by using figurines and found objects, as well as by selecting key passages from the novel with scalpel-like precision. Abbiati has also published a beautiful and singular graphic novel adaptation of Moby-Dick, summarizing each chapter of the book with only one drawing. Abbiati's works are evidence of the enduring vitality of Melville's presence in contemporary Italian art and offer the opportunity to appreciate the lighter dimensions of Moby-Dick.

The current study investigates the interconnectedness between femininity and nature as illustrated in Eugene O'Neill's Desire Under The Elms. It tackles the materialistic exploitation of nature as a facade of the patriarchal subjugation of women. The study examines the relationship between gender and ecological domination and investigates how the objectification of women and the exploitation of nature are interconnected in Ephraim Cabot's patriarchal household and perpetuated by the oppressive Puritan heritage. Moreover, the exposes the patriarchal dualistic connections that associate women with nature and men with social order and demonstrates how these correlations are interrelated with several binary structures. In Desire Under The Elms, women and nature are represented as inextricably allied; they are life-giving forces, fertility symbols, and maternal sources hindered by patriarchal prejudice and the oppressive Puritan heritage. By divulging the Ecofeminist theory, the study explores how the protagonists' natural surroundings have shaped their identities and influenced their choices. The study also scrutinizes how the male protagonist, Eben Cabot, suffers from perplexity of gender identification coupled with an Oedipal fixation that cloud his attitude towards nature and femininity. Finally, it proposes the inevitability of deconstructing the oppressive patriarchal heritage and recognizing humanity as an indispensable part of nature.

This paper explores the enduring relevance of Rebecca Harding Davis's Life in the Iron Mills by examining its portrayal of industrial labor struggles and connecting it to contemporary issues in American labor. Written in 1861, Davis’s novella presents a grim depiction of life for industrial workers, focusing on the physical and emotional degradation experienced by characters like Hugh and Deborah. Through rich imagery and realistic narrative, Davis critiques the exploitative nature of industrial capitalism, urging readers to confront the dehumanizing conditions faced by the working class. This paper draws parallels between Davis's 19th-century portrayal of labor exploitation and modern labor practices, particularly in industries such as meatpacking, where unsafe environments, economic exclusion, and social disregard persist. By analyzing both historical and present-day sources, this study underscores the structural nature of labor oppression, advocating for greater awareness and reform. Ultimately, it reveals that the issues Davis confronted remain alarmingly relevant, making her work a powerful call for social justice that transcends its historical context.

Evidence is presented demonstrating that the poem, "The Pumpkin," attributed to John Greenleaf Whittier, was actually written by his brother, Mathew Franklin Whittier. This discovery is then used as an example to suggest that the author's other, more controversial claims likely have merit and deserve to be taken seriously.

The most important discovery of 20th century Whitman Studies was the recovery of ten letters from Fred Vaughan to Walt Whitman which were squirreled away in the Library of Congress. These letters proved that Fred was Walt’s bedfellow in the claustrophobic madhouse that was the Whitman family home in the early 1850s. Since 1980, scholars have gradually come to the realization that Fred’s love for Walt was a key inspiration for Leaves of Grass. This essay reveals new insights into Fred Vaughan’s marriage, death, and burial. — Mitchell Santine Gould, curator, LeavesofGrass.Org — possess the origin of all poems

The paper presents an analysis of errors occurring in English essays written by Czech and Slovak university students. It distinguishes five major error types, i.e. grammatical, lexical, lexico-grammatical, text-coherence, and formal errors. The study relates the occurrence of certain error types to the linguistic and cultural background of the author of the text, and looks for possibilities of developing writing skills within academic writing courses. The paper suggests that courses focus on textcoherence, a phenomenon which has a high priority in Anglo-American written discourse and which is not specifically addressed by any other courses in Czech and Slovak university curricula. The paper outlines some successful strategies in writing coherent and effective texts.

Edward Island. His research explores identity formation and projections of power in colonial spaces. His current book project examines how the relationships that developed between representatives of the U.S. and Spanish empires influenced the American imperial experience in North America, the Caribbean Basin, and the Philippines.

As required under the University Ordinance, OB-9.9(viii), I hereby certify that the thesis entitled, Konkani Fiction in English Translation: A Critical Study, submitted by Ms. Glenis Maria D'Souza née Mendonça for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English has been completed under my guidance. The thesis is the record of the research work conducted by the candidate during the period of her study and has not previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree,

In 1827, the gifted American Lutheran theologian David Henkel (1795-1831) published an English translation of Luther’s Small Catechism that also included twenty hymns.  This was undertaken at the request of the 1826 convention of the Tennessee Synod.  Nineteen of these hymns were newly translated to English, and one was an original by Henkel himself.  At the time of its publication, however, the authors of these other nineteen hymns were unknown.  This paper will examine these forgotten Catechism hymns.  Though most did not teach the contents of the six chief parts of the Catechism, they did teach Lutheran doctrine as well as providing extra incentive for believers to continue in the true faith and a godly life.

The original paper made some progress into identifying the authors and provenance of the 19 translated hymns.  Anyone wishing this information can contact me directly.

W.E.B. Du Bois’s The Souls of Black Folk (1903) often speaks in terminology that resonates distinctively with New English Protestant discourse. Souls does so partly because of a growing indifference among formerly animated Northeastern white abolitionists, which imperiled Black voting rights at the turn of the twentieth century. This article argues that Souls articulates a Black literary identity through metaphors reminiscent of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s “The Minister’s Black Veil,” a text that takes on new meanings in light of the hermeneutics practiced within Souls. Du Bois reminds white Protestants that all America’s souls, regardless of race, remain bound by a sacramental force in New English visions of American democracy, while simultaneously drawing on Calvinist rhetoric to insist on the importance of liberal education to the personal and social transformation of African Americans.

This article has two main purposes. The first is to provide a short panorama of existing trends within computer-assisted stylistics. The second is to analyse a prize winning novel by English writer Julian Barnes, by resorting to the tenets and working tools of one of the newest branch of Stylistics, the so-called Corpus stylistics. To this end, the article starts by looking at various attempts at defining what style is and their implications to the definition of the discipline known as Stylistics. Then the paper presents recent work within the field of Corpus stylistics, as it describes the uses of computational tools as part of the stylistician tool kit. Finally, the paper provides a variety of ways with which a literary work may be approached digitally with a view to showing how computational tools can aid the stylistician in acts of interpretation.

This research entitled "An Analysis of Symbolism in Tennessee Williams' Play The Glass Menagerie" aims at understanding the meaning of each symbol in the play. The data of this research were obtained from the script of the play as the primary data and the secondary data were gained from several references from books and articles to support the analysis. The method of analyzing the data used was objective approach focusing on the intrinsic element of the play. Based on the discussion, the writer concludes that the symbols in this play are implied within three elements, they are (1) Symbol in the characters, where several objects are employed to symbolize and emphasize the characteristics and certain idea of the character in the play. Here several objects such as the glass menagerie, Victrola, blue roses and the glass unicorn represent the characteristic and certain idea within Laura Wingfield, meanwhile certain characteristic and theme in Tom Wingfield are represented through a fire escape, movies, merchant marine, and some other symbols attached to him. Certain objects also significantly become the symbol for certain idea in the other characters. (2) Symbol in the action of the character, where the actions of the character in this play symbolically imply certain idea to emphasize and clarify the story of the play. (3) Symbol in the background and setting, where certain place and moment are presented as the symbol for certain idea and issue in this play.

This paper deals with the issues of womanhood and democratic household in Little Women, a novel by Louisa May Alcott. The theoretical framework for the research is Barbara Welter's classic essay on the concept of "true" womanhood in Victorian America. By analyzing the four cardinal traits of proper womanhood as reflected in the novel, the conclusion emerges that Meg, Beth, Jo, and Amy's growing into womanhood simultaneously confirms the limitation of women's potential in Victorian America and testifies to the struggle for actualization. The development of the four girls is under the indisputable influence of both the gender discourses that prevail in society and the progressive views of their mother. However, since each girl interprets these visions differently and adapts them to their various personalities, their paths to womanhood are unique. Finally, the paper aims to demonstrate that the March sisters attempt to strike a balance between actualization and adaption to the needs of the family, two equally important, but opposing aspirations. In conclusion, the actualization of the March girls, initially jeopardized by the limitations of patriarchal culture, is further complicated by their desire to remain true to their family's (mother's) teaching, which is especially emphasized during Amy and Jo's attempts to realize their artistic ambitions.

The present article compares H. Melville’s Moby Dick and Th. Mann’s The Magic Mountain with respect to the linguistic expression of isotopies /Promethean/, /sea/ and /snow/. Following the basic tenets of F. Rastier’s Interpretative (or Textual) Semantics (1989: 7 et passim), we understand isotopy as the repetition of a seme (or of a semic molecule or of a topos) in a text. Since, in the two novels studied, Promethean isotopy comprises semes such as /rebellion, revolt/, /fire/, /humanism/, /a(nti)theism/, /anticlericalism/, etc., which appear on the text surface in the form of numerous words and expressions, these are the principal object of our analysis, in particular in connection with two other predominant isotopies, those of sea and snow. According to the opposition figurative-thematic developed by Courtès (1991), the figurative confrontation of Promethean agonists with sea and snow conveys deep thematic and axiological confrontation of Promethean civilization with the mighty natural powers which mankind cannot prevail upon as well as with the God behind Nature represented as such.

Rad poredi roman Mobi Dik (1851) H. Melvila i Čarobni breg (1924) T. Mana s obzirom na jezičke manifestacije izotopija /prometejstvo/, /more/ i /sneg/. Na temelju osnovnih postavki interpretativne (ili tekstualne) semantike F. Rastijea (1989:7 et passim), izotopija predstavlja ponavljanje nekog sema (ili semičke molekule ili toposa) u tekstu. Kako u datim romanima prometejska izotopija uključuje seme kao što su /pobuna, bunt/, /vatra/, /humanizam/, /a(nti)teizam/, /antiklerikalizam/ itd., koje se na površinskom nivou teksta javljaju kao različite reči i izrazi, oni predstavljaju osnovni predmet naše analize, a naročito u odnosu na druge dve izotopije koje prožimaju oba romana, /more/ i /sneg/. S obzirom na Kurtesovu opoziciju figurativno-tematsko (1991: odsek 3.1.1), figurativna konfrontacija prometejskih agonista sa morem i snegom iskazuje tematsko-aksiološku konfrontaciju prometejske (ili faustovske) civilizacije sa moćnim prirodnim silama koje nas nadmašuju, odnosno sa samim Bogom Prirode.

Throughout history, many societies have been characterised by monogamy: there is one husband for every wife. Still, many cultures have also been concretely polygamous: a minority of men have more than one wife. The reasons behind this, and how societies and entire economies develop by the degree of polygamy, are complex and intriguing. Is polygamy impoverishing or enriching? This research aims to answer these questions by exploring polygamy's underlying economic principles and long-term consequences. We believe this exploration will lead to a better empirical understanding of the broader societal functioning of contemporary non-polygamous cultures.
First, it is essential to note that polygamy allows favourable trait combinations to reproduce and disfavorable ones to die out. At the same time, the former mechanism also increases the genetic variance from which genetic advances arise. This work aims to show and explain that dual-process thinking like this (or multiple others) leads to a wealth-creation mechanism that interacts with a society's culture over time. Therefore, whichever preference for avoiding polygamy may exist is selected for by this interaction. We can repeat this same argument for the state of science and technology. Understanding current society also requires understanding how it developed and taking humans and their interactions seriously.

The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne's highly political magnum opus, is concerned with the struggle of its heroine against the overarching Puritan patriarchy, and it relates her resistance, denial and, finally, her reconciliation to the society that had cast her out and defamed her. This paper examines religious transformation in The Scarlet Letter, particularly in terms of its protagonist, Hester Prynne, according to the dialectic of subversion and containment. While Puritan society condemns her acts, Hester subverts aspects of this religious theocracy, throwing new light on their interpretation in order to contain them. These points of subversion and containment, as espoused by new historicist Stephen Greenblatt and cultural materialist Jonathan Dollimore, are the critical focus of this study. Hester's subversions include her resilience against the presumption that she has committed a sin, her consecration of her actions and her criticism of predestination and the doctrine of grace. Alternatively, her containments present the reader with an alternative political vision that embraces freedom of conscience and the individual religion of the heart. Ultimately, this essay argues that Hester, by the end of the tale, displaces the Puritan theocracy and envisions a secular society in which a privatized sphere of activity is granted to individuals in order for them to exercise their political and religious liberties.

Safa Ouled Haddar Ces oubliés de l'histoire, les poilus de l'ailleurs. Entre stéréotypes et autofiction dans D'amour et de guerre de Akli Tadjer 258-273 21. Khadidja Griche Mille hourras pour l'âne ! La carnavalisation et l'anomalie comme tremplins de défigement stéréotypique chez Chawki Amari 274-284 22. Sara Manal Laradji & Nadia Bentaifour Analyse des stéréotypes et de la perception des thèmes dominants dans les romans bestsellers : Étude croisée entre les romans de Yasmina Khadra et de Guillaume Musso 285-298 23. Mikelet John VERNON Conceptualisation littéraire des médias télévisuels et photographiques dans le roman subsaharien francophone des années 2000 299-310 24. Assia Kadeche & Halima Benzoukh The Impact of Human Alienation on the Soul in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter : Hester Prynne as a Case Study 311-320 25. Mohamed Haddad & Abdelkrim Benselim La mémoire comme passerelle entre fiction et Histoire dans le roman Boulevard de l'abîme de Nourredine Saadi 321-330 26. Fatima Zohra Lamaazi & Abdelmajid Aboutarik COMPTE-RENDU D'OUVRAGE DUFAYS Jean-Louis. 2010. Stéréotype et lecture. Essai sur la réception littéraire. P.I.E Peter Lang. Bruxelles. 368 pages. 331-336 27. Merahia Bouazza ENTRENTIEN AVEC L'ÉCRIVAIN OMAR KAZI-TANI Stéréotypes et incarnation de valeurs obsolètes : rupture de lecture ou moyen d'apprentissage ! 337-348

This investigation delves into the effects of climate variability and topographic elements on vegetation dynamics and habitat diversity within the Schorfheide-Chorin Biosphere Reserve located in northeastern Germany. By utilizing multi-year Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data obtained from Landsat 8, climate data sourced from the WorldClim database, and topographic details from the USGS Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), an analysis of spatial and temporal patterns in vegetation productivity was conducted. The results indicate notable fluctuations in vegetation distributions influenced by changes in climate and variations in terrain, thus emphasizing the intricate relationships among these components. This study highlights the significance of incorporating climate and topographic factors into ecosystem management and conservation approaches to promote biodiversity and enhance resilience within biosphere reserves.

This article discusses a comprehensive analysis of groundwater quality in Brandenburg, Germany, by examining the interplay between geological and pedological factors. The article highlights the significance of the region's unique geological tapestry on groundwater quality and its susceptibility to flood and drought occurrences. The article also emphasizes the importance of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data in understanding the spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters. The research aims to evaluate the groundwater's susceptibility to drought and flood occurrences and assess how different soil types mediate the formation of groundwater quality. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the scientific conversation and provide useful information for protecting the environment, managing groundwater sustainably, and planning land uses in the area. The analysis highlights the significance of the region's unique geological tapestry, which significantly affects groundwater dynamics, including flow, storage, and quality. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data enhanced the understanding of the region's groundwater dynamics. It emphasizes the significance of the geological and pedological composition, such as the presence of distinct soil types and their impact on groundwater vulnerability to flood and drought occurrences. The research aims to evaluate the groundwater's susceptibility to drought and flood occurrences and assess how different soil types mediate the formation of groundwater quality. land uses in the area.

This study investigates how rain, influences soil health in WWF priority places in Tanzania, between 2020 and 2023. Also, these areas are so essential for protecting, biodiversity and there's just not enough understanding as to how this capricious rainfall affects the health of the soil. The goal of the research was to shed light and help with sustainable land management strategies, by thoroughly examining this, complex relationship between the pattern of rain and the condition of the soil. The study used FAO soil data as well as rainfall records from the years 2020 and 2023, by performing geospatial analysis methods. There is a map of the soil, maps of the years` precipitation, and even maps showing land filled with cover. It emphasizes how the soil health and the rainfall patterns, interact dynamically in Tanzania's priority areas for the WWF. Giving worthy input for any conservation efforts in the future. The study goes on to acknowledge restrictions, suggesting future research, and temporal scopes, and also includes additional variables for a comprehensive understanding.

This study offers a thorough inspection of the geospatial research into the effects of dams on the condition of bird habitats in Florida. While bird ecosystems are fundamental for preserving biodiversity, there has been minimal research on how dams influence these ecosystems, especially within Florida's unique environments. This research utilizes geospatial data and QGIS for spatial analysis, combining datasets like digital elevation models, land cover maps, river data, and high-resolution satellite images. The findings show substantial links between the presence of dams and changes in bird habitat quality since dams alter the availability of water and vegetation patterns. These changes impact bird species, particularly those dependent on certain vegetation for nesting and breeding. The research stresses the need for specific conservation efforts and more studies to provide a fuller grasp of how dams affect diverse bird species. The methodology involves collecting geospatial data on dam locations, bird habitats, and related environmental factors. Spatial analysis using QGIS requires datasets like digital elevation model maps showing vegetation, and bird data. Combining these datasets enables a thorough analysis of dams' influence on bird habitat quality. Reviewing previous research data reveals that dams have a significant impact on bird habitat quality. The observed changes in water availability and vegetation composition near dams align with similar studies in other areas.